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Upcoming Events › Online
The Manderley Collective presents Leila Chatti and Elizabeth Powell
The Manderley Collective presents an online reading and Q&A with Leila Chatti and Elizabeth Powell. Register here: https://nyu.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJYtd-6tqj0jEtAw93LunZG70_ZQyOmtr9uu
From the organizers: "Join us this winter for a virtual series of public conversations entitled, The Black Matter is Life: Poetry for Engagement and Overcoming. In this series, we will explore and discuss the rich tradition and innovation found in African American poetry. Poetry is a powerful art form, one that offers profound insights into what it means to be human. Through the creative, succinct, and melodious use of language, poets render into words their joys, their challenges, their vulnerabilities,…
The Santa Cruz County Community Writers Series presents Ellen Bass
From the organizers: Ellen Bass's most recent poetry book is Indigo (Copper Canyon Press, 2020). Her poems appear frequently in The New Yorker, American Poetry Review, and other journals. Among her awards are Fellowships from the NEA, the California Arts Council, three Pushcart Prizes, and The Lambda Literary Award. In 1973, she coedited the first major anthology of women's poetry, No More Masks!, and her nonfiction includes the groundbreaking The Courage to Heal. A Chancellor of the Academy of American…
100 Boots Poetry Series presents Nathaniel Mackey and Natalie Shapero
January 29 @ 7:00 pm - 8:00 pm CST
From the organizers: "This free program will be hosted on Zoom; registration is required. The 100 Boots Poetry Series presents readings by a range of emerging and established writers from St. Louis and across the United States. 100 Boots is organized by Ted Mathys, poet and educator at Saint Louis University. Mathys will host a virtual discussion and reading with poets Nathaniel Mackey and Natalie Shapero. A selection of their books are available courtesy of Left Bank Books at left-bank.com. "Blue…
Lit Youngstown presents Philip Metres, Kevin Carey, & Kim Roberts
Lit Youngstown presents a celebration of three poets and their new books, streaming live on Lit Youngstown's YouTube channel. Tune in for a reading and conversation with Philip Metres, Kevin Carey, and Kim Roberts. Watch here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSU2yQJz2gpHQWwdMAfrWzw
Winter 2021 Launch Party Livestream: Natalie Shapero, Alex Dimitrov, & Erin Belieu
February 11 @ 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm PST
Join Copper Canyon Press for a livestream launch party reading in celebration of our winter 2021 season of books! Natalie Shapero, Alex Dimitrov, and Erin Belieu will read from their new collections, followed by a Q&A with viewers. Access is free. We'll also share the livestream from our Facebook Page, and a link to the event recording will be available here on our website. Our partnering bookseller for the Launch Party Livestream series is the Seattle-based Estelita's Library—a Black/Brown-owned community bookstore…
February 11 @ 7:00 pm - 8:00 pm CST
From the organizers: "Featuring Jericho Brown, Molly McCullly Brown, Alicia Jo Rabins, with moderator Rev. Molly Housh Gordon If, as Mary Oliver declared, attention is the beginning of devotion, then many poems are akin to prayer. But for those poets steeped in liturgical traditions or marked by celestial yearnings, that connection is more direct. The poets on this panel will discuss poetry's relationship to prayer, as well as to other religious vocalizing, such as chants, hymns, koans, and mantras. Moreover,…
From the organizers: "Join National Book Award–honored authors Jericho Brown (The Tradition, 2019 Poetry Finalist), Tayari Jones (An American Marriage, 2018 Fiction Longlist), and Deesha Philyaw (The Secret Lives of Church Ladies, 2020 Fiction Finalist) for a conversation on Southern literature and how Black writers are redefining stereotypes of the South, one poem, story, and secret at a time. Moderated by Kiese Laymon, author of, most recently, Heavy: An American Memoir." Streaming here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKjAJDxQwyrObh-ph3OZtng
From the organizers: "Panelists: Jericho Brown and Tracy K. Smith Join us for an unforgettable evening when we welcome these two beloved Pulitzer Prize-winning poets in conversation to conclude Unbound's sixth festival." Access link will appear here: http://www.unboundbookfestival.com/keynote-event
Seattle Arts and Lectures presents Natalie Diaz
April 30 @ 7:30 pm - 9:00 pm PDT
Town Hall Seattle, 1119 8th Ave
Seattle, WA 98101 United States + Google Map
Seattle Arts and Lectures presents a reading and conversation with poet Natalie Diaz, moderated by Laura Da'. Tickets are available for in-person attendance and online viewing, or online viewing only. Tickets here: https://lectures.org/event/natalie-diaz/


Nashville - Legendary bassist Jeff Berlin will be releasing on May 11th a 30th Anniversary Edition 12-inch vinyl of his signature song "Joe Frazier." The EP "Joe Frazier - Round 3" will include a newly remastered version of the original song from his critically acclaimed 1987 album "Pump It!" and a completely re-imagined version, composed and performed by Jeff, Steve Vai (lead guitar), David Sancious (keys), Keith Carlock (drums) and Tom Hemby (rhythm guitar). This limited-edition EP will be available as signed audiophile vinyl, signed CD, or digital release, with collector's editions including an autographed chart of the new arrangement. Digital "mix minus" tracks of the single will also be offered so you can play along with these iconic musicians.
Says Jeff, "'Joe Frazier' is a song that has remained with me throughout my career. No matter where I am in the world, people ask to hear this song. 2017 marks the 30th anniversary of the rendition that I recorded on my second solo record, 'Pump It!' While chatting about the tune with producer John McCracken, we thought to come up with a new version, calling it 'Joe Frazier - Round 3.' For me, this new song is almost entirely different from the previous two renditions and, quite honestly, I think that this is one of the best tunes I ever wrote."
Says Jeff, "Steve Vai's guitar solo was searing. He showed why he is one of the greatest of the great guitarists in the world. David Sancious' keyboards put color and style into JF. The man is a legend and helped to put the 'orchestra' into 'Joe Frazier.' Keith Carlock's drumming is like a train clicking down the tracks. He instantly grabbed the quarter note and never let it go for over seven minutes of musical percolating. Tom Hemby is one of Nashville's top studio guitarists. But on 'Joe Frazier,' he sounded like the guitarist for James Brown and AC/DC."
"Joe Frazier - Round 3"
3. A signed and dated print of the full score for "Joe Frazier - Round 3"
All of Jeff's signatures will be original!
This signed, special-edition CD will include a newly remastered version of "Joe Frazier - Round 2" and the all new "Joe Frazier - Round 3"
1. the newly remastered "Joe Frazier - Round 2"
2. the brand new "Joe Frazier - Round 3"
Each of these "Music Minus" mixes is available for individual purchase ($4.99) and will also include the full digital score along with the alternate mix.


This fuel pump works great. It was very simple and straightforward exactly like factory pump. For 40 bucks, it can't be beat. Definitely would recommend these guys for your fuel pump needs!
Great deal. Work s great.


I knew how to check my tires, but I had no idea how to check the "drivetrain." I learned that the drivetrain is important because it is the transfer of power that forces the bike to move by the riders legs! Each step is broken down into why it is important and how to do it, which is very helpful for someone who is a beginner, like me. You may be caught up in the excitement to just get on your bike again, but taking the time to check these 7 simple tips, will keep your bike and you running strong all year long! To learn more about your bike and get ready for the spring that seems to never be approaching, check out the article for some helpful, quick tips.


Enjoy this rare opportunity to watch a true pioneer in action. Marsha Linehan, PhD, the creator of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), is best known for her success with suicidal and highly complex clients. The amount of evidence-based research surrounding DBT is tremendous; not only in its application with Borderline Personality Disorder, but also with many other hard-to-treat conditions.
In this video, watch Linehan demonstrate her approach with an extremely challenging client who manifests significant Axis II issues. This middle-aged man, brilliantly portrayed by Dutch actor Henk Grashuis, is struggling with depression, suicidal ideation, anger, and a sense that he has been treated unfairly by his ex-girlfriend--all of which is hidden behind a brittle defensiveness. You'll see Linehan conducting an initial behavioral assessment, interspersed with DBT techniques, including her use of dialectics, irreverence, "validating the valid," and an emphasis on client choice. While the client works to keep his worst behaviors hidden from Linehan, and is reluctant to commit to any treatment, Linehan carefully, cleverly, and matter-of-factly garners necessary information about him, assesses his suicidality and history of domestic violence, helps him define and commit to his goals, and builds an appropriate initial alliance. You'll be impressed by how much she accomplishes in a single session!
Note: This video is part of a series, 3 Approaches to Personality Disorders, in which two other masters--psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg and CBT expert Art Freeman--work with the same client. Save on the complete 3-video series!
I'm sure a lot of you would feel deflated and monotone if you had to spend decades listening to the same dialogue over and over from thousands of patients across her career. In fact, monotone is not indicative of a lack of empathy, rather she is simply listening and sometimes challenging or verifying their perspective. This is paramount if you have someone who is an addict, who may not even see their own accountability let alone be able to own up to it, and who has enablers across the board reinforcing their negative behavior patterns. She sounds more than enthusiastic when discussing the model, which I find very charismatic seeing as she was dealing with a very inexperienced interviewer in my opinion, and extremely experienced in handling people on the extreme spectrum of BPD and suicidality. I mean, what do you expect her to do, cry with them and validate their addictive habits? Not how you see progress when you choose to validate the negative and reinforce the emotional processes behind them rather than question them- no matter how cynical it comes off, it may save a life with that approach. If you prefer to be coddled, plenty of inexperienced therapists out there who will yes you out the door then collect a check while you get nowhere as a patient.
Linehan does an amazing job of setting a boundary and validating the valid--reflecting his feelings while challenging him with her honesty.
ugh. she actually says "yeah, yeah" when the guy is talking. Like "whatever, I get it." So masculine. Not someone I would want to tell my problems to. But DBT is fascinating stuff.


I have returned to my blogging duties!
I have many things to report in this post, so I should get right to it!
First, I am happy to report that I completed my translation certificate two months ago. I am now looking for work or contracts at an incredible rate. Here's hoping something comes up.
Since finishing my studies, I have been attending as many conferences or networking workshops as possible. Thankfully, a few professionals — language or otherwise — have manifested an interest in me. We'll see where things take me!
I recently had the opportunity to meet Mr. Georges Bastin, a translation professor at the University of Montreal. A number of points surfaced during our encounter, including the possibility of pursuing a masters' degree. Now I have to decide where I'll study. Will I remain in Quebec or take the degree in Ontario or New Brunswick? At first glance, the idea of studying in the Atlantic Provinces is interesting. I have always wanted to travel east… At any rate, if I were to consider a graduate degree in translation, I would begin studies only in late 2014 or in 2015 (the supposed Canadian election year!).
Lastly, I received two wonderful "bibles" in the mail: the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual Style and the 2nd edition of Editing Canadian English. Both books are well-written and organized — everything you wanted to know about the English language but were afraid to ask.
Fear not: I am brewing subject ideas for future posts as I am writing. Posts will either focus on language-professional issues or grammar pointers (e.g. to use or not to use a comma before and or or — one heck of a sticky point in English writing!). It's safe to say that there will be something for everyone who decides to visit my blog.
See all of you soon! Remember, you can always write to me if you have topic suggestions.
← New blog posts soon!


Brunswick Road continues to be a much sought-after location and we are delighted to present three new build apartments finished to a high specification with a practical layout. Each apartment comprises two bedrooms, lounge / dining area open plan to a modern shaker style kitchen with integrated fridge, integrated freezer and integrated washer dryer. The bathroom features a thermostatic shower over the bath with ceramic tiles to the floor and walls. This is a great opportunity for a variety of buyers including first time buyers, investors and purchasers hoping to downsize. Contact the office fro more information and to arrange your viewing.
ENTRANCE HALL Single panelled radiator; wood laminate floor; smoke alarm; thermostat control; built in storage cupboard with Phoenix gas boiler.
LOUNGE / KITCHEN / DINING AREA 19' 10" Into Bay x 11' 3" (6.05m x 3.43m) New cream shaker style kitchen with complimentary work surface; stainless steel sink unit and side drainer with mixer tap; integrated fridge; integrated freezer; integrated washer dryer; four ring ceramic electric hob and electric under oven; stainless steel extractor hood; partly tiled walls wood laminate floor; three double panelled radiators; television point; telephone point; twelve recessed spotlights; heat detector.
BEDROOM 1 11' 8" Into door recess x 10' 10" (3.56m x 3.3m) Double panelled radiator; wood laminate floor.
BEDROOM 2 11' 8" x 7' 1" (3.56m x 2.16m) Double panelled radiator; wood laminate floor.
BATHROOM White suite comprising panelled bath with thermostatic hand shower; dual flush WC; pedestal wash hand basin; ceramic tiled floor; partly tiled walls; extractor fan; double panelled radiator.
OUTSIDE Communal rear courtyard and bin storage.
I am interested in 3 New 2 Bed Apartments, 75, Brunswick Road, Bangor, Bt20. Please contact me about this property.


An event 50 years in the making, 2018 marks the 50th Anniversary of Willcutt Guitar Shop, in Lexington, KY. For 50 years now, Bob Willcutt has been providing service and sales of fretted instruments and accessories to guitar enthusiasts both local and worldwide. Willcutt Guitars has been a top dealer of several of the brands carried (some over 10 years) including PRS Guitars, Fender® Custom Shop Guitars, Taylor Guitars, Martin Guitars, Dr. Z Amps, Carr Amps, and more. The staff at Willcutt's is unrivaled, with a vast array of knowledge and experience of the world's finest boutique instruments, and everything in between. Bob Willcutt still loves doing repairs, and the steady growth of Willcutt's over the last 50 years has allowed Bob to share his passion for repairs and instruments all over the world. Willcutt Guitar Shop has appreciated every customer over the last 50 years, and we thank all of you. Willcutt Guitar Shop is honored to be able to continue serving and fulfilling the needs of guitar enthusiast's worldwide!
The story behind Willcutt Guitars began in 1968. The summer of love, and music was changing rapidly with guitar as the main creative force. Vinyl records, Volkswagen Bugs,The Beatles and Bob Willcutt, who was already playing in top Washington D.C. bands, began repairing antique and rare instruments. Back then there were few ways to learn the luthiery trade. The market was expanding faster than the old repair guys could keep up with. They didn't understand the needs of the day. I can still hear one of them saying, "Why do you kids want such little strings," and "don't turn that amp up too loud as it might start to distort!" Good thing Eric Clapton--playing with John Mayall's Bluesbrakers--wasn't listening!


Anypoint Studio is MuleSoft's IDE, with powerful capabilities ranging from API design, graphical and XML editing to testing. Join this demo-driven session to learn from MuleSoft Champions, what their favorite Anypoint Studio feature is and how to use it.
See what MuleSoft champions say are their favorite Anypoint Studio features and how to use them.


I have a process that is sensitive to an sc_vector (specifically a vector of input ports) and was curious about how to handle the fact that values are maintained on each port in that vector on subsequent iterations of the process. This makes it very difficult to determine which values are actually new when the process is executed. I was hoping there would be a way to clear the value on a port once it had been read, but I could not find anything like this. The closest thing to a solution is to "latch" the value each time the process gets triggered and then compare the latch value with the port value to determine if anything new has arrived.
Is there a better way to do this? Thanks a bunch in advance.
What kind of port are you using?
This is 100% perfect. Thank you so much.
If I am using a sc_vector for clock inputs. How can I get the difference between pos and neg?
This should just work as is.
Thank you Philipp! Its woking now!
How to use sc_vector with pointer?
I think if use pointer, my code faster and save memory .
I know this it old style code. So, I want to use sc_vector.


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Ireland's role in keeping astronauts healthy in space
Two European Space Agency contracts were won by two Irish men in Dublin universities, to help them undertake research on 'accelerated ageing' and lack of exercise in space.
By Aoife Barry Friday 18 Nov 2011, 3:12 PM
Nov 18th 2011, 3:12 PM 2,474 Views 3 Comments
http://jrnl.ie/282826
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Astronauts like US native Dan Burbank could benefit from this research
Image: Mikhail Metzel/AP/Press Association Images
TWO IRISH MEN have won contracts from the European Space Agency for research into helping astronauts deal with accelerated ageing and lack of exercise in space.
Dr Dónal O'Gorman of DCU and Dr Brian Caulfield of UCD received the contracts from the ESA totalling €135k.
Ireland's membership of ESA is funded by the Irish Government and managed by Enterprise Ireland.
Minister for Research and Innovation, Seán Sherlock, congratulated the researchers and said it was "further evidence of the leading role Ireland plays in pushing the boundaries of biomedical research for the European Human Spaceflight programme".
Astronauts can be in space for up to 18 months, explained Dr Bryan Rodgers of Enterprise Ireland, and they need to adapt to the specific challenges of life in space.
These include the absence of gravity, high levels of radiation and cramped living conditions – which often result in deterioration of the astronauts' heart, muscle and bone condition.
The researchers' work will help to address and find solutions for these issues.
ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang, who is also Head of Science & Applications Division in ESA's Human Spaceflight & Operation Directorate, said:
Keeping in shape is always important, but working out in space is even more crucial in order to counteract the detrimental effects of weightlessness. We still have a lot to learn about how the body reacts in space and find the best methods to keep astronauts fit, also when returning to Earth.
Dr Dónal O'Gorman, Director of the Centre for Preventive Medicine at DCU, will use the ESA funding to investigate new ways to prevent the negative impact of micro-gravity on the body.
Dr O'Gorman is leading an ESA team to identify biomarkers to track changes during accelerated ageing and is investigating if artificial gravity or nutritional modifications can prevent the negative consequences
The best way to simulate microgravity on earth is to get people to lie in bed between 21-60 days.
Dr O'Gorman will simulate the effect of artificial gravity using a specialist human centrifuge in Toulouse, while in a separate study, he will investigate the impact of a nutritional countermeasure (whey protein and a salt) on changes in metabolism and skeletal muscle mass.
Both studies will help astronauts who go to space, but also have implications for healthcare on Earth, especially for the ageing process.
Dr Brian Caulfield is the Director of Technology Research for Independent Living Centre and Principal Investigator in CLARITY Centre at UCD and is currently leading the testing of the Neuromuscular Electrical Muscle Stimulation Exercise technology.
The technology, developed by Galway based Biomedical Research Ltd (BMR) works by stimulating the large muscles of the legs.
It offers a potential solution to the problem of how astronauts exercise aerobically in the confines of a spacecraft.
The parabolic flight campaign gives an opportunity to test this technology in a zero gravity environment, similar to the International Space Station
The ESA funding is provided through two programmes – ELIPS (European programme for life and physical sciences in space) and PRODEX (Programme de dévelopement d'expériences scientifiques).
In other space-related news, the National Space Centre in Midleton has signed a deal with Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Fitztekh).
Under this deal, the NSC will track 'space junk', which can be very dangerous to ships in space.
The NSC will use its 32m antenna at Elfordtsown to track the debris.
Also working on this and other projects with Fitztekh will be University College Cork and Cork Institute of Technology, who will provide an exchange for students between colleges and install satellite stations to faciliate lectures and seminars by videoconference.
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INMR
Independent Expert Technical Content Website for Power Engineers
HV/HP Testing
Utility Practice & Experience
Silicone & Other Materials
Transmission Structures
Editorial by Marvin
Commentary by Pigini
From the World of Testing
Reporting from CIGRE
Transient Thoughts
Scene from China
Woodworth on Arresters
Focus on Cable Accessories
2019 INMR POWER ENGINEERS HANDBOOK
INMR BUYER'S GUIDE
INMR LABORATORY GUIDE
INMR CHINA
INMR WORLD CONGRESS
Article Archive Utility Practice & Experience
Impact & Mitigation of Icing on Power Network Equipment
November 2, 2019 November 4, 2019 Inna min read
In many parts of the world, ice and snow accretion on network equipment such as conductors, ground wires and insulators are a great concern for power system operators. The disruptive effects of icing result from excessive ice or snow accumulation, combined with wind forces, as well as subsequent jumping of cables and conductors following sudden ice shedding. Other potential sources of failure include dynamic phenomena such as galloping often involving extensive dynamic forces.
Electrical flashover along iced or snow-covered insulators is another major problem affecting reliability of overhead lines and outdoor substations. The catastrophic socio-economic impact of some major icing events such as those that struck regions of North America and China in 1998 and 2008 respectively sparked substantial R&D collaborative projects between academia and industry. This concerted action led to much innovation and improvement of overhead network design, construction and operation. However, despite the progress, the knowledge base when it comes to this complex and unpredictable phenomenon is still not sufficient – all the more so when considering increased extreme meteorological events likely caused by climate change. Furthermore, continuous increase in energy consumption and the need for upgrading existing networks, and constructing more reliable transmission lines, call for innovative solutions to icing issues. This edited contribution to INMR by Professor Emeritus, Masoud Farzaneh, of the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi in Canada deals with the impact of icing on conductors, ground wires and outdoor insulators as well as mitigation options to improve reliability under such conditions.
Atmospheric Icing Processes
Atmospheric icing (or simply icing) refers to freezing and sticking of water in various forms on the surface of an exposed object. Therefore, icing describes both ice and snow growth on exposed structures such as power network equipment.
Icing can be classified into different categories:
i. Precipitation icing, such as freezing rain and snow;
ii. In-cloud icing, involving freezing of supercooled water droplets in a cloud or fog upon impact with an exposed structure;
iii. Hoar frost, resulting from condensation of water vapor in air on a structure when temperature is below 0°C.
Types of Accretion
Depending on atmospheric and metrological parameters (air temperature, wind speed, precipitation rate, relative humidity, liquid water content, etc.) various types of accretion can occur on overhead lines and outdoor substations. These are classified as:
• Glaze ice with density of 900-920 kg/m3 has clear structure without air bubbles and generally forms with icicles. Glaze ice accretion on an exposed structure is typically the result of accretions from freezing rain or drizzle. It may also result from in-cloud icing when influx of cloud water is high.
• Rime ice has density ranging from 150 to 700 kg/m3 and occurs at temperatures below –5°C when impinging small supercool water droplets freeze spontaneously on an exposed structure. This type of accretion is typically formed on structures in hilly areas over the cloud base or on structures exposed to cold fog. Depending in its physical appearance, structure and density, rime ice is classified as hard rime or soft rime. Hard rime is characterized by a homogenous opaque structure and density varying from 300 to 700 kg/m3 and is grown homogeneously with air bubble inclusions. Soft rime has a granular opaque structure and a density ranging from 150 to 300 kg/m3. It grows in a granular structure with many air bubbles.
• Wet snow occurs at air temperatures above the freezing point, usually between 0.5 and 2ºC. Depending on liquid water content and localized wind speed, density of wet snow varies from 100 to 850 kg/m3.
• Dry snow with density not exceeding 100 kg/m3 occurs at sub-freezing temperatures and can accumulate on exposed structures under low wind speed conditions.
• Hoar frost has density of less than 100 kg/m3 and is deposited as interlocking ice crystals formed by direct sublimation of freezing water vapor in air on an exposed structure.
Due to variations in meteorological conditions, atmospheric ice accretion can be a mixture of two or more different types of icing. Among these, glaze, hard rime and wet snow with relatively high water content have strong adhesive force when accumulating on exposed structures. As for dry snow, soft rime and hoar frost, adhesion strength is normally low such that these accretions are easily blown off by wind or shaken off from conductors or earth wires. In the case of hoar frost, while the increase in ice load is usually small, it can nevertheless cause high corona losses on HV and UHV lines.
Impact of Ice & Snow Accretion
Mechanical Issues
Icing or combined loads of wind and icing can severely impact overhead transmission and distribution networks in regions with cold climates. For example, overloading of conductors and ground wires by heavy icing, sometimes combined with wind forces, can cause them to break sometimes leading to tower collapse. In addition to excessive loading, other phenomena such as conductor and ground wire galloping, ice or snow shedding from conductors and ground wires as well as rolling of bundled conductors can induce severe loading issues, as detailed below.
Galloping of Conductors & Ground Wires
Galloping, a wind-induced instability, occurs under moderate and strong wind on ice or snow-covered conductors and ground wires. This perturbing phenomenon, with peak-to-peak amplitude reaching up to 15 m, can result in phase-to-phase flashover or in direct contact of phase conductors resulting in short-circuits and outages. This dynamic phenomenon can also result in fatigue problems as well as serious mechanical damage to conductors, hardware and support structures.
Ice & Snow Shedding from Conductors & Ground Wires
Ice or snow shedding from conductors and ground wires can induce dynamic forces similar to those from conductor galloping. The rate of ice or snow shedding at the source of these dynamic transient forces is affected by ice or snow morphology, meteorological conditions, wire and conductor characteristics and temperature, as well as structural design of lines. Sudden ice or snow shedding from conductors could cause high dynamic forces and consequently rebounding of conductors and their high amplitude vibration. This can lead to the reduction of clearance between the affected conductor with an adjacent phase, ground wires or part of tower causing electrical flashovers. The excessive induced dynamic forces could also cause failure of the tower arms and even cascade failure of several adjacent towers. Ice shedding over roads and highway also endangers public safety.
Rolling of Bundle Conductors
This phenomenon is observed in mountainous areas subjected to excessive rime ice accretions on transmission line bundle conductors. It can also occur under glaze ice on long spans over valleys or rivers and the instability can cause damage to spacers and conductors resulting in power outages. Fig. 1 illustrates physical modeling of this phenomenon. Tests were carried out with two- and four-conductor bundles using two span lengths, several arrangements of spacers and six different types of spacers.
Fig. 1: Outdoor test line used for bundle torsional stability studies showing twisted sub-conductors in mid-subspan following collapse.
Electrical Issues
In addition to the above phenomena that are the origin of mechanical damage and failure of power equipment and support structures, ice and snow accretion on high voltage equipment are sources of other types of perturbations resulting from interaction between electric field, liquid water, ice crystals and surrounding air. Possible electrical issues from icing include the following:
• Partial discharges and local arcs;
• Corona noise and power loss;
• Electromagnetic interference;
• Flashovers of insulators.
Among the above-mentioned electrical phenomena, flashover of ice- and snow-covered insulators have attracted attention by researchers as well as power utilities since these can be a source of failures and outages. Indeed, insulator flashover problems under icing conditions have been reported from various countries experiencing atmospheric icing. According to these reports, the number of such incidents increases during icing precipitation or after accretion followed by a rise in air temperature above 0ᵒC. For example, a 2006 CIGRE survey reported that icing flashover problems occurred on 400 kV to 735 kV networks at 35 utilities in 18 countries and involved station as well as line insulators, whether clean or pre-contaminated. Flashover problems on 115 to 230 kV networks have also been reported under combined ice and pollution conditions. Icing flashover is of particular concern for insulators in service close to high-traffic areas where road salt or other types of anti-icing fluids are used. These conditions can cause rapid build-up of contamination on exposed insulators from salt spray. This is also the case for insulators installed near by cooling towers.
Mitigation Option Related to Conductor & Ground Wire Icing
Different strategies have been used by line designers and utilities to prevent or limit extended power outages caused by mechanical icing issues. These include a range of different measures. In general, the designers of overhead power networks do what is necessary for an appropriate design of lines and structures to withstand the effects of ice and snow accretions, taking into account wind forces, based on the prescription of available standards and information provided in technical guides. When possible, areas prone to high icing loads are avoided during the design process. However, prevention of mechanical damage and failures caused by extreme ice and snow loading would require the construction of lines with larger diameter conductors and wires as well as stronger towers. This generally would involve major investments that are not profitable and realistic. On the other hand, an appropriate design of the lines, even with reinforced elements, cannot always resolved all the icing problems. Hence the necessity of monitoring ice and snow accretion and integrating techniques to prevent ice and snow adhesion and accretion, or their removal, before exceeding a critical ice or snow thickness. These techniques are classified as follows:
1. Anti-Icing (AI)
2. De-Icing (DI)
3. Use of passive devices
4. Line design approach
Anti-Icing Techniques
These techniques are used to prevent or reduce atmospheric ice (glaze ice, snow, rime or frost) from accumulating, based on ice adhesion strength reduction or freezing of supercool droplets.
Use of Passive Coatings
A number of physico-chemical properties of icing surface, including surface energy and surface roughness, influence the adhesion force between atmospheric ice and substrate. One of the methods to reduce ice adhesion is based on so-called passive coatings that require no external energy to be effective.
Viscous Coatings
Ice adhesion on an exposed surface can be reduced by applying a viscous or liquid coating such as industrial lubricants, oils and grease. These lead to ice release by gravitational, vibration or wind forces. Indeed, laboratory investigations have demonstrated that lithium grease and industrial lubricants can reduce ice adhesion strength on an aluminium surface by a factor of as much as 63. However, this type of protection is temporary and would require re-application as well as accurate field observation to predict the next ice storm. Finally, since these products are not biodegradable, they constitute an environmental threat. For these reasons, such coatings are not considered suitable for broad use but can still represent a last resort to protect strategic line sections when severe icing storms are being forecast.
Freezing Point Depressant Fluids
This technique makes it possible to avoid ice adhesion and formation on an exposed object. These fluids are generally prepared by mixing commercial liquid products with water and are commonly used on roads, runways, aircraft and other structures to prevent icing. Durability of these coatings on aircraft wings, for example, is limited to about one hour. As such, application of such fluids to power equipment does not seem practical considering limited durability, cost effectiveness and harm to the environment.
Solid Coatings
This approach consists of decreasing ice adhesion by elaborating ice-phobic coatings from materials of low surface energy, such as Teflon or silicone-based polymers, or by using heterogeneous polymer coatings. However, from a practical viewpoint and in spite of their ability to reduce ice adhesion strength, these materials cannot be considered as ice-phobic, considering that accreted ice on cables and wires will not detach under its own weight or from the action of the wind. Recent development in research concerning surface wetting and ice adhesion as well as new advances in material and surface science have resulted in development of advanced super-hydrophobic coatings with self-cleaning and ice-phobic properties. These coatings, featuring nano/micro surface roughness, can prevent or considerably reduce ice adhesion strength on surfaces by breaking the chemical bonding involved in ice adhesion and/or by intercalating air between the solid surface and the ice.
Application of these coatings to conductors, ground wires and supporting structures can potentially reduce mechanical loads due to ice and snow accretion thus increasing reliability of transmission during winter conditions. A comprehensive review of these coatings was carried out by CIGRE WG B2.44 and resulted in publication of Technical Brochure 630 in 2015. An update of this study is currently in progress within the framework of CIGRE WG B2.61. Despite investigations in many countries and progress in development of ice-phobic coatings, there are still limitations in regard to application to overhead conductors and ground wires. This is due mainly to the stability and durability of coatings developed so far. Conductors or wires coated by a black or an efficient heat absorbent can create favourable conditions to capture energy from the sun and atmospheric light to accelerate ice and snow shedding. This technology, now used on solar panels installed in cold climate regions, would be of potential for application to conductors and especially to ground wires.
Use of Active Coatings & Devices
In contrast to passive coatings, active coatings need external energy to be effective. In the same way as passive coatings, active ones can prevent or reduce ice-adhesion strength on surfaces by breaking the chemical bonding involved in ice adhesion and/or by intercalating air or other gases between the solid surface and the ice. Other such coatings work by weakening ice-adhesion strength by generating heat or an interfacial mechanical stress between ice and substrate in order to produce adhesion failure of the ice layer.
Ice Electrolysis System
One of these methods is based on ice electrolysis and consists of applying a DC voltage between a grid-electrode and a conductive surface to be protected when ice forms on the surface and bridges the circuit (see Fig. 2). The grid-electrode is insulated from the conductive surface (Fig. 2 a) and can have different configurations, as shown in Figs. 2b and 2c. The ice electrolysis gases produced by this system are intercalated between the ice and the solid surface. Gas also accumulates in the form of bubbles that contribute to produce interfacial cracks.
Fig. 2: Principle of generation of ice electrolysis by application of a DC Voltage, US Patent 6027075, reproduced and published in ref. [10] by permission of Victor F. Petrenko.
Based on this concept, the configuration illustrated in Fig. 3 was proposed for protecting energized conductors against icing despite the fact that this technology seems to be more convenient for application to ground wires. One of the difficulties with this method is setting up the axial grid-electrode surrounding the wire that must be electrically insulated from the wire.
Fig. 3: Ice electrolysis method for conductor application (International patent 2005083862, reproduced and published in ref. [10] by permission of Victor F. Petrenko.
Pulse Electro-Thermal De-Icer
This method relies on the injection of a pulsed current into a conductive coating surrounding the conductor for heat generation at the interface of ice and an external conductive layer. As shown in Fig. 4, the external coating is isolated from the body of the main conductor by a dielectric layer. Compared to de-icers using alternating or direct current, this de-icer requires an average power approximately 100 times lower. Problems such as the need for significant changes in conductors and its thermal limitation caused by the addition of the dielectric layer, limit the use of this concept.
Fig. 4: Principle of pulse electrothermal de-icer for conductors.
LC-Spiral Rods
Another such a technique, reported in CIGRE Technical brochures, is based on use of a ferromagnetic coating (see Fig. 5). The principle of such a system consists of absorbing energy by a Low-Curry (LC) Spiral Rod from the alternating magnetic field produced by conductor current. The heat energy necessary for snow melting is generated by hysteresis and induced eddy current.
Fig. 5: Snow-melting magnetic wire used in Japan.
LC-Spiral Rod has been implemented in Japan about three decades ago to prevent accidents caused by sudden fall of large chunks of snow. One of the advantages of this de-icing device is its capacity to generate a relatively large amount of heating energy during winter and a small amount in summer. The heating generated can be adjusted by winding tightness using a wrapping machine. Based on experiments at a Hydro-Québec natural site, this technology, efficient for wet snow melting also seems effective under icing conditions with favourable weather and current conditions.
Active Materials
Another potential active coating for application to conductors or ground wire is based on active materials such as piezoelectric films and electro-active polymers. Piezoelectric polymers such as PVDF seem appropriate for this purpose since they are thin, flexible and can support high mechanical and electrical stresses. Electro-active polymers, and particularly dielectric elastomers consisting of a polymer material sandwiched between two compliant electrodes, can also provide thin-film active coatings. Applying a high electric field to the electrodes makes it possible to stretch the polymer under Maxwell stress. The mechanical stress generated, i.e. up to 7 MPa at the ice/substrate interface, seems sufficient to de-bond the ice layer. Further research is necessary to verify the efficiency and applicability of PVD and electro-active polymers to overhead conductors and wires.
De-Icing Techniques
De-icing techniques are used to remove ice accretion on conductors or ground wires during or following an icing event. Generally, both thermal and mechanical approaches are used: Thermal techniques are based on heating conductors or ground wires to melt ice deposits so as to force its shedding; Mechanical techniques, by contrast, are based on ice breakage in order to force ice shedding. A comprehensive review of these techniques was carried out in several publications and a review of de-icing and anti-icing techniques was also recently presented recently in IWAIS 2019. Following is an overview of such de-icing techniques:
Thermal De-Icing Techniques
These techniques, using the Joule effect for de-icing conductors and ground wires have been developed and used widely for about a century using both AC and DC currents.
Conductor De-Icing
a. Load Shifting Method
This technique consists of using the heating effect of load currents to prevent or to remove ice from conductors. As such, it requires no additional equipment on a system. In general, in order to circulate enough current to the conductor to cause ice melting, normal operating conditions must be modified by transferring or shifting loads from other circuits linking the same two substations. However, controlling current intensity during the de-icing period is not always feasible since it is determined mainly by load demand of customers. This method is more suitable for de-icing single conductors given that much more current is needed for de-icing bundled conductors.
b. Reduced Voltage Short-Circuit Method
This technique involves heating conductors by creating a three-phase short-circuit at one end of a line and applying a three-phase voltage source on the other side. The intensity of the short-circuit current needed for de-icing is a function of applied voltage, length of the circuit and electrical characteristics of conductors. This technique requires installation of equipment such as switches, connections to power the lines to be de-iced and a protection system to support de-icing current.
c. DC Current Method
This technology is advantageous for de-icing long transmission lines with large diameter conductors since reactive losses are eliminated. The method has been successfully developed and used in the former USSR for de-icing long 500 kV lines with large bundle conductors. The basic principle consists of forming a closed loop using line conductors, as shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6: One of two-step sequences required to de-ice conductors using DC current.
d. On-Load Network De-Icer
Unlike previous de-icing techniques that require disconnecting sections to be de-frosted, this system can be activated without disrupting the network. The On Load Network De-Icer (ONDI) relies on use of a special three-phase transformer called a phase-shifted transformer (PST), used to control energy flows on transmission lines. By adequate adjusting phase-shift of the PST, it becomes possible to increase current flow by a factor of four in the line opposite to the PST line while also maintaining voltage in the network during the de-icing period.
e. De-icing by Current Transfer of Bundled Sub-conductors Through Contactor Devices
The principle of this technique is to transfer the current flow in all the bundled conductors to a single sub-conductor during a de-icing sequence. Thus, for a 4- bundled conductors, for example, the current flowing in a sub-conductor is multiplied by four and the joule losses by 16. This process allows to generate enough heating for ice melting. The process is repeated at regular intervals until all sub-conductors are clear of ice.
Ground Wire De-icing by Joule effect
In order to heat the ground wires for de-icing by the Joule effect, it is necessary to first electrically isolate them from towers, as shown in Fig. 7. The de-icing current can then be supplied by a voltage transformer. With this method it becomes possible to de-ice several kilometers of ground cables. In remote areas, it is also possible to use an auxiliary diesel generator to de-ice ground cables in strategic line sections, such as river crossings.
Mechanical Techniques
Compared to thermal de-icing techniques, mechanical de-icing has the advantage of being easy to use and allowing timely and rapid intervention of critical sections of an overhead network. In addition, these methods require 100 times less energy.
Generally, most mechanical methods are based on breaking the ice by scraping or on releasing energy from shock waves or vibrations to break and pull office.
a. Scraping Methods
One of the frequent methods to release ice from conductors is using a rope to which scrapers, rollers or cutters thrown over the conductor are attached. The traction force for pulling the rope is applied manually by linemen or other trained personnel or by motorized equipment. More recently, after the 1998 ice storm in Québec, a high traction robot called ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) was developed by researchers at Hydro-Québec. This compact device was successfully tested on 315 kV energized conductors. The ice-scraping tool is comprised of a set of steel blades mounted on the ROV (see Fig. 8).
Fig. 8: Prototype of ROV de-icer.
b. Shock Wave Methods
Since ice is brittle at high strain rates (>10-3 s-1), a relatively low mechanical energy applied over only a short time to iced conductors or ground wires can cause ice breakage and shedding. For example, one of the first methods to create a shock wave for de-icing conductors accessible from the ground is to manually hit them with an insulated pole, as shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9: De-icing conductors using insulated pole.
Following the 1998 ice storm, Hydro-Québec developed a portable shock wave de-icing device for ground cables, called the De-icer Actuated by Cartridge (DAC). This device (see Fig.10), which is fully operated from the ground, consists of using a portable cylinder-piston equipped with blank cartridges that can be remotely fired to create shock waves. Hydro-Québec tested a method of de-icing of bundled conductors by generating short-circuit faults involving twin or quad conductors at rated voltages of 315 kV and 735 kV. The electromagnetic forces induced by the short-circuit currents following through the conductors create the oscillatory movement of conductors forcing them to knock against each other and de-ice the span, as shown in Fig.11. Impact studies on the Hydro-Québec grid revealed that this method could be applied to 315 kV lines but only in case of emergency during severe ice storms.
Fig. 10: DAC prototype held in place by taut rope and ready to be fired.
Fig. 11: De-icing of twin bundle conductors.
c. Vibrating Devices
The principle of these techniques is based on generation of sustained vibrations of conductors or earth wires by devices connected to them to release ice or snow.
One of the vibrating devices, called Automatic Ice Control (AIC), is permanently installed at mid span. It comprises a current transformer, a camera, different sensors for ice detection, a control box with a HF emitter/receiver, and a commercial electromagnetic vibrator, all placed in a rigid protective housing (see Fig.12).
Fig. 12: Automatic Ice Control.
The second vibrating apparatus, called ice-shedder (Fig. 13) is comprised of a motor activating an unbalanced weight whose imbalanced motion is tuned to the natural frequency of the span. This device can be easily installed and driven by power from the conductor or from an external source. Special precautions should be taken when using vibrating devices for de-icing purposes since strong oscillations of conductors or ground wires can cause long-term mechanical damage to power line components.
Fig. 13: Ice-shedder apparatus.
Use of Passive Devices
Passive devices take advantage of natural forces such as wind, gravity or solar radiation to limit ice or snow loads on conductors and ground wires. Use of some special devices, equipment, conductor stiffness, configuration or span length could influence ice and snow loads and avoid the formation of uniform and circular shape, thus facilitating their shedding. Some of these methods have been already successfully used.
a. Use of Vibrating Devices Anti-Torsion Devices
One of these methods consists of using anti-torsion devices such as counterweights (see Fig.14), inter-phase spacers and spacer dampers to increase torsional stiffness of conductor spans so as to limit their rotation. Such measures can prevent formation of cylindrical deposits of wet snow, thus facilitating its shedding by gravity and wind forces.
Fig.14: Illustration of counterweight.
b. Use of Rubber or Plastic Rings, Wires or PTFE Tapes
Another method to reduce wet snow accumulation is use of rubber or plastic rings, equally spaced, around the conductors. As seen in Fig. 15 (top), snow tends to accumulate on the top of the conductor and slide down along the direction of the strands. The rings (Fig. 15, middle) cause the sliding wet snow to shed as it impacts. A wire wound to the conductor in the opposite direction to the strands can have the same effect as rings (Fig. 15, bottom). PTFE tapes wound to the conductor can also have the same effect.
Fig. 15: Top: Path of wet snow accretion sliding in strand direction. Middle: Snow rings. Bottom: Wire wound in opposite direction of strand to facilitate shedding.
In Japan, except for Okinawa where there is no snow, all overhead lines are equipped with snow rings. Overhead lines with single conductors are also equipped with counterweights, as shown in Fig. 16.
Fig.16: Combination of rings and counterweights for reduction of wet snow accretion on conductors.
Line Design Approaches
These approaches, considered as the best prevention techniques, should be complementary to above-mentioned mitigation options for superior and more effective protection of overhead lines under icing.
Improved Line Routing
Line route selection is the first optimization step that should be carried out during a transmission line project. In this regard, statistical data on icing are valuable to prevent passing high risk zones when designing and constructing a new line.
Profile of Conductor, Diameter, Stiffness & Bundle Configuration
Conductor diameter and its surface roughness are two parameters that influence ice accretion and shedding. A smaller diameter conductor, with a similar torsional stiffness, collects less ice than a bigger conductor diameter. Also, a smoother surface decreases ice adhesion to the conductor and reduces convection heat transfer to the surrounding air. Taking these in consideration, under the same conditions, a conductor such as a compact trapezoidal strand with a smaller diameter and smoother surface takes less time to shed ice comparing to an equivalent standard stranded conductor. The number of conductors in a bundled configuration is another factor influencing ice and snow accretion load and time of shedding. On one hand, an increase in number of conductors will cause an increase in accretion loads. On the other, it causes decrease in the shedding time since it provides higher rotational stiffness that prevents formation of cylindrical ice. Use of a single rigid conductor under icing conditions seems to be a better choice than bundled conductors of slightly smaller diameters. In any case, more laboratory and field investigations are necessary to clarify the role of conductor diameter, shape, surface roughness and rigidity as well as number and configuration of bundled conductors and span length, in order to clarify the impact of all these parameters on ice and snow loads and time of shedding.
No Ground Wire
This solution can be considered in regions prone to icing where lightning is infrequent. Use of lightning arresters might also be of interest to replace ground wires to protect overhead lines against lightning.
Increased Design Ice Loads
This approach is a generally good solution for increasing reliability of transmission under icing conditions. However, this method should ideally be combined with other solutions.
Load Reducing Devices or Mechanical Fuses
Use of such devices could prevent damage caused by heavy ice or unbalanced loads. This method is not generally an efficient de-icing technique but rather a damage reduction approach. For example, automatic release of ground wires under icing conditions has been used with success by EDF in France.
a. Anti-Cascade Towers
There are a number of possible reasons for transient dynamic loads, e.g. rupture of a conductor in a span caused by high intensity wind, heavy ice or snow accumulation or by sudden ice shedding. The dynamic loads created by supporting tower collapses under such conditions will increase the forces on adjacent or subsequent towers giving rise to multiple tower failures. Integration of anti-cascade towers in a line can limit the extent of possible damage caused by a winter storm, thus keeping repair costs at a reasonable level.
b. Underground Conductors
Use of underground cables to resolve problems caused by ice accretion on overhead lines could be considered a good solution, especially for distribution lines. Advancements in cable technology make this option possible for higher voltage levels as well. Underground cables are also well supported by the public from the aesthetic point of view.
Mitigation Options Related to Insulator Icing
Various remedial methods have been developed to improve reliability of insulators exposed to icing.
Insulator Dimension & Configuration
Increased Dry-Arc Distance
Test results show that the critical flashover voltage of iced- and snow-covered insulators increases with increase in dry-arc distance. This correlation is linear for insulator length ranging from 0.3 to 3 m. This option remains the most reliable way to improve insulator performance under icing conditions.
Increased Leakage Distance
Contrary to dry-arc distance, increasing the leakage distance as a remedial measure becomes less effective under moderate and heavy ice accretion that bridges the inter-shed insulator spacing. However, this measure can be efficient under cold fog conditions, where a thin ice film is formed along the leakage distance. Retrofit of insulators with increased leakage distance is only useful in areas where ice and snow accretion is not severe.
Insulator Diameter, Shed Size & Inter-Shed Spacing
Insulator diameter, shed size and inter-shed spacing are other important parameters influencing the amount and the level of ice and snow accretions as well as the level of shed-spacing bridging. Generally, flashover performance of insulators is better with a smaller shed diameter and larger shed spacing.
Combining Insulators with Different Diameters
Combination of insulators of different diameters, such as illustrated in Fig. 17, increases effective shed-to-shed spacing. Under a certain range of icing conditions, this retrofit option will perform better than standard profiles. This convenient option can be applied to both existing lines and new designs.
Fig. 17: Ice accretion on bell-bell-disc and bell-disc-disc suspension insulator strings.
Insulator Orientation
Under icing conditions, horizontal string and V-string insulators are proven to perform better than vertical insulators. This is mainly because much more ice is needed to achieve full bridging of these insulator strings compared to vertical strings. Laboratory tests and mathematical modeling have shown that minimum flashover voltage, VMF, of a horizontal string of four discs under heavy icing condition is about 60% higher than that of the same string at an inclined position and 100% higher than for the vertical position (see Fig. 18).
Fig. 18. Simulation and experimental results of VMF for string in vertical, inclined and horizontal positions.
a. Booster Sheds & Creepage Extenders
These accessories, which are used to protect bushings and station post insulators against wetting or contamination flashover, have also proven efficient to provide shelter during ice accretion. Each booster shed can create an ice-free zone (air gap) long enough to increase the flashover strength by 10 to 20 kV (see Fig. 19)
Fig 19: Station post insulators with booster sheds.
b. Grading rings
Application of corona rings (see Fig.19a) can degrade rather than improve flashover performance of an EHV post station insulator under icing conditions. Results have shown that uniform electric field of an effective corona ring on the insulator surface tends to promote full ice bridging rather than forming air gaps near the high voltage terminal, as shown in Fig.20a. When the upper surfaces of corona rings are covered with a fine metallic mesh, air gaps form near the rings (see Fig. 20b), leading to improved flashover performance. Booster sheds, however, perform this function better and at lower cost.
Fig.19. Ice accumulation on station post insulator,
(a) with grading ring (b) with modified, screen-covered grading rings.
a. RTV Silicone Coating
RTV coatings, developed for improved contamination flashover performance, have also been used as a countermeasure under icing conditions. In cold-fog conditions (very light icing), for example, an increase of about 25% in flashover strength per meter of leakage distance is gained when an RTV silicone coating is applied to porcelain insulators. However, for heavy icing causing icicle bridging of insulator shed spacing, RTV is not effective and cannot reverse the situation. In fact, ice is retained for a longer period on RTV-coated porcelain during the dangerous melting phase. Thus, effectiveness of these coatings to prevent insulator icing flashover is questionable.
b. Semi-Conducting Glaze
The use of semi-conducting glaze insulators under icing conditions offers several benefits. Firstly, low leakage current in the semi-conducting layer, normally around 1 mA, heats the insulator surface above ambient temperature and can help prevent frost formation. The resistive leakage current can also improve voltage distribution along the insulator, which in turn promotes formation of more uniform ice accretion. The relatively uniform voltage stress along the insulator also delays arcing activity across ice-free zones or dry bands in the case of contamination. Both laboratory tests and field exposure of semi-conducting post insulators have shown that these insulators develop large ice-free zones during melting periods which leads to higher flashover strength compared to normal glaze. These insulators have therefore proven highly effective in mitigating icing problems. Direct comparison of performance of conventional and semi-conducting glaze insulators for a 2.0 m dry arc tested under heavy ice conditions showed an improvement of about 20 percent.
c. Super-Hydrophobic Coatings
Super-hydrophobic coatings (SHC) with self-cleaning and ice-phobic properties are attractive to improve the flashover performance of insulators under pollution as well as under icing conditions. These coatings with static water contact angle of more than 150˚ and a hysteresis contact angle of less than 10˚ can be achieved by a combination of low surface energy materials having a micro-nanostructured surface. A review of such coatings with potential application to outdoor insulators is reported in CIGRE TB 631. Fig. 21 shows an example of the effectiveness of a SHC in reducing ice accretion on insulators. As can be seen, unlike on the uncoated insulator, no icicles formed on the coated insulator even after 3 hours of icing exposure. This can be explained by shedding of accreted ice from the coated insulator surface before icicles could form.
Fig. 21: Comparative icing appearance on bare and SHC-coated insulators after 30 minutes and after 3 hours.
Recently, a technique, using direct replication method, was developed to produce micro-nanostructured silicone rubber surfaces by compression molding and injection molding systems with application to polymeric insulators. The replicated silicone rubber surfaces tested in this project displayed a contact angle CA>160˚ and a contact angle hysteresis CAH <10˚. The self-cleaning and ice-phobic properties of these surfaces has been successfully verified on a laboratory scale. Research is presently continuing at the University of Québec in Chicoutimi in view of practical application.
d. Semi-Conductive RTV Coatings
In a laboratory research study, RTV coatings were enhanced with carbon doping, making them semi-conductive with sufficient current flow to prevent ice formation, or by blending them with sub-micrometer scale materials rendering them superhydrophobic, self-cleaning and ice-phobic. Fig. 22 shows an example of using a semiconducting RTV as an anti-icing coating. In this figure, ice was artificially accreted on both clean and contaminated insulators. The semi-conductive silicone rubber coating was applied only to the bottom side of the insulator to eliminate the power loss when there is no precipitation. For the semi-conductive coated string, there were no icicles and no ice covering the surface of the insulators. Also, the coated string showed an obvious surface heating effect. The temperature was about 16°C in the area near the cap and pin but about 0°C in most other parts.
Fig. 22: Thermal picture of specimens in icing test. Left side: uncoated sample; right side: coated sample with anti-icing semi-conductive silicone rubber.
Reduced System Voltage
Reducing transmission system operating voltage during critical ice or snow conditions can be an effective way to lower insulator flashover probability. In one case study, a 5% reduction in operating voltage with 50 parallel insulators under full ice bridging decreased flashover probability from 49.5% (maximum operation voltage) to 11.7%. A voltage reduction of 10%, if available, would have decreased flashover probability down to only 1.2%.
Insulator Washing
Washing energized ice-covered insulators with hot pressurized water has been successfully tested under laboratory conditions. Also, long-term insulator washing during winter using de-ionized water as an electrical barrier has been successfully tested by several utilities in North America as well as Japan.
Icing of overhead power network equipment, including conductors, ground wires and insulators, occurs in many regions of the world and can result in serious failures and damage with major socio-economic consequences. Such effects are aggravated by excessive ice accretion combined with the force of wind giving rise to dynamic phenomena such as galloping and jumping of conductors caused by sudden ice shedding. Despite great progress in research, some phenomena related to ice adhesion, accretion and shedding are still not fully understood. A better understanding of these phenomena would lead to more appropriate protection of power networks during winter conditions.
Various approaches to mitigate the effects of icing on power network equipment, including anti-icing, de-icing, passive devices and line design are overviewed. The anti-icing methods are used to prevent or reduce ice or snow accretion, and mainly consist in using passive and active coatings. New technologies based on the use of ice-phobic materials have a great potential for future applications. The development of efficient, durable and cost effective ice-phobic coatings still needs great R&D efforts. As concerns active coatings almost no significant progress has been made during the past decade. The few previously proposed concepts such as ones based on ice electrolysis and injection of a pulsed current into a conductive coating are likely inefficient or unpractical. One of the active methods presently in use and efficient for wet snow melting is based on the use of a ferromagnetic coating. However, application of this technique for conductor ice melting would require further R&D effort. The efficiency of other potential active coatings based on using materials such as piezoelectric films or electro-active polymers still needs to be demonstrated.
As concerns de-icing techniques, these are used to remove ice or wet snow accretion on conductors or ground wires during or following an icing event. Generally, thermal and mechanical approaches are used to this end. Many utilities have adopted thermal methods based on the Joule effect for de-icing conductors and ground wires on a large-scale and countries have been using these methods for almost a century. For a thermal de-icing strategy to be efficient, however, an adequate detection and monitoring of evolution of ice/snow build-up is necessary, which would still require further R&D. On the other hand, mechanical methods, needing shorter de-icing times compared to thermal methods, are preferred by utilities for the protection of shorter strategic line sections. Mechanical methods are well suited to reduce the risk of the damage or collapse of towers in extreme emergency situations.
In regard to protection of ground wires against icing, this remains one of the important issues and concerns in cold climate regions. Nevertheless, few existing methods, such as removing them in low-risk icing areas, seem to be operational for application. In high-risk icing areas, ground wires could be replaced with lightning arresters to protect overhead lines against lightning.
Techniques based on special devices, equipment, conductors with high stiffness or with improved configuration or span length, have proven to limit ice or snow loads. Some of these devices and equipment, presently in use, can prevent formation of uniform and circular shapes, thus facilitating shedding.
Flashover across insulators under ice and snow conditions, combined sometimes with pollution, is another source of failure. Risk of flashover can be reduced in several ways depending on icing and pollution severity. For light ice accretion with high surface pollution created under cold fog conditions, RTV silicone coating has been found efficient. Under more severe icing conditions, solutions such as substituting insulators with others with improved profiles or with semi-conductive glaze can be adopted. Under heavy icing conditions and very low contamination, the use of devices such as booster sheds was shown to considerably improve the electrical performance of substation insulators. Another solution consists in washing the insulators more frequently during winter or in constructing the line and substations with insulators having longer dry-arc distance. Much progress has been achieved in surface engineering and superhydrophobic coatings with self-cleaning and ice-phobic properties with potential applications to ceramic and non-ceramic insulators. Further efforts in R&D are necessary to find efficient and cost-effective techniques to protect insulators against flashover problems under icing, pollution or a combination of them.
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text:
Q: Can System.Drawing be used in an Azure web site? I have a web site that I'm planning to move from an old-school web hosting company to Microsoft Azure.  It's an ASP.NET application that uses System.Drawing to render some graphics.  I've read some things about GDI not being supported on Azure web sites.  Does this mean that System.Drawing won't work, or is it only an issue when calling directly into gdi32.dll?

A: Accroding to the wiki page & the description for System.Drawing, it seems that System.Drawing is not supported on Azure WebApps, even using some features with not GDI required.
If you want to re-implement the feature fro rendering some graphics without System.Drawing or GDI, the SO thread Image manipulation in asp.net/c# without System.Drawing/GDI+ may be helpful for you.
However, I suggest that the better way is using some visual libraries in JS like D3.js or ECharts to render these graphics you want at the frontend of browser.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Energy is a key component in the redress of climate change evils and the United States has one of the highest per capita energy consumption in the world. The federal government's goal is to reduce the country's dependence on oil and double its wind and solar electricity generation by 2025. The development of renewable energy projects is to a great extent tied to Indian Country. This is highly important for Indian tribes as an empowering mechanism. Such projects could represent new sources of income for tribes whose traditional subsistence-based lifestyles have been impacted by climate change. Renewable energy projects in Indian Country are not new to the United States. However, this benign initiative of advancing clean energy projects on tribal land could create a new problem: the violation of tribes' sovereignty and cultural integrity.
Part I of this article provides background information on the Quechan Tribe and introduces the controversy caused by the approval of the Ocotillo Wind Energy Project on lands with profound significance for Native American groups. Part II reviews the American legal framework regarding the right of consultation. Part III examines Colombia's substantive and procedural protections of indigenous rights, and Inter-American case law. Part IV proposes a more beneficial interpretation of current legislation in favor of Native Americans' rights using the trust responsibility doctrine. Part IV also proposes the creation of guidelines to transform the consultation process into a real government-to-government dynamic and to determine when FPIC is applicable as a mechanism distinguishable from consultation. In addition, Part IV shows the benefits of treating Native Americans as essential actors in a strategic partnership aimed to combat climate change and to comply with the national green energy policy in their territories. Finally, Part IV advocates for a higher standard of review for federal or state action affecting Native Americans' rights.
Diana Coronel David, Green Energy in Indian Country as a Double-Edged Sword for Native Americans: Drawing on the Inter-American and Colombian Legal Systems to Redefine the Right to Consultation, 38 Environs: Envtl. L. & Pol'y J. 223 (2015).


Buying beta. Can drop with the market but high quality market exposure. Tends to have high cash flow, large cap, robust companies, well diversified. Yield 1.6%.
You want to focus your portfolio on leadership. He likes healthcare late cycle. These tend to have a higher cap. This is the largest diversified exposure in his portfolio.
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He feels the market is near the late stages of the bull run, but feels this balanced portfolio will continue to work well.
A US healthcare ETF? He would buy one of the Spider sector ETF's. This one has very, very low costs, and is very liquid. It is well diversified. If you want something that has Canadian hedging, then you can buy ZUH-T from the Bank of Montréal.
The 2nd best performing sector in the S&P 500. He likes it, but doesn't have any exposure to healthcare right now. It's a great ETF. With an $.805 Cdn dollar, he would definitely be buying the name.
(A Top Pick Feb 17/17. Up 16%.) He still likes this. There are very few sectors that are in secular bull markets. This is one of them. This should be a core holding for every Canadian investor.
(A Top Pick April 18/16. Up 14.37%.) He still likes this. Healthcare is in a secular bull market. The trend started in 2012. It is still a Hold.
Just the big names in US healthcare. We have seen the bottom in here. It is one of the strongest sectors out there right now. We saw some rotation last week. It is in a secular bull market and we are at the beginning of it. It has a really good valuation. The political football that it has been is going to die down.
Good time for a US healthcare ETF? This should be a good area to get into because of an aging population. Demographics are certainly in favour. If he was going to do anything, this would be the one he would go with.
Which stocks for RESP and University in 8 years? He would use healthcares such as SPDR Health Care (XLV-N) or SPDR Pharma (XPH-N). These are in a secular bull market. You could also use Van Eck Vectors Biotech (BBH-Q). This gives you a little bit of mix of all 3 sectors. He would suggest 40% and 40% on the first 2 and maybe 20% in the Biotechs.
Healthcare does better in August and into October. But it ran up since February. We have that political football. Be careful because it is an election year.
There are very few sectors that are in a bull market on a secular basis. This is one of them. It started in 2014. Was a little bit of a football recently. He started by taking a small position of 2.5%. This is coming into a strong seasonal period.


text:
Q: How can I set up my Github Account to work in each terminal session? Every time I want to clone one of my repos, I have to enter my Github account name and access token. How can I add my github account to my terminal?

A: If you trust the machine you are on (ie no one else has access to it, no remote admins, no remote backups, etc) then you can use the relatively insecure "store" credential helper.
In $HOME/.gitconfig add the section
[credential]
        helper = store

Now in $HOME/.git-credentials you can add an entry such as
https://GIT_USER_NAME:GIT_ACCESS_TOKEN@github.com

Now all access to https://github.com/repo/name will use that username and access token.
If you are using ssh to access github then you can use standard ssh keys (you need to upload the public key - see the official documentation at https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh).
Now you can create a $HOME/.ssh/config entry such as
Host github.com
  User git
  IdentityFile ~/.ssh/gitkey
  IdentitiesOnly yes
  ForwardAgent no

Now repo's accessed as git@github.com:repo/name will use that key for access (which can be accessed via ssh-agent if you don't want to type the passphrase each time!)


Bachelor?s degree in Business Administration, Computer Science, Management Information Systems, or related field.
Experience in Power BI Dashboard development and scripting, SQL Server, Excel and Access.
Experience in Biotech or Technical Support industries.


text:
How Long Does It Take To Get Over Alcohol Addiction
How To Kick An Addiction
What Drug Do They Give Heroin Addicts
Novant Health Addiction Recovery And Counseling
Drug Addiction Support Groups For Families
Cultural Diversity In Addiction Treatment
Must ReadTreatment
What Are Racial Health Disparities
Cross-Cultural Issues in Recovery from Addiction with Dr. Bob Weathers
Having a meaningful conversation about the intersection of race, racism, and substance abuse first requires explaining what is meant by the term racial health disparities.
The Kaiser Family Foundation defines racial health disparities as the higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one population group relative to another.
Health disparities can also exist across other dimensions, such as:
Experiencing marginalization across several of these dimensions may even further increase or decrease a persons risk for experiencing these disparities.
For instance, being a Black American in a low-income bracket, or living with disability in a rural area with lesser access to medical resources, may have a greater impact on a persons risk for illness, disease, and access to quality care.
Acknowledging the unique struggles that marginalized populations can face in health spaces does not discount the very real and distressing experiences of people who arent similarly marginalized.
Struggling with life-threatening issues such as drug and alcohol addiction, or watching a loved one struggle, is painful regardless of racial and ethnic background.
Recognizing the ways non-white Americans are disproportionately affected by these health disparities, however, can build a pathway to greater understanding and developing solutions.
Principles In Delivering Culturally Competent Iot Services
The Commonwealth Fund Minority Health Survey found that 23 percent ofAfrican-Americans and 15 percent of Latinos felt that they would have received bettertreatment if they were of another race. Only 6 percent of Whites reported the samefeelings . Againstthis backdrop, it clearly is important for providers to have a genuine understandingof their clients from other cultures, as well as an awareness of how personal orprofessional biases may affect treatment.
Most IOT counselors are White and come from the dominant Western culture, but nearlyhalf of clients seeking treatment are not White . This stark fact supports the argument that cliniciansconsider treatment in the context of culture. Counselors often feel that their ownsocial values are the normthat their values are typical of all cultures. In fact,U.S. culture differs from most other cultures in a number of ways. IOT clinicians andprogram staff members can benefit from learning about the major areas of differenceand from understanding the common ways in which clients from other cultures maydiffer from the dominant U.S. culture.
Assessing Unique Treatment Needs
If addiction is a disease that transcends the boundaries among demographic groups, why is it so important to consider the needs of a specific client in treating this disorder? To some degree, addictive behaviors can be addressed as universal, but when it comes to resolving the problems that affect an individual, then the factors that contribute to addiction, which may be genetic, environmental, or experiential, must be addressed. Otherwise, the client may be more likely to feel alienated, isolated, or lonely in treatment and more likely to drop out early.
Years of research in the areas of mental health and substance abuse treatment have guided treatment providers toward personalized, culturally sensitive care that reflects the needs of the individual. Personalized assessment and evaluation at the beginning of the treatment process, and at various stages throughout rehab and recovery, are critical components when aiming for long-term sobriety. Listed below are some demographic considerations that are taken into consideration when a treatment provider evaluates a patient.
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Individualize Treatment Based On Specific Clinical Needs
Individualized treatment is the key. If you treat each of your clients as an individual with specific clinical needs, your treatment will be a success. You dont need to be pregnant to work with a pregnant woman, and you dont need to be black to work with a black client. However, you do need to avoid generalizing and stereotyping. You will see common issues that all addicts and alcoholics deal with, but they might be communicated or influenced differently based on cultural experience. If you create a truly individualized treatment plan, you will always be in a better position to provide professional, and competent care. At the end of the day, if the client leaves the session and feels you care about them and you know your job, you will be effective.
Where Do I Go From Here
Check out the resources below for more information on cross-cultural mental health and substance use:
BC Partners for Mental Health and Substance Use InformationVisit www.heretohelp.bc.ca for information on mental health and substance use in Arabic, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Farsi/Dari , French, Korean, Punjabi, Russian, Spanish, Japanese and Vietnamese. You can sign up for Within Sight, a free e-newsletter that highlights mental health and substance use resources in many languages. And you can read the Older Adult Immigrants and Refugees issue of Visions: BC Mental Health and Substance Use Journal.
Our Aboriginal community members also face unique issues. See the info sheet, Lets discuss: Aboriginal Mental Health and Substance Use.
The Affiliation of Multicultural Service Providers Visit www.amssa.org for information, events and resources. You can find service providers across BC and search the Multicultural Health Resources database. Visit www.amssa.org/cultureswest to read Cultures West, a magazine that discusses migration, immigrant settlement and integration. A past issue also looks just a mental health and culture.
The Canadian Mental Health Association promotes the mental health of all and supports the resilience and recovery of people experiencing a mental illness through public education, community-based research, advocacy, and direct services. Visit www.cmha.bc.ca.
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Client A: Centered In Ones Own Culture
Has made no attempt to fit into the majority culture.
May be described by some as a separatist and maybe even a racist.
Might wear culturally identifiable garb and associate primarily with others from their own race and culture.
Has little interest or desire to be accepted and approved of by the dominant culture.
May often see cultures different from their own as the enemy or someone who doesnt understand their issues.
Feels much more comfortable with people of their own race and culture and avoids others.
Distrusts and has difficulty relating with people outside of their race and culture.
This client type can be the most difficult for counselors to work with, and they might even be more difficult for a counselor from the same culture who is centered in the dominant culture . In dealing with this client, you might often see anger, resistance, and denial. They might excuse or explain their behavior by describing it as retaliation for racial oppression that their culture may have endured. They might demonstrate a sense of entitlement that causes power struggles, and be very distrustful of the counselor and their techniques. They might be resistant to taking responsibility for their addiction, instead blaming it on racism, prejudice and/or a lack of understanding. They can be controlling and antagonistic, and will most likely trigger any unresolved racial or cultural issues for the counselor.
Understanding The Difference: Race Versus Racism
In discussions about race and health, its important to create a distinction between race and racism. Public health professionals warn against conflating the two.
Health scholars, Jennifer Jee-Lyn García, Ph.D., and Mienah Zulfacar Sharif, MPH, assert that race is a social construction with no biological basis, whereas racism refers to a social system that reinforces racial group inequity.
Misinterpreting the role that race has to play in the underlying causes of health disparities does a disservice to the process of meaningfully addressing health-related inequalities.
Additionally, pointing to race as a driver of health disparities could be interpreted as a form of victim-blaming.
According to a growing body of research, the fact that physical and mental health outcomes tend to be poorer in communities of color is largely driven by social and economic conditions. In the field of public health, these are known as social determinants of health.
Social determinants of health that contribute to health disparities include:
access to a variety of foods
Health disparities can also be influenced by the very real physical, mental, and psychological tolls that racism can have on communities of color. Stress, for instance, can have major effects on all aspects of health.
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Naatp Dei Advisory Committee
In August of 2020, the first meeting of NAATPs Advisory Committee on Diversity, Equity and Inclusivity was held to discuss the impact of systemic racism and other forms of discrimination on addiction treatment and recovery. Thirteen behavioral health leaders, researchers, and clinicians from organizations across the country participated. The group was asked, If you could implement one change right away to improve our field with respect to increasing treatment access and improving outcomes, what would it be? The responses to that question identified three themes:
Lack of diversity within the workforce and leadership in addiction treatment
Lack of equity in access to care for People of Color and individuals from other historically marginalized communities
Lack of inclusivity and cultural competency in patient care and workplace environments
The group members identified potential efforts that are currently underway to address each of these areas, including:
Videos, blogs, and podcasts featuring People of Color discussing their experience and commitment to working in the treatment field
A training series on addiction healthcare inequity and promoting inclusivity in business and clinical practices
Mentorship for People of Color who are interested in entering or advancing careers in behavioral health
The DEI Advisory Committee has expanded to over 20 members. The group meets regularly to establish measurable goals for each of the above areas.
Substance Abuse In Hispanic And Latinx Communities
Challenges and Rewards of a culturally-informed approach to mental health | Jessica Dere | TEDxUTSC
According to 2018 national survey data in Hispanic and Latinx communities:
Hispanics have similar rates of substance use disorders compared to the general population.
Puerto Ricans have the highest heavy drinking rates among Hispanic Americans, and are three times more likely to develop alcohol use disorder compared to non-white, non-Hispanic Americans.
About 7.1 percent of Hispanics have a substance use disorder compared to 7.4 percent of the general population.
Hispanics and Black Americans are more likely to have shorter inpatient stays for substance abuse, and tend to fare worse after treatment.
Hispanics are also incarcerated at disproportionately high rates and have less access to specialty treatment services, especially those that are culturally competent. According to SAMHSA, nearly 90 percent of Hispanic Americans with substance abuse issues are unable to receive the specialized treatment they need.
Among those in treatment for substance abuse, Hispanics are more likely to be houseless. Housing instability, unemployment, and low socioeconomic status can be major barriers to completing addiction treatment programs.
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During adolescence, a teenagers brain is still developing. The brains reward systems are the first to mature and yet the prefrontal cortex, or the area of the brain responsible for judgment and impulse control, is not yet developed fully.22 This makes teens more likely to take risks and makes them vulnerable to substance use disorders. 22 Those most at-risk of developing an addiction to drugs or alcohol are those who initiated substance use in their early teens. 22
Adolescents are not as likely as adults to see the need for treatment, and many need to be persuaded to enter treatment by a parent or required by the juvenile justice system. Adolescents are also less likely to have experienced a large range of adverse outcomes from their drug use and may be resistant to change. Programs aimed at treating adolescents with substance use disorders use specialized treatment approaches and well-trained staff. These programs typically emphasize behavioral treatment vs. pharmacological approaches. 22
Chapter 10 Addressing Diverse Populations In Intensive Outpatient Treatment
Intensive outpatient treatment programs increasingly are called on to serveindividuals with diverse backgrounds. Roughly one-third of the U.S. population belongsto an ethnic or racial minority group. More than 11 percent of Americans, the highestpercentage in history, are now foreign born .
Culture is important in substance abuse treatment because clients' experiences ofculture precede and influence their clinical experience. Treatment setting, copingstyles, social supports, stigma attached to substance use disorders, even whether anindividual seeks helpall are influenced by a client's culture. Culture needs to beunderstood as a broad concept that refers to a shared set of beliefs, norms, and valuesamong any group of people, whether based on ethnicity or on a shared affiliation andidentity.
In this broad sense, substance abuse treatment professionals can be said to have ashared culture, based on the Western worldview and on the scientific method, with commonbeliefs about the relationships among the body, mind, and environment . Treating a client fromoutside the prevailing United States culture involves understanding the client's cultureand can entail mediating among U.S. culture, treatment culture, and the client'sculture.
This chapter contains
Resources on culturally competent treatment for various populations
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Discriminatory Attitudes As Barriers To Treatment
Aside from the financial element of treatment, some doctors project mistrust onto African-American patients when treating them. Surveys revealed discrimination toward African-Americans based on race, financial status, and other factors. Racial stereotypes have been another factor in the decision to treat patients.
Some doctors believe black people have an ability to be strong and tough out painful conditions, and therefore do not give them the meds they need. Reports noted doctors not trusting black patients to take the meds properly. Other doctors have believed the patients will sell the drugs.
A 2017 report released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality stated Overall access to efficient health care was worse for blacks than whites. Additionally, 20% of Asian Americans, 30% of Native Americans, and a third of Pacific Islanders and Hispanics have access to effective healthcare.
Causes Of Racial Health Disparities
The existence of racial health disparities in the U.S. cannot be linked to a single cause. The reality of how these disparities came to be and why they still exist in a country with the largest economy in the world is complex.
Health disparities may often be affected by factors such as geographic location, the safety and public health infrastructure of communities, and to a lesser extent, family medical history.
Many health conditions, including drug and alcohol abuse, run in families. However, the role that biology and genetics play in health differences among racial groups has been increasingly challenged in recent years.
With greater research into health disparities, many health researchers now argue that these disparities are driven primarily by inequalities in wealth and power across society.
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Ethnic Cultural And Religious Issues In Drug Use And Treatment
In national statistics for the United States, including many national surveys on drug use, Americans are divided into four racial groups: white, black, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaska native. The races are often subdivided into ethnic groups. For example, people with recent or distant family origins in such countries as Spain, Portugal, Mexico, and Cuba belong to an ethnic group called Iberian, Hispanic, or Latino. People also belong to cultural groups, which share similar customs, ideas, and behaviors. Racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds often overlap.
The use of drugs and alcohol differs from one ethnic, cultural, or religious group to another. Drug abuse, as well as the way in which people respond to treatment, also varies within groups. It is helpful for public health officials to be familiar with these differences, so that they know which segments of the population have a greater need for alcohol and drug treatment and prevention services. However, the evidence of racial and ethnic differences in alcohol and drug use does not mean that these differences are due to heritable , genetic factors. Conditions such as poverty and neighborhoods with high rates of crime must be taken into account to explain different rates of drug abuse among ethnic groups.
This article discusses issues of drug and alcohol abuse among some major ethnic groups and treatments specifically geared toward these groups.
What Is Cultural Competency
As has been stated, clinicians are responsible for practicing cultural competency when working with clients who come from cultural backgrounds that differ from their own . In the event that we cannot identify a clients cultural background, we are responsible for uncovering this information and learning about it. Being culturally competent includes possessing knowledge of the culture, understanding of what makes up cultural systems, and acknowledging the roles of subcultures and other variations within larger cultures .
Based on this understanding, clinicians must possess the skills to establish a rapport with clients to gain more information about their culture and the skills to use this knowledge during the counseling process . During the course of treatment, the counselor must keep judgmental, ethnocentric beliefs and perceptions about the clients cultural group at bay if treatment is to be successful and effective .
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What Is Cultural Adaptation
Cultural adaptation has been defined as the systematic modification of an EBT or intervention protocol to consider language, culture, and context in such a way that it is compatible with the clients cultural patterns, meaning, and values . Castro et al. conceptualize cultural adaptation as a compromise on a continuum ranging from a universalist perspective, which favors the implementation of the generic intervention without modification at one end, to a culturally tailored intervention, developed for a specific group, that typically does not start with a generic intervention at the other end.
A culturally adapted intervention maintains the core components of an EBT but translates the EBT to be more relevant and consistent with the ideas, values, beliefs, norms, attitudes, and knowledge of the target group . The adapted version addresses the cultural, social, and contextual factors related to the problems the target group brings to treatment. The remainder of this section reviews several issues related to cultural adaptation including the emphasis on adding cultural, social, and contextual factors to the intervention and incorporating empowerment into the adapted version.
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