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EP2868007B1 - Method for switching connection in wireless communication system - Google Patents
Method for switching connection in wireless communication system Download PDF
EP2868007B1 EP13812483.9A EP13812483A EP2868007B1 EP 2868007 B1 EP2868007 B1 EP 2868007B1 EP 13812483 A EP13812483 A EP 13812483A EP 2868007 B1 EP2868007 B1 EP 2868007B1
EP13812483.9A
Heejeong Cho
Eunjong Lee
Jaehoon Chung
2013-07-01 Application filed by LG Electronics Inc filed Critical LG Electronics Inc
238000004891 communication Methods 0 claims description title 28
230000003578 releasing Effects 0 claims 1
230000002159 abnormal effects Effects 0 description 2
238000005562 fading Methods 0 description 1
238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0 description 1
H04W4/70—Services for machine-to-machine communication [M2M] or machine type communication [MTC]
H04W76/23—Manipulation of direct-mode connections
H04W76/30—Connection release
H04W76/34—Selective release of ongoing connections
The present invention relates to wireless communications, and more particularly, to a method for switching connection in a wireless communication system.
In next generation multimedia mobile communication systems, which have been actively studied in recent years, there is a demand for a system capable of processing and transmitting a variety of information (e.g., video and radio data) in addition to the early-stage voice service. Further, a 3rd generation wireless communication system is followed by a 4th generation wireless communication which is currently being developed aiming at supporting a high-speed data service of 1 gigabits per second (Gbps) in downlink and 500 megabits per second (Mbps) in uplink. The wireless communication system is designed for the purpose of providing reliable communication to a plurality of users irrespective of their locations and mobility. However, a wireless channel has an abnormal characteristic such as a fading phenomenon caused by a path loss, noise, and multipath, an inter-symbol interference (ISI), a Doppler effect caused by mobility of a user equipment, etc. Therefore, various techniques have been developed to overcome the abnormal characteristic of the wireless channel and to increase reliability of wireless communication.
Meanwhile, with the advent of a ubiquitous environment, there is a rapid increase in a demand for receiving a seamless service anytime anywhere by using equipments. In order to satisfy such a demand, a device-to-device (D2D) connection technique may be introduced in a wireless communication system. The D2D connection technique refers to a technique for transmitting and receiving data not via a base station (BS) since devices such as a user equipment (UE) or the like are connected to each other. That is, one device can communicate with another device via the BS, and can directly communicate with another device not via the BS. By using the D2D connection technique, such an effect as low power consumption, throughput enhancement, etc, can be obtained. On the other hand, a conventional connection between the BS and the device may be called a BS-to-device (B2D) connection.
It is required that a method for switching between a D2D connection and a B2D connection efficiently.
WO 2012/048464 describes several embodiments that provide principles and signaling mechanism for device connectivity to a network via a cellular
connection mode and to a paired device via a device-to-device (D2D) connection mode. In one aspect, a method includes sending a mode switch command from a network access node to a first node of a pair of nodes operating in D2D communication mode. The method further includes receiving at least one acknowledgment of the reception of the mode switch command from a second node of the pair of nodes at the network access node.
Document US 2011/0117907 A1 relates to selecting the type of connection used to connect a terminal device to a serving base station, wherein the selection is made between a direct cellular radio connection and a relayed cellular radio connection. Document US 2010/0279672 A1 refers to receiving a control command to switch from a first communication mode to a second communication mode from a coupled controller, and document WO 2011/147462 A1 to controlling device-to-device communications between user equipment.
Summary of Invention Technical Problem
The present invention provides a method for switching connection in a wireless communication system. The present invention provides a method for switching from a device-to-device (D2D) connection to a base station-to-device (B2D) connection when a user equipment (UE) is in a radio resource control (RRC) idle state.
In an aspect, a method for switching from a device-to-device (D2D) connection in a wireless communication system as defined in independent claim 1 is provided.
According to claim 2 the paging message introduced in claim 1 may be received when the base station wants to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection.
Switching between a D2D connection and a B2D connection are efficiently controlled.
FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a D2D connection scenario.
FIG. 3 shows another example of a D2D connection scenario.
FIG. 5 shows an example of a method for switching from a D2D connection to a B2D connection according to an example helpful to understand the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows another example of a method for switching from a D2D connection to a B2D connection according to an example helpful to understand the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows another example of a method for switching from a D2D connection to a B2D connection according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows an example of a method for switching from a B2D connection to a D2D connection according to an example helpful to understand the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows another example of a method for switching from a B2D connection to a D2D connection according to an example helpful to understand the present invention.
FIG. 10 shows another example of a method for switching from a B2D connection to a D2D connection according to an example helpful to understand the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing wireless communication system to implement an embodiment of the present invention.
The technology described below can be used in various wireless communication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), etc. The CDMA can be implemented with a radio technology such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA-2000. The TDMA can be implemented with a radio technology such as global system for mobile communications (GSM)/general packet ratio service (GPRS)/enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE). The OFDMA can be implemented with a radio technology such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), etc. IEEE 802.16m is an evolution of IEEE 802.16e, and provides backward compatibility with an IEEE 802.16-based system. The UTRA is a part of a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is a part of an evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using the E-UTRA. The 3GPP LTE uses the OFDMA in downlink and uses the SC-FDMA in uplink. LTE-advance (LTE-A) is an evolution of the 3GPP LTE.
The wireless communication system 10 includes at least one base station (BS) 11. Respective BSs 11 provide a communication service to particular geographical areas 15a, 15b, and 15c (which are generally called cells). Each cell may be divided into a plurality of areas (which are called sectors). A user equipment (UE) 12 may be fixed or mobile and may be referred to by other names such as MS (mobile station), MT (mobile terminal), UT (user terminal), SS (subscriber station), wireless device, PDA (personal digital assistant), wireless modem, handheld device. The BS 11 generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with the UE 12 and may be called by other names such as eNB (evolved-NodeB), BTS (base transceiver system), access point (AP), etc.
In general, a UE belongs to one cell, and the cell to which a UE belongs is called a serving cell. A BS providing a communication service to the serving cell is called a serving BS. The wireless communication system is a cellular system, so a different cell adjacent to the serving cell exists. The different cell adjacent to the serving cell is called a neighbor cell. A BS providing a communication service to the neighbor cell is called a neighbor BS. The serving cell and the neighbor cell are relatively determined based on a UE.
This technique can be used for downlink or uplink. In general, downlink refers to communication from the BS 11 to the UE 12, and uplink refers to communication from the UE 12 to the BS 11. In downlink, a transmitter may be part of the BS 11 and a receiver may be part of the UE 12. In uplink, a transmitter may be part of the UE 12 and a receiver may be part of the BS 11.
The wireless communication system may be any one of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, a multiple-input single-output (MISO) system, a single-input single-output (SISO) system, and a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system. The MIMO system uses a plurality of transmission antennas and a plurality of reception antennas. The MISO system uses a plurality of transmission antennas and a single reception antenna. The SISO system uses a single transmission antenna and a single reception antenna. The SIMO system uses a single transmission antenna and a plurality of reception antennas. Hereinafter, a transmission antenna refers to a physical or logical antenna used for transmitting a signal or a stream, and a reception antenna refers to a physical or logical antenna used for receiving a signal or a stream.
A device-to-device (D2D) connection technique can be employed in a wireless communication system. The D2D connection technique refers to a technique for transmitting and receiving data not via a BS since devices such as a UE or the like are connected to each other. There may be various scenarios for establishing the D2D connection.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a network-initiated D2D connection establishment. A network is aware of information on other devices neighboring to a specific device, and the specific device cannot know information on other neighbor devices. Therefore, in this scenario, only the network can initiate the D2D connection establishment, and each device cannot initiate the D2D connection establishment. If an uplink (UL) packet transmitted from each device is received, the network can perform a D2D connection establishment procedure according to a destination of the packet, a location of the destination, or the like. The network can determine whether devices are neighboring to each other by using a location of each device, routing information, etc.
Referring to FIG. 2, each of devices 70 and 71 periodically performs channel state information (CSI) reporting or sounding with respect to a BS 60. The BS 60 can request a D2D connection establishment to each of the devices 70 and 71 by determining a proximity between the devices 70 and 71 by the use of location information of the devices 70 and 71, a presence of data to be transmitted between the devices 70 and 71, a preference for a D2D connection of each of the devices 70 and 71, etc. The network and each of the devices 70 and 71 can pre-negotiate about whether a D2D connection is preferred or a base station to device (B2D) connection is preferred according to an application type or a data characteristic.
The BS 60 transmits a D2D configuration message to each of the devices 70 and 71 to establish the D2D connection. In this case, the D2D configuration message may include an identifier of each of the devices 70 and 71. If the D2D connection is established, the BS 60 reports this to a connection/session management server 50, and the connection/session management server 50 instructs each of the devices 70 and 71 to establish/release a radio resource control (RRC) connection/session.
It is assumed in FIG. 3 that only a specific device knows information on neighbor devices of the specific device. The specific device may use a neighbor discovery procedure to know information on neighbor devices or to determine proximity between devices. The network cannot know the information on neighbor devices of the specific device. In such a scenario, a D2D connection establishment can be initiated only by the specific device, and cannot be initiated by the network. Upon receiving a UL packet transmitted from each device, the network can perform the D2D connection establishment procedure.
Referring to FIG. 3, a device 70 can perform the neighbor discovery procedure either periodically or on demand of a BS. The device 70 can transmit a D2D connection request or D2D connection setup reporting to the BS 60 on the basis of information regarding neighbor devices and acquired through the neighbor discovery procedure. Upon receiving the D2D connection request or the D2D connection setup reporting, the BS 60 can transmit an eNB confirmation or a D2D connection identification to the device 70. Accordingly, the D2D connection can be established. The BS 60 can instruct a connection/session management server 50 to establish/release an RRC connection/session.
It is assumed in FIG. 4 that information on neighbor devices of a specific device is known to both a network and the specific device. In such a scenario, a D2D connection establishment can be initiated by both the network and the specific device. Upon receiving a UL packet transmitted from each device, the network can perform a D2D connection establishment procedure. The network can use each device's location and routing information or use neighbor devices' profiles reported by each device to determine proximity between the devices. Alternatively, each device can use information regarding neighbor devices and reported by the network or use a neighbor discovery procedure to determine the proximity between the devices.
Referring to FIG. 4, each of devices 70 and 71 can perform the neighbor discovery procedure either periodically or on demand of a BS. Each of the devices 70 and 71 can report neighbor devices' profiles acquired through the neighbor discovery procedure to a BS 60. In addition, when each of the devices 70 and 71 reports the neighbor devices' profiles to the BS 60, each of the devices 70 and 71 additionally can perform sounding or report CSI periodically.
The BS 60 transmits a D2D configuration message to each of the devices 70 and 71 to establish the D2D connection. In this case, the D2D configuration message may include an identifier of each of the devices 70 and 71. If the D2D connection is established, the BS 60 reports this to a connection/session management server 50, and the connection/session management server 50 instructs each of the devices 70 and 71 to establish/release an RRC connection/session.
A method for controlling of switching between a D2D connection and a B2D connection according to embodiments of and examples helpful to understand the present invention is described below. A BS and devices may determine switching between the B2D connection and the D2D connection, on which user data is transmitted and/or received, based on distance between the devices, signal quality, amount of interference, amount of a network load, whether to guarantee quality of service (Qos), etc.
There are two scenarios for controlling of switching between the D2D connection and the B2D connection according to embodiments of and examples helpful to understand the present invention. Scenario A is that all control signals, such as a resource grant, etc, related to the D2D connection are controlled (or transmitted) by the BS. In the scenario A, a state between the BS and the device may be only RRC-connected state (in case of 3GPP)/active state (in case of 3GPP2). Scenario B is that control signals related to the D2D connection are transmitted through the D2D connection. In the scenario B, a state between the BS and the device may be RRC-connected state (in case of 3GPP)/active state (in case of 3GPP2) or RRC-idle state (in case of 3GPP)/idle state (in case of 3GPP2).
Table 1 shows two scenarios for controlling of switching between the D2D connection and the B2D connection, corresponding state of the device and corresponding switching procedure. [Table 1] Scenario RRC-connec ted RRC-idle Switching procedure Case 1: D2D→B2 D A O X - RRC-connected B O O i) B2D & D2D connection mapping ii) D2D connection release - RRC-idle i) Paging ii) B2D connection establishment iii) B2D & D2D connection mapping iv) D2D connection release Case 2: B2D→D2 D A O X - RRC-connected B O X i) D2D connection establishment ii) B2D & D2D connection mapping iii) B2D connection release
Referring Table 1, as described above, the scenario A only corresponds to the RRC-connected state. The scenario B may correspond to the RRC-connected state or the RRC-idle state when switching from the D2D connection to the B2D connection is performed.
The switching procedure from the D2D connection to the B2D connection in the RRC-connected state may include B2D & D2D connection mapping and D2D connection release. The D2D connection release may be applied by different units according to a switching unit/switching service type. For example, the switching from the D2D connection to the B2D connection may be performed per flow, or per bearer, or may be performed to all flows. Accordingly, the D2D connection release may be applied per flow if the switching from the D2D connection to the B2D connection is performed per flow.
The switching procedure from the D2D connection to the B2D connection in the RRC-idle state may include paging, B2D connection establishment, B2D & D2D connection mapping and D2D connection release. The paging may be included only in BS-initiated switching procedure. Also, the D2D connection release may be applied by different units according to the switching unit/switching service type.
The switching procedure from the B2D connection to the D2D connection may include D2D connection establishment, B2D & D2D connection mapping and B2D connection release. The D2D connection establishment may be applied by different units according to the switching unit/switching service type. Also, the B2D connection release may be a part of an RRC connection release & detach procedure (in case of 3GPP)/deregistration procedure (in case of 3GPP2) or may be a part of an RRC reconfiguration procedure (in case of 3GPP)/dynamic service change or deletion procedure (in case of 3GPP2) according to the switching unit (per flow, per bearer, all flows) and presence of retained flow (RB/logical channel).
All devices which are joined or are to be joined in the D2D connection (e.g., sender / receiver) should perform the switching procedure described above. Meanwhile, it is assumed that if there is no other active connection except the D2D connection, the connection between the BS and the device may be switched to the idle state.
A switching procedure from a D2D connection to a B2D connection when a BS and devices are in an RRC-connected state is described in detail.
For this procedure, the BS and the devices may perform a B2D & D2D connection mapping operation and a D2D connection release operation. The B2D & D2D connection mapping operation and the D2D connection release operation may be performed by one message (e.g., a B2D switch request message) sequentially, or may be performed by different messages respectively (e.g., a B2D connection mapping request message, a D2D connection release request message)
The B2D & D2D connection mapping operation may determine information on when to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection, a radio resource configuration for the B2D connection, etc. That is, the B2D & D2D connection mapping operation may map parameters between the D2D connection and the B2D connection. If radio bearers (RBs) need to be additionally generated or modified, the BS may perform the RRC connection reconfiguration procedure. The D2D connection release operation may determine the switching unit (e.g., per flow, per bearer, all flows) and switched connection.
FIG. 5 shows an example of a method for switching from a D2D connection to a B2D connection according to an example helpful to understand the present invention. In FIG. 5, a network requests to devices to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection.
Device 1 and device 2 are in the RRC-connected state. If new channels are needed, at step S100, the network and the devices 1/2 may perform an RRC connection reconfiguration/complete procedure.
At step S110, the network transmits a B2D switch request message to the device 1 and device 2. The B2D switch request message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, target D2D connection/link ID(s), an EPS-bearer identity (Eps-BearerIdentity), a DRB identity (Drb-Identity), an RLC configuration
(rlc-Config), a logical channel identity (logicalChannelIdentity), and B2D switch time, etc.
On receiving the B2D switch request message from the network, the device 1 and device 2 release the D2D connection, and at step S120, transmit a B2D switch response message to the network.
Accordingly, the device 1 and device 2 are now connected through the B2D connection. At step S130, the device 1 transmits data traffic to the network, and the network delivers the data traffic to the device 2.
FIG. 6 shows another example of a method for switching from a D2D connection to a B2D connection according to an example helpful to understand the present invention. In FIG. 6, at least one of devices requests to a network to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection.
Device 1 and device 2 are in the RRC-connected state. At step S200, the device 1 and device 2 may exchange a B2D switch request message and a B2D switch response message each other before requesting to the network. The B2D switch request/response messages may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, target D2D connection/link ID(s).
At step S210, at least one of the device 1 and device 2 transmits a B2D switch request message to the network. In FIG. 6, it is assumed that the device 1 transmits the B2D switch request message. The B2D switch request message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, target D2D connection/link ID(s).
If new channels are needed, at step S220, the network and the devices 1/2 may perform an RRC connection reconfiguration/complete procedure.
At step S230, the network transmits an unsolicited B2D switch response message to the device 1 and device 2. The unsolicited B2D switch response message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, target D2D connection/link ID(s), an EPS-bearer identity (Eps-BearerIdentity), a DRB identity (Drb-Identity), an RLC configuration (rlc-Config), a logical channel identity (logicalChannelIdentity), and B2D switch time, etc.
On receiving the unsolicited B2D switch response message from the network, the device 1 and device 2 release the D2D connection.
A switching procedure from a D2D connection to a B2D connection when a BS and devices are in an RRC-idle state is described in detail.
For this procedure, the BS and the devices may perform a paging operation (only if a
BS initiates the switching procedure), a B2D connection establishment operation (i.e., RRC connection establishment), a B2D & D2D connection mapping operation and a D2D connection release operation. The BS wakes up the devices when the BS wants to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection. The B2D & D2D connection mapping operation and the D2D connection release operation are the same as the switching procedure from the D2D connection to the B2D connection when the BS and the devices are in RRC-connected state.
FIG. 7 shows another example of a method for switching from a D2D connection to a B2D connection according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 7, a network requests to devices to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection.
Device 2 is in the RRC-idle state. At step S300, the network transmits a paging message to the device 2 to wake up the device 2. At step S310, the network and the device 2 perform an RRC connection establishment procedure, and the device 2 transits to the RRC-connected state. At step S320, the network and the device 2 perform an RRC connection reconfiguration/complete procedure.
At step S330, the network transmits a B2D switch request message to the device 1 and device 2. The B2D switch request message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, target D2D connection/link ID(s), an EPS-bearer identity (Eps-BearerIdentity), a DRB identity (Drb-Identity), an RLC configuration (rlc-Config), a logical channel identity (logicalChannelIdentity), and B2D switch time, etc.
A switching procedure from a B2D connection to a D2D connection is described in detail.
For this procedure, the BS and the devices may perform a D2D connection establishment operation, a B2D & D2D connection mapping operation and optionally a B2D connection release operation. The operations described above may be performed by one message (e.g., a D2D switch request message) sequentially, or may be performed by different messages respectively (e.g., a D2D connection establishment message, a D2D connection mapping request message, a B2D connection release request message).
The B2D & D2D connection mapping operation may determine information on when to switch from the B2D connection to the D2D connection, a radio resource configuration for the D2D connection, etc. The B2D connection release may be a part of an RRC connection release & detach procedure (in case of 3GPP)/deregistration procedure (in case of 3GPP2) or may be a part of an RRC reconfiguration procedure (in case of 3GPP)/dynamic service change or deletion procedure (in case of 3GPP2) according to the switching unit (per flow, per bearer, all flows) and presence of retained flow.
Device 1 and device 2 are in an RRC-connected state. At step S400, a network transmits a D2D switch request message to the device 1 and device 2. The D2D switch request message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, D2D switch time, and whether to maintain the B2D connection, etc.
At step S410, the device 1 and the device 2 perform a general D2D connection establishment procedure. At step S420, the device 1 and the device 2 perform a general B2D connection release procedure. The device 1 and device 2 may transit to an RRC-idle state.
Accordingly, the device 1 and device 2 are now connected through the D2D connection. At step S430, the device 1 and device 2 exchange data traffic each other directly, not via the network.
Device 1 and device 2 are in an RRC-connected state. At step S500, a network transmits a D2D switch request message to the device 1 and device 2. The D2D switch request message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, D2D connection/link ID(s), an RLC configuration (rlc-Config), a logical channel identity (logicaIChannelIdentity), and D2D switch time, etc.
On receiving the D2D switch request message from the network, at step S510, the device 1 and device 2 transmits a D2D switch response message to the network. On receiving the D2D switch response message from the device 1 and device 2, at step S520, the network transmits a D2D switch confirmation message to the device 1 and device 2. The device 1 and device 2 may transit to an RRC-idle state.
Device 1 and device 2 are in an RRC-connected state. At step S600, the device 1 transmits a D2D switch request message to a network. The D2D switch request message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, etc.
At step S610, the network transmits a D2D switch response message to the device 1 and device 2. The D2D switch response message may include information on at least one of a target device, a switch unit, D2D connection/link ID(s), an RLC configuration (rlc-Config), a logical channel identity (logicalChannelIdentity), and D2D switch time, etc.
On receiving the D2D switch response message from the network, at step S620, the device 1 and device 2 may transmit a D2D switch confirmation message to the network. The device 1, which transmits the D2D switch request message at step S600, may not transmit the D2D switch confirmation message. The device 1 and device 2 may transit to an RRC-idle state.
A base station 800 includes a processor 810, a memory 820, and a radio frequency (RF) unit 830. The processor 810 may be configured to implement proposed functions, procedures, and/or methods in this description. Layers of the radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 810. The memory 820 is operatively coupled with the processor 810 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 810. The RF unit 830 is operatively coupled with the processor 810, and transmits and/or receives a radio signal.
A device 900 includes a processor 910, a memory 920 and an RF unit 930. The processor 910 may be configured to implement proposed functions, procedures and/or methods described in this description. Layers of the radio interface protocol may be implemented in the processor 910. The memory 920 is operatively coupled with the processor 910 and stores a variety of information to operate the processor 910. The RF unit 930 is operatively coupled with the processor 910, and transmits and/or receives a radio signal.
The processors 810, 910 may include application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), other chipset, logic circuit and/or data processing device. The memories 820, 920 may include read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, memory card, storage medium and/or other storage device. The RF units 830, 930 may include baseband circuitry to process radio frequency signals. When the embodiments are implemented in software, the techniques described herein can be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The modules can be stored in memories 820, 920 and executed by processors 810, 910 or external to the processors 810, 910 in which case those can be communicatively coupled to the processors 810, 910 via various means as is known in the art.
In view of the exemplary systems described herein, methodologies that may be implemented in accordance with the disclosed subject matter have been described with reference to several flow diagrams.
A method for switching from a device-to-device, D2D, connection to a base station-to-device, B2D, connection, in a wireless communication system (10), the method comprising:
receiving (S300), by a first device (900), a paging message from a base station (800) to wake up the first device, wherein the base station and the first device are in a radio resource control, RRC, idle state, wherein a second device is in an RRC connected state;
performing (S310), by the first device and the base station, an RRC connection establishment procedure with the base station to transit the first device and the base station into the RRC connected state;
performing (S320), by the first device and the base station, an RRC connection complete procedure with the base station;
receiving (S330), by the first device, a B2D switch request message from the base station, wherein the B2D switch request message includes information on the second device, a switch unit and when to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection;
transmitting (S340), by the first device, a B2D switch response message to the base station as a response to the B2D switch request message, thereby connecting the first device and the second device through the B2D connection;
releasing, by the first device, the D2D connection per flow or per bearer or for all flows according to the switch unit; and
receiving (S350), by the first device, data traffic from the second device, wherein the base station delivers the data traffic to the first device.
The method of claim 1, wherein the paging message is received when the base station wants to switch from the D2D connection to the B2D connection.
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Introducing GameSalad Creator Mac 0.10.0 Beta — Welcome to the GameSalad forum!
Today, we're launching GameSalad Creator for Mac 0.10.0 Beta. Included in this release are some much needed fixes, along with a powerful new feature – Web Publishing – that will greatly increase the speed, reliability, functionality and flexibility of publishing with GameSalad Mac Creator. Concurrent with the release are a number of other changes, which we've worked to message out to the community over the last week.
The transition to web publishing brings several important changes to the community. Most notably, in order to manage our web and server resources, we will sun-setting the 'old publishing' system. GameSalad Mac users will have 30 days to upgrade to 0.10.0. It is important to know that games published through the old publishing system will not show up in the new web publishing game portfolio. In order to bring your previous games into the new portfolio system, we encourage users to republish games under the new web publishing system.
Also, as previously discussed (link to forum) with 0.10.0 we will be introducing a new Dashboard in Mac Creator. Moving our publishing flow to the web required us to drastically alter the way Creator and our publishing servers speak to one another. Unfortunately, this has also affected the way the dashboard accesses the servers where Community-built templates are stored and processed. As a result, access to the full library of Community- built templates is temporarily unavailable.
As announced last Friday, we have removed Kiip services and behaviors from the Creator and publishing flow. Kiip will continue to function in games already published through October 31, 2012. Final payments for Kiip will be processed by the end of the calendar year. For more info on the removal of Kiip, please view our forum announcement here.
You may have noticed we're using a slight different numbering system with this release. This changes' intent is to bring both Mac and Windows creators into closer alignment. For example, you will be able to tell when tools are compatible if the middle number is the same. Most important, however, is that this change does not alter the timeline to "GameSalad 1.0" in any way. For more info on the changes to our Version numbering, please read our Forum post here.
In keeping with Apple's requirements, after this release we no longer support Snow Leopard or older OS's. This also means that all 32 bit support will be dropped, and users must utilize a 64 bit processor going forward. As this is Apple mandated, we hope that you understand the necessity behind this change, and we apologize for any inconvenience this may cause.
GameSalad Creator for Mac 0.10.0 Beta also includes a number of fixes. Notable fixes include: Mac App sandboxing, iPad retain and Mac retina icon fix, Mac OS X retina support, Kindle resolution support (black bar issue), retina Splash screen support, and "Blurry text" addressed.
A complete list of all fixes and changes can be found in our full Release Notes. We're also still hard at work at our Native Code engine, as well as continuing the tweaking and migrating of our Windows Creator interface into the Mac Creator.
Note: The "Blurry text" fix is essentially display text retina support for iOS devices. Mac does not yet have this implemented.
Three cheers for retina splash screens! (though I just submitted an app today d'oh!) And did I just read retina display text? (I just made several hundred retina images today to replace the display texts I was using, double d'oh!) Great job anyway!
Woohoo! Glad for this. Just sent in a report to support though, cause I'm still getting Blurry text when testing on my 4S through the Viewer. I will do an AdHoc and see if the results are the same.
I believe it was a binary fix, @Uptimistik - though I may be off. Try it in ad hoc.
Team is looking into it, @Uptimistik.
@dumbstudios haha yes it does. I mentioned that already to them in my support ticket.
Hmm.. Seems that when I click to go into a scene that the scene is black and you cannot see your actors....If you scroll in your scene everything appears as it should.
@dumbstudios - I'm not sure that particular message is dynamic (in terms of it recognizing your Pro status). But I've noted it!
Hot dippity dog! The Retina Text Display works perfectly in Ad-Hoc! WOOHOO!! This is big. With Custom Fonts we can rule the world!
@uptimistik Thanks for confirming it.
@SSS Thank you Sir. I tried login off and login back in and still shows.
Cool. When will the Windows GS Creator 0.10.0 upgrade be available?
Bundle identifier must start with 'com.' This is a requirement by many Android stores.
You cannot drag images directly into GS. You need to now hit the +sign and add the images manually. Bug or improvement?
Just compiled using 0.10 for Android and Black Bars persists in my Motorola Xoom (Android 4.0.4).
The only workaround for this issue is use 0.94 (the last build that works properly) and now you are saying the old publish servers will shutdown soon? That's bad!
When publishing, the notice that says "...be sure to fill in the App Store URL to promote your game on Arcade." What does that mean?
It appears under all the platforms, how does it get promoted if we're not uploading to the arcade?
Is there a date you guys have in mind for shutting off the prior form of publishing? I'm reluctant to upgrade at this moment.
Has anyone else not been able to publish because of publish request d2ba6148-d1fe-4484-bb6e-b4072a8acf73 ?
Same problem here, I also can't sign the game and you?
In keeping with Apple's requirements, after our next official release we will no longer support Snow Leopard or older OS's. This also means that all 32 bit support will be dropped, and users must utilize a 64 bit processor going forward. As this is Apple mandated, we hope that you understand the necessity behind this change, and we apologize for any inconvenience this may cause.
So I was under the assumption Snow leopard support was dropped with this release. But here it says next release. Can anyone confirm which it is and if its working on Snow Leopard?
@RacetotheMoon - 30 days from today is the cutoff.
Really don't know (mine is nl. ) It's not 'bug' free I think. Generate only work once and then they had a problem with the server so??


text:
Like other, more open adoptions, what a semi-open adoption looks like will vary based on the preferences of the birth parents involved. As prospective adoptive parents, you should prepare to be flexible on communication in a semi-open adoption, as birth parents' comfort levels (and communication preferences) may change over time as you build a relationship with them.
Closed adoption (also called "confidential" adoption and sometimes "secret" adoption) is a process by which an infant is adopted by another family, and the record of the biological parent(s) is kept sealed. Often, the biological father is not recorded—even on the original birth certificate. An adoption of an older child who already knows his or her biological parent(s) cannot be made closed or secret. This used to be the most traditional and popular type of adoption, peaking in the decades of the post-World War II Baby Scoop Era. It still exists today, but it exists alongside the practice of open adoption. The sealed records effectively prevent the adoptee and the biological parents from finding, or even knowing anything about each other (especially in the days before the Internet). The International Association of Adopted People does not support any form of closed adoption because it believes that closed adoption is detrimental to the psychological wellbeing of the adopted child. However, the emergence of non-profit organizations and private companies to assist individuals with their sealed records has been effective in helping people who want to connect with biological relatives to do so.
About Family and Friends - ArticlesCan (and Should) a Family Member Adopt My Baby After Delivery?The 16 Most Important People in Your Adoption PlanDealing with Unsupportive Parents and Other Family Members"If I Want to Choose Adoption, Can I Be Forced to Keep My Baby?"Are You Being Pressured to Put Your Baby Up for Adoption? How to Create a Strong Adoption Support SystemHow to Talk About Placing a Child for AdoptionPreparing for How Family Members May React to Your NewsCan a Friend or Someone I Already Know Adopt My Baby?What is the Role of the Birth Grandparents in an Adoption Plan?More . . .
In 2013, the film Philomena based on the book The Lost Child of Philomena Lee, opened in cinemas worldwide. It tells the true story of Philomena's 50-year-long search for her forcefully adopted Irish infant son, who was sent to the United States. She is eventually assisted by BBC journalist Martin Sixsmith, which takes up the majority of the film. Starring Judi Dench as Philomena and Steve Coogan as Sixsmith, it was nominated for four American and four British Academy Awards.
When the birth mother has narrowed down her prospective adoptive parents to one or a few families, normally they arrange to meet in person.[13][14] Good adoption agencies and attorneys do this in a pressure-free setting where no one is encouraged to make an immediate decision. If they are geographically distant from each other (as some adoptions are interstate, with the birth mother living in a different state from the adoptive parents), the first meeting will normally be by phone, then advance to a face-to-face meeting if the meeting by phone went as well as hoped.[15]
LifeLong Adoptions is an independent contractor and under the supervision of Lutheran Child and Family Services, License #012998. Marketing and advertising, identifying a child for adoption, matching adoptive parents with biological parents, and arranging for the placement of a child are services provided by LifeLong Adoptions under the supervision of Lutheran Child & Family Services , One Oakbrook Terrace Suite 501 Oakbrook Terrace, IL 60181. (708)771-7180
Children come into foster care through no fault of their own. They come into care because their parents are not able to safely care for them, not because of something they have done. When a child first comes into foster care, the goal — or case plan — is typically to reunify the child with their parent once it is safe to do so. But sometimes parents are not able to provide a safe environment for their children. As a result, the Court determines it would be better for the child to find an adoptive home.
Females have statistically been somewhat more likely than males to search for their birth parents, and are far more likely to search for their adopted children. Very often, the reason the infant was put up for adoption in the first place was the birth father's unwillingness to marry or otherwise care for the child. Nevertheless, many birth fathers in this situation have agreed to meet with their grown children decades later.[citation needed]
Many states, though, still keep this information sealed even after the adoptee and the birth parents agree to know and contact each other. A second court order would be required to have this information unsealed permanently. This is well beyond the scope of the initial search, and what is covered by the payment to the intermediary. Should an adoptee subsequently lose his or her unamended birth certificate, a court order may be required to obtain another one (even if a photocopy is submitted).
Closed adoption refers to an adoption process where there is no interaction of any kind between birth mothers and prospective adoptive families. This means that there is no identifying information provided either to the birth families or adoptive families. However, non-identifying information such as physical characteristics and medical history may be made available to those involved.
"It removes the mystery, but it doesn't remove the grief," said Claude Riedel, a psychologist and family therapist who co-directs the Adoptive Family Counseling Center in Minnesota. "The reality is that, at certain stages, it's normal to have questions: why did you choose not to parent me, not to keep me? And there may be complexities: have you kept your other children, but not me?"
Placing a Child for Adoption by Age - ArticlesPutting a Child Up for Adoption At Any AgeCan You Place a 1-Month-Old Up for Adoption? Can I Place My 2-Month-Old Up for Adoption?Can You Place a Child for Adoption at 3 Months? How to Place a 4-Month-Old Up for AdoptionHow to Place a 5-Month-Old for AdoptionCan I Place My 6-Month-Old Up for Adoption?Can I Place My Child for Adoption at 7 Months?Can I Place My 8-Month-Old Up for Adoption?Can I Place My Baby for Adoption at 9 Months Old?More . . .
Closed adoption was once the most common type of adoption, but now after decades of research, nearly all adoption professionals agree that closed adoption is the least beneficial of all the types of adoption relationships. Only in necessary situations will a closed adoption be recommended for a birth mother, and adoptive families should always be open to at least a semi-open adoption.
Open adoption is now the most widely practiced form of adoption in the United States. In an open adoption, identifying information is shared, including names, phone numbers, and email addresses. Additionally, an open adoption includes varying degrees of openness after the adoption process is finalized. This typically includes the exchange of emails, letters, pictures, and phone calls. A fully open adoption also includes in-person visits. Fully open adoptions can also include extended family members, such as birthgrandparents and siblings.
Arizona contracts with individual licensing agencies to conduct home studies. The best way to begin the process to become an adoptive parent is by watching the Orientation Videos on our foster care page. While foster care and adoption are different, the videos provide a good overview of the process for both, as well as giving you information about the needs of our children and tips on how to select the agency that will be the best fit for your family.
Choosing between an open and closed adoption depends entirely on the adoptive family's preferences. It's strongly advised that couples that do not entirely support an open adoption should not engage in one. However, it's more rare to find an agency or attorney that is completely comfortable with a closed adoption and will not suggest a semi-open adoption to a birth mother.
To be sure, open adoption gets rave reviews from the many social workers and families who champion it. Since the mid-1970s, open adoptions have been widely accepted as more compassionate and enlightened than the secretive adoptions of a previous generation. Indeed, the confidentiality that once defined adoption is no longer the norm. While international adoptions remain mostly closed, as do many public agency adoptions, domestic adoptions increasingly involve contact between adoptive parents and birth parents.
Contact us at webmaster@adopt2connect.com | Sitemap xml | Sitemap txt | Sitemap

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I just installed a new Delphi H6 compressor but discovered that I cannot turn it by hand - I want to circulate the oil that I put into it. Some documentation that I found states that part # CB10049 (or a spanner wrench) is used to rotate the compressor. That tool is way expensive and not easily found.
Does someone have an alternative way of rotating this compressor or a pic of a tool that can be used for this model?
You could just span a long screwdriver across two of the BRT's (Big Round Things) on the clutch plate and pull on the handle end of the screwdriver. If it still won't turn with that moderate force, it is defective and should be returned to the supplier.
Just mount it and turn it on after charging- it will turn fine--no need to "distribute oil" that is a wive's tale- all factory installed compressors at assembly plant are never rotated!
The compressors have their shoe ball shoes adhering to the swash plate from sitting for an extended period (shelf life) I studied numerous tight returns- and placed them on test stands- they do come on and they do work fine.. Unless you like to continuously return items for fun- there is no need to return it..
I am not concerned that it is bad out of the box.
the compressor before installing the compressor on the vehicle.
compressor requires it to be secured in this fashion.
threads of the clutch face.
of 80 ft. lbs. to rotate the compressor. Think along the lines of installing lug nuts when changing a tire.
can be as high as 45 – 50 ft. lbs.
a. The turning tool has a maximum torque rating of 90 lbs."
OMG! Is that a typo as 80 ft/lbs is a lot of torque. Most third party spanner wrenches made for that aren't that long.
Strap wrench might work for you.


The Hengqin government has signed an agreement with DHC Smart City – a subsidiary of DHC Software Co, Ltd – to establish the DHC Southern R&D Center in Hengqin, which is aimed at improving public services while promoting the rapid development of a digital economy.
Using DHC's AI-driven operating system called HarryData, the DHC Southern R&D Center will drive much of the decision-making in Hengqin, delivering improvements in areas such as traffic flow and emergency response. The center will be promoted as the "brain" of this Smart City.
HarryData can deeply integrate visualized presentation and application services. Specifically, it presents a variety of urban scenarios related to tourism, transport, medical care, governmental affairs, the economy, passenger flow, police affairs and other information in the form of data.
With HarryData as a foundation, the R&D center will promote intelligent tourism, governmental affairs, food and transport as its core business. Advanced technologies including Big Data, cloud computing and AI will propel the centralization and intellectualization of information resources, allowing city departments to coordinate, share and connect with each other.
Founded in 2001, DHC Software Co Ltd is headquartered in Zhongguancun Science Park, known as China's Silicon Valley. The company is a Key Software Enterprise within the National Programming Layout, a Key Enterprise of National Secure & Reliable Computer Information System Integration, and Key Hi-Tech Enterprise of the China Torch Program.


I have been working with one of the Big 4 for the past 2 years as a preferred supplier and the rapidly expanding Transfer Pricing Team are now seeking their next Transfer Pricing Senior Manager to join their successful team this year.
This team are well positioned in the market to advise clients on developing compliant, tax-efficient structures that can help advance their business goals.
You will be working in a friendly, supportive culture that offers flexibility to work remotely and a 'dress for your day' dress code.
Responsible for developing the Transfer Pricing department in London and liaising with Partners, managing your portfolio and mentoring a team of juniors.
Involved in business development activities, building relationships within your network internally and externally.
I want to hear from tax professionals who have deep technical knowledge and who are self-starters, as you will be joining an established team with hugely ambitious growth plans, this is really the best time to be part of this forward thinking Practice.
Offering clear route to director and partner, this team would suit a professional who is craving the next step in their career and access to full Business Development activities.
To contact me for more information, please ring Christina Ayling on 0207 269 6357 or email christina.ayling@pro-tax.co.uk with a copy of your cv.


J.D. Swed and Daryl Miller were interviewed on February 27, 1992 by Bill Brown in the unheated National Park Service Ranger Station in downtown Talkeetna, Alaska. At the time of the interview, J.D. Swed was the newly arrived South District Ranger and Darly Miller was an experienced mountaineering ranger having served in the position since 1989. In this interview, they discuss issues related to management of climbing on Denali and how best to serve the climbing community.
1) Daryl Miller and J.D. Swed talk about their personal backgrounds.
2) J.D. Swed's association with the mountaineering aspect of the South District.
3) Daryl Miller talks about multiple experiences on the mountain.
4) J.D. Swed discusses freedom and responsibility on the mountain.
5) Daryl discusses climbers' reception of NPS orientations and cautions.
6) J.D. Swed talks about his Grand Teton rescue experiences.
7) The community of interest in McKinley mountaineering.
8) J.D. Swed's view of the evolved climbing system.
9) J.D. Swed on larger management concerns in the South District.


Welcome to the City of Roses!
We're in our 108th year!
The Portland, Oregon, Chapter encompasses organists, church music directors, and organ aficionados along the Columbia River and northern Willamette Valley in Oregon and southern Washington. Locales include (but are not limited to) Astoria, McMinnville, Scappoose, Wilsonville, Pendleton, Bend, Vancouver, and the greater Portland area, with a couple of dual-members coming from Salem. Membership in the Guild is done through our national office through its ONCARD system.
On all pages on this site, clicking on the header will take you back here to the home page.
Our next events are a masterclass and recital by Philip Scriven. The masterclass will be held at First Presbyterian Church, downtown Portland, Saturday February 23. Coffee time will be at 10:30am with the masterclass starting at 11am and going until about 1pm. The masterclass will cover French Romantic music. Scriven's recital will be that evening at 7:30pm at Lewis & Clark College's Agnes Flanagan Chapel.
Our 2018-2019 schedule has been updated to include spring events.
Please join our monthly lunches at The Old Spaghetti Factory on SW Bancroft. They are held on the last Tuesday of each month, with a gathering time of around 11:30am. Pay for your own meal and enjoy each other's company.


text:
El Fútbol Club Volga Nizhni Nóvgorod (en ruso, Футбольный клуб «Волга» Нижний Новгород) fue un club de fútbol de Rusia de la ciudad de Nizhni Nóvgorod (antigua Gorki) en el Distrito Federal del Volga. Fue fundado en 1963 y se desempeñaba en la Primera División de Rusia tras descender en la temporada 2013/14. El 15 de junio del 2016, el club fue disuelto por problemas financieros.

Historia

El FC Volga se formó en 1964 mediante la fusión de los clubes de fútbol Torpedo y Raketa. La única temporada que compitió en la máxima categoría de la URSS bajo la nueva denominación del club, fue en 1964, donde alcanzó el puesto 14.º. En 1984, el club se disolvió.

A principios de los años 1990, el entrenador Vladimir Zinoviev organizó un equipo de niños llamado DYUSK Sormovich, que más tarde fue conocido como Elektronika. El mejor puesto del Elektronika fue el sexto lugar que alcanzó en la Segunda División de la zona Volga.

En 2004, el FC Elektronika Nizhny Novgorod (fundado en 1998) cambió de propietario y pasó a llamarse FC Volga.

En 2008 el club firmó una campaña de ensueño. En la Copa de Rusia llegó a la sexta ronda, cayendo eliminado en los penaltis por el equipo de Liga Premier FC Tom Tomsk. Posteriormente se proclamó campeón del grupo Volga-Urales de la Segunda División de Rusia por lo que ascendió a Primera División.

Nombres del club

 1963-1984 Volga
 1998-2003 Elektronika
 2003- Volga

Uniforme

 Uniforme titular: Camiseta blanca, pantalón blanco, medias blancas.
 Uniforme alternativo: Camiseta azul, pantalón azul marino, medias azules marino.

Estadio

En el estadio Lokomotiv es donde celebra sus partidos como local el FC Volga. Se encuentra en la calle Chaadaeva, nº16 del Distrito Moscú, código postal 603035 de Nizhny Novgorod. El teléfono es: 276-71-64 276-71-64.

Se puede llegar al estadio en:

 Trolebús n.º 3, 8, 15.
 Itinerario de taxi número vol.20, vol.45, 33, 120, 145, 165, 176, 178.
 Autobuses 3, 44, 45, 65.
 Los tranvías número 6 y 7 y bajar en la calle Yaroshenko.

Jugadores

Plantilla 2013-14

Entrenadores

Cronología de los entrenadores

  Sergei Petrenko (2007).
  Andréi Kanchelskis
  Dmitri Chéryshev (2011/2012).
  Haji Hajiyev (2012)
  Gadzhi Gadzhiev (2012).
  Yuri Kalivintsev (2013/2014).
  Andrei Talalayev (2014/)

Historial en liga
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Temporada
! Div.
! Pos.
! PJ
! PG
! PE
! PP
! GF
! GC
! Ptos.
!Copa
!colspan=2|Europa
!Goleador (liga)
|-
||1999||rowspan="2"|D4, "Povolzhye"||7||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||colspan="2"|-||align="left"|-
|-
||2000||bgcolor="lightgreen"|3||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||colspan="2"|-||align="left"|-
|-
||2001||rowspan="8"|D3, "Ural-Povolzhye"||9||34||13||10||11||54||43||49||-||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Kuznetsov - 12
|-
||2002||6||30||12||8||10||40||38||44||R256||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Podolyanchik - 9
|-
||2003||14||38||11||5||22||41||62||38||R256||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Podolyanchik - 14
|-
||2004||12||36||12||9||15||41||46||45||R512||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Georgiev - 9
|-
||2005||6||36||15||12||9||44||30||57||R256||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Udodov - 7
|-
||2006||7||24||10||8||6||31||23||38||R512||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Loginov - 5
|-
||2007||4||26||15||5||6||52||30||50||R256||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Kaynov - 11
|-
||2008||bgcolor="lightgreen"|1||34||23||9||2||73||23||78||R512||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Prokofyev - 17
|-
||2009||rowspan="2"|D2||4||38||17||14||7||54||32||65||R16||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Khazov - 10
|-
||2010||bgcolor="lightgreen"|2||38||19||14||5||62||25||71||R64||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Martsvaladze - 21
|-
||2011–12||rowspan="2"| D1||14||44||12||5||27||37||60||41||SF||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Bibilov - 7
|-
||2012–13||12||30||7||8||15||28||46||29||R32||colspan="2"|-||align="left"| Sapogov - 9
|}

Palmarés

Torneos nacionales
 Segunda División (1): 2008.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial
 Volga Nizhni Nóvgorod en UEFA.com

Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos de Rusia
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1963
Nizhni Nóvgorod
Equipos de fútbol que se han fusionado y fusiones
Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos en 2016
Unión Soviética en 1963
Deporte en Rusia en 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Reaching the Republic of Congo's remote Goualougo Triangle Ape Project field site—home to wild gorillas and chimpanzees—is no walk in the park.
To get there on their recent expedition, Lincoln Park Zoo researchers required a succession of aircraft, Land Rovers, an automobile river ferry, dugout canoes and—for the final, arduous 6-hour trek—their own two tired feet.
Experience their journey to base camp in this travelogue video.


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You are here: Home / Daily News / Cleveland Browns Top 15 Rated Free Agent Cornerback Options For 2020
Cleveland Browns Top 15 Rated Free Agent Cornerback Options For 2020
By Kyle Daubs February 9, 2020 @DaubsKyle
(Photo by Scott W. Grau/Icon Sportswire)
When looking at free agency, the Cleveland Browns have an opportunity to find a complementary cornerback or a difference-maker.
This offseason features a deep class of free-agent cornerbacks that the Browns could pursue.
Take a look for yourself.
Top FA Corners..
1- Byron Jones
2- James Bradberry
3- Chris Harris
4- Logan Ryan
5- Trae Waynes
6- Kendall Fuller
7- Mack Alexander
8- Bradley Roby
9- Eli Apple
10- Ron Darby
11- Brian Poole
12- Anthony Brown
13- Jalen Mills
14- Darqueze Dennard
15- LeShaun Sims
16- Daryl Worley
— Chad Forbes (@NFLDraftBites) January 2, 2020
The Browns have a projected $51.7 million in cap room according to Spotrac.com and OverTheCap.com.
This puts the Browns with the 15th-most cap space this offseason.
The NFL salary is projected to be between 196.8 million and $201.2 million.
Some of these corners will not be on the Browns radar due to high salaries, personalities, etc.
However, let's dive into the top-15 cornerback options and who is the most likely to get lured by new general manager Andrew Berry.
15. Jason Verrett (San Francisco 49ers)
Yes, we understand that Verrett has played in three games in the past three years but hear us out.
Verrett made the Pro Bowl in 2015 as a member of the Denver Broncos with 12 passes defended and 47 combined tackles.
However, in the last three seasons, Verrett has spent more time on the IR with a knee injury, a torn Achilles tendon, and an ankle injury.
The 49ers knew that Verrett had a torn Achillies going into the 2019 season but still gave him a one-year deal worth $3.6 million.
New defensive coordinator Joe Woods is the former defensive backs coach of the 49ers.
It would not be shocking to see the Browns give Verrett a one-year deal worth the minimum to try and strike gold in the offseason.
14. Kevin Johnson (Buffalo Bills)
Kevin Johnson is appealing but only to a point.
He is likely an inexpensive option because of the market price for his play in 2019.
According to PFF, Johnson was on the field for 402 snaps and did not allow a touchdown; however, he finished with zero interceptions on 40 targets.
Denzel Ward and Greedy Williams combined for just two interceptions in 2019, both coming from Ward.
Is bringing in a cornerback that can't record turnovers the best way to spend your money?
13. Chris Harris Jr. (Denver Broncos)
Chris Harris Jr. moved from a slot cornerback to the outside last season.
As a result, his stats, and potentially his reputation, took a hit.
Quarterbacks finished with a 109.4 passer rating when throwing in his direction according to PFF, which was the worst of his career.
This goes with the fact that receivers caught 47 of 68 passes that were thrown at him.
However, from a career standpoint, Harris Jr. has solid numbers.
Free Agent Profile: Chris Harris Jr. (CB)
Age: 30 H: 5′-10″ W: 199 Spd: 4.48
Exp: 9 Years – Undrafted FA 2011
Career Stats:
139 Games, 518 Tackles (Combined), 4.5 Sacks,
20 Int., 6 FF, Pass Def: 90
A strong veteran presence, who may have lost a step, but could be attainable pic.twitter.com/zkastwkqeQ
— Offseason Champions (@HTTRChamps) January 22, 2020
If the Browns wanted to give Harris Jr. a chance to revive his career, this would be the opportunity.
For a guy that nearly made $12 million last year, it just does not seem like he would be a great fit when looking at all options.
Still, we have to respect his numbers.
12. Jimmy Smith (Baltimore Ravens)
Jimmy Smith appears to be out the door after the Ravens resigned Marcus Peters, while 2017 first-round pick Marlon Humphrey appears ready to play.
Not to mention, the Ravens have a team option for Brandon Carr.
Smith is another 31-year old cornerback that could bring a veteran presence.
Free Agent Profile: Jimmy Smith (CB) Outside
Age: 31 H: 6′-2″ W: 210 Spd: 4.46
Exp: 9 Years – 1st Round (27) Pick 2011
107 Games, 329 Tackles (Combined),
2 Sacks, 14 Int., 2 FF, 70 PDef
Big, Long, Veteran. Elite Coverage Skills. Has had a lot of injury issues pic.twitter.com/EHLpk8K3aj
Smith won a Super Bowl in 2012 in his second year with the Ravens.
He covered 49ers receiver Michael Crabtree on the final play to prevent a go-ahead touchdown.
Since signing a four-year, $41.1 million contract extension in 2015, Smith failed to live up to expectations in 2016 and 2017 due to injuries.
Then, in 2018, he was suspended for violating the league's substance-abuse policy.
He finished with nine passes defended in 2018 and six last season but it's clear he's lost a step.
All Smith could provide the Browns is a veteran that could push the younger generation.
11. Anthony Brown (Dallas Cowboys)
Anthony Brown could provide the Browns depth behind Ward and Williams.
Before Brown suffered a torn triceps on Week 11, he played in nine games, including four starts.
He recorded 17 tackles and five passes defended.
Brown was a durable option for the Cowboys.
From 2016 to 2018, he recorded tackles of 55, 56, and 44, as well as pass deflections of 8, 11, and 8.
That's a solid backup or starter for the Browns defense.
10. Logan Ryan (Tennessee Titans)
Logan Ryan has a perfect profile and is a two-time Super Bowl champion for his time with the New England Patriots.
He was an instrumental part of the Titans defense that featured a career season.
In 2019, Ryan finished with the most tackles (113), assisted tackles (40), sacks (4.5), passes defended (18), and forced fumbles (4).
Free Agent Profile: Logan Ryan (CB) Slot
Exp: 7 Years – 3rd Round (83) Pick 2013
11 Sacks, 17 Int., 8 FF, 78 PDef
Proven veteran leader (on/off field), statistically coming off his best season pic.twitter.com/UhHR3ZW7xl
You might be asking, why is he so far down on this list?
With numbers like that, he is going to be out of the Browns price range.
For a 28-year old coming off a season, he should have been in the top-3 of Forbes' rankings.
If signed by the Browns, he would be a difference-making cornerback but the facts are simple.
The Browns are not going to throw down that much money on him.
9. Ronald Darby (Philadelphia Eagles)
Since Ronald Darby comes from the Eagles, it's only natural that we have a player on this list from that franchise.
That's not to say that Darby would not be a good fit either.
Free Agent Profile: Ronald Darby (CB)
Exp: 5 Years – 2nd Round (50) Pick 2015
57 Games, 251Tackles (Combined),
0 Sacks, 8 Int., 0 FF, Pass Def: 65
Talented corner with a good upside, has injury issues over last two seasons pic.twitter.com/RMKpqEFWGU
Darby was a member of the PFWA All-Rookie team in 2015 as a member of the Buffalo Bills.
After three seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles, which included a Super Bowl ring, he enters the free agency market.
Darby has upside and a connection to the GM, which makes him a potential target for the Browns.
8. Bradley Roby (Houston Texans)
When Bradley Roby was a free agent last offseason, the Browns were one of the top destinations on his list.
Report: Cleveland Browns could be a finalist for free agent CB Bradley Robyhttps://t.co/HDRFfX5POm pic.twitter.com/5KFOZj6e2C
— WKYC 3News (@wkyc) March 11, 2019
Instead, he elected to sign a one-year deal with the Texans.
It's easy to understand why the Browns wanted Roby because heading into the season, he was one of the best defenders at the position.
Top Players in Passes Defended Since 2016
Darius Slay – 56
Robert Alford – 50
Casey Hayward – 50
Jalen Ramsey – 44
Kyle Fuller – 43
AJ Bouye – 42
Janoris Jenkins – 42
Malcolm Butler – 41
Stephon Gilmore – 41
Brent Grimes – 41
Josh Norman – 37
Marcus Peters – 37
Bradley Roby – 37
— NFL Stats (@NFL_Stats) June 19, 2019
Roby's play dipped a tad in 2019, so the Browns may not be fully invested like they were a year ago.
Roby went from 50 tackles in 2018 to 38 tackles in 2019 and 12 passes defended to eight.
He also played in five fewer games, so there are question marks about his durability and consistency.
7. Tramaine Brock (Tennessee Titans)
Tramaine Brock was a diamond in the rough last season for the Titans.
Tennessee picked Brock up off waivers in early December off the Arizona Cardinals.
He started the final five regular-season games, as well as the playoffs that included a run to the AFC Championship Game.
With a grade of 79.3, Tramaine Brock Sr. was the highest-graded defensive player for the #Titans in their big playoff win over the Patriots.
— PFF TEN Titans (@PFF_Titans) January 8, 2020
According to PFF, his grade jumped from 66.3 in 10 games with the Cardinals to a 78.5 with the Titans.
Brock made just over $260,000 last season and should get a pay bump as expected but it should not be substantial as he is 32-years of age.
Coming to the Browns means playing as a backup and providing the younger guys a rest.
Brock played great football down the stretch last season but he is not going to be an impact player for the Browns on defense.
He has one interception in the last four seasons, and 12 passes defended.
A low-cost deal for a backup cornerback sounds appealing if Brock agrees to serve his role with the team.
6. Byron Jones (Dallas Cowboys)
We are going to need to disagree with Chad Forbes when it comes to the Browns' overall needs.
It gets more likely each day that the Cowboys are not going to retain Byron Jones.
The Cowboys have a mess of free agents, which includes quarterback Dak Prescott, Amari Cooper, and Maliek Collins.
Early rumors have Jones being linked to the Houston Texans, Washington Redskins, and Oakland Raiders.
That being said, it looks like Jones is projected to become one of the highest-paid cornerbacks in the league.
Cowboys CB Byron Jones Projected to Ink Record-Setting Contract https://t.co/Cy9XG1kAFs
— RAMSEY_UNKNOWN SR (@RAMSEYUNKNOWN) February 6, 2020
However, the Browns should not unload $15 million for Jones and here is why.
According to PFF, Jones ranked 22nd among corners through Week 17 with an incompletion rate of 15.1%.
He was also ranked 22nd among corners in allowing 11.0 yards per reception.
Throw in the fact that Jones has just two interceptions over the course of the last five seasons.
Giving $15 million to someone on defense means that they are an impact player.
If the Browns are smart, they will not get roped into this potential dead money situation.
Still, he is going to be a highly coveted free agent that has put up solid numbers over the course of his career.
Someone is going to overpay for him and it just shouldn't be the Browns.
5. Mike Hilton (Pittsburgh Steelers)
The Steelers appear to be ready to let Mike Hilton walk with upcoming contracts for defensive tackle Javon Hargrave and linebacker Bud Dupree on the horizon.
Joe Haden on defense: "We have a lot of young ballers. I don't know if we'll be able to keep all of these guys. Bud starts balling. We have Mike Hilton coming up [as a restricted free agent]. … Minkah will be up." #Steelers
— Steelers Depot 🏆👑 (@Steelersdepot) January 23, 2020
Through Week 17, PFF ranked Hilton as the 18th best cornerback in the league.
Hilton ranked 17th among NFL corners in allowing just 19 first-down receptions in 58 targets.
With the Steelers, Hilton was used as a sub-package defender, which makes him perfect as a third-corner option if the team is sold on Ward and Williams leading the way.
Hilton will be 26 years old next season, which means his best years are yet to come.
4. Kendall Fuller (Kansas City Chiefs)
Kendall Fuller is a name that has floated around on social media as someone that fans would like to see in Cleveland.
Some have even printed out a scenario for Berry to bring in the Super Bowl champion.
Take a look at Kendall Fuller in FA
If CLE cuts Carrie should be a nice replacement
Even if CLE doesn't, played very well at safety after they moved Honey Badger into the slot because Fuller broke his thumb
GOOD player, very versatile
Shouldnt be too pricey
— David Whitman (@davidtwhitman) February 5, 2020
It makes sense why his stock is so high because Fuller took over a starting position for the Chiefs down the stretch of the playoffs.
In 2019, he started just four games, but his final two starts were in the AFC Championship Game and the Super Bowl.
In the Super Bowl, he made this play to seal the first championship in 50 years for the Chiefs.
Kendall went up and snatched it 2⃣9⃣ pic.twitter.com/qgMTzrCapI
— Kansas City Chiefs (@Chiefs) February 7, 2020
Chiefs DB Kendall Fuller was nearly perfect on 6 targets in coverage as the nearest defender (1 reception allowed).
Garoppolo finished with a 0.0 passer rating when targeting Fuller in coverage.#SBLIV | #ChiefsKingdom pic.twitter.com/bZABkP0cou
— Next Gen Stats (@NextGenStats) February 3, 2020
In 2018, PFF gave Fuller a grade of 70.4, which ranked 40th among all cornerbacks in the league.
That same season he finished with 82 tackles and 12 passes defended.
He showed glimpses as a foundational piece of a proven secondary.
Having a 24-year old Fuller, 22-year old Ward, and 21-year old Williams sounds pretty athletic if you ask anyone.
3. Darqueze Dennard (Cincinnati Bengals)
In terms of best value, Darqueze Dennard should be at the top of the list.
Dennard signed a one-year deal with the Bengals last year and gave up just 18 receptions for 174 yards, and one touchdown on 33 targets according to PFF.
He started in five of nine games last season after being activated from the PUP list on October 19th.
Free Agent Profile: Darqueze Dennard (CB)
77 Games, 274 Tackles (Combined),
3 Sacks, 3 Int., 0 FF, 22 PDef
One of the Best Slot CB in '18, injuries issues '18 & 19′, might be best value pic.twitter.com/FEUdu7gJGr
The Browns should pursue Dennard for many of the reasons PFF says the Washington Redskins should.
According to PFF, Dennard put up a career-high 15th best coverage grade in 290 snaps in 2019.
Along with that, he allowed just four catches of 10-plus yards.
Having someone challenge Williams for playing time would not be a bad thing for the Browns defense.
It just makes the overall secondary better.
2. Tramon Williams (Green Bay Packers)
At 38-years old, Charles Woodson finished with the most tackles of his career with Woods as his coach with the Oakland Raiders.
Tramon Williams has that similar feel.
At 37-years old, Williams posted a PFF rating of 75.1, which ranked higher than the likes of Baltimore's Jimmy Smith and Denver's Chris Harris Jr.
At one point, PFF ranked Williams as the sixth-best corner in the league.
According to PFF, Williams allowed the 13th-fewest first down receptions (20) and a forced incompletion rate of 14%, which ranked 27th in the league.
This is a proven veteran that knows how to play the position and the Browns need someone to tutor the kids.
Ward and Williams led Cleveland to a 21st ranked coverage grade of 61.0 in 2019.
Bringing in someone that can provide the guidance to make Ward and Williams better but also someone that can play the position too makes all the sense in the world.
1. Brian Poole (New York Jets)
According to PFF's ranking, Brian Poole was the highest-graded slot cornerback in the top-25 rankings.
PFF said that Poole, "excels at the nickel corner position" by using "great vision" during his zone coverage reads.
His stats are impressive and he could be the difference-maker that the Browns could afford.
In 2019, he limited opposing quarterbacks to the third-fewest passing yards (244), second-fewest first down receptions (11), and tied for the best yards per slot coverage snap (0.57 yards).
The 72.1 passer rating he allowed was ranked eighth in the league.
Make no question that the Jets likely want him back but it will probably cost more than the $3.5 million he made last season.
Either way, this is the cornerback the Browns want if they want to make a plunge in free agency.
Jets may need to 'open their wallet' to pay Poole (via @JustinTFried) https://t.co/l5jSxiEOQp
— Tony Brice 🏳🌈 ✡ 🇨🇦 🇺🇸 🗽 🇬🇧 (@AmericanCFLFan) February 7, 2020
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About Kyle Daubs
Kyle Daubs is a freelance journalist and writer. He is also a special education teacher at Peoria Central High School, as well as a cross country and track coach. While completing his teaching degree, Kyle wrote for numerous newspapers, covering high school and college sports. Kyle later became a published author, writing the Charleston High School Records Book. Kyle is a native of Charleston, Illinois, where he attended Eastern Illinois University. Kyle recently completed his master's degree in special education. In sports, Kyle has spent the last couple of years covering the NFL, specifically the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers.
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