text:
Перший кабінет Джонсона розпочал работу 24 липня 2019 року, коли королева Єлизавета II запросила Бориса Джонсона сформувати новий уряд після відставки прем'єр-міністра Терези Мей .  Мей пішла у відставку з поста лідера Консервативної партії 7 червня 2019 року; Джонсон був обраний її наступником 23 липня 2019 року. Кабінет Джонсона бул сформован з 57-го парламенту Сполученого Королівства як уряд консервативної меншості. Вона втратила робочу більшість 3 вересня 2019 року, коли член парламенту від Торі доктор Філіп Лі перейшов до ліберал-демократів. На 12 грудня 2019 року було призначено вибори, які призвели до формування уряду консервативної більшості, другого міністерства Джонсона .

Історія
24 травня 2019 року Тереза Мей оголосила, що подасть у відставку з посади лідера Консервативної партії, а отже, і прем'єр-міністра, після того, як тричі не змогла забезпечити проходження через Палату громад своєї Угоди про вихід і законопроекту про її імплементацію, який передбачав вихід Сполученого Королівства із Європейського Союзу. Її оголошення також відбулося після дуже поганих результатів Консервативної партії на виборах до Європейського парламенту у Великій Британії у 2019 році. Її відставка з поста лідера консерваторів набула чинності 7 червня 2019 року.

Колишній мер Лондона та міністр закордонних справ Борис Джонсон був обраний наступником Мей 23 липня 2019 року. Наступного дня королева Єлизавета II призначила його прем'єр-міністром. Джонсон успадкував уряд меншості, який підтримувався угодою про довіру з Демократичною юніоністською партією Північної Ірландії.

Джонсон призначив свій кабінет міністрів 24 липня 2019 року, описавши його як «Кабінет для сучасної Британії» , а The Guardian назвала його «етнічно різноманітною, але ідеологічно однорідною заявою про наміри».  Під час формування свого уряду Джонсон відправив у відставку 11 високопоставлених міністрів і прийняв відставку ще шістьох Це масове звільнення було наймасштабнішою реорганізацією кабінету міністрів без зміни правлячої партії в післявоєнній політичній історії Великої Британії, перевищивши сім міністрів, звільнених під час «Нічі довгих ножів» 1962 року  і було названо «Ніччю Білі ножі» The Sun.

Серед інших призначень Джонсон призначив Домініка Рааба першим держсекретарем і міністром закордонних справ, а також призначив Саджида Джавіда та Пріті Патель міністром фінансів і міністром внутрішніх справ відповідно. Джонсон збільшив кількість міністрів, які відвідують кабінет міністрів, до 33, що на чотири більше, ніж у травневому кабінеті. Чверть призначених були жінки, пропорційно менше, ніж міністри у кабінеті Мей і Кемерон. Кабінет міністрів встановив новий рекорд щодо представництва етнічних меншин: чотири державні секретарі та два додаткові міністри походять з національних меншин; 17% членів Кабінету були представниками BAME, порівняно з 14% населення Великої Британії.  Майже дві третини призначених навчалися в платних школах, а майже половина навчалися в Оксфордському чи Кембриджському університетах.  Джонсон також створив нову посаду міністра, яку він обійме, — міністр у справах Союзу, виконуючи передвиборчу обіцянку, яку він дав під час виборів керівництва.

Втрата більшості та відставки міністрів

Джонсон втратив робочу більшість 3 вересня 2019 року, коли доктор Філліп Лі приєднався до ліберал-демократів.   Пізніше, того ж дня, цей показник був ще більше зменшений, коли 21 депутата-консерватора позбавили наказу після голосування проти уряду, щоб дати парламенту можливість взяти під свій контроль документ і обговорити законопроект, розроблений для запобігання Brexit без угоди.

5 вересня 2019 року брат Джонсона та член парламенту Джо Джонсон оголосив про свій намір залишити посаду міністра та парламенту, заявивши: «Останніми тижнями я розривався між відданістю сім'ї та національними інтересами — це нерозв'язана напруга та час для інші взяти на себе мою роль депутата та міністра».  7 вересня 2019 року Ембер Радд оголосила, що йде у відставку з посад державного секретаря з питань праці та пенсійного забезпечення та міністра у справах жінок і рівності, а також залишає Консервативну партію.

Через глухий кут у парламенті через Brexit вибори були призначені на 12 грудня 2019 року на підставі ухвалення Закону про дострокові загальні парламентські вибори 2019 року 31 жовтня 2019 року. Консерватори отримали більшість, що призвело до формування другого міністерства Джонсона 16 грудня 2019 року.

Кабінет

Липень–грудень 2019 року

Зміни

 Джо Джонсон залишив уряд 5 вересня 2019 року і заявив, що піде у відставку з посади депутата.  Його місце в кабінеті зайняв Зак Голдсміт, якого 10 вересня 2019 року призначили державним міністром у Департаменті навколишнього середовища, продовольства та сільських справ і Міністерстві міжнародного розвитку  .
 Ембер Радд пішла у відставку з кабінету міністрів і з Консервативної партії 7 вересня 2019 року  . 8 вересня 2019 року її змінила на посаді державного секретаря з питань праці та пенсій Тереза Коффі, а 10 вересня 2019 року — на посаді міністра у справах жінок і рівноправності Ліз Трасс
 Алан Кернс пішов у відставку з посади міністра Уельсу 6 листопада 2019 року  .

Дивіться також

 Другий кабінет міністрів Джонсона

Список літератури

Уряди, розпущені 2019
Уряди, сформовані 2019
Борис Джонсон

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Group identity 3 [-]
U.S. History, Civil War, 1861-1865 3 [-]
Caricature and cartoons 1 [-]
Feminism 1 [-]
Fraternal organizations 1 [-]
Fraternities 1 [-]
Government 1 [-]
Journalism 1 [-]
Mass media 1 [-]
Motherhood 1 [-]
Preaching 1 [-]
Professional organizations 1 [-]
Society 1 [-]
Sororities 1 [-]
Spirituality 1 [-]
United States Colored Troops 1 [-]
Urban life 1 [-]
369th Veterans Association 1 [-]
54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment 1 [-]
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. 1 [-]
Attucks, Crispus 1 [-]
Bethune, Mary McLeod 1 [-]
Caldwell, James 1 [-]
Catlett, Elizabeth 1 [-]
Charles, Ezzard Mack 1 [-]
Chi Delta Mu Fraternity, Inc. 1 [-]
Chi Eta Phi Sorority, Inc. 1 [-]
Claiborne, Wanda Calvin 1 [-]
Daughters of Isis 1 [-]
Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) 1 [-]
Evers, Medgar 1 [-]
Father Divine 1 [-]
Garvey, Marcus 1 [-]
Hughes, Langston 1 [-]
Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of the Elks of the World 1 [-]
Johnson, James Weldon 1 [-]
Joplin, Scott 1 [-]
Lambda Kappa Mu Sorority, Inc. 1 [-]
McKinney Steward, Susan 1 [-]
MelPat Associates 1 [-]
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1 [-]
National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs, Inc. 1 [-]
National Dental Association 1 [-]
National Medical Association 1 [-]
National Newspaper Publishers Association 1 [-]
National United Church Ushers Association of America, Inc. 1 [-]
National Urban League 1 [-]
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc. 1 [-]
Parks, Rosa Louise 1 [-]
Patrick, C. Melvin 1 [-]
Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity 1 [-]
Prince Hall Freemasonry 1 [-]
Roberts, Sarah C. 1 [-]
Robeson, Paul 1 [-]
Scott, Dred 1 [-]
Shriners International 1 [-]
Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc. 1 [-]
Tubman, Harriet 1 [-]
Washington, Booker T. 1 [-]
Photographs 3 [-]
Visiting cards 2 [-]
Magazines (periodicals) 1 [-]
linocuts 1 [-]
Harlem 1 [-]
Mexico City 1 [-]
name:"Truth, Sojourner"
MelPat Associates, American, 1965 - 1986
Patrick, C. Melvin, American, died 1985
Attucks, Crispus, American, 1723 - 1770
Truth, Sojourner, American, 1797 - 1883
Tubman, Harriet, American, 1822 - 1913
Roberts, Sarah C., American, born 1844
McKinney Steward, Susan, American, 1847 - 1918
Scott, Dred, American, ca 1800 - 1858
Douglass, Frederick, American, 1818 - 1895
Washington, Booker T., American, 1856 - 1915
W.E.B. Du Bois, American, 1868 - 1963
Joplin, Scott, American, 1867 - 1917
Garvey, Marcus, Jamaican, 1887 - 1940
Johnson, James Weldon, American, 1871 - 1938
Father Divine, American, ca. 1876 - 1965
Randolph, A. Philip, American, 1889 - 1979
Powell, Adam Clayton Jr., American, 1908 - 1972
Rosa Parks, American, 1913 - 2005
Evers, Medgar, American, 1925 - 1963
President Johnson, Lyndon Baines, American, 1908 - 1973
Bethune, Mary McLeod, American, 1875 - 1955
National Association of Black Social Workers, American, founded 1968
Congressional Black Caucus, American, founded 1971
Prince Hall Freemasonry, founded 1784
National Newspaper Publishers Association, American, founded 1827
Chi Delta Mu Fraternity, Inc., American, founded 1913
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, American, founded 1909
Lambda Kappa Mu Sorority, Inc., American, founded 1937
Shriners International, American, founded 1870
National Pan-Hellenic Council, American, founded 1930
National Dental Association, American, founded 1913
Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of the Elks of the World, American, founded 1898
Democratic Party, American, founded 1828
Republican Party, American, founded 1854
Chi Eta Phi Sorority, Inc., American, founded 1932
Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, American, founded 1920
National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs, Inc., American, founded 1935
National United Church Ushers Association of America, Inc., American, founded 1919
Eta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., American, founded 1943
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc., American, founded 1906
National Urban League, American, founded 1910
Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc., founded 1922
National Medical Association, American, founded 1895
Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc., American, founded 1911
National Council of Negro Women, founded 1935
Daughters of Isis, American, founded 1910
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc., American, founded 1911
369th Veterans Association, American
Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, American, founded 1914
Hughes, Langston, American, 1902 - 1967
Robeson, Paul, American, 1898 - 1976
Charles, Ezzard Mack, American, 1921 - 1975
H x W x D: 10 13/16 × 8 7/16 × 3/8 in. (27.5 × 21.4 × 1 cm)
A 1976 issue of Delegate magazine published by MelPat Associates. The cover of the magazine features a collage of cropped black and white photographic portraits. In the center is an angled blue square with text that reads [DELEGATE] in white text and [76] in striped red and white text, with a circle of stars in the center of the six [6]. Black text on the white spine reads [BI-CENNTENNIAL EDITION - DELEGATE 1976].
The magazine's content opens on the first page with an editorial note titled "The Long Journey from the back of the bus," about how this issue of the Delegate will focus on "200 years of Contributions Blacks gave this nation as part of our Bicentennial Celebration." There is also a masthead reading [DELEGATE, 1976] and a table of contents.
The majority of this issue consists of a 137 page article titled "The Negro in America, 1550-1976." The content then continues with articles and profiles of African American business organizations, business leaders, community organizations, sororities, fraternities, doctors, dentists, politicians, actors, and journalists. This includes the National Association of Black Social Workers, The National Caucus of Black School Board Members, Prince Hall Masons, Prince Hall Grand Lodge, Empire State Medical Association, National Newspaper Publishers Association, Links, Chi Delta Mu Fraternity, NAACP, Navy, Elks of the World, Democratic Party, Chi Eta Phi, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Common Cause Ladies, National Association of Business and Professional Negro Womens Club, National United Church Ushers Association, Eta Phi Beta Sorority, National Bar Association, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, National Urban League, Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, NBC, National Medical Association, Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, National Association of Negro Women, CBS, Shriners, Daughters of Isis, Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Republican National Convention, Museum of Art, Whitney M. Young Classic, Black Caucus, 369th Veterans Association, Phi Beta Sigma, Paul Robeson and Langston Hughes, Edges,
The issue concludes with a "Lest We Forget" page with a list of individuals who had passed away, including Ezzard Charles and Paul Robeson. There are approximately 348 pages with black and white photographs and advertisements throughout, as well as a few advertisements in color. The back cover of the magazine features a full page advertisement for Kool cigarettes.
U.S. History, Colonial period, 1600-1775
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5e57ffdd9-2ab1-46da-b6e7-10757007351f
In Sojourner Truth I fought for the rights of women as well as blacks
Catlett, Elizabeth, Mexican, 1915 - 2012
1946-1947; printed 1989
ink and graphite on paper
H x W (image with title): 9 5/8 × 5 7/8 in. (24.4 × 15 cm)
H x W (image): 8 7/8 × 5 7/8 in. (22.5 × 15 cm)
H x W (sheet): 14 1/8 × 11 1/4 in. (35.9 × 28.6 cm)
This black and white linocut depicts Sojourner Truth. Shown from the waist up, she stands behind a lectern with an open book, perhaps a Bible, on top. She wears a dark striped dress with a light colored neckline or scarf around her neck. She has a light colored head wrap. Her right hand is raised with her index finger pointing upwards, and her left hand rests on the lectern. There is a handwritten title below the image in pencil. It is signed by the artist on the bottom right. The back is blank.
Mexico City, Mexico, Latin America, North and Central America
Portfolio/Series
The Black Woman (formerly the Negro Woman)
Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, Gift of Winifred Hervey
© 2020 Catlett Mora Family Trust/Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY. Permission required for use.
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5163d6ccc-324f-4e1e-ab08-dbb3e37ad428
Carte-de-visite portrait of Sojourner Truth
albumen and silver on photographic paper with cardboard
H x W: 4 1/8 × 2 1/2 in. (10.5 × 6.4 cm)
A carte-de-visite bust-length portrait of Sojourner Truth with the text [I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance./Sojourner Truth.] beneath the image. Truth is depicted wearing a light colored shawl and bonnet which is tied under her chin. She is slightly turned towards the proper right side of the photograph.
The verso reads [Entered according to the act of Congress/in the year 1864, by SOJOURNER TRUTH,/in the Clerk's Office, of the US District/Court for the Eastern District of Mich.].
There are no inscriptions, front or back.
Place captured
Media Arts-Photography
cartes-de-visite
Antislavery
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5e0a0394a-2fd2-4b91-b2d7-a7b13bd42b20
CC0 Creative Commons - No Rights Reserved icon
Carte-de-visite of Sojourner Truth
Caldwell, James, American, ca. 1844 - unknown
54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, American, 1863 - 1865
albumen and silver nitrate on photographic paper
H x W (Mount): 4 x 2 1/2 in. (10.2 x 6.4 cm)
A carte-de-visite portrait of Sojourner Truth, showing the subject seated with a daguerreotype of her grandson, James Caldwell of Co. H, 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, on her lap. Truth wears a dot print dress, striped jacket, dark-colored apron, a light-colored shawl over her shoulders, and a light-colored cap. She looks straight at the camera. Her proper right hand sits at her waist and her proper left hand appears to point at the daguerrotype lying open on her lap. There are no inscriptions on the front. On the back is the inscription [Sojourner Truth] and an identification number.
United States Colored Troops
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd57d415807-3415-4928-9b85-6e3452551f70
Cabinet card of Sojourner Truth
albumen and silver on photographic paper on cardboard
H x W (image): 5 1/2 x 4 in. (14 x 10.2 cm)
H x W (card): 6 1/2 x 4 1/4 in. (16.5 x 10.8 cm)
Cabinet card depicting Sojourner Truth seated, wearing a dark dress and a white shawl and cap. Her right arm is folded at the waist, her left arm is resting on a small table. She holds knitting in her left hand. On the table are a book and a vase of flowers. Beneath her image is a printed caption that reads "I sell the shadow to support the substance/ Sojourner Truth." On the back in the center is a block of printed text that reads "Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1864, by SOJOURNER TRUTH, in the clerk's office, of the U.S. District Court, for the Eastern District of Michigan."
Place purchased
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/fd5d7bed0ec-7974-42ee-a5f7-835669f2fa06

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?: What is the best way to deal with a student who has Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
My son is 9 and has Aspergers, but also definitely is developing ODD in school with his teacher. I've tried desperately to talk to my son and his teacher, as well as his school Psychologist about what is triggering his behavior. My son told me he doesn't like his teacher's "loud voice" and that it scares him. Her response when I told her and the School Psychologist that was if he doesn't want to hear her loud voice, then he better do his work and stop staring into space.
I told them about your site and have shared your articles with them, but they don't seem to want to try anything but fighting fire with fire, which is leading to more meltdowns and disasters! I have documented everything and written to my son's Psychiatrist who originally diagnosed him, and asked for his advice and help getting my son into a better school system.
There is a special school available in my county for Aspergers and ODD/Behavioral children that worked wonders with him when he was young. Because of budget cuts, they pulled him out and he is now in a "Learning Disabled" class within a main stream school.
I feel as though I'm talking to the wall with this school, who claims they feel they are talking to the wall with my son. I asked that they not take it personally, and perhaps try some of your methods, or send him back to the school he thrived in. They asked me to medicate him; I did, he is still the same, maybe even more stressed.
He is not Oppositional to me (his mom) but he now does not trust any authority figures in school because of his bad experiences and is very vocal about it. When I have the money, I am going to sign up for your online counseling. My doctor should be getting back to me sometime this afternoon as well. In the meantime, I'm so frustrated and worried about the damage that is being done that I think my son is going backwards. Any ideas? Thanks!
1. Acknowledge small steps toward improvement by whispering a positive comment to the youngster. Avoid expressing your feelings like, "I am so proud of you!" Instead say something like, "This is A+ work." Or, you could write a note to give to the child.
2. Ask the school counselor to work with the child individually or in a small group to help the youngster develop anger-management and social-relationship skills.
3. Avoid arguing, lecturing, or threatening a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder because he/she will most likely view your words as rewarding rather than as punishment.
4. Avoid raising your voice or exhibiting any emotion. Be neutral and calmly say something like: "Since you broke the rule, this is what you will do." Act like a referee who simply states the consequence and holds the player accountable. Do not allow the youngster to argue. Just restate what happens when a rule is broken.
5. Believe in the youngster`s ability to manage his/her behavior in an appropriate way.
6. Discover what the youngster truly enjoys doing (e.g., participating in a sport or hobby).
7. Focus on only a few problem behaviors at a time. Decide what behavior you will ignore and what you will not accept. Communicate the consequences for those you cannot tolerate.
8. Furnish a place for the youngster to regroup and release negative emotions in a time-out area. You could say to the youngster, "Would time in the rest area be helpful?" or "Your time will begin when you go to the rest area." If regarded appropriate at your school, provide a stress ball to squeeze, a pillow to punch, or old magazines to tear as a way for the child to release some of his/her hostility.
9. Have clear expectations and firm rules and boundaries.
10. Identify skills or attributes that you can reinforce.
11. If deemed helpful, devise a way to show the youngster that he/she is making progress (e.g., use stickers, tokens, or marks on a chart that could be traded for privileges that are reinforcing to the child). Extra computer time, eating lunch with a friend, additional free time, helping a favorite teacher, or doing a classroom task are good rewards as well.
12. Meet privately with the child about specific concerns, but first establish that you will be respectful toward each other. Be calm as you discuss his/her actions. You could say something like, "Tell me what you think the problem is that keeps you from being successful in school." Listen to the youngster without interrupting. Decide together on a behavior plan that can be copied and shared with the child.
13. Post classroom rules and a daily schedule so that the youngster knows what to expect.
14. Provide recognition when the youngster exhibits appropriate behavior. However, be aware that since many kids with Oppositional Defiant Disorder feel compelled to do the opposite of what you want, avoid direct, lavish praise (e.g., following a commendation, the child might retaliate by tearing up his/her work or by hitting someone).
15. Provide some closely supervised cooperative learning activities to assist the child in learning constructive ways to interact with peers.
16. Realize that any sort of change in the classroom routine may be upsetting to a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
17. Realize that teaching a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is difficult, stressful, and exhausting – so take care of yourself.
18. Seek assistance from the school administrator, counselor, psychologist, special education teacher, or other school professional when you feel overwhelmed or when you feel you or the kids in your classroom are unsafe due to the behavior of a child with Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
19. State your directions in simple, straightforward language. Be as clear, immediate and as consistent as possible.
20. Understand that you are not the cause of the defiance, only an outlet for it.
21. When dealing with a youngster with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, it is important to remember that behavior management techniques that work well with other children may be ineffective with him/her. The youngster will frequently misbehave and annoy adults to elicit a reaction.
22. When possible, meet with the parents so that everyone can present a united front. Since these kids are adept at convincing others that someone else caused their behavior, they usually are not included in this meeting. After stating the problem, brainstorm ideas on ways to assist the child in improving his/her behavior. Agree on a behavior plan or contract for the behaviors necessary for the youngster to be successful in school.
25. Work hard to establish trust with the child by being fair and consistent.


text:
Accommodation-based programmes for individuals experiencing or at risk of homelessness
In this blog Dr Lígia Teixeira discusses a recent study that rigorously synthesised the outcomes of existing research on accommodation-based interventions, showing what does and doesn't work when considering such interventions to tackle homelessness.
At the Centre for Homelessness Impact we understand that the provision of accommodation must be central to any discussions about ending homelessness. But there are many ways to provide accommodation, and in order to ensure positive outcomes for people who are experiencing homelessness, we must have robust evidence on what types of accommodation intervention are genuinely beneficial to the people receiving them.
By rigorously synthesising the outcomes of existing research on accommodation-based interventions in one place, our latest release Accommodation-based programmes for individuals experiencing or at risk of homelessness: a systematic review and network meta-analysis provides the best way to consider the evidence on what works and what doesn't. We have assessed and synthesised all the available evidence, excluding studies that don't meet quality criteria.
The key finding in this review is that interventions offering the highest levels of support alongside unconditional accommodation were more effective than programmes that provided low, or no support. In the main, interventions with support programmes tailored to the individual reported better housing stability and health outcomes.
But perhaps more importantly, the evidence in this review shows that basic interventions (those that only satisfy very basic human needs such as a bed and food) may harm people: they had worse health and housing stability outcomes even when compared to no intervention. If we are to genuinely improve people's lives, we must design provision with clear standards of support instead of focusing on very basic needs that may not be the best use of limited funds.
Whilst the results in this systematic review are promising when it comes to the impact of housing paired with unconditional support, we must recognise the context in which these studies were conducted. Twenty-five out of twenty-eight of these studies are from the USA, two from Canada and one from the UK. The effectiveness of an intervention depends on the conditions in which it is delivered, and we know that the socio-economic and political environment in the US is vastly different to the UK.
As we find ourselves in the midst of a pandemic which has significantly worse financial and health impacts for people who are already disadvantaged, we must move rapidly, and focus resources on what works. In order to design and deliver quality accommodation based interventions, it is vital that we produce more rigorous evidence in the UK so the sector can deliver services that are truly of benefit to the people receiving them.
At the Centre for Homelessness Impact we are committed to helping the UK end homelessness with evidence. By making evidence accessible, filling gaps in our collective knowledge and supporting the implementation of best practise, we will equip practitioners and policymakers with the tools they need to make lasting positive change. We hope you find the insights in this systematic review useful.
You can read the full review here. If you'd like to speak to us about the findings please contact us on hello@homelessnessimpact.org
Dr. Lígia Teixeira is the Chief Executive of the Centre for Homelessness Impact.
Date: November 25, 2020 9:00 am
Author(s): Ligia Teixeira
Categorised in: Homelessness


Back online now. Almost at the end of the released KotET chapters so still dodging spoilers.
Going offline for a bit to deal with the real world just incase anyone wonders why I'm not playing the new SWTOR expansion tomorrow. So please no story spoilers until I get a chance to play.
So tired. Just so terribly tired.
Merry Christmas to any and all alive out there.
I'd like to be offended. Can I be offended?
It's just for practicality, not to offend anyone.
Currently voting inactives in SF (except me ) back to member, to make space for Lotheren and Tluna (who are active) to be commanders.
Posted content is the property of the posting user.


text:
#ifndef OPENSIM_CONTROLLER_SET_H_
#define OPENSIM_CONTROLLER_SET_H_

// INCLUDES
#include "OpenSim/Common/TimeSeriesTable.h"
#include <OpenSim/Simulation/Control/Controller.h>
#include <OpenSim/Simulation/Model/ModelComponentSet.h>

namespace OpenSim {

class Storage;

//=============================================================================
//=============================================================================
/**
 * A class for holding and managing a set of controllers for a model.
 *
 * @authors Jack Middleton, Ajay Seth
 * @version 2.0
 */

//=============================================================================
class OSIMSIMULATION_API ControllerSet : public ModelComponentSet<Controller> {
OpenSim_DECLARE_CONCRETE_OBJECT(ControllerSet, ModelComponentSet<Controller>);

//=============================================================================
// METHODS
//=============================================================================
public:
    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // CONSTRUCTION
    //--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    /** Use Super's constructors. @see ModelComponentSet */
    using Super::Super;

    void constructStorage();
    void storeControls( const SimTK::State& s, int step );
    void printControlStorage( const std::string& fileName) const;
    TimeSeriesTable getControlTable() const;
    void setActuators(Set<Actuator>& actuators);

    void setDesiredStates( Storage* yStore);

    // Controller interface
    virtual void computeControls(const SimTK::State& s, SimTK::Vector &controls) const;

    virtual void printInfo() const;

private:

    SimTK::ClonePtr<Storage> _controlStore;

    // Set of actuators controlled by the set of controllers.
    SimTK::ReferencePtr<Set<Actuator> > _actuatorSet;
//=============================================================================
};  // END of class ControllerSet
//=============================================================================
//=============================================================================

} // end of namespace OpenSim

#endif // OPENSIM_CONTROLLER_SET_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Finding the coefficients of a sum Suppose I have the following expression:
p[l_] := 1 + ((1 - q) p)/q Sum[(p (2 - p))^k/q^k, {k, 0, l}]

or
$p(\ell)=1+\dfrac{(1-q)p}{q}\sum_{k=0}^{k=\ell}\dfrac{p^k(2-p)^k}{q^k}$
Is there a way to get a general formula for the coefficients of its monomial expansion when $\ell$ is an arbitrary integer?

A: Is this what you're looking for:
SeriesCoefficient[p[l], {l, 0, n}] //TeXForm

$\begin{cases}
 p \left(\frac{1}{q}-1\right)+1 & n=0 \\
 -\frac{(p-2) p^2 (q-1) (\log (-(p-2) p)-\log (q))^n}{q n! \left(p^2-2 p+q\right)} & n>0
\end{cases}$

A: Replacing $(2-p)^k$ by a multinomial and rearranging terms gives
pp[l_] := 1 + (1 - q)/q *
  Sum[(-1)^(s-k-1)*2^(2k+1-s)*Binomial[k, 2k+1-s] * p^s/q^k,
    {k, 0, l}, {s, k + 1, 2 k + 1}]

check:
Table[p[l] == pp[l], {l, 0, 10}] // FullSimplify
(* {True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True} *)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Fairytalez.com » The Russian Garland » Story of Bulat the Brave Companion
Story of Bulat the Brave Companion
The Russian Garland March 29, 2015
There was once upon a time a Tsar named Chodor, who had an only son, Ivan Tsarevich. Chodor gave him in his youth various masters to teach him the different knightly exercises; and when Ivan was grown up, he begged leave of his father to travel in other countries, in order to see the world. Tsar Chodor consented, and bade him show his skill and valour in foreign lands, and bring renown on his father.
Then Ivan Tsarevich went into the royal stables to choose a good steed; and he thought that if he could find one on whose back he could lay his hand, without the horse's going on his knees, it would be just the one to suit him. So he looked in all the stalls, but found no horse to his mind, and he went his way with a heavy heart. Then he took his crossbow and arrows and roved about in the open fields to drive away his sadness. As he was walking thus along, he saw high in the air a swan, and he drew his bow and shot; but he missed the swan, and his arrow vanished from his sight. Then Ivan was sad at losing a favourite arrow, and with tears in his eyes he sought for it the whole field over. At last he came to a little hill, and heard a man's voice calling to him: "Come hither, Ivan Tsarevich!" Ivan wondered to himself not a little at hearing a voice and seeing no one. But the voice called again; and Ivan went toward the spot whence it came, and remarked in the hill a little window, with an iron lattice; and at the window he saw a man, who beckoned to him with the hand. Ivan came up, and the man said to him: "Why are you so sad, my good lad, Ivan Tsarevich?"
"How can I help grieving?" replied Ivan; "I have lost my favourite arrow, and can find it nowhere, and my sorrow is the greater because I can not discover a steed to please me."
"That is no great matter to grieve for," said the man; "I will get you a good horse, and give you back your arrow since it flew down to me here; but what will you give me for it?"
"Anything you ask," replied Ivan, "if you will give me what you promise."
"Nay," said the man, "I want nothing more than that you will free me from this place."
"And how and by whom were you caged up thus?"
"Your father imprisoned me here," replied the man. "I was a famous robber, and was called Bulat the Brave Companion. He was enraged against me, and ordered me to be taken and imprisoned; and here I have been confined for three-and-thirty years."
"Hark ye, Bulat, brave Companion," said Ivan, "I cannot set you free without my father's consent; were he to hear of it he would be wroth."
"Fear not," replied Bulat; "your father will hear nothing; for as soon as you set me at liberty I shall go into other lands and not live here."
"Well then," said Ivan Tsarevich, "I consent, only on condition that you give me back my arrow and tell me where I can find a trusty steed."
"Go into the open fields," said Bulat the Brave Companion, "and there you will see three green oaks; and, on the ground under these oaks, an iron door, with a copper ring. Under the door is a stable, in which stands a good steed, shut in by twelve iron doors with twelve steel locks. Heave up this door, strike off the twelve steel locks, and open the twelve doors; there you will find a horse; mount him and come to me; I will give you back your arrow, and then you will let me out of this prison."
When Ivan Tsarevich heard this he went into the open fields, saw the three green oaks, and found the iron door with the copper ring. So he hove up the door, knocked off the twelve locks, and opened the twelve doors, and entered a stable, where he beheld a knightly steed and a suit of armour. Then Ivan Tsarevich laid his hand upon the horse, and the horse fell not upon his knees, but merely bent himself a little. And as soon as the horse saw a knight standing before him, he neighed loudly, and let Ivan saddle and bridle him. Ivan Tsarevich took the steed, the battle-axe, and sword, led the horse out of the stable, leaped into the Tcherkess saddle, and took the silken bridle in his white hand. Then Ivan wished to try his steed, and struck him on the flank: the horse chafed his bit, and rose from the ground, and away he went over the tall forests and under the flying clouds, left hill and dale beneath his feet, covered small streams with his tail, bounded over wide rivers and marshes; and so at last Ivan came to Bulat the Brave Companion, and said with a loud voice: "Now give me back my arrow, Bulat my brave fellow, and I will let you out of your cage." So Bulat instantly gave him back his arrow, and Ivan set him free.
"I thank you, Ivan Tsarevich," said Bulat, "for giving me freedom. I will, in return, render you good service; whenever you are in any difficulty, and want me, only say: 'Where is my Bulat, the Brave Companion?' and I will instantly come to you and serve you faithfully in your need."
So saying, Bulat cried with a loud voice:
"Sivka Burka! he!
Fox of Spring! Appear!
Like a grass blade, here
Stand before me!"
Instantly a steed stood before Bulat the Brave, who crept into his ear, ate and drank his fill, and then crept out at the other ear; and he became such a handsome youth as no one can imagine, no pen can describe, nor story tell. Then Bulat mounted his horse and galloped off, exclaiming: "Farewell, then, for the present, Ivan Tsarevich!"
Ivan now mounted his good steed and rode to his father, and with tears in his eyes, took leave of him; then, taking with him his squire, he rode forth into foreign lands. And after they had ridden for some time they came to a wood; the day was bright and hot, and Ivan Tsarevich grew thirsty. So they wandered all about the wood, seeking water, but could find none. At length they found a deep well, in which there was some water; and Ivan said to his squire: "Go down the well and fetch me up some water; I will hold you by a rope to prevent you being drowned."
"Nay, Ivan Tsarevich," said the squire, "I am heavier than you, and you cannot hold me up; you had better descend, for I can support you."
So Ivan followed his squire's advice, and let himself down into the well. And when Ivan had drunk enough, he told the squire to draw him up; but the squire answered: "Nay, I will not draw you out until you give me your word in writing that you are my servant and I am your master, and that my name is Ivan Tsarevich; if you refuse this I will drown you in the well."
"My dear squire," cried Ivan, "do not drown me, but draw me up, and I will do all you desire." "No, I don't believe you," said the squire; "swear me an oath." So Ivan swore that he would be true.
Thereupon the squire drew him out, and Ivan Tsarevich took a piece of paper, wrote the writing, and gave it to the squire. Then he took off his own cloak, and exchanged it for the squire's, and they went on their way. After some days they came to the kingdom of the Tsar Panthui. And when the Tsar heard of the arrival of Ivan Tsarevich he went out to meet him; and, greeting the false Tsarevich, he took him by the white hands, conducted him into his marble halls, seated him at his oaken table, and they feasted and made merry. Then Tsar Panthui asked the false Tsarevich what had brought him to his kingdom, and he answered: "My gracious lord, I am come to sue for the hand of your daughter, the fair Princess Tseria."
"Gladly will I give you my daughter to wife," replied Panthui.
In the course of their talk the false Ivan said to the Tsar Panthui: "Let my servant, I pray, do the lowest work in the kitchen, for he has greatly annoyed me on my journey." So the Tsar immediately commanded Ivan to be set to do the most menial work, whilst his squire feasted and made merry with the Tsar.
A few days after this an army was seen marching against the kingdom of Panthui, threatening to lay it waste and take the Tsar prisoner. Thereupon Panthui called the false Ivan and said: "My dear future son-in-law, a hostile army has come to attack my dominions: drive the enemy back and I will give you my daughter, but only on this condition." And the squire answered; "Well and good, I will do as you desire; but only by night—in the day I have no luck in fight."
As soon as night drew on and everyone in the castle had gone to rest, the false Ivan went out into the open court, called to him the true Tsarevich, and said: "Ivan Tsarevich, be not angry with me for taking your place; forget it all, do me one service, and drive the enemy from this kingdom." And Ivan answered: "Go and lie down to sleep—all shall be accomplished." Then the squire went and lay down to sleep, and Ivan cried with a loud voice: "Where is my Bulat, the Brave Companion?" In an instant Bulat stood before him, and asked: "What service do you require now? What is your need? Tell me forthwith." Then Ivan Tsarevich told him his need, and Bulat desired him to saddle his horse and put on his armour; and then cried with a loud voice:
The horse bounded till the ground shook; from his ears rose a column of steam, and from his nostrils issued flames; but when he came up to Bulat he stood still. Then Bulat the Brave Companion mounted the horse, and Ivan Tsarevich seated himself upon his steed, and so they rode forth from the courtyard. Meanwhile the Princess Tseria, who was not yet asleep, was sitting at the window, and overheard all that Ivan Tsarevich had spoken with the squire and Bulat the Brave Companion.
As soon as they reached the hostile army, Bulat said to Ivan: "Fall thou upon the enemy on the right, I will attack them on the left." And so they began to mow down this mighty army with the sword, and to trample them down with their horses' hoofs; and in an hour's time they had stretched on the earth a hundred thousand men. Then the hostile King fled with the small remains of his army back into his own kingdom, and Ivan Tsarevich returned with Bulat the Brave Companion to the castle of the Tsar Panthui, unsaddled his steed, led him into the stable, and gave him white wheat to eat. After that he took leave of Bulat the Brave Companion, went back into the kitchen, and lay down to sleep.
Early the next morning the Tsar went out on to his balcony, and looked forth over the country where the hostile army lay; and when he saw that it was all cut down and destroyed, he called to him the false Ivan, and thanked him for having saved his kingdom; he rewarded him with a rich present and promised soon to give him his daughter to wife.
After a fortnight the same Tsar marched again with a fresh army and besieged the city. And the Tsar Panthui in terror called again upon the false Ivan and said: "My dear friend, Ivan Tsarevich, save me once more from the enemy, and drive them from my kingdom, and I will immediately give you my daughter to wife." And so it all fell out again exactly as before, and the enemy were quite driven away by Ivan and Bulat the Brave.
The hostile King, however, soon returned to attack Tsar Panthui a third time, and over and over again he was driven back, until at last he was himself killed. Then Ivan and Bulat the Brave Companion went back, unsaddled their steeds, and put them into the stable. Thereupon Bulat took leave of Ivan Tsarevich, and said: "You will never see me more." With this he mounted his horse and rode forth; and Ivan went into the kitchen and lay down to sleep.
Early the next morning the Tsar went again on to his balcony, and looked forth over the country where the hostile army had been; and when he saw that it was all destroyed, he sent for his future son-in-law and said: "Now I will give you my daughter to wife." Then all the preparations were made for the wedding; and a few days after, the squire married the fair Princess Tseria; and when they had returned from church, and were sitting at table, Ivan Tsarevich begged the head cook to let him go into the banquet-hall and see his master and his bride seated at the table. So the cook consented, and gave him a change of dress. When Ivan entered the royal hall he stationed himself behind the other guests and gazed at his squire and the fair Tseria. But the Princess espied Ivan, and recognised him instantly; then she jumped up from the table, took him by the hand, led him to the Tsar, and said: "This is the true bridegroom and the saviour of your kingdom, and not yon man who was betrothed to me."
Then the Tsar Panthui asked his daughter what it all meant, and begged her to explain the mystery. And when the Princess Tseria had related to him all that had passed, Ivan Tsarevich was placed at the table beside her, and his squire was shot at the gate for his treacherous conduct. Ivan married the Princess, and returned with her to his father's kingdom. Tsar Chodor placed the crown upon his head, and Ivan mounted the throne, and ruled over the kingdom.
Story of the Duck with Golden Eggs
Prev Story Story of Prince Malandrach and the Princess Salikalla


text:
Oberlin Music Releases Ravel:...
Oberlin Music Releases Ravel: Intimate Masterpieces
Erich Burnett
Throughout her career, internationally heralded harpist Yolanda Kondonassis has found herself fascinated by the "luscious" creations of French composer Maurice Ravel. Ravel: Intimate Masterpieces, newly released on Oberlin Music, is a celebration of Kondonassis' longtime love of Ravel's music—and a celebration of the great roster of Oberlin Conservatory of Music talent that came together with her to record the album on campus in January 2013.
Intimate Masterpieces is available now by digital download (through iTunes) and on CD (amazon.com) beginning October 29. It will be distributed by Naxos of America, the world's largest independent digital distributor of classical music.
"This disc is especially meaningful because I was able to make it with such wonderful players and to celebrate the wealth of artistry and musical opportunity that lives at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music," says Kondonassis, an assistant professor at Oberlin.
In addition to Kondonassis, Intimate Masterpieces features fellow Oberlin faculty members Richard Hawkins on clarinet and Alexa Still on flute; Oberlin alumni soprano Ellie Dehn and pianist Spencer Myer; and the Jupiter String Quartet, Oberlin's quartet-in-residence for 2012-14, featuring alumni violist Liz Freivogel.
"This album, and the outstanding performers who created it, speak to the very essence of what Oberlin Music is all about: a forum for celebrating and sharing the extraordinary talent and artistic vision of Oberlin's faculty, alumni, and friends," says Andrea Kalyn, acting dean of the Oberlin Conservatory.
The release of Ravel: Intimate Masterpieces will be celebrated on campus with a performance by the musicians featured on the album. That concert, which marks the launch of the 2013-14 Artist Recital Series at Oberlin, takes place on Tuesday, November 5.
ABOUT OBERLIN MUSIC: Oberlin Music is the commercial label of the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, dedicated to promoting the artistic ideals and talent of Oberlin's faculty and students. Established in 1865 as a division of Oberlin College, the Oberlin Conservatory is one of the premier professional training institutions in the world. Its graduates have achieved prominence as performers, composers, conductors, educators, and scholars, and are found in major orchestras and opera companies everywhere.
Tag: Conservatory
Tag: Oberlin Music Label
Jason Goldberg '16 Leads Oberlin Co-Production of Dido and Aeneas
Based on an ancient Roman tragedy, April 15-17 production serves as the final project for Goldberg's major in opera directing.
Milt Hinton Institute Returns with Emphasis on Suzuki Instruction
Named in honor of the legendary jazz bassist, Oberlin's biennial summer program welcomes young bassists of all ability levels.
Baritone Michael Preacely '01 to Perform, Lead Talks at Oberlin
March-April visit includes a recital, career-development session, and insight how he broke his family's education barrier.
View all News Releases


When the customer choose$1000 each round lots or higher security deposit standard, and buying a currency to medium the currency of opposite and high interest rate, the customer will earning a holdover fee.If the security deposit standard low Wu$1000, perhaps the customer choose$1000 security deposit standards but sell a currency to medium the currency of higher interest rate, all camalig will be taken a holdover fee.
Postpone the calculation Ji Wu the United States of fee with correspond national benefit bad.A certain currency is bad to the benefit of more big, postpone expenses more high.
Led 3:00(eastern America time) every afternoon, if the camalig hold of the customer have no even drop, the DealStation of the bargain terrace of FAOS Will take or pay a holdover fee according to the security deposit standard of the customer and the currency of the buying.The concrete expenses shows at the "postpone difference in amount" column eyes of terrace in, take a round lot as standard.Negative(-) value means that the customer pays to the amount of money of FAOS, the positive(+) value means that the FAOS pays to the customer's amount of money.Usually at American ET 3:00 p.m. previous few hour AOS Trader renew a holdover fee.
Postpone the fee has something to do with handing over to mow a day.In time the foreign exchange market hands over to mow the day as two days.The camalig set up on Monday hand over to mow a day on Wednesday.If the camalig openned on Monday once holds 3:00 p.m. into next trade a day, so handing over to mow a day will change into Thursday.Set up to combine to be postponed Thursday's camalig on Wednesday, hand over to mow a day then on next Monday(if this ising any to participate a market isn't a day off), because bank weekend doesn't do business and handing over to mow can't complete.
Each bargain has 1 to hand over to mow a day.If traded ready cash and be not settle in same days, so this trades and will be postpone.Postpone for a day each time, the customer will earning or pay holdover fee for a day.However, if the camalig postpones from Wednesday till Thursday, postpone expenses to need to plus Saturday and expenses of Sunday two days, is common 300%.The bank doesn't start practice this two days, so the actual currency hand over to mow and can't complete.The camalig set up on Friday, hand over to mow a day is next Tuesday, if postpone, produces holdover a fee for a day.
For example, customer's buying in Wednesday is a pound of round lot, sell USD in the meantime, and choose$1000 security deposit standards, his camalig once held an eastern America time 3:00 p.m., AOS Trade The holdover difference in amount which shows at this time is$2.50/-$12.50, the customer will earning$2.50 holdover fees, because the interest rate of pound compares USD Gao currently.But if the customer sells a pound, will be take$12.50 holdover fees, the condition for satisfying buying higher interest rate currency because of have no.


1540 Peter Ridemann while in Prison, wrote one of the great doctrinal works, Rechenschaft unserer Religion, Lehre, und Glabe, which became a central document of the Moravian Anabaptists. This was written because of the common concern of the Hutterite leadership in which was separating the Anabaptist in Western Europe. Although the confession was not a massive theological work, is was a simple confession broken down into two sections describing their doctrine and practice of doctrine. While reading through it, one particular section stood out to me.
It stood out to me as some American Baptist (who lack knowledge of church history), Brethren, Dispensationalist, and Mennonites seem to claim their roots being from Anabaptist circles, their practice is not the same. Yet, while Brethren and Mennonites insist upon the formula for baptism to be done by emersion only, one of their historical backgrounds says otherwise.
I am not sure the evidence is conclusive based on Ridemanns confession, that all Anabaptist practiced baptism as such.
I do recall reading in the didache regarding baptism where water for emmersion not being available, using what was, ie., pouring, was acceptable. But, I do know it was largely an acceptable practice amongst the Anabaptist's.
Interesting historical nugget. Got any other evidence summarizing the 'pouring' issue?
I never sated that "all Anabaptist practice baptism as such. Read above, I said, "which became a central document of the Moravian Anabaptists." I was only stating this particular sect (Moravian) of Anabaptist did not practice baptism by emersion only, which is different for being "baptistic" during their time. I found it unique that their confession was different than other 16th & 17th century Anabaptists, Brethrens, Mennonites and Baptist on this issue.


Location: Guardian Tower > Right > Up > Guardian Tower Portal.
After each battle, you receive 1 Health Potion and 1 Mana Potion. There is no end to the battles - you must die or flee to exit.
Combination from Brilliancy. Note from Warondar.


text:
audience relevance
The Bible: Interesting Facts and Study Principles
September 20, 2013 September 21, 2013 Adam Maarschalk 8 Comments
(Answers are below.)
1. How many books are contained in the Bible?
A. 56 B. 66 C. 76 D. 86
2. How many books are in the Old Testament?
3. How many books are in the New Testament?
4. What is the only book of the Bible that doesn't mention God?
A. Esther B. James C. Hezekiah D. Ecclesiastes
5. How many accounts of the gospel are in the Bible, and what are those books called?
6. What is the name of the last book of the Bible?
7. Which book of the Bible has the most chapters, and how many are there?
8. What book of the Bible has the shortest name (i.e. the least amount of letters)?
9. Which five books of the Bible contain only one chapter?
10. Can you name any secular historians who lived during the time when the New Testament was written, and whose writings back up many of the narratives written in the New Testament?
There are many interesting facts about the Bible, which, according to Daniel Radosh of The New Yorker, is not only the best-selling book of all time, but also the best-selling book every year. The following are just a few of these facts:
Psalm 117 is the shortest chapter in the Bible, containing only two verses. Psalm 119 is the longest chapter in the Bible, containing 176 verses.
Psalm 118 is the middle chapter in the Bible (there are 594 chapters before Psalm 118, and 594 chapters after Psalm 118).
The middle verse in the Bible is Psalm 118:8, which reads, "It is better to take refuge in the Lord than to trust in man."
The book of Psalms, the longest book in the Bible, contains 150 chapters and 43,743 words. The book of 3 John is the shortest book, and contains only 299 words.
The longest verse in the Bible is Esther 8:9, with 90 words. The shortest verse in the Bible is John 11:35, with only two words ("Jesus wept").
There are 31,102 verses in the Bible (more than 23,000 in the Old Testament, and almost 8,000 in the New Testament. That's an average of 26 verses per chapter.
The Bible was only divided into chapters in the year 1228, by Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The New Testament was only divided into verses in the year 1551, by Sir Robert Stephens.
PRINCIPLES FOR UNDERSTANDING THE BIBLE
Distinguish Between Literary Forms and Genres
The Bible is made up of narratives (stories) more than any other type of literature (other genres include law, poetry, wisdom, prophecies, parables, and epistles). Narratives sometimes teach things indirectly, rather than directly. For example, in the story of David committing adultery with Bathsheba (II Samuel 11), we're not told directly that adultery is wrong. However, this was already taught directly in the law of Moses (e.g. Exodus 20:14). Still, II Samuel 11 illustrates how David's adultery harmed his personal life and his ability to rule over Israel.
Note the Context
In the Bible, it's rare that we seek to understand a single verse by itself, or isolated from all surrounding verses. There are exceptions to this, of course, in the book of Proverbs. Looking at a verse or a passage in context means considering a larger portion of the text as a whole.
The word "earth," for example, is used many times in both the Old and New Testaments. In some places where it's used, it's not a reference to the entire globe. Instead, it's a reference to the land of Israel (i.e. the Promised Land) only. In fact, some Bible translations will use "earth" in the same passages where other translations will use the word "land." Luke 21:23 is one example of this pattern. Even if a translation uses the word "earth" in this verse, the context ought to clearly show that Jesus was speaking specifically about Israel. He predicted that Jerusalem would be surrounded by armies (verse 20), and He warned "those living in Judea" to flee to the mountains (verse 21). He then spoke of "great distress in the earth" (or "land") and "wrath against this people" (verse 23). The context shows that He didn't speak of people in Chicago, or of people living in the 21st century, but of Jews living in his own generation.
Consider Audience Relevance
"Exegesis" is a literary interpretation method that involves determining what a text meant to those who first received it. This method should guide "hermeneutics," the science of interpretation. So the first question to ask is, "What did the text mean to the original audience that first heard or read it?" Then, and only then, is it time to ask the second question: "What does this text mean to us now?"
Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and other Old Testament prophets often announced the future. However, were they speaking about our future, or were they speaking about the more immediate future of Israel, Judah, and other surrounding nations? Many today believe that Ezekiel 38-39 speaks of a future invasion of modern-day Israel by Russia, Ethiopia, and a few other countries. This is despite the fact that Ezekiel described ancient warfare (e.g. the use of horses) in his prophecy.
In II Thessalonians 2, the apostle Paul wrote to the church in Thessalonica about the man of sin and the Day of the Lord. Many today assume that what Paul told them will be revealed soon and will take place for our generation to see. Yet consider what Paul said to his first century readers: "Do you not remember that when I was still with you I told you these things? And now you know what is restraining, that he may be revealed in his own time. For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work; only he who now restrains will do so until he is taken out of the way" (verses 5-7).
Similarly, John told his first century readers in the book of Revelation that they were capable of calculating "the number of the beast": "Here is wisdom. Let him who has understanding calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man: His number is 666" (Revelation 13:18). In other words, they could figure out who the beast was. Many have not considered the audience relevance when thinking of this text, and have insisted that the beast (or "Antichrist," they might say) was Napoleon, Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Barack Obama, etc.
It's also important to note that we don't live under the Old Covenant, as ancient Israel once did. This covenant, through Jesus, has been made obsolete (Hebrews 8:13). There are commands that were given to the ancient Israelites under the law, which are no longer instructive to God's people on how to live. We can still derive principles from those laws, understand God better by reading those portions of Scripture, and understand how certain types and shadows are now fulfilled in Jesus, etc. Yet we are not bound by the Old Covenant laws which functioned as a national constitution for ancient Israelites who lived in the land of Israel. We are told in Hebrews 8, for example, that this first covenant was not faultless (verse 7), was made obsolete (verse 13), and has been replaced by a new covenant with better promises (verse 6).
Scripture Interprets Scripture
We are not the ultimate authority when it comes to interpreting Scripture. If we believe that the Biblical authors were inspired by the Holy Spirit, then we can appreciate how they interpret older Scripture passages, even if it means setting aside our own preconceived notions. We see an interesting example of this principle very early in the New Testament when Matthew takes an Old Testament passage from Hosea 11:1 that clearly refers to ancient Israel ("When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called my son"), and applies it to Jesus:
"Behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, 'Arise, take the young Child and His mother, flee to Egypt, and stay there until I bring your word; for Herod will seek the young Child to destroy Him.' When he arose, he took the young Child and His mother by night and departed for Egypt, and was there until the death of Herod, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, 'Out of Egypt I called My Son'" (Matthew 2:13-15).
The implication is that Matthew viewed Israel, not as his own homeland, the political nation of Israel, but rather as Jesus.
In Isaiah 11 and Isaiah 65 we see a prophecy that a wolf will lay down with a lamb. Many today believe or teach that the animal kingdom will literally be transformed in this way in a future millennium, a period lasting 1000 years. However, Paul demonstrated in Romans 15 that Isaiah 11 was fulfilled through Jesus' work on the cross, and His bringing together Jews and Gentiles in Himself. In other words, the wolf and the lamb represented Jews and Gentiles.
In Matthew 23 Jesus was speaking to the Pharisees, the religious rulers of Israel, when He said:
"I send you prophets, wise men, and scribes; some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues and persecute from city to city, that on you may come all the righteous blood shed on the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar. Assuredly, I say to you, all these things will come upon this generation" (Matthew 23:35-36).
Who did Jesus say would be responsible for shedding the blood of all righteous people, and which generation would be held responsible? Clearly, it's first century Israel. So what do we conclude then when we see these passages in the book of Revelation?
[1] "Then the third angel poured out his bowl on the rivers and springs of water, and they became blood. And I heard the angel of the waters saying, 'You are righteous, O Lord, the One who is and who was and who is to be, because You have judged these things. For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and You have given them blood to drink. For it is their just due.'" (Revelation 16:4-6)
[2] "I saw the woman [Babylon the Great], drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus." (Revelation 17:6)
[3] "Alas, alas, that great city… Rejoice over her, O heaven, and you holy apostles and prophets, for God has avenged you on her! … And in her was found the blood of prophets and saints, and of all who were slain on the earth." (Revelation 18:20, 24)
Not only do Jesus' words in Matthew 23 tell us who shed this blood and when they did it, but the principle of "first mention" can help us here as well. "The great city" is first mentioned in Revelation 11:8. There it is described as "the great city which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified." We know, of course, that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem. The "great city" then is Jerusalem, which also happens to be the city Jesus said in Matthew 23 would be held responsible for the shed blood of all the saints.
Types and Shadows Point Toward Fulfillment
The New Testament follows the Old Testament in the Bible. Within the Old Testament, there were many practices and laws which foreshadowed realities that have been fulfilled in Jesus. The book of Hebrews speaks much about the types and shadows (e.g. in the sacrificial system) which pointed toward Jesus. One form of eschatology, the study of last things, teaches that in a future millennium there will be renewed animal sacrifices and offerings in a rebuilt temple. Does this teaching not promote a return to types and shadows? One author, Kim Riddlebarger, calls this " a redemptive-historical U-turn." Perhaps this teaching persists because some view certain prophetic passages in the Old Testament through a lens that doesn't recognize apocalyptic language, and assumptions are made that they haven't yet been fulfilled.
ANSWERS TO THE QUIZ
1. B (66)
2. D (39)
3. C (27)
4. A (Esther); P.S. There is no book called "Hezekiah."
5. Four: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
6. Revelation
7. Psalms; 150
9. Obadiah, Philemon, 2 John, 3 John, Jude
10. Josephus (a Jew); Tacitus (a Roman)
1. Maarschalk, Adam. "Romans 15 Shows That Isaiah 11 Is Fulfilled." Pursuing Truth Blog. January 29, 2012. http://kloposmasm.com/2012/01/29/romans-15-shows-that-isaiah-11-is-fulfilled/
2. Radosh, Daniel. "The Good Book Business." The New Yorker. December 18, 2006. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/12/18/061218fa_fact1
3. Riddlebarger, Kim. "Jesus, The True Temple." The Riddleblog. April 9, 2008. http://kimriddlebarger.squarespace.com/the-latest-post/2008/4/9/jesus-the-true-temple.html
This article first appeared on the Yahoo Contributor Network