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Solution to Problem L – Little Peter's Tower
Correct output – L1
C program to solve both data sets
Consider a generalized problem: What is the maximum average height of tower if the current tower top has radius r (and thus only blocks with base radius at most r can be played) and t minutes are remaining? Answer to this question will be refferred to as E(t,r). Solution to original problem is then value E(T,R)
Clearly E(0,r)=0 (there is no time to build anything). To find values of E(t,r) where t > 0 we analyze what happens in the first minute. First, Peter draws a building block from his bag. Let its base radius be a and ist height be b. Then he decides what to do with this block.
Not use this block: For the rest of his tower all blocks with base radius at most r would be allowed and t-1 minutes would remain to finish the tower. So the average height of complete tower in this case would be E(t-1,r).
Use this block: (this option is available only if a ≤ r) For the rest of his tower only blocks with base radius at most a would be allowed and t-1 minutes would remain to finish the tower. The average height of rest of tower would be E(t-1,a), so the average height of complete tower in this case would be b+E(t-1,a).
By the problem statment Peter chooses the better among this options. So the average height of the complete tower (if he draws block with dimensions a and b) is max(E(t-1,r),b+E(t-1,a)).
To find value of E(t,r) we simply take average over all possibilities for a and b. Or more formally:
E(t,r) = (1/RH)*∑a=1..R∑b=1..Hmax( E(t-1,r) , [a≤r](b+E(t-1,a)) ).
Direct implementation of this recursion using memoization or dynamic programmimg leads to a solution with time complexity O(T*R2*H) and was sufficient to solve the easy data set.
To be able to solve the hard data set we have to rewrite the right side of that recursion so that its computation is more efficient. One observation that might help is that for any r, t and a there is a height boundary such that we use a cylinder with radius a iff its height exceeds the boundary. A formal derivation of the optimized equation follows.
First we get rid of [a≤r] factor by splitting the outer sum into two sums, so we have E(t,r)=(A(t,r)+B(t,r))/RH where A(t,r) = ∑a=r+1..R∑b=1..HE(t-1,r) = (R-r)*H*E(t-1,r) and B(t,r) = ∑a=1..r∑b=1..Hmax( E(t-1,r) , b+E(t-1,a) ).
Next observe that E(t-1,r) < b+E(t-1,a) if and only if b > ⌊E(t-1,r) - E(t-1,a)⌋ because b is integer. So we can rewrite the inner sum of B(t,r) in the following way: ∑b=1..Hmax( E(t-1,r) , b+E(t-1,a) ) = ∑b=1..d(t,r,a)E(t-1,r) + ∑b=d(t,r,a)+1..H(b+E(t-1,a)) = d(t,r,a)*E(t-1,r) + (d(t,r,a)+1+H)*(H-d(t,r,a))/2 + (H-d(t,r,a))*E(t-1,a) where d(t,r,a)=⌊E(t-1,r) - E(t-1,a)⌋.
The final result is thus: E(t,r) = (1/RH)*(R-r)*H*E(t-1,r) + (1/RH)*∑a=1..r( d(t,r,a)*E(t-1,r) + (d(t,r,a)+1+H)*(H-d(t,r,a))/2 + (H-d(t,r,a))*E(t-1,a) ) where d(t,r,a)=⌊E(t-1,r) - E(t-1,a)⌋. We eliminated one level of summation.
Direct implementation of this recursion using memoization or dynamic programmimg leads to a solution with time complexity O(T*R2) and was sufficient to solve both data sets.


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A Lipstick That Melts On Your Lips, Not On The Tube!
The answer is: Shiseido Maquillage Dramatic Melting Rouge Lipstick.
The name itself is a mouthful, so I just call this my "melting lipstick". But don't be fooled with the name "melting", it does feel like a melting butter upon application but so far, with extreme heat we are encountering at the moment, I actually left this inside my bag in the car (parked in an open parking space) and the tip felt moist and soft but the whole lipstick remain intact!
I guess, I gave too much information away right? Well, read more about this new lippie I recently got!
My first Shiseido lipstick is under the Perfect Rouge line (review HERE) Out of all the lipsticks I've given away, I kept it as it is one of the many few lipsticks that really works for my extremely dry lips! The shade Hibiscus is a lovely day time lip color I wouldn't mind wearing again and again!
Now, just when I thought I got the best lipstick from Shiseido, who would've thought a few years would bring me BETTER lipstick not only in terms of quality but the packaging too? Just look at how beautiful the packaging is! I literally had to take a couple of minutes just to admire it!
Let me indulge you again on the packaging. Some dislike the extravagant look, I don't mind! I feel so happy every time I take this out!
Now on to the color and texture.
RD526 is also known as Melty Red. At first glance on tube, it looks more of a deep brownish red that just plain red. The texture is definitely "melty butter"and you don't need to prep your lips or apply lip balm underneath! This lipstick works even on the driest state of your lips! For a lipstick that almost has a gloss partnered to it, the effect is never oily, too glossy or sparkly! It is just plain color with loads of moisture!
Just like most "hydrating lipsticks", you'd probably worry on the pigmentation, fret not! In one swipe, you get an opaque color! Pile another layer for a deep crimson red shade!
AMW wore RD526 without lip balm or lip gloss.
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How do you find my lipstick for the day?
it is such a pretty red on you ms nikki!
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A well-known publicist Ayvaz Krikorian writes about many important issues in our lives. The articles and essays in this volume present the rights and responsibilities of human society. His main focus is on Armenian community and its problems, issues, and questions.


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University of Colorado Boulder selected to…
Boulder Area
University of Colorado Boulder selected to build $40 million instrument for NASA space mission
By Annie Mehl | amehl@dailycamera.com | Boulder Daily Camera
PUBLISHED: June 1, 2022 at 8:43 p.m. | UPDATED: June 1, 2022 at 8:43 p.m.
Over the next decade, researchers with the University of Colorado Boulder will design and build an instrument for a NASA mission that will help the world better understand the ways extreme weather conditions in space can impact Earth.
CU Boulder and the University of California Berkeley were recently selected by NASA to jointly design and build the instrument that will used during NASA's Geospace Dynamics Constellation mission, which will study Earth's upper atmosphere.
David Malaspina, assistant professor at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at CU Boulder, is working on designing and building an instrument for a NASA mission.Credit: CU Boulder
David Malaspina, assistant professor at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at CU Boulder who is also working on the project, said the instrument will be flying about 200 miles up in Earth's atmosphere, which is a similar distance from Boulder to Grand Junction.
"What our instrument is going to be exploring is this edge of space, where the atmosphere goes from being neutral gas — like what we breathe and live in — to ionized gas (plasma)," he said.
The instrument is expected to cost about $40 million, said Laila Andersson, a space plasma researcher at LASP.
Andersson said the project is still in the early stages. She said the instrument will not launch until 2027, at the soonest.
"I expect that (for at least) 10 years, CU will be highly active in this project," she said.
The instrument, known as the Atmospheric Electrodynamics probe for THERmal plasma, will measure how the upper atmosphere responds to energy such as weather and the impacts it can have on power lines and GPS signals, Andersson said.
"When it's highly turbulent, it will make the GPS signal decrease in quality, so your precision will go down," she said. "Any signal that goes up to the satellite can be impacted by the region you are flying through. We need to understand where that happens and how it happens, so we can either predict or suggest better frequencies where this will not impact the information going from the surface to the satellites."
Malaspina said for the first time, this mission will give scientists the ability to record measurements for both neutral gases and plasma — hot gases like the sun — at different points around the Earth all at the same time. He said this is critical in order to improve existing data and collect new data.
"The analogy I have heard before is, 'Imagine trying to measure the ocean with a single thermometer,'" he said. "It will tell you the temperature in one location, but it won't really tell you what's going on in the broader space, and that's what we've been doing up until now. We've been taking one thermometer and moving it around, but what we would like to do is put out six at the same time and move them around."
Malaspina said before people launch more satellites into the upper atmosphere, scientists need to know and understand more about weather patterns.
"I think the space weather application of trying to understand and predict the impacts of space weather on Earth and near Earth space are vital things, especially as humanity puts more time and energy into moving into space and operating in space," he said.
Annie Mehl | Boulder City Reporter | Higher Education Reporter
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Many Aurora homes have been sold by Fred Smith. Home buyers like Fred Smith, too. He is the expert on...


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Q: Restrict writing to AD attributes I don't think this is possible but figured I'd ask regardless: if a user has full control over a user object in AD (i.e. they can seize ownership or change the ACL), is it possible to restrict them from writing to certain attributes, but retain their read access?  The ones in particular I am interested in restricting are uidNumber and gidNumber.

A: Permissions are per-attribute, so you can add an inheritable permission at the root of the domain (or OU) that applies to all user objects to deny write to those attributes.
Deny always takes precedence over Allow, so it should work.

A: As long as someone has full control of the object (or is a Domain Admin), they are going to ultimately be able to edit these attribute values, as well as do anything else. It seems like there is a process/trust issue here more than a technical issue that you need to solve for.

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Equestrian Group Clears Way For Cloned Horses To Compete In The Olympics
Published August 7, 2012 at 12:09 PM PDT
A cloned foal named "ET Cryozootech Stallion" stands with Hugo Simon, Austrian former Olympic rider of "princeps" (initial donor) ET. The main equestrian organization has ended its ban on clones in the Olympics
Will the London 2012 Games be remembered as the last Olympics of the pre-clone era? The answer is maybe — because the group that oversees equestrian events has given its OK to allowing cloned horses to compete in the Summer Olympics.
As National Geographic reports, the Fédération Equestre Internationale once banned cloned horses from participating in the Olympics. But the group based in Lausanne, Switzerland, changed its stance this summer.
If you're thinking, "They don't clone really horses, do they?" — brace yourself, because the first successful horse cloning took place in 2003. And in 2006, NPR reported on a cloned horse in Texas. The FEI estimates that more than 110 horses were cloned in 2010.
And if that makes you think: "So why change now?" — consider that the minimum age for a horse to compete in Olympic equestrian events is 9 (2003 + 9 = 2012).
The option of cloning horses is particularly attractive to breeder and trainers, who sometimes castrate their animals to make them more trainable. But castration also takes away their long-term value as contributors to the gene pool — and keeps breeders from capitalizing on their winnings.
In fact, businesses like Cryozootech, based in France, pitch their services to breeders as a way to "clone your champions." As Horse and Country TV notes, the French company, along with Texas-based Via Gen, have been pushing for the change.
Up to now, both cloned horses and their offspring have been forbidden from equestrian events. And any cloned animal must be identified as such in their horse passport (yes, that's real).
The FEI's ban extends back to 2007, when its general assembly pronounced, "The competitive equestrian couple of horse and rider are both acknowledged as athletes by the FEI. The cloning of either with a view to competing at international level would be unacceptable to the FEI."
At the same time, the FEI said that it opposed cloning because it would undermine athletes' ability "to compete in international events under fair and even conditions."
That's precisely the phrase invoked by FEI veterinary director Graeme Cook, who told National Geographic, "Cloning was no unfair advantage."
In this at-times-overly-graphic slideshow presentation from the group's meeting in early May, it laid out the case for overturning the clone ban. Here are some of the main reasons cited:
The ability to keep castrated horses' genes in the gene pool;
The 98 percent — not 100 percent — similarity of a clone to its donor;
The falling price of cloning, which might even the playing field.
It remains unclear whether the FEI is also relaxing its ban on ... wait for it... cloned humans. As careful readers will have noted above, the ban on human clones was also part of the 2007 prohibitions, made by a group that seems to have no choice but to look far in the future.


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Welcome to "The Better Part." A program devoted to exploring the many facets of those better years of our lives. The name of our program is inspired by a quotation from Robert Browning.
"Grow old along with me the best is yet to be, the last of life for which the first was made"
Now enjoy our programs made especially to provide you with useful information and some lighter moments to brighten your day.
Designed and maintained by: PML & Associates.


text:
/* pci_enum.c - PCI Enumeration print-out application */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2015 Intel Corporation.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 */
#include <ztest.h>
#include <pci/pci.h>

static void pci_enumerate(void)
{
	struct pci_dev_info info = {
		.function = PCI_FUNCTION_ANY,
		.bar = PCI_BAR_ANY,
	};

	pci_bus_scan_init();

	while (pci_bus_scan(&info)) {
		pci_show(&info);
		info.class_type = 0;
		info.vendor_id = 0;
		info.device_id = 0;
		info.function = PCI_FUNCTION_ANY;
		info.bar = PCI_BAR_ANY;
	}
}

void test_main(void)
{
	ztest_test_suite(pci_test, ztest_unit_test(pci_enumerate));
	ztest_run_test_suite(pci_test);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Israel's Netanyahu limps into new election campaign
Blue and White party leader Benny Gantz, center, stands during a Knesset session in Jerusalem, Wednesday, Dec. 11, 2019. The Israeli parliament began voting to dissolve itself on Wednesday and pave the path to an unprecedented third election within a year. (AP Photo/Oded Balilty)
By JOSEF FEDERMANAssociated Press
JERUSALEM —
With Israel heading to its third straight election in a year, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has managed to buy some much-needed time as he tries to fend off a slew of criminal corruption charges.
But the embattled Israeli leader heads into the three-month campaign weakened within his own party, facing additional legal questions about his political future and squaring off against an increasingly popular opponent.
Netanyahu has been reeling since Israel's attorney general last month indicted him on charges of accepting bribes, fraud and breach of trust for allegedly receiving gifts and trading favors with the rich and powerful. That indictment was at the heart of the political standoff that triggered the new elections, and it is sure to be the central issue of an upcoming campaign that is expected to result in a similar deadlock.
"We are about to hold a third election because of the legal problems faced by citizen Benjamin Netanyahu," wrote Sima Kadmon, a commentator in the Yediot Ahronot daily.
Following Sept. 17 elections, neither Netanyahu nor his main rival, Blue and White party leader Benny Gantz, were able to secure a governing majority. With the two sides together controlling a solid majority of seats, the easiest way out of the standoff appeared to be a power-sharing agreement. But the two men deadlocked over Netanyahu's legal troubles.
Netanyahu insisted on remaining prime minister, a position where he is best-positioned to fight the criminal charges. Gantz, a former military chief, said a prime minister with such serious criminal charges could not lead the country.
After months of failed talks, parliament dissolved at a midnight deadline Wednesday, triggering new elections that were scheduled for March 2. It is the third election in under 12 months, after voting in September and April ended inconclusively.
Although opinion polls have forecast similar deadlock, the prospect of a new campaign offers Netanyahu a welcome breather from his legal troubles. Netanyahu is widely expected to ask parliament to grant him immunity from prosecution. But lawmakers in a caretaker government cannot rule on the question. That gives Netanyahu hope of mustering a more sympathetic parliament, while putting the question of immunity, and the start of his trial, on hold until next spring at the earliest.
The Likud party has so far stood firmly behind Netanyahu, the country's longest-ever serving prime minister. But that support has begun to fray.
Gideon Saar, a popular lawmaker, has already announced he will challenge Netanyahu in a party primary scheduled on Dec. 26.
Speaking to the Kan radio station Thursday, Saar said that Israel's political system has sunk to a low point and after two inconclusive elections, Netanyahu is "stuck."
"We need a new hope. The country is going the wrong way. We need to mend the divide, to rehabilitate the public's trust," he said. "None of this will happen if we don't make a change."
Though early polls have indicated that Netanyahu will trounce his upstart challenger, Saar claims to have significant grassroots support. On Thursday, Kan reported that Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan, another senior Likud member, was considering endorsing Saar. There was no comment from either man.
Even if Netanyahu emerges victorious, a nasty primary challenge could leave him — and the party — weakened as it heads into the national campaign.
Under Israeli law, sitting prime ministers are not required to resign if charged with a crime.
For this reason, Netanyahu is desperate to remain on the job as he girds up for his trial. Netanyahu has used the post as a bully pulpit to accuse police and prosecutors of trying to stage an "attempted coup." During post-election coalition negotiations, Netanyahu could offer potential partners coveted Cabinet posts in exchange for their support for immunity.
The law, however, requires other Cabinet ministers to step down if charged with a crime. On Thursday, Netanyahu, who holds four other Cabinet portfolios notified Israel's Supreme Court that he would give up each ministry by the end of the year. The letter to the court, which was responding to a petition by a good governance group, stressed that Netanyahu would continue serving as prime minister.
The court rejected a request by the group to force Netanyahu to step down as prime minister. Yet it has instructed the country's attorney general to issue an opinion on a related question: whether he could be given the task of forming a new coalition following the next election. A negative ruling could disqualify Netanyahu from leading the party.
Reuven Hazan, a political scientist at Hebrew University, said that after more than a decade in office, Netanyahu is "weaker now than he ever was." Yet he said that if Netanyahu is forced out, it would be much better for him to be ousted in either a party primary or national election.
"To have him win an election and then have him removed by the legal process, that could rip the country apart," he said.
As he moves forward, Netanyahu is likely to continue with his attacks on the country's Arab minority, which have drawn accusations of incitement, and his claims that he is the victim of a grand conspiracy by the nation's "elites."
This message has resonated well with his base of working class, religious and nationalist Israelis. But there are signs that the broader support that has made him such a dominant politician for so long are beginning to soften.
Recent polls have indicated that Blue and White is gaining strength over Likud. They also show Gantz's personal popularity growing. The former military chief received a boost from his own party when one of his deputies, Yair Lapid, dropped a longstanding demand to rotate the party leadership.
"Gantz is entering this campaign in the best position he could hope to be in," wrote Yossi Verter, the political columnist for the Haaretz daily.
Whether the surge is enough to secure victory is unclear.
"The 2020 elections got underway yesterday," wrote Matti Tuchfeld, a commentator with the pro-Netanyahu Israel Hayom newspaper. "But unless there is a dramatic change, we may perhaps find ourselves with second 2020 elections," he said.
Associated Press writer Ilan Ben Zion contributed to this report.
Top headlines by email, weekday mornings
JOSEF FEDERMAN
Ohio State University says the investigation and related lawsuits about alleged sexual abuse decades ago by a team doctor have cost nearly $10 million so far
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Sri Lankan authorities have lifted a ban on drones that was imposed after the Easter Sunday attacks that left 263 people dead in the Indian Ocean island nation
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Germany's interior minister is suggesting that his country can't build a 5G mobile network without Chinese tech giant Huawei, at least for now


text:
Amazon, Starbucks worker wins recall earlier period of union success – when Central American migrants also expanded US labor movement
Category: Politics
Members of a union representing workers who clean New York City offices march in 2019.
Tech workers, warehouse employees and baristas have notched many victories in recent months at major U.S. companies long deemed long shots for unions, including Apple, Amazon and Starbucks.
To me, these recent union wins recall another pivotal period in the U.S. labor movement several decades ago. But that one was led by migrants from Central America.
I've been researching human rights and immigration from Central America since the 1980s. In today's polarized debates over immigration, the substantial contributions that Central American immigrants have made to U.S. society over the past 30 years rarely come up. One contribution in particular is how Guatemalan and Salvadoran immigrants helped expand the U.S. labor movement in the 1980s, organizing far-reaching workers' rights campaigns in immigrant-dominated industries that mainstream unions had thought to be untouchable.
Migrants and unions
More than 1 million Salvadorans and Guatemalans came to the United States from 1981 to 1990, fleeing army massacres, political persecution and civil war.
Since the 1980s, I have researched, taught and written about this wave of migrants. Back then, President Ronald Reagan warned apocryphally that Central America was a threat to the United States, telling Congress in 1983 that "El Salvador is nearer to Texas than Texas is to Massachusetts."
Just 2% of Salvadorans and Guatemalans who applied received asylum in the 1980s – so few that a 1990 class-action lawsuit alleging discrimination compelled the U.S. government to reopen tens of thousands of cases. In recent years, about 10% to 25% of their asylum petitions were granted.
Then, as now, many undocumented immigrants in the U.S. worked in agriculture or service industries, often under exploitative conditions. Unionization barely touched these sectors in the 1980s.
More broadly, the bargaining power of labor unions was suffering under Reagan, whose presidency started with his firing of 11,0000 striking air traffic controllers. Downsizing and outsourcing at American companies in the 1980s also eroded union membership and pushed wages down.
Many Guatemalans and Salvadorans were veteran community organizers. They had faced down government terror to participate in unions, peasant leagues, Catholic social justice campaigns or Indigenous rights initiatives – all currents in 1980s revolutionary Central America.
Drawing on these experiences, many Central American immigrants began to organize in their U.S. workplaces, demanding higher wages and safer conditions.
Salvadorans led Justice for Janitors to victory
Salvadoran immigrants in California were pivotal in Justice for Janitors, a pioneering low-paid workers' movement that inspired today's US$15 minimum wage campaign.
Justice for Janitors began in Los Angeles in 1990. It aimed to reverse the wage drops that janitors suffered over the past decade.
Rather than do battle with the small subcontractors that hired cleaning crews for big office buildings, Justice for Janitors targeted the corporations that owned those buildings. Led by experienced Salvadoran unionists – some of whom had fled death squad violence back home – the movement used nonviolent civil disobedience and strikes to expose exploitative labor practices.
Speaking out could be dangerous. Police once clubbed participants at a peaceful march through Los Angeles' Century City neighborhood on June 15, 1990. Undocumented workers feared deportation.
But it worked. Janitors in Los Angeles won a 22% raise after their 1990 citywide strike, showing mainstream labor unions that even the city's most marginalized workers – undocumented Central Americans, many of them women – had real organizing power.
Over the next decade, some 100,000 janitors nationwide joined the campaign, under the banner of the Service Employees Industrial Union. The movement negotiated contracts that increased wages and health benefits for janitors across the U.S.
Guatemalans defended Florida farmworkers
Hundreds of thousands of people fled Guatemala during the early 1980s, escaping a genocidal army campaign against Indigenous communities that left entire regions of its highlands charred and empty.
Roughly 20,000 of these Guatemalan refugees, many of whom spoke Mayan languages, landed in Florida in 1982, finding work in sweltering tomato farms and citrus groves.
Up to 90% of the fresh tomatoes in U.S. supermarkets come from Florida.
Working conditions in the state's tomato fields were dismal in the 1980s. Migrants earned just 40 cents per 32-pound bucket of tomatoes picked. Some were forced by armed guards to work against their will, as a 1997 court case about the use of slave labor in Florida's tomato fields exposed.
In 1993, Guatemalan immigrants joined with Florida's Haitian and Mexican farmworkers to form the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, a community worker alliance that began in the basement of a local church in Immokalee, Florida. It used strategies common to Latin American protest movements, including street theater and socially conscious radio broadcasts, to unite Florida's agricultural workers.
After five years of work stoppages, hunger strikes and marches, Florida's tomato pickers won wage increases of up to 25%. A multiyear nationwide boycott of Taco Bell convinced the fast-food chain in 2005 to increase the earnings of the farmworkers who supply its ingredients. Other fast-food giants followed suit.
In 2015, the Immokalee coalition launched the Fair Food Program, an industrywide agreement with Florida tomato growers to promote strict health and safety standards and allow outside monitors to oversee working conditions. That same year, President Barack Obama gave the Coalition of Immokalee Workers the Presidential Award for Extraordinary Efforts in Combating Modern Day Slavery.
Farmworkers with the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, one of the United States' most successful agricultural labor unions, collect tomatoes in Naples, Fla.
AP Photo/Wilfredo Leef
Guatemalans organized North Carolina poultry plants
As Guatemalan migrants spread across the South during the late 1980s, recruited by labor contractors in other states, they soon became a powerful organizing force in North Carolina, too.
Case Farms, a poultry company that supplies KFC, Taco Bell, Boar's Head and the federal school lunch program, was a notoriously dangerous place to work. Safety regulations were routinely ignored to increase output, and workers suffered serious injuries – including losing limbs to cutting machines.
In 1990, the Guatemalan immigrants at Case Farms' plant in Morganton, North Carolina, organized a union drive.
As labor historian Leon Fink describes in his book "The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South," Guatemalan poultry workers drew on prior organizing experiences back home – including coffee plantation strikes and Mayan pride movements – to organize workers.
After five years of walkouts, marches and hunger strikes, the Case Farm workers voted in 1995 to join the Laborers' International Union of North America. The company refused to negotiate, however, and the union pulled out of contract talks after six years.
In 2017, Sen. Sherrod Brown of Ohio challenged Case Farms to explain its alleged violations of U.S. law, after a New York Times and ProPublica investigation exposed ongoing abusive labor practices there.
These unionization stories show Central American migrants in a new light – not as criminals or victims, but as people who have helped make the U.S. a safer place for workers.
This is an updated version of an article originally published on Jan. 18, 2019.
Elizabeth Oglesby does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Tags: Amazon, Starbucks, Workers Union
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We have a number of policies and procedures available for you to read on this website. These are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure they meet the ever changing needs of our pupils and staff. For any further information please e-mail info@claverham.org.


"मेरे आगे पीटर है ।"
Translation:Peter is in front of me.
Would it be incorrect to say "Peter mere aage hai"? It seems like most of the sentences put the subject first.
Your sentence would be correct too.
P.S. if before the postposition i use "mere", it means that the postposition is "ke aage"?
For some reason i just dont get the order of the words here.
Peter is before me - is this wrong?


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Preface. This textbook is based on the College Entrance Examination Board test in Advanced Placement United States History. The test is a standard on the subject, covering what most students in the United States study in high school and college, so we treat it as the best reference.
Carpenters, masons, and stone-cutters began a strike as part of the Ten-Hour Movement among skilled workers. a union for factory workers in the shoe industry, founded. 1868 (Germany) The Supreme Court approved the Eight-Hour Act under the threat of a national railway strike.
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text:
Potter happy with pre-season opener
Graham Potter believes his Swansea City side are showing early signs of progress after kicking off their pre-season campaign with a 2-1 win at Yeovil Town.
Potter, in charge for the first time since arriving from Swedish side Ostersund this summer, used 21 players in total at Huish Park.
A mixture of youth and experience took to the field in Somerset as the Swans came from behind to claim victory courtesy of goals from summer signing Yan Dhanda and Matt Grimes.
And Potter was happy with his side's first outing.
"It was our first game after just five days of training," said Potter. "We got a lot of players on to the pitch and we will take a lot of information from that and analyse it.
"There were things to improve on, of course, while there were things we did well.
"It was nice to finish the second half with a spirited, enthusiastic performance.
"The scoreline was nice but it's not that important at this stage.
"We can go away and see how we need to improve and keep building, but I feel we have made progress despite only a short amount of time together.
"Overall, it was a good workout and exercise."
Graham Potter


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Fixed tpgenc audio noise issue when the number of channels were changed during the AAC audio decoding process. Fixed an issue where some audio channels would be muted when loading a DolbyDigital 4ch audio source.
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More information about Pegasys Inc, can be found here. CUDA – Fixed an issue where encoding could be slow when prefetch caching is enabled and you are using filters.
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Displaying the audio waveform with video that is less than 1 fps could cause a memory access error. This is easier said than done because uninstalling this by hand requires some know-how regarding removing Windows programs manually. A list of the programs existing on your PC will be made available to you 6. In certain configurations, the Preview buttons of the cut-edit window would not display correctly and the audio waveform would display a "No audio available" tmpgenc 4.0 xpress 4.2.3.193.
This update corrects an issue where some video data would not be decoded unless played frame by frame. This option allows you to control the SpursEngine bitrate overflow.
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When using multiple VFAPI filters, it would sometimes be difficult to retrieve video and audio correctly. Importing damaged or abnormal timestamps at the header of a file through the MPEG reader has been fixed.
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text:
Environment Planet Earth
The World Is Running Out of Sand
Bryan Nelson
Bryan Nelson is a science writer and award-winning documentary filmmaker with over a decade of experience covering technology, astronomy, medicine, and more.
Sand might seem plentiful in some places, but not all sand is created equal. Luca Galuzzi/Wiki Commons
After a trip to the beach, you're likely to return with sand in your hair, between your toes, underneath your fingernails. It might be difficult to believe that the world is running out of the stuff, but it is.
Sand — that seemingly abundant resource — is becoming a rare commodity. That's because it's the most commonly extracted resource worldwide; more than oil, more than gold. We need it to make concrete, asphalt, and glass. The silicon chips in your electronics are even made, in part, from sand. It's everywhere, and our mining operations are getting out of hand.
A big part of the problem is that not all sand is created equal. Dry, fine grains like those found in desert sand dunes are often inadequate as a construction material. And sand is surprisingly scarce in most of the world's deserts, despite common depictions.
"Not all the sand that we see is suitable for construction, and in particular the sand from deserts like the Sahara, in general, is not good for making concrete as it substantially reduces its strength — the grains of desert sand are too round, fine and single sized," explained Dr. Aurora Torres, a post-doctoral researcher at the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, to ZME Science. "For concrete, a diverse mix of irregular grains of sand is much better. There are many research teams trying to find ways to use desert sand but the techniques that are being developed use more energy, are more expensive and generate more greenhouse gases. Other deserts don't have as much sand as we might think, like the Gobi desert."
Where the 'good' sand is
Another part of the problem is that much of the "good" sand is in ecologically sensitive areas, such as along rivers or coastlines. Mining operations destroy habitats, and removing sand from where it occurs naturally can cause problems with erosion and leave coastlines vulnerable during extreme weather events like hurricanes or tsunamis.
The problem is only likely to get worse. That's because as supply dwindles, its value increases. And as its value increases, competition for the resource ramps up, and lucrative black markets can emerge.
We're already seeing this happen with sand. (Yes, there are actually black markets for sand.) For instance, a "sand mafia" has formed in some countries like India, where sand trading is big business. In another example, the government in Hong Kong was forced to establish a state monopoly over sand mining and trade not too long ago, just to try and stop regular violence that had cropped up in relation to rampant competition over the resource.
Governments worldwide might need to intervene in similar ways just to stabilize the market. And just to reiterate: yes, we're still talking about sand.
The sand shortage is already reaching critical levels in some countries.
"In Vietnam, the ministry of construction made an official declaration that by 2020, Vietnam may run out sand because the extraction rates exceed the resources of the country," said Torres.
The good news is, there are solutions. Sand (or, at least, the materials made from sand) can be recycled. Furthermore, there are global economic regulations that can be enacted which have the power to stabilize the market.
The crisis is a looming reminder that no resource is truly unlimited. Even sand mining demands that sustainable practices be put into practice. Our economic systems, like Earth's ecosystems, must be balanced.
How Tariffs on Canadian Aluminum Hurt the Climate
The World Threw Away 54 Million Tons of Electronics Last Year
Have We Reached Peak Sand?
Life's Not a Beach, Especially When the Sand All Goes to Concrete
Could the Carbon Bubble Ruin Your Retirement?
High-Income Countries Are Driving the Extinction of the World's Primates
10 Unforgettable Desert Adventures
Hardwood Could Become the New Sugar Cane - If Sustainable Development Becomes 'Super Critical'
8 Incredible Animals Being Hunted Into Extinction
Is Concrete "The Most Destructive Material on Earth"?
We Have Passed Peak Sand; People Will Soon Be Fighting Over the Stuff
In Peru's Forests, New Discoveries Signal Encroaching Dangers
6 Common Travel Activities That Hurt Animals
Why Fixing Climate Change May Turn Out to Be a Bargain
What You Don't Know About Seaweed
2020 Tokyo Olympics Medals Will Be Made From Metals Recovered From E-Waste


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The career platform's data reveals which countries are attracting the most professionals and what types of industries and job positions are leading them to pack for overseas.


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In the 2016-17 academic year, Miami Law students travelled across the globe arguing in some of the most prestigious international moot competitions in English, Spanish and even serving as judges in some cases.
"Moot Madrid not only helped me sharpen my analytical skills, it also allowed me to improve my Spanish at such a high-level that I was able to win honorable mention for best oralist in a competition filled with Latin Americans and Spaniards," said Michael Rodriguez, who recently accepted a summer position with Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer in Washington D.C.
"America really is the land of hope and opportunity. The international arbitration field offers a wealth of options," says Nawazish Choudhury. "Arbitration hubs exist all over the world. I could find myself in Dubai, London, or representing European or Middle Eastern clients in South America, where an increasing number of arbitrations are being conducted in English. It's really interesting stuff."
More on the International Moot Court Program.


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Home›Feature Stories›Band & Musician FS›Ryo Okumoto: Keyboards (Spock's Beard)
Ryo Okumoto: Keyboards (Spock's Beard)
Our strength is the live performance.
MPc: Let's start with a 30-second summary of your musical life.
RO: I grew up in Japan. Started playing piano when I was three years old, in Osaka. I moved to Tokyo when I was fifteen, worked there for seven years, then I moved to L.A.
MPc: What brought you to Los Angeles?
RO: Music. I was 22. I did my solo record, called Making Rock. It came out in Japan, on Canyon Records. It was the guys from Toto: Steve Lukather, Jeff Pocoro, Neil Stubenhaus on bass, David Foster the producer was my second keyboard player, and Jay Gradon was playing guitar. That was my first time visiting L.A., and then I decided to move to L.A. after that. I went to the Dick Grove School of Music, four years, then started getting local gigs.
MPc: Who were some of your influences?
RO: Keith Emerson, Rick Wakeman, Chicke Corea, Herbie Hancock, Oscar Peterson, Bill Evans, Jimmy Smith, Pat Methany, Lyle Mays.
MPc: How has songwriting evolved in Spock's Beard over the years with different singers?
RO: The first six CDs were all about Neal [Morse, who co-founded the band with his brother Alan]. He wrote 100% everything. It was easy. We just got the demo from him, we'd play, arrange, and re-arrange in the studio. Then after that, when he left [the band], I said oh my god, we have to start writing.
We struggled in the beginning. It was so hard for us, because Neil's writing was incredible. Now, we don't really think about who's singing, or their style. We just try to keep Spock's style as much as possible.
MPc: How would you describe Spock's Beard's style?
RO: It's just Spock's Beard. It's different than everyone else. Of course Ted is great, we came up with a good CD (2013's Brief Nocturnes and Dreamless Sleep). Our strength is the live performance. It's so much fun. So much energy. A lot of characters on stage. That's what makes us different than other bands. So many other prog bands, on stage, they just sit and quietly play, but we're jumping around on stage. Fun to look at. [laughs]
MPc: When you write now, is it mainly you and Alan writing?
RO: We all write songs and send them out to everybody. At the end, right before we go into recording, we audition the songs and decide which songs are good for Spock. Then we record it. We record about 80-90 minutes of material so we can choose which to use, and the leftover is bonus tracks for the European market, or our market, or Japan.
MPc: Something I've always appreciated about Spock's Beard is that you guys aren't afraid to embrace pop songs.
RO: We don't really think about it, being commercial or being so prog. We just give feedback to the writer and it just comes out that way.
MPc: Vocal harmonies are a big part of the sound.
RO: Everyone sings so well, especially [our drummer] Jimmy. He sings his ass off. He has a high voice in that little body [laughs].
MPc: There are certain staples in the Spock's Beard keyboard sound. Let's talk about your keyboard rig.
RO: Hammond. Gotta' be there, the Hammond phrasing, distorted sound, percussion, some reverb, gotta' have that for prog, and the Mellotron, definitely.
MPc: What is it you love about the Mellotron?
RO: The sound. It's so different when you hit it. You just set the mood for prog. It creates a whole scene. You know, it only makes three sounds: string, choir, and flute. But when you have it, "Oh, it's prog." And, a Minimoog.
MPc: Would those be your three desert island synths, then?
RO: Yeah, and acoustic piano.
MPc: Which virtual piano do you presently use on the road?
RO: Right now I'm using [Apple] Mainstage. I started using it two years ago, and I'm finally getting the hang of it. It's so easy to program. I use the True Piano plug-in, and some samples, some Yamaha pianos. I like Arturia's [V-Collection], and the Mainstage sounds. I have tons of different Minimoogs and Prophets.
I take my Minimoog on tour, but not here. I didn't this time because it's a one-off gig [in New York City], and it's hard to set up four keyboards. Hammond, Minimoog on top, and on the other side piano, synth on top, for the European tour. But one-off like this, I just use two keyboards, an organ and synth.
MPc: How do you feel about having a laptop as part of your keyboard rig. Has it made things better or worse for you?
RO: Yes and no. It's definitely easy to edit. But a computer fails sometimes. It doesn't freeze, but I'm having trouble finding a good foot controller for patch changes. Sometimes pushing the program, it doesn't go, and I have to reach over to the computer and change patches.
When I'm playing the Hammond, sometimes it's hard to reach other keys, like Hammond and piano sounds. But now, I'll push a volume pedal down to get Hammond sounds, and volume up will mute the organ and at the same time kick in the piano sound. You'll see that tonight. I just figured this out this tour, Mainstage makes it really easy to do.
MPc: Many Spock's Beard songs have many layers of keyboard parts. How do you go about translating those parts to a live performance?
RO: You'll hear it tonight! [laughs]. Especially when Neal was in the band, he played keyboards. Mostly he played piano sounds and some synth sounds, and I played Hammond, Mellotron, and Minimoog. After he left I had to cover both keyboard parts. Whoa.
I try to play everything just like the CD. That's why I need four keyboards! So when I turn around, I have everything. And that's why Mainstage makes doing everything so easy, switching between one keyboard having two or three different sounds, muting and unmuting sounds.
I was really trying to use different sounds all throughout the album this time around.
MPc: What are some of your favorite songs to play live?
RO: "Beware of Darkness," from the second album. That's the best for me. Dark, real prog. Gigantic, epic songs. "Great Nothing," 26 minutes. "Harm's Way," it's great, long song. And doing the "Snow" medley, that's another 13-15 minutes. I like long songs. It's exciting, it's different.
MPc: On your 2013 record, Brief Nocturnes and Dreamless Sleep, how did you get that cool riff sound at the start of "Afterthoughts?"
RO: I really like the intro sound on "Afterthoughts." The Hammond going through a Leslie with a real cheap distortion effect, we cranked it up. That was fun to do.
MPc: Do you use a real Leslie in the studio?
RO: Oh yeah. I use a real Mellotron. Also, Minimoog, Jupiter 8, Prophet 5, real clavinet.
MPc: You seemed to embrace a broader palette of sounds on The Oblivion Particle than I've heard on previous Spock's Beard albums. Tell me about the changes you made to your keyboard rig for the new record.
RO: Well, I acquired a new grand Yamaha piano, so that is featured extensively throughout the album. Also I'm using Arturia plug-ins in addition to my regular rig.
MPc: While the opening track, "Tides of Time," is classic Spock's Beard, it sounds like the songwriting evolved quite a bit as well on the new record. Tell me about the songwriting process for the new record.
RO: Nothing actually changed, we just did what we usually do. I think our writing has improved due to all of us becoming better writers with each album!
MPc: "Bennette Built a Time Machine" is one of my favorite songs the band has ever written. Tell me about the song, and the interesting synth sounds you brought to it.
RO: It's one of my favorite songs on this CD, as all of us contributed heavily to the writing of this song. It's truly a group composition. As for sound design, I used the Arturia soft-synths to get some different sounds from what I normally use.
MPc: There's some cool keyboard soloing going on in "A Better Way to Fly." What did you use for those lead sounds?
RO: For the lead sound I again used my new Arturia soft synths. I was really trying to use different sounds all throughout the album this time around.
MPc: "The Center Line" opened with some great classical piano. Tell me about your inspiration for that piano section. There was some nice piano soloing in "To Be Free Again," too. Was there a conscious decision to play more acoustic piano on this record? And was that your new Yamaha piano or virtual/sampled piano?
RO: I used the Yamaha grand for both tracks. No sampled piano is used anywhere on the album. As for inspiration, I was trying to write something similar to "The Doorway," but it got more complicated than "The Doorway" ever was! On "To Be Free Again," I was going for a Bruce Hornsby kind of sound, something a bit more like contemporary fusion.
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Österrikes författning är en samling av ett stort antal lagar med ställning som författningslag. Kärnan utgörs av grundlagen (tyska: Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz) från 1920 i 1929 års version. Därutöver finns det omkring 400 lagar och statsfördrag som helt eller delvis åtnjuter författningsrang vilket gör Österrikes författning svåröverskådlig.

Historia
Grundlagen (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz) togs av en konstituerande nationalförsamling den 1 oktober 1920. Förslaget till grundlagen hade utarbetats av rättsfilosofen och rättsvetaren Hans Kelsen.

Grundlagen var från början ofullständig eftersom partierna i den unga republiken inte kunde enas om viktiga punkter. Därför övertogs ett antal lagar ur den österrikisk-ungerska monarkin och upphöjdes till författningsrang, som till exempel grundlagen om medborgarnas allmänna rättigheter från 1867.

I den första republiken gjordes två väsentliga lagändringar: 1925, när man bland annat reglerade kompetensuppdelningen mellan förbundsstaten och delstaterna och 1929, när förbundspresidentens befogenheter utvidgades på bekostnad av parlamentets kompetenser. 1934 ersattes grundlagen av den austrofascistiska diktaturens majförfattning.

Efter Tredje rikets sammanbrott och Österrikes befrielse vid slutet av andra världskriget 1945 återtogs grundlagen från 1920 i 1929 års version. Sedan dess ändrades grundlagen mer än 100 gånger samtidigt som många lagar respektive lagbestämmelser upphöjdes till författningsrang. En större principiell förändring av grundlagen, vilken bara kan genomföras genom en beslutande folkomröstning, skedde bara en enda gång 1994, nämligen innan Österrike gick med i Europeiska unionen.

2003 inrättades ett författningskonvent av regeringen som skulle utarbeta ett förslag till en ny enhetlig konstitution för att rensa ut den gällande författningen och anpassa den till de nutida behoven. Konventet avslutade sitt arbete 2005 utan att ha nått sitt mål.

Författningens principer
I grundlagen sägs att en totaländring av författningen inte bara ska beslutas i parlament utan också underkastas en obligatorisk beslutande folkomröstning. Eftersom författningssamlingen är så svåröverskådlig har den österrikiska rättsvetenskapen identifierat och definierat de grundläggande principer som styr författningen. En lagändring som skulle innebära en ändring av en av dessa principer anses då som totaländring av författningen. Dessa principer är:
 den demokratiska principen vilken ger uttryck för folksuveräniteten. All politisk makt i samhället måste vara legitimerad av folket, antingen indirekt genom valda församlingar (till exempel parlament, lantdag med mera) eller direkt genom folkinitiativ  (tyska: Volksbegehren) eller folkomröstning (tyska: Volksabstimmung och Volksbefragung).
den republikanska principen som är ett tydligt avvisande av en monarkisk statsform. Statschefen ska väljas, varvid medlemmar av regerande kungahus och av släkter som någon gång regerade utesluts från valbarheten.
den federala principen som säger att statsfunktionerna är uppdelade mellan förbundsstaten och delstaterna både när det gäller lagstiftning och verkställande. I realiteten är denna princip bara svagt utvecklad.
den rättsstatliga principen som innebär att all offentlig maktutövning är underkastad rättsliga normer både när det gäller förutsättningar och själva förfarandet. Dessutom kan även dessa lagar prövas av författningsdomstolen i fråga om de inte strider mot författningen.
principen om statsmakternas uppdelning som kräver en formell uppdelning av makten i staten mellan den lagstiftande, den verkställande och den dömande makten.

Grundläggande fri- och rättigheter
Grundlagen innehåller ingen katalog av grundläggande fri- och rättigheter. De medborgerliga rättigheterna skyddas av olika andra lagar, främst av grundlagen om medborgarnas allmänna rättigheter från 1867. Men även Europakonventionen har ställning som författningslag i Österrike.

Författningslagstiftning
Författningslagar och lagbestämmelser har i Österrike ett särskilt starkt skydd. För att ta beslut om en ny författningslag eller om en ändring av en författningslag krävs en majoritet på två tredjedelar i en omröstning i nationalrådet varvid minst hälften av nationalrådets ledamöter måste närvara. Ändringar som berör de ovannämnda grundläggande författningsprinciperna kräver dessutom ett godkännande av folket i en folkomröstning. Detta har hittills skett bara en enda gång: Österrikes inträde i den Europeiska unionen skulle innebära djupa ingrepp i författningens principer. Därför stiftades en egen författningslag om EU-inträdet som godkändes av folket i EU-omröstningen 1994.

Litteratur
Dachs, Herbert u. a. (Hrsg.): Politik in Österreich. Das Handbuch, Manz, Wien 2006.
Funk, Bernd-Christian: Einführung in das österreichische Verfassungsrecht''. neu bearbeitete Aufl. Leykam, Graz, 2003.

Politik i Österrike

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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