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Legal Readings
"A PLATFORM FOR LEARNING"
Evidentiary value of privileged Communication
By Ishant / 10 February 2021 10 February 2021
When two people or parties talk or interact with each other privately, who share a protected relationship, it is known as Privileged communication. The communication between them should be confidential, i.e., both the parties are bound not to tell anyone about their communication, which has taken place in private considering their protected relationship. Even the law cannot force both parties to disclose their communication, and if any of the parties reveal, it will come under the legal limitations. Whatever communication has taken place between the two parties will remain between the two of them only, as per privileged communication. The court can compel either of the parties to disclose any communication or ask both parties directly or indirectly related to the communication.
Commonly, different types of relationships where privileged communication exists are-
Communication between attorney and client;
Communication between husband and wife;
The communication of any advice given by a doctor or therapist to his or her patient;
Communication between priest and parishioner.
The confidentiality of the interaction or the communication is maintained between both the parties who share a protected relationship such as attorney-client, husband-wife, etc., as they enjoy the expectation of privileged communication where no party is allowed to disclose their communication. Still, if they are threatened that some harm will be given to them, then at that time, the exception of this privileged communication protection will disappear.[1]
Protections under Privileged Communication
Condition in which Privileged Communication is not Private
Types of Privileged Communication
Spousal Communication
Professional Communication
What qualifies as Privileged Communication?
After the interaction between the attorney and client or other professional relationships like the doctor or patient, the right to protect that communication is on the client. The receiver of that particular communication by the attorney or the doctor in a private place, the obligation lies on the client or the patient to keep that information safe and personal as it is confidential. If they can't keep that communication protected, they lose their operating license, etc.
The exchange of the information made between two parties that share a protected relationship must be kept controversial even if they exclude some of the case's relevant facts. In trials, it's necessary to bring the relevant evidence, but this privileged communication between attorney or client, doctor or patient, or husband-wife is expected. Privileged communication is there to safeguard the privacy clause of some protected relationship.The court cannot compel either spouse to disclose the interaction or exchange of information between them during or in continuation of their legal marriage. These privileged communication rights continue even if the marriage is dissolved to protect the wedding's general sanctity and the country's religion. But this protection of privileged communication does not prevent any one party or any spouse from testifying against the other spouse. And now, coming to the doctor-patient relationship, the confidentiality clause between them is that if the patient will not tell accurate or full information about his health, how will the doctor administer his health care properly. So, for that purpose, the communication or the interaction between the patient and doctor is referred to as privileged communication. The relationship between attorney and client is referred to as the same reason as the doctor and the client.
The interaction between the two parties should be made in a private setting to maintain confidentiality between them. The reason to do so is that no other third-person overheard the communication between them. If that particular communication is shared with a third party, then the confidentiality clause will break as the third party does not share any protection with the relationship. However, a person who is an agent of the receiver of the information—an accountant's secretary, say, or a doctor's nurse—is generally not considered a third party who jeopardizes the communication's privileged status.
If any one party is causing a threat to another party that they will harm them in the present time or the future, the communication will not be referred to as privileged communication. If there is a lack of protection for children or any other person in spousal communication, the privilege will no longer apply to any threat or harm to the child or spouse. The communication will not be subject to any privilege.[2]
In both the civil and the criminal trial, the admission of the relevant fact is a must. But privileged communication between the two parties is an expectation of that. But in some cases, privileged communication is not good, but it is dangerous because of the following reasons. Privileged communications are not always absolute. For example, in a case, the defendant can use the communication between the accused with his doctor to defend himself in the court proceedings. The court will consider such a request only if the defendant can establish a reasonable probability that important information exists in the communication relevant to the case.[3]
Also, in different jurisdictions, the rules regarding this privileged communication are various, which are also redefined or adjusted in other matters periodically.
https://legalreadings.com/interpretation-of-law-by-different-schools-of-jurisprudence/
Privileged communication is of three types:-
State communication
In the common law, spousal privilege (also called marital privilege or husband-wife privilege) is used in the law of evidence to describe two separate privileges that apply to spouses: the spousal communications privilege and the spousal testimonial privilege.
Spousal communication can be called communication between spouses during their marriage and will be considered privileged communication. Marital communication is the private interaction between a husband and his wife, who is in a protected relationship. Any interaction taken place between married couples is considered a confidential matter, and the court cannot compel them to answer any of their questions about the issue related to their communication. None one of the spouses is allowed to share information related to the subject matter of their communication to any third party, which is made between them within the time of a valid and existing marriage.
This concept is called an expectation of secrecy between husband and wife to maintain the confidentiality of the communication taking place between them.
There are two types of spousal privilege:
Marital Communication privilege:-
The right is given to husband and wife to refuse to testify in a trial about confidential statements made to each other in the marriage relationship.
The Marital Communication privilege, also known as a husband-wife privilege, protects and ensures husband and wife's privacy in court; it is the right that only the legally married people have. This privilege allows them to refuse to testify any conversation or letter any information that may or can be used against the accused, any spouses in court. The marital privilege is an exception to the general rule that all applicable proof is permissible at trial.
Privileged communication cannot be taken in the trial as relevant evidence to maintain confidentiality. With the marital privilege, the goal is to be free and open with each other. They can share anything they want, which is accepted to strengthen and further the marital relationship.
The essential condition for its use is a legal marriage. Courts will not permit its use by partners who merely live together or by those who have a common-law marriage or a sham, or false marriage—additionally, the communication more likely than not occurred while the marriage existed, not after a divorce. For the most part, the assurance of whether a marriage is lawful relies upon state law.
Testimonial Privilege:-
Testimonial privilege means a right to testify founded on a claim of privilege. Testimonial privilege overrules an observer's obligation to reveal matters inside the witness's information, whether at trial or by deposition.
The purpose of the testimonial privilege is to encourage domestic harmony and prevent discord. The privilege also reflects the normal offensiveness of having one spouse testify against the other, and keeps the affirming life partner from picking between perjury, contempt of court, or jeopardizing the marriage.
Unlike the marital communications privilege, the testimonial privilege lasts only as long as a couple is married. An ex-spouse can testify against a previous life partner in a criminal or grand jury proceeding. At the point when the benefit applies, it keeps one life partner from being constrained to testify against the other companion in a criminal case. Either spouse can invoke the privilege to prevent the testimony.
Under Section 126 of the Indian Evidence Act, no barrister, attorney, pleader, or vakil shall be permitted unless, with his client's express consent, to disclose any communication made to him in the course. And for his employment as such barrister, pleader, attorney or vakil, by or on behalf of his client, or to state the contents or condition of any document with which he has become acquainted in the course. And for his professional employment, or to disclose any advice given to his client in the course and for such employment.
Provided that nothing in this section shall protect from disclosure, any such communication is made in furtherance of [illegal] purpose.
Any fact observed by any barrister, pleader, attorney or vakil, in the course of his employment, showing crime or fraud has been committed since the commencement of his employment. It is immaterial whether the attention of such barrister, [pleader], attorney or vakil was or was not directed to such fact by or on behalf of his client.
Illustrations- A client says to B, an attorney-"I have committed forgery, and I wish you to defend me." As the defense of a man known to be guilty is not an illegal purpose, this communication is protected from disclosure.
Types of professional communication:- All these communication methods can be grouped into three key categories:
Verbal / oral communication
Non-verbal communications
For qualifying as a privileged communication, some conditions need to be fulfilled to make an interaction between two-persons:-
The interaction should take place between two parties who are in a protected relationship;
The communication should occur in a private setting or a close space;
The data conveyed ought not to be revealed to an outsider.
Privileges associated with Legal Advice or Current or Contemplated Litigation
All communications that take place between an attorney and his client comes under the ambit of privileged communication.
The Attorney-Client privilege in India is governed by provisions under,
Bar Council of India Rules;
Advocates Act, 1961;
The Evidence Act, 1872.
There are some relationships which are deemed as protected. They are protected because a person has to place his full confidence on the other and disclose some information which may be damaging to him and his reputation. This is why the rule of privileged communication is necessary as without this rule, a client would always be worried about his lawyer disclosing information against him, or a patient would be worried about his doctor disclosing his medical details. No one would dare to ask for professional advice and no man could safely go to court, to find redressal or to defend himself.
[1] Privileged Communication-Further Readings, available at https://law.jrank.org/pages/9428/Privileged-Communication.html (Last visited on November 9th, 2020).
[2] Will Kenton, Privileged Communication, 2nd August, 2020, available at https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/privileged-communication.asp (Last visited on November 9th, 2020).
[3] Supra note 1.
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Would you like to try different tapas? Get into a local atmosphere? Have non-stop fun the whole evening? This is perfect for you!
We'll organise an itinerary through 5 tapas bars (you'll have to successfully pass a test/game in each bar!) and you'll even get some extra SURPRISES! You will get 5 beers and 5 tapas for only 12.5€!!! Enjoy this experience with other great erasmus like you!
And afterwards we will go all together to Apolo, one of the most famous clubs in Barcelona! There we'll have some drinks (with special prices with the ESNcard) and then we are going to dance and continue with the party inside the club. And the best part is… the club is free with your ESNcard (before 1:30)!
The payment for the Pubcrawl will be at the office or during our presentations in UB Central and Economics&Business, stay tuned in Facebook for the office's schedule!


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Two freehold condos up for sale
Jervois Gardens. PHOTO: THE STRAITS TIMES
ANN WILLIAMS, THE STRAITS TIMES
The collective sale fever just got a bit hotter with news yesterday of two freehold condominiums up for sale.
Owners at Jervois Gardens, a condo of 17 apartments off River Valley Road, want $68 million for their estate while Amber Park in the East Coast is on the market for a minimum price of $768 million.
Built in the mid-1980s, Amber Park comprises two 27-storey blocks. Under the 2014 Master Plan, the 213,670 sq ft site with a gross plot ratio of 2.8 could accommodate a development of around 24 to 26 storeys.
But the big site has an allowable gross floor area (GFA) of 598,300 sq ft, which means close to 800 units averaging 70 sq m each can be built, said sole marketing agent JLL.
The Amber Road area is an established private residential enclave that is popular with both locals and expatriates, due to its proximity to the central business district and the airport, and its appeal of being only a few minutes' walk to the beach at East Coast Park, said JLL.
The reserve price of $768 million works out to approximately $1,284 per sq ft per plot ratio. Development charges are not payable for the proposed redevelopment, said Mr Tan.
4-month run of higher condo resale prices ends with 0.4% drop in June
Fewer HDB resale flats sold in June, but prices grew slightly
Private home prices snap two quarters of decline
Buying property may become paperless soon
The site's 80m frontage in Amber Road may offer developers some degree of flexibility in designing the new apartments to maximise the number of sea-facing units.
The tender for Amber Park closes on Oct 3.
Jervois Gardens launches its sale by tender today, said marketing agent Colliers International.
It comprises two four-storey walk-up blocks of 14 maisonettes and three apartments.
The site is regular in shape with a site area of approximately 34,038 sq ft. It could be redeveloped into a five-storey development comprising 60 units of about 850 sq ft each.
The tender for Jervois Gardens will close on Sept 26.
PropertysalesFinance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sosandži () je neobsazená železniční stanice společnosti JR Kjúšú na trati Ničinan. Zastavují zde pouze osobní vlaky. Stanice byla otevřena  původně v majetku Japonské národní železnice,  byla pak v rámci velké privatizace převedena do majetku nástupnické společnosti JR Kjúšú.
Stanice se nachází v blízkosti ústí řeky Kaeda, státní dálnice 220 a Ničinanského pobřeží.

Navazující stanice
  JR Kjúšú
 Trať Ničinan
 Spěšné vlaky Ničinan Marine ()
 vlaky stanicí projíždějí
 Osobní vlaky
 Undókóen (1,2 km) ◄ Sosandži ► (1,2 km) Kodomonokuni

Odkazy

Poznámky

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Informace o stanici na stránkách společnosti JR Kjúšú

Železniční stanice v prefektuře Mijazaki
Železniční trať Ničinan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Final Rating: 4.16. Finished 60 out of 205 entries.
539 views including the voting period.
Description: Un porcino llega tarde a sus clases, pero se encontrara con una sorpresa inesperada.
You got some good pose, but the pig is a little over-animated. I get it that he is supposed to be flamboyant, but in the line "tomorrow you'll be here at mid-day" theres a lot going on a short amount of time. Also, the camera position makes it look flat, try adding some perspective and diagonals next time.


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Casino shuttle boat caught fire in Florida, dozens safely evacuated
Courtesy Pasco Sheriff's Office(PORT RICHEY, Fla.) — A casino shuttle boat caught fire Sunday afternoon in Port Richey, Florida, forcing dozens to evacuate — some into the frigid canal on the area's coldest day of the year, authorities said.
There were about 50 people aboard the vessel, which ferries people to a casino boat about three miles offshore in the Port Richey canal, according to the Pasco County Sheriff's Office. Everyone is accounted for, the sheriff's office said, but 15 passengers were taken to a local hospital.
The injuries sustained were minor — smoke inhalation and chest tightening — and not considered life-threatening, according to the Pasco County Fire Department.
The massive fire broke out on the coldest day of the year in Port Richey, which is near Tampa. The afternoon temperatures dropped as low as 43 degrees, and the waters were about 59 degrees — cold enough, if in the water for a sustained period of time, to cause hypothermia, authorities said.
The boat was still ablaze hours after it caught fire, the fire department said. It will likely burn to the water line.
When the fire sparked, the captain of the boat beached it about 100 feet from shore. The waters weren't deep, a spokesman for the fire department said, allowing rescuers to reach victims quickly and passengers to swim to shore.
The shuttle boat takes people some three miles out to the casino boat in international waters, officials said.
A spokesman for the fire department said everyone was "lucky" the fire happened so close to shore.
The cause of the fire is unknown and, after it extinguishes, will be investigated.


In 2007, after the release of his debut feature S'kali in Malaysia, writer/director Arivind Abraham was contacted by a documentary filmmaker in London named John Kotselis. Kotselis had amassed evidence of a cover-up by the Malaysian government about the real reason behind a major nationwide blackout in 1996, and together with writer Keith Leong Abraham crafted a fictional story based on Kotselis' findings.
Both a dramatic psychological thriller and a critical comment on the oppressive state of politics, race and religion in Malaysia, 5:13 is the film that the Malaysian authorities do not want Malaysians to see.


Read novel online » Venerated Venomous Consort » Chapter 1064: He Really Wanted To Kill Her!
Venerated Venomous Consort Chapter 1064: He Really Wanted To Kill Her!
Although Gu Xijiu had fallen asleep, Di Fuyi knew her wounds were still painful as he looked at her face. He could not use any aesthetics if he wanted the wounds to recover fully. He could only seal a few of her acupoints so that the nerves around the wounds become less sensitive to reduce pain. However, it was just a slight relief as the pain would still be there for at least one more day.
Di Fuyi could not believe that Long Siye was so ruthless! He really wanted to kill her! Just the thought of it made Di Fuyi clench his fists. He would not let it go without seeking justice for her!
All of a sudden, the jade tablet in his waist glowed. He raised his hand to connect it, and Mu Lei appeared. "My Lord, Long Siye returned to the hotel with Ye Hongfeng and then headed to Tianwen Mountain without leaving any messages. Upon returning to Tianwen Mountain, they went straight into the alchemy lab. There was a wizardry barrier set around the lab. Hence, I could only linger around as I couldn't find any way to break in without triggering their alarms."
Di Fuyi sighed softly. He was aware of Long Siye's alchemy lab as well as the wizardry barrier around the lab. However, the wizardry barrier was nothing to Di Fuyi as he could break it silently without anyone knowing. He could even go in and out freely if he really wanted to do so. It was a shame he could not do it himself.
He asked Mu Lei to show him the exterior of the lab and noticed that the wizardry barrier had changed. Besides that, there were many other new things which he never saw before. He narrowed his eyes again to focus.
There used to be two places where Long Siye prioritized. One was the hall where he kept the ice coffin, and the other one was the alchemy lab. Since the person in the ice coffin has been resurrected, that place was no longer relevant now. However, the security mechanism around the alchemy lab was so sophisticated this time. Was he hiding anything else inside the lab?
Based on Mu Lei's capabilities, the mechanism was not a big deal to him if he was to break it, but that would trigger the alarms of the entire Tianwen Mountain. Thus, he hesitated to make any rash moves. Di Fuyi instructed Mu Lei to stay outside and keep an eye on the lab instead.
After switching off the jade tablet, Di Fuyi was pondering about his next plan. He decided to postpone the investigation until he was recovered and by that time, he must find out everything about Long Siye!
A moment later, one of his subordinates reported about the interrogation of the four a.s.sa.s.sins. Apparently, they were a.s.signed by the senior management, and the person who paid for the mission was a lady with a veil who was very likely to have been Ye Hongfeng.
Di Fuyi's fingers were gently tapping against a crystal as he continued to ponder on the likely conclusion. Long Siye must have been planning for this for a long time. He must have been the one who asked Ye Hongfeng to hire the a.s.sa.s.sins.
Perhaps Long Siye was jealous out of his mind and wanted to kill him. Thus, he distracted Gu Xijiu so that the a.s.sa.s.sins could finish the job. Apparently, he still liked Gu Xijiu. Hence, he thought to get Ye Hongfeng to kill her instead of doing so himself.
Perhaps Long Siye still wanted to resurrect Gu Xijiu in the clone body. He might even extract Ye Hongfeng's soul with his spells in order to complete his mission.
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Current Time is 20-Apr-2019 09:08:05 AM.


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Södertälje FC-72 was a sports club in Södertälje, Sweden, established in 1972.

The women's soccer team played three seasons in the Swedish top division between 1978 and 1980.

References

1972 establishments in Sweden
Association football clubs established in 1972
Defunct football clubs in Sweden
Sport in Södertälje


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Project Definition
==================

What is the purpose of your project?
------------------------------------
    To create a small language, with custom parser and lexer,
    that compiles into Python Bytecode

What software already exists that either partly solves this problem or can assist you in supporting it?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This is the official Erasmus group in Lisbon!
Feel free to invite all your upcoming friend!
Here we can help you finding a flat, give you full details about our city, university and transports for example.


text:
Report shows huge growth of UK Music Industry prior to COVID-19
The latest Music By Numbers economic study has shown that the UK music industry continued to grow in 2019 across every sector before the Covid-enforced shutdown hit in early 2020.
Music By Numbers is the flagship annual economic study by UK Music and its members. Recent numbers show that the UK music sector was facing significant growth, with employment at an all-time high, prior to the impact of COVID-19.
The new figures in the Music By Numbers 2020 report show the 12 months up to December 31 2019, and they do not reflect the devastating impact of the Covid-19 just weeks later in early 2020. "Despite the buoyant 2019 figures outlined in Music By Numbers, the industry now faces a marathon effort to get back on its feet as it strives to return to pre-Covid levels of success as swiftly as possible", says UK Music.
The report measures the health of the music business by collating data about its contribution in goods and services to the economy. That economic contribution is known as Gross Value Added (GVA), to the UK's national income (Gross Domestic Product/GDP). Exports are part of this contribution.
Some key facts from the Music By Numbers report 2020:
• The UK music industry contributed £5.8 billion to the UK economy in 2019 – up 11% from £5.2 billion in 2018.
• Employment in the industry hit an all-time high of 197,168 in 2019 – an increase of 3% from 190,935 in 2018.
• The total export revenue of the music industry was £2.9 billion in 2019 – up 9% from £2.7 billion in 2018.
• In addition to the industry's direct economic contribution, music tourism alone contributed £4.7 billion in terms of spending to the UK economy in 2019 – up 6% from £4.5 billion in 2018.
BA students double in 12 months as we welcome talented new students!
It's been a great start to the new term here at AMSonline, with record intake of students and new specialist tutors, we're really upping our online game and really looking forward to what the upcoming year has in store.
Firstly, our intake of BA online students have incredibly doubled in 12 months! The 2020 September starts was our highest ever – we enjoyed double the number of students starting the BA this September when compared to last September. Plus we're absolutely thrilled to welcome all our new students who come from a range of different musical backgrounds and skills.
On the course this year we're excited to welcome some great talent with a wealth of experience, including Toni Robinson. Toni is also a session singer/backing vocalist who has toured with Rita Ora and Jess Glynne, and has worked with the likes of Elton John, Bastille and Kano. You'll have probably seen the slick new Just Eat Ad featuring Snoop Dogg recently too – Toni composed and performed the entire Just Eat 2019 Advert and then worked on the vocals for the recent Snoop Dogg rendition (again featuring as the vocalist)!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFPEedHvHqs&ab_channel=JustEat
AMSonline student Toni Robinson is part of the Just Eat campaign.
We also have Lewis (Lewie) Allen join us us this year. Lewie plays guitar for Sam Smith and Liam Payne, and has worked with a host of other big names including Jesse J, Tom Jones, Jesse Rowland, Ariane Grande, and Peter Andre! He's also joined us for an AMS masterclass before – so we're thrilled he's back to study with us. And that's only to name a few!
Lewis (Lewie) Allen – guitarist for Liam Payne and Sam Smith.
In other news….
This year, we're also very excited to welcome Bass-player extraordinaire Ariane Cap to the AMSonline teaching team. Ariane is a popular online music personality with a successful Bass blog and a big following. Ariane is also a passionate educator, self-published bestselling author, eclectic performer (electric bassist), a busy blogger and habit coach!
"I am happy to announce my collaboration with AMSOnline under the validation of the London College of Music/University of West London. Receive your Foundation Degree after two years studying at AMS Online with me as one of your teachers. On the Foundation degree students can choose to specialise in a certain instrument, and are entitled to an amount of support for that study by way of online video sessions. The curriculum is well rounded and practical." – Ariane
She taught at the Berkeley Jazz Workshop, the Golden Gate Bass Camp, was 10 years artist-in-residence teacher at the Wyoming Rock Camp Experience in Jackson Hole, taught at the California Jazz Conservatory's Women's and Girl's Jazz and Blues Camps for 10+ years, co-taught masterclasses with Paul Hanson at the University of the Redlands, Colorado State, Montana State University and others.
Like what you hear? Want to learn more?
Our next entry point is January 2020 – get in touch with our recruitment team now to find out more about our courses and find the option to suit you best. You can also explore all our courses here.


Here is a complete overview given by us for Google Adwords to ensure that our readers get the detailed information about the working and importance of Google AdWords in digital marketing. We will give you the brief history about Google ads, its evolution and its importance in the marketplace nowadays.
Google AdWords is one of the viable paid SEO campaigns used by Digital Marketers all around the world for better profit and robust network building. This technology of Google has become a synonym for Pay per Click campaigns. It is easy to use and promises huge profit as a marketer.
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Google AdWords is something where dedication and willing to learn attributes play an important role for a person to excel in online business.
Going easy on this technology won't be much of help, or many people are using it and thus it is necessary to have a good foresight and keep a track on Google's latest announcement and whatsoever.
1 What is Google AdWords and How does it Work?
6 What Are the Different Types of Google AdWords Campaigns?
Google Adwords is basically a medium of the advertisement provided by the famous search engine, Google. This platform was developed by Google in the year 2000, and it was named as Google Adwords where advertisers use Google Keyword Planner to look for Keywords used by the online audiences to search for relevant product and services.
Then accordingly the advertisers place their bids on specific keywords they choose for their clickable ads so that they appear in Google search results at good positions. Google contacts with those website owners who are listed as relevant to your advertisement.
These are also called partner websites, these owners or partners get a commission or proportion of the total amount paid to Google by the advertiser.
It is always important to understand that how important and competitive is your keyword you are bidding and how relevant is that particular keyword to real conversions for your organization or environment. Google AdWords may or may not help you in any case depending on keyword complexity.
For most of the cases, it has been found that AdWords has proven much effective, reliable, and fruitful for many businesses depending on their correct use of money instead of wasting their assets for wrong or bad keywords or writing low CTR 0r Click through Rate or poor advertisements.
Google adds application has evolved over the last 18 years and now they have become the main and major source of Google's income.
According to reports of 2017 Google generated around 95 US billion dollars through advertising. This makes more than 70 percent of Google's total revenue.
As far as AdWords cost is concerned, there are number of factors, which affect AdWords costs. The cost depends on ad spending, your budget, location, keywords difficulty, and much more.
Usually average cost is $1 to $2 on the search network and average CPC (Cost per Click) is below $1 usually. If your keywords are very expensive, they may charge you more like even $50 per click too.
Big companies even spend more than $60 million annually on paid AdWords campaigns. Hence, it is entirely up to your choices, keywords, and budgets you have.
The Google program ads include distribution of local, international and national brands from throughout the world. Google advertisements today are of different types, they may be video content, they may be audio content, they may be pictures, or they may be simple words text.
But all of these types have different rates per views. The textual advertisements cost less and the number of words is limited, and you cannot convey a large message in the textual advertisement. Most advertisers use this type for notifying their sale packages or upcoming event's teaser texts.
Google Adwords allows you to give up to thirty characters in headings and up to eighty characters in the text description. They also allow a display of 40 URLs in the textual advertisement.
Google Add picture and video sizes are different with respect to websites. As recent reports reveal, Google in 2018 has derived around 86% of its total revenue from advertisements.
In addition to controlling ad settings through targeting audiences based on the language of the users and the location of the viewer, language usage ad placements can be done after excluding IP addresses.
This new feature has enabled advertisers to exclude their specified IP addresses if they do not want their advertisements to appear on those IP's. Advertisers can exclude up to 450 to 500 IP address ranges per campaign.
There are many types of advertisements you cannot add on Google web pages. Not only there are restrictions made by Google, but also the website owners have limited some advertisements. These restrictions may apply because of religious reasons, age restrictions and cultural or security reasons.
So everyone should know the legal aspects of advertising on Google. There are more than a dozen famous cases that have been rejected by Google Adwords and then legal cases have been issued on the advertisers so one should make sure not to indulge in illegal advertising.
Google Adwords has restricted some content that cannot be advertised on any page of Google's databased. These contents include hard alcohol and liquor. This change has been in effect since 2008 before that Google Adwords were used in a miscellaneous way and there was no proper check and balance by the authorities.
Google Adwords has come under great pressure for allowing AdWords advertising customers to bid on international trademarked keywords.
In early 2004, Google started allowing it's advertisers, and Google Partner's to bid on a large variety of search keywords and phrases in the United States of America and some parts of Canada, including international and national trademarks of those in competition with them and in late May 2008 it expanded this policy to the United Kingdom and rest of Ireland.
Advertisers are restricted from using other companies' trademarks and logos in their advertisements may they be textual or visual, if it has been registered with advertising legal team.
Google requires a complete certification to run those specific regulated keywords, such as those related to pharmaceuticals and cola brands.
There are also some keywords that are not allowed at all in Google Adwords. These prohibited keywords include alcohol advertising keywords, abortion services, hacking services, gambling trends across the world, and other adult stuff.
Overall, we can say that Google Adwords is a platform worth investing in; it would definitely give you feedback for your investment. Your advertisements would have a global outreach; you will be able to capture a large audience with less investment.
This will surely increase your sale. On the other hand, if you are a viewer you will notice that how much you are being served from a single platform, you are asking answers for your queries from Google.
And Google not just answers those queries but also gives you advertisements for different brands that you are already in search of. This is both profitable for the viewer and the advertiser and not to forget the Google partner.
Quality score has huge influence over paid search campaigns' costs. It is just like your credit score whether you are eligible for loan or not and how high can be your interest rate on basis of the amount of loan you take. Quality score has a strong effect on PPC or Pay Per Click ads performances and the payments you make for each click.
It is Google's rating done with respect to quality as well as relevancy of keywords as well as Pay-Per-Click ads. The same is used to find out the CPC and is multiplied by your maximum bidding amount for sorting out ad Rank in auction process.
The score depends on many factors including CTR, keyword relevance, landing page quality, historical AdWords performance of user, and much more.
We all know that quality scores are of prime importance and they have direct impact on your ads and campaigns. By having the best optimization of quality scores, you can have higher ROI i.e. return on investment. This is because higher quality score values effectively correlate with lower CPC values.
It is certainly not how much you pay per click but it is about how much you pay when someone acts on your ads as per your needs whether it is a sign up action or any purchase to be made. Hence, not all clicks really convert but cost per conversion is mostly higher as compared to cost per click i.e. CPC.
Google partner is a position with the Google ad company which a business party can hold to if he passes the exams set by the Google Adword society, these exams include search advertising, display advertising, Video advertising, shopping advertising, and telephone or mobile advertising.
Google academy for ads takes these exams now from this year. Previously the exam department was under Google Advertising professionals in 2010. Now the system has been updated and improved. The criteria have also evolved. The exams consist of one initial paper and five advance papers.
The mission of this department is to increase Google Adword clients and the number of Google Adword campaigns. These Google partners are then assigned work on a three-month basis. They have to maintain a target and have to engage more clients in their system. You see Google has shifted its focus on Advertising as it makes a lot of money through it.
There are numerous benefits of having Google AdWords. Few of them are listed below.
AdWords works best as compared to SEO. This is the first and the top most benefit one can have. In SEO, you need to have proper white hat optimization of you app or website and then results arrive within two to six months and sometimes more depending on the content posted. Google AdWords gives you the best insights where you run ad campaigns for the said keywords and you are good to go. This has to be noted that both of them are effective marketing strategies to take and gather more traffic and leads but a well-managed AdWords campaign can perform much faster with respect to first position in searches. You can have better focus on multiple keywords and ads appear on top with immediate and better visibility. No doubt, this does not mean that you should leave SEO and organic traffic but you can have better chances to drive immediate and best traffic using AdWords. This cannot be done by SEO because SEO is a slow healing process and takes time to gain necessary authority and ranking.
Brand awareness is made possible at its best using AdWords. Traffic boosting, clicks, and conversions are no doubt its best features but people promote their brands using this platformCustomers reaching using Gmail is also the reason for AdWords success. This is most used marketing method for last few years where number of emails are generated and sent to clients for discussing about products and services integrating native Gmail ads with AdWords and making them publically available to advertisers.
Visitors are reached and reconnected immediately using AdWords. Suppose, you have shoe shoppers on the website or any web platform of yours. The people visit all pages of your website taking no actions. You need to remind them again to come back and this you would do using display as well as RLSA campaigns. This is based on that what is explained in the point below.
Remarketing on displayand search networks also help AdWords succeed for their customers. Also, you can measure your constant performance using AdWords like newspapers, TV, outdoors, radio, broadcasts, and related are very expensive than AdWords so you can see detailed daily stats using the platform with less and affordable costs. Who clicked your ads and how many leads came and what revenues were made etc. are some of the features you can see.
These are few basic benefits and many of them do exist including analyzing competitors, exploring ads more, making more leads effectively, and much more.
This feature "Adword Express" was previously called as Google Boost. Adword express allows small business parties who do not have web pages to use this facility by directing them their customers to Google place page.
Google Adword express automatically manages keywords and ad placement on websites, but remember this feature is only for small businesses.
If you have decided to reach more people around you, you need to have an AdWords account for best results. To get your AdWords account created, you would need an email account as well as website for your on-going business.
You can create your ad in just 15 minutes very easily as you just need to sign up for AdWords Express and then for AdWords.
You need to tell briefly about your business, products, or services in order to setup the account for you.
Just you need to enter your business website or landing page URL for the business you want to promote.
Now, open your Google account, you would find recommendation for AdWords Express. This would be based on the business you shared before. If you want to move with express, go ahead and if you don't, stick to AdWords and continue.
Now, you need to create your fist campaign. Here you need to mention how much you can spend and choose audience you wish to target. You do need to worry about charging as you won't be charged until or unless you complete ad placement process.
A day or more is required to approve your ad and then campaign would start and you would be charged accordingly.
Hence, you decide how much to spend, choose your audience, place your bid, write your ad, and start advertising.
Before starting advertising, you need to set up billing also. AdWords billing works in different way. You can set up auto payments or manual also. For auto payments, you do not need to pay daily, you just need to pay one time and set time frame and add funding source. All payments will be cut accordingly as per your ad placements. You can control your costs ad budget by applying manual payments if you wish to stop or set specific time period for payments as per your budgets.
Now, after accepting all terms, you can finish creating ads. Now, your campaign is set ad ad is created. After final approval your campaign will start immediately and charge will be made accordingly.
The above steps are all summarized ones and one can have more features and recommendations when they make their accounts for AdWords, hence, you must go through the full guide provided by Google on their website for better and deep understanding.
Like any other programs, AdWords has a unique history too. The said program was launched in 2000 by Google. In the early years when Google started advertising it charged a monthly fee to the advertiser and ran his campaign for that month, but now this method has also been evolved by the Google top authorities.
Now the advertiser has to pay per view of customers. To have better accommodation of the small businesses of advertisers who wanted to manage their campaigns their selves, Google gave the concept of AdWords commonly known as self-service portal.
In 2005, it came out that Google started to perform campaign management service known as Jumpstart. In the same year, Google had a successful launch of advertising professional program i.e. GAP for providing individuals as well as companies the necessary certifications after completing their AdWords training classes.
In 2008, Google introduced Marketing challenge i.e. Google Online Marketing Challenge, which was supposed to be an in-class exercise for tertiary students. More than 7000 students from all across the world from around 45 countries would have their participation in the said challenge.
The same challenge took place in 2009 when more than 10, 000 of then took part and the sequence went on where 12000 in 2010 and over 15000 took part in 2011 from more than 70 countries from all over the world. The challenge is now running on annual basis for the period of 6 months i.e. Jan-June.
In 2013, more plans were added by Google in AdWords for enhancing campaigns to facilitate campaign management for multiple device users. This included advanced reporting tools and user-friendly interface.
In 2016, unveiling of Showcase shopping ads was performed by Google. By this format, retailers had the best options to choose various images appearing in search results as per the queries and the keywords searched.
The last update happened in October 2017, when AdWords was finally revised by Google for daily budget caps having minimum settings at 120% of daily budgets and the maximum of 200%.
The change was affected and reflected on the same day right after announcement having strong criticism from paid searching professionals. Google announced that this will only take place for few days as short time and may last less than 30 days having all overage changes to be refunded back.
Like other programs, AdWords also incorporates numerous features and services as listed below.
IP address exclusion – Ad placements can be made better with excluding Internet IP addresses enabling advertisers to discard specific IP addresses where they do not want their ads to appear.
AdWords Express – The feature is for small businesses attempting to reduce ad campaigns' difficulty in management by performing the bets keywords anagement and ad placement.
Google Partners – It is a Google certification program for professionals for making their career best and bright and to become AdWords certified.
Targeted Advertisements Placements – This is called site-targeted advertising where ads are placed as per site rules and design. This includes placement on basis of demographics, design, content, and much more.
Automated Extensions- System automatically picks and predicts ads on basis of user queries and automated extensions are installed for this purpose.
– Users, by using this service can call advertisers directly from Google search results page where they enter their contact numbers and Google connects their calls to advertisers immediately.
Here is needed a detailed description of features of Google Adwords.
The site-targeted feature was launched in early 2003 by Google; this feature allowed the advertisers to use control panels of Adword to enter keywords, domain names, topics, geographical targeting, and other details. These details are accessed by Google. Based on the entered data Google decides where to put your advertisement. The most relevant pages are shortlisted for advertisement of your ads.
Advertisers have to bid on a cost per click basis for the placement-targeted advertisement. With the help of this feature one whole add can be displayed in the entire ad block, and thus it captures a larger audience, it has a better view and can display more information. Usually, one ad block is split into two or three blocks which make those advertisements very small and limited.
The keyword planner is one of the free features that is issued by Google Adwords. This tool provides data from Google's search query and other resources for direct and specified advertising campaigns. The Google, keyword planner helps us to expand the existing advertising campaigns and also to start new campaigns. This planner helps us provide relevant keywords and ad group ideas, the statistics related to the history, the new trendy keywords, and competitions along with competitive bidding. To get access to the Keyword planner, you have to get your first campaign started soon.
Remarketing is a feature offered by the Google AdWords which allows an advertiser to provide his ads to the audience who has already visited his web page before.
This service likewise enables advertisers to make the diverse gathering of people records that are dependent on the practices of site guests with the end goal to serve pertinent promotions to the fragmented audience.
Remarketing Lists for search by means of Google Analytics wound up accessible in Google AdWords toward the beginning of June 2015, taking into account the utilization of standard GA remarketing records to design customary content inquiry and advertisements.
A more evolved form of remarketing is a dynamic marketing feature that enables the advertisers to specify the products and services they want to provide to their previous customers.
This feature is used commonly by e-commerce websites. These websites offer to customize products to their viewers just like you see on Facebook; you are shown only those products by different e-commerce companies that you have been searching for.
When you are using this tool in the mainstream marketing area, you have to be very careful, as mentioned facebook advertisements.
One can also feel annoyed by seeing the same stuff over and over, so Google Adwords lay great emphasis on deep diving into frequency capping so that you don't irritate your viewer and provide him with the stuff he wants.
Remarketing is widely used all over the world by all brands and companies.
Ad extension is also one of the important features offered by the Google Ad words. We inform our readers with the importance of ad extension in the digital marketing concept of Google. Ad extension is one of the features that allow other information to be displayed along with the ad; this information includes the business address, phone number, and web page links.
Ad extensions are of two types, manual and automatic. The manual ad extension includes App extensions that allow you to advertise a link along with the other information; this link will redirect the user to an application when he clicks on it, then manual Ad extension also provides call extensions that allow advertisers to provide a number along with their ad.
This number when clicked will be directed to the calling application of the viewer's phone, and he can then call that number. Location extension can also be provided with the ad extensions; this includes map location of the address. Then an advertiser can also add a review extension which means that the advertiser can add third part reviews on his ad.
Then site link extensions can be also be added; these are additional links that can be added to the other stuff that is advertised.
Callout extensions allow the advertiser to add additional descriptive text. Structured snippet extensions can also be added there; these are more than two predefined brands. Price extensions can also be added which include price tags of products or services to be added along with the product.
Click to message extensions are provided by advertisers to connect with viewers through SMS. Promotional extensions are also a part of manual ad extension; this allows promotional messages and offers to be added along with the product ad.
Then we have an automatic ad extension feature; these extensions are those which are added by the Google Adword itself along with the advertiser's advertisement. This extension includes the consumer ratings; the rate is that customer rates after buying or viewing a product.
Then there are seller ratings that are added automatically. These are reviews and positioning of a product as set by the advertiser or the company itself. Then automatic ad extension also adds information about the previous visits of customers.
Then there are two more automatic extensions that are dynamic site link extensions and dynamically structured snippets.
Google click to call feature is also explained here. This feature is one of the oldest features of Google Adwords, Google discontinued these services due to some unfortunate reasons in late 2006.
Google click to call service is now operational. In this feature, you are directly approached by the Google authority. Google pays for this call and you are directed to the business directly. This feature is now also used by Android and IOS devices.
It is the most famous feature of Google Adwords, This feature is very much useful for advertisers. Google Adword customer match makes sure that the viewer connects with the related advertiser. These also include messaging advertisements used by the brands to their concerned and related audience.
Google AdWords is an 18-year-old system; this was tested initially on the MySQL system after the experiment was successful the management team decided to use Oracle. The system ran but was too slow that it collapsed and eventually they had to move back to MySQL.
Later on, as the technology developed and as the usage of Google Adwords increased the management launched a new database system known as the Relational Database management system. This is also known as F1 in Google and is specifically used for additional business. This is a powerful system which maintains the relation between the advertiser and viewer and of course googles itself.
All the ads are eligible to be shown on the search engine that is Google. Also, advertisers can allow their advertisements to be shown or the Google partner's network system. The Google display network shows advertisements that are posted other than search engines.
Google itself decides the subject of pages and shows pertinent promotions dependent on the publicists' keyword records. AdSense distributors may choose channels to help guide Google's advertisement positions on pages to build the execution of their promotion units.
There is a wide range of sorts of advertisements that keep running over Google's system including content promotions, picture or pennant advertisements, portable content advertisements, and in-page video advertisements. In February 2016, Google started expelling right-hand side promotions from AdWords on a work area for just indicating content advertisements above and underneath natural query items. Item Listing Ads and the Google Knowledge Graph were unaffected, can, in any case, show up on the right-hand side.
We enables our readers to know that how Google helps its clients with the hardship of building and managing AdWords accounts and profiles, search engine marketing SEM agencies and related officers offer account management services. This allowed organizations without advertising or PR expertise to reach a larger online audience.
To help maintain best practices for AdWords management team, Google has implemented the Google Partner Program and the Google Qualification Program for individuals, both of which require individuals and agencies to meet the set criteria and pass the set exams, as mentioned earlier these exams are five in number one is initial exam and other four are advanced papers.
Adword editor is also available for customers by Google; this is offline management software for profiles.
The price of Google Adwords depends on different factors. These factors mainly include the goals of the organization. Also one of the most important things is the bidding or auction strategy of Google Adwords.
What Are the Different Types of Google AdWords Campaigns?
Advertising with AdWords is not possible without a successful campaign. It always depends on the type of campaign you choose and it always depends on your goals, objectives, and needs.
For example, you want to have your ads shown on Google search engine for having more visitors to your website or any web platform, you need to have Search Network campaign type.
But it is just general as it all depends on the need you have and type you choose. Let us have a quick look at various types we have.
The type of Google Adwords campaign helps you to have maximum reach to the people as they use Google or visit sites across the web. It involves setting budget, choosing related keywords, creating related ads, and setting bids.
The sane appears near Google search results and related Google sites when people make search of related terms with respect to your ads' keywords. Like, you have a Yoga school, this campaign will show your text advertisements to high level customers when they will be searching for related content like pranayama, Asana classes etc.
The network of Google AdWords campaign lets you reach people when they are performing browsing of their favorite websites, showing someone's the videos, checking their emails on Gmail, or using their mobile devices. The said network lets you find right audiences showing your messages to customers at right places at right time.
The shopping campaigns are the best ones to have especially when you are promoting local as well as online products, boosting traffic to your websites or landing pages, generating fast leads, and much more. These are shopping ads in the form of text ads where they show price, photos, store names, tags, locations, titles, and much more.
The video campaigns are the best ones showing video ads to the customers on the video contents on streaming websites i.e. YouTube or Daily Motion. Video ad formats include TrueView instream ads, video discovery ads, and bumper ads.
IN-Stream ads run before, during or after the video content. Out stream ones run on partner websites. Discovery ads run on YouTube only. Bumper ads are very short video ad formats made to reach people broadly increasing product and brand awareness. Many people prefer this type of Google AdWords campaign.
The last type is universal app, which is an app advertiser where you want your app in many hands. You can easily promote any of your apps using this type including search, Google Play, Play Store, Display Network, and much more.
Google AdWords campaign, if subjected properly – it can indeed be viable for business. Moreover, this technology is one of the remarkable marketing tools that have helped millions of business flourish on the web and move to the height of Global Leadership.
We have tried our best to deliver the best and the easiest details for our readers. Reading our overview will help them understand the basic concept and working of Google Adwords. One should be well informed of it as it is a major part of digital marketing today and is one of the most money making business.


text:
Marketers eager to learn from savvy tweens
October 16, 2009 by Kimberly Maul
When President Barack Obama walked out on stage after winning the election last November, accompanied by his wife and daughters Sasha and Malia - now 8 and 11 years old - Denise Restauri, founder and CEO of AllyKatzz, knew that tween girls were about to make a big impact.
When President Barack Obama walked out on stage after winning the election last November, accompanied by his wife and daughters Sasha and Malia – now 8 and 11 years old – Denise Restauri, founder and CEO of AllyKatzz, knew that tween girls were about to make a big impact.
"It was one of those moments of saying, 'The time is now to really shine a spotlight on all tweens,'" she says. "The spotlight will be put on that age group, so let's give it to all girls because they really want to be heard."
Her company, a social network for girls ages 10 to 15, hosted the first National Tween Girl Summit, which was held on October 10 in Washington. The event drew more than 250 girls ages 9 to 14, as well as companies – AOL, EA, and Unilever's Dove brand were all there – hoping to gain some insights into this market that has huge potential.
"They control so much money from a marketing standpoint," says Restauri. "Based on reports we've read, it's as high as $50 billion they control and $120 billion they influence."
AOL decided to use the event to launch its newest Web site, JSYK.com. The letters stand for Just So You Know and the site is a celebrity and pop culture blog for tweens. The idea for it came out of feedback from members of its kids' site KOL.com who wanted a place to go after they were too old for KOL.
"I've been to lots of industry events where it's adults talking about the audience," says Stephanie Cohen, editorial director of JSYK.com. "But I've never seen an event where they actually brought the girls themselves and listened to what they had to say."
When thinking about how to reach this audience, communicators should realize this group is more savvy and mature than many adults give them credit for, she adds. Their opinions are also important – and matter to Mom and Dad.
"They're going to make it clear to Mom and Dad what they want," emphasizes Cohen. "That's powerful when it comes to anything from purchasing influence in the family to just for marketers and people who are trying to reach this audience."
Stephen Winkler, PR director for The ad*itive, which works with tweens, teens, and young adults through the Truth anti-tobacco awareness campaign and other educational programs, notes the unique mindset of this group.
"This age group is still trying different things on, persona-wise," he says. "It's a good time to reach them with empowering and educational messaging because they are kind of figuring out where they fall."
Winkler says that The ad*itive and Truth approach this group by offering them "shared experiences" where they can make their own decisions and "let them take it or leave it, rather than pushing them."
"It's just an interesting time in their lives," Cohen says. "The industry as a whole is interested in getting in touch with these kids and learning what they are about."
AllyKatzz sees the potential and is preparing a report from the Summit, due out November 6, which companies and marketers can purchase for $12,500.
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Mouth-watering shrimp mix well with pasta noodles. Here are some easy recipes collection that make delicious, and healthy shrimp pasta.
Boil a cooking pot of salt water. Cook pasta in the boiling water until tender. Drain and set aside.
While the pasta cooks, wash shrimp.
Add shrimp into the melted butter, and cook until shrimp becomes a little pink and started to curl.
Stir in garlic and cook for about 5 minutes. Add olive oil. Continue cooking until shrimp is pink and curled.
Add in boiled pasta, pepper and seasoning.
Toss all ingredients around until all is incorporated. Add just enough water while tossing to make sure it is not dry.
In a large skillet, melt butter together with olive oil.
Mix in minced garlic, white pepper, red pepper flakes, cayenne pepper and oregano. Stir well.
Cook for about 3 minutes. Add shrimp and lemon juice, toss over the heat.
Add Parmesan cheese, parsley, and bread crumbs. Toss to coat completely.
Place the skillet under the broiler for about 1 minute until cheese melted. The shrimp should be pink and curled by now.
Pour the shrimp mixture over the cooked pasta. Serve while hot.
Boil pasta in a pot of salted water until it is tender, then drain and place in a large bowl.
Add in spinach to the pasta and stir. Set aside.
In a second pot of water, heat the water to boil and add in shrimp. Let the shrimp boil in hot water for about 1 minute. Drain the hot water and run cold water over the cooked shrimp. Set aside.
In a skillet, melt the butter. Mix in sliced mushroom and cook over medium-low heat for a few minutes until lightly browned.
Add in onion and cook until meltingly soft. Stir in minced garlic and cook for another 1 minute.
Add in chicken broth and white wine. Turn to medium-high heat, stir and cook for about 5 minutes until slightly thick.
Mix in cream cheese, nutbeg, salt and pepper. Heat till cream cheese melted.
Add in shrimp. Stir and cook till shrimp just heated through.
Serve the shrimp and onion sauce over the cooked pasta, with Parmesan cheese sprinkled over the top.
Heat olive oil. Add in chopped onion and saute for about 4 minutes.
Stir in minced garlic, thyme, cayenne pepper, black pepper and basil. Cook at low heat for about 5 minutes.
Add in Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, tomatoes, sugar, chopped green onions, and chicken stock. Cook for another 40 minutes.
Melt some butter. Add in shrimp and saute until a little pink and started to curl.
Mix in the sauce and cook for another 2 minutes.
Toss in the cooked pasta and grated cheese.
In a blender, combine 1 tablespoon olive oil, basil leaves, lemon juice, garlic and salt. Blend until smooth.
In a skillet, saute asparagus in the remaining olive oil.
Stir in shrimp and pepper flakes. Cook until shrimp turns pink and curled.
Place cooked spaghetti in a large bowl, toss in basil mixture to coat.
Add in shrimp mixture. Serve.
In a skillet, melt 2 tablespoons of butter and heat olive oil.
Stir in minced garlic, cook for about 1 minute.
Add in shrimp. Stir and cook until shrimp turns pink and curled.
Top the cooked pasta with shrimp mixture.
In the skillet, bring to boil a mixture of chicken broth, salt, red pepper flakes, lemon juice, and white wine. Then let the mixture simmer over medium heat for about 5 minutes.
Whisk in milk, stir. Then add in the remaining butter.
Pour the lemon butter sauce over prepared shrimp and pasta.


text:
Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments
Jennifer Dalton, Kevin Gardner, Thomas Seager, Bryan Magee
Hundreds of millions of cubic meters of contaminated sediments are dredged from US harbors and waterways annually for maintenance of navigation, environmental remediation, or both. In recent years, inexpensive ocean dumping has been largely eliminated as a disposal alternative causing a crisis in the management of sediment. This paper presents a new beneficial use alternative for contaminated dredged material, which is to use dredged material as a feedstock in the conventional manufacture of Portland cement. The paper demonstrates the efficacy of the process at the bench and pilot scales, and presents a summary of practical and economic considerations. A bench scale manufacture was carried out with feedstock mixtures containing 1–12% dredged material from the New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ) harbor. The clinkers were quantitatively analyzed with X-ray powder diffraction and differences in phase concentrations were observed in the clinker samples manufactured with dredged material (decreased alite and increased belite) suggesting that additional burn time was needed to account for the quartz present in the sediments. The free chloride concentrations in the clinker samples were below ACI limits for cement used with reinforcing steel; however, the chloride in the dredged material remains a manufacturing concern and is expected to increase annual maintenance costs. A pilot scale manufacture was carried out in a batch rotary kiln; X-ray diffraction analysis and ASTM tests for strength, soundness, and setting time suggested that with better optimized burning conditions, dredged material can be successfully incorporated into full scale manufacture.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003
dredged materials
10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003
Dive into the research topics of 'Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
dredged material Earth & Environmental Sciences 100%
Cement Business & Economics 92%
cement (construction material) Earth & Environmental Sciences 61%
X-ray Diffraction Business & Economics 50%
harbor Earth & Environmental Sciences 23%
ocean dumping Earth & Environmental Sciences 21%
X-ray diffraction Earth & Environmental Sciences 20%
Dalton, J., Gardner, K., Seager, T., & Magee, B. (2004). Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41(3), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003
Dalton, Jennifer ; Gardner, Kevin ; Seager, Thomas ; Magee, Bryan. / Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments. In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2004 ; Vol. 41, No. 3. pp. 227-241.
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title = "Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments",
abstract = "Hundreds of millions of cubic meters of contaminated sediments are dredged from US harbors and waterways annually for maintenance of navigation, environmental remediation, or both. In recent years, inexpensive ocean dumping has been largely eliminated as a disposal alternative causing a crisis in the management of sediment. This paper presents a new beneficial use alternative for contaminated dredged material, which is to use dredged material as a feedstock in the conventional manufacture of Portland cement. The paper demonstrates the efficacy of the process at the bench and pilot scales, and presents a summary of practical and economic considerations. A bench scale manufacture was carried out with feedstock mixtures containing 1–12% dredged material from the New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ) harbor. The clinkers were quantitatively analyzed with X-ray powder diffraction and differences in phase concentrations were observed in the clinker samples manufactured with dredged material (decreased alite and increased belite) suggesting that additional burn time was needed to account for the quartz present in the sediments. The free chloride concentrations in the clinker samples were below ACI limits for cement used with reinforcing steel; however, the chloride in the dredged material remains a manufacturing concern and is expected to increase annual maintenance costs. A pilot scale manufacture was carried out in a batch rotary kiln; X-ray diffraction analysis and ASTM tests for strength, soundness, and setting time suggested that with better optimized burning conditions, dredged material can be successfully incorporated into full scale manufacture.",
keywords = "dredged materials, cement, recycling",
author = "Jennifer Dalton and Kevin Gardner and Thomas Seager and Bryan Magee",
doi = "10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003",
journal = "Resources, Conservation and Recycling",
Dalton, J, Gardner, K, Seager, T & Magee, B 2004, 'Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments', Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003
Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments. / Dalton, Jennifer; Gardner, Kevin; Seager, Thomas; Magee, Bryan.
In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 41, No. 3, 01.06.2004, p. 227-241.
T1 - Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments
AU - Dalton, Jennifer
AU - Gardner, Kevin
AU - Seager, Thomas
AU - Magee, Bryan
N2 - Hundreds of millions of cubic meters of contaminated sediments are dredged from US harbors and waterways annually for maintenance of navigation, environmental remediation, or both. In recent years, inexpensive ocean dumping has been largely eliminated as a disposal alternative causing a crisis in the management of sediment. This paper presents a new beneficial use alternative for contaminated dredged material, which is to use dredged material as a feedstock in the conventional manufacture of Portland cement. The paper demonstrates the efficacy of the process at the bench and pilot scales, and presents a summary of practical and economic considerations. A bench scale manufacture was carried out with feedstock mixtures containing 1–12% dredged material from the New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ) harbor. The clinkers were quantitatively analyzed with X-ray powder diffraction and differences in phase concentrations were observed in the clinker samples manufactured with dredged material (decreased alite and increased belite) suggesting that additional burn time was needed to account for the quartz present in the sediments. The free chloride concentrations in the clinker samples were below ACI limits for cement used with reinforcing steel; however, the chloride in the dredged material remains a manufacturing concern and is expected to increase annual maintenance costs. A pilot scale manufacture was carried out in a batch rotary kiln; X-ray diffraction analysis and ASTM tests for strength, soundness, and setting time suggested that with better optimized burning conditions, dredged material can be successfully incorporated into full scale manufacture.
AB - Hundreds of millions of cubic meters of contaminated sediments are dredged from US harbors and waterways annually for maintenance of navigation, environmental remediation, or both. In recent years, inexpensive ocean dumping has been largely eliminated as a disposal alternative causing a crisis in the management of sediment. This paper presents a new beneficial use alternative for contaminated dredged material, which is to use dredged material as a feedstock in the conventional manufacture of Portland cement. The paper demonstrates the efficacy of the process at the bench and pilot scales, and presents a summary of practical and economic considerations. A bench scale manufacture was carried out with feedstock mixtures containing 1–12% dredged material from the New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ) harbor. The clinkers were quantitatively analyzed with X-ray powder diffraction and differences in phase concentrations were observed in the clinker samples manufactured with dredged material (decreased alite and increased belite) suggesting that additional burn time was needed to account for the quartz present in the sediments. The free chloride concentrations in the clinker samples were below ACI limits for cement used with reinforcing steel; however, the chloride in the dredged material remains a manufacturing concern and is expected to increase annual maintenance costs. A pilot scale manufacture was carried out in a batch rotary kiln; X-ray diffraction analysis and ASTM tests for strength, soundness, and setting time suggested that with better optimized burning conditions, dredged material can be successfully incorporated into full scale manufacture.
KW - dredged materials
KW - cement
KW - recycling
U2 - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003
DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003
JO - Resources, Conservation and Recycling
JF - Resources, Conservation and Recycling
Dalton J, Gardner K, Seager T, Magee B. Properties of Portland cement made from contaminated sediments. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2004 Jun 1;41(3):227-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2003.10.003


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Brent Cook: $1,600 Gold=Big Money for Mid-Caps
Source: Brian Sylvester of The Gold Report (8/1/11)
Brent Cook, editor of the Exploration Insights newsletter, likes to spend his days winnowing out junior companies on the verge of making discoveries. But when he noticed a disconnect between the skyrocketing gold price and the low valuations of some larger mining companies, he jumped on it. In this exclusive interview with The Gold Report, Cook details which types of miners will be the beneficiaries of this continuing trend.
The Gold Report: You wrote last summer that "the global macroeconomic picture does not look good," citing high unemployment in the U.S. and Europe that would likely be driven higher by increased taxes and decreased government spending in the face of serious sovereign debt problems. Sounds a little like Groundhog Day. You could say the same thing today. How are you feeling about the global economy now?
Brent Cook: I think we're still sinking. The issues I mentioned last year are still here and, if anything, have gotten worse. Debt problems in Ireland, Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain have only been compounded. Rating agencies have downgraded them all and the U.K. is facing systemic economic troubles as well. I think the world is beginning to recognize the unthinkable—the U.S. debt situation is not going to improve as rapidly as the government mouthpiece has suggested. It's a slow-moving train wreck globally and most of the people on the train are too busy watching Dancing with the Stars, oblivious to where we are all headed.
The only thing that has really changed since last year is that the gold price is up about $400/oz. (ounce) That's not bad. But the fact that the gold price is up in virtually any currency is proof that we've got a global problem that's not being fixed and that the massive debt injections haven't done any good at all.
Last week, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke basically said he considers gold little more than a quaint tradition. That should scare the hell out of anyone looking out the train window and banking on him to fix things.
TGR: There was talk last week that Moody's was going to downgrade the U.S. AAA credit rating. Do you think that's just posturing or is that a legitimate concern?
BC: I suspect it's a bit of both. It's posturing in that they are trying to push the politicians to raise the debt ceiling. But these are legitimate concerns given the serious economic situation we are in. We are spending more than we bring in, or as my ex-boss Rick Rule puts it, "When your outgo exceeds your income, your upkeep becomes your downfall." Well, that about sums up the situation.
TGR: Large mining companies are generally not your forte, but you noticed a disconnect in June between the gold price and the mid-cap precious metals producers. You decided to take a position in three mid-cap names in the hope that those companies would close that gap. What were those companies and how have they fared since that investment?
BC: It was a bit of deviation from what we normally do at Exploration Insights, which is to look for junior companies on the verge of making discoveries or developing discoveries. When the market gets scared, investors are increasingly averse to risk and the juniors get hammered because they can be the riskiest bet out there. Remember, most of these junior companies don't have anything of value. They've got moose pasture and sage brush somewhere in the world with some sort of geochemical anomaly that they hope will almost magically turn into a big mineral deposit. My fear was that if things continued to deteriorate, the juniors could get whacked pretty good.
However, mid-tier and larger mining companies have been declining in price despite increasing gold prices. A lot of these mid-tier companies are going to be making serious money at $1,500/oz. or $1,600/oz. gold and that is not priced into their shares.
I picked three companies that I felt had solid, low-cost deposits with good exploration upside: Eldorado Gold Corp. (TSX:ELD; NYSE:EGO), Allied Nevada Gold Corp. (TSX:ANV; NYSE.A:ANV) and Alamos Gold Inc. (TSX:AGI). They've done well and are up an average of 30%. We just sold out of Eldorado because that 30% gain in a month was too good to let pass for a $10 billion company.
TGR: Eldorado and Alamos have projects in Turkey. Alamos primarily runs the Mulatos gold-silver mine in Mexico, but it also has the Kirazli and Ağı Dağı projects in Turkey. Why are these companies looking at Turkey?
BC: Turkey is great geologically and a very rich place for gold and copper deposits. It's been somewhat ignored because it's been a difficult place to work. But it's certainly not impossible. Eldorado's deposit is doing exceptionally well. And the discovery that Alamos has been drilling out has been pulling some very exceptional holes. The company is onto a major deposit with a good grade and I think it's permitable. I think Turkey is a top place to be looking.
TGR: Allied Nevada has the Hycroft gold mine in Nevada. Is that the next catalyst for the company?
BC: Allied Nevada's Hycroft deposit is a unique situation. It's in the U.S.; it's mostly a sulfide deposit; and it's pretty damn low grade. But Allied Nevada is in the process of proving that bulk mining this thing on a large scale is going to be able to produce gold for less than $400/oz.—that's a very high profit margin, especially if you throw that at a 20 Moz. deposit. There is also around 700 Moz. of silver in the deposit that represents about 25 Moz. of annual production, assuming the milling operation works and is running in 2015. The company is finishing the final studies that I suspect will show it's a major deposit in the U.S. hosting tens of millions of ounces. I like that deposit; I like what the company is doing. Scott Caldwell, the guy running it, knows what he's doing. He's worked heap leach deposits before. Allied is not going to give us the big upside that the exploration companies I usually follow enjoy, but I'm happy with 30% or 40% once in a while.
TGR: It's in your backyard, too. You're a boot and hammer geologist and you've been all over Nevada and the southern U.S. You're very familiar with the geology there.
BC: Nevada's interesting. It's not been ignored over the past decade and a few companies are really going after new exploration concepts. I've been to some projects recently that are quite impressive, but surprisingly have not seen any drilling. Companies are moving back into Nevada with new concepts and targets. We stand a chance at seeing discoveries there, hopefully by juniors.
TGR: How long do you expect the disconnect between the gold price and some of those mid-cap producers to continue?
BC: The honest answer is that I don't have a clue. I'm not very confident at predicting and timing markets. Nonetheless, the disconnect does exist and these mining companies are going to be making very good money and flowing a lot of cash. We could start to see a new type of investor or institution looking at gold companies as businesses instead of a hedge on the dollar. We might even see gold mining companies begin to pay out real dividends.
The other positive for me about these companies is that for every ounce they produce, they've got to replace it or find a new deposit. They can now afford to pay a fair amount for legitimate high-margin deposits. That takes us back to what I like to look for: exploration projects.
TGR: Is $1,600/oz. gold translating to a higher dollar value for those ounces still in the ground?
BC: It is for the companies that have proven resources with some sort of economic study behind them. Companies like Osisko Mining Corp. (TSX:OSK) and Detour Gold Corp. (TSX:DGC) with deposits that are 1 gram per ton (g/t) sulfide are being valued very highly. But if the gold price drops down to $1,000/oz., these guys are toast.
Larger development stage companies with an economic study behind them are being valued at the higher gold price. I'm more cautious about the companies that are just exploring, or that have large low-grade deposits still sitting out there. Economic deposits are unique; geochemical anomalies are a dime a dozen and ultimately worth about that much.
TGR: Ryan Gold Corp. (TSX.V:RYG) and Wolverine Minerals Corp. (TSX.V:WLV) are both drilling geophysical and geochemical anomalies in the Yukon this summer. Yet Ryan is valued at around $230M (million) and Wolverine at around $22M. Can you compare the potential of each of those companies and their values as it pertains to the larger play going on in the Yukon?
BC: That's a real interesting question. Both of them have geochemical anomalies in the Yukon—so do a hundred other companies. Ryan Gold has a very influential and well-connected group of people associated with it. That has helped its valuation a lot.
It also has one project that I consider pretty darn sexy: the Ida Oro Project. It's got the look and feel of a large, intrusive-hosted gold system. That's all we know. We don't even know what the average grade is going to be. If it's a disseminated deposit, which it appears to be, it could be an average of 1 g/t. That's a pretty skinny margin for a deposit in the Yukon and I hope they do better than that. Even at a 2 g/t average everything else would have to work to make it an attractive takeover target. That jump between 1 g/t and 2 g/t gold is a big hurdle if you look at a cumulative grade plot for large deposits.
Turning to Wolverine Minerals, it also has good, competent management. I've got a lot of respect for them. The company has a number of projects and I think it will begin drilling on a few of them over the summer. The company's team is out there right now sampling and mapping. If they can pull two drill holes that show a potential economic system, our odds are leveraged at a $22M market cap versus Ryan's $200M. I like Wolverine in that respect, but it does not have the solid target defined yet like Ryan Gold.
TGR: What about Wolverine's agreement with Strategic Metals Ltd. (TSX.V:SMD)?
BC: Strategic is supplying a lot of the workers, geologist, samplers and mappers. It's certainly an advantage. The company received most of its projects from Strategic in exchange for shares. I think that's the only involvement from Strategic.
TGR: When should we expect some drill results from Wolverine and Ryan?
BC: I suspect they'll be drilling in August. It's taking a long time to get assays to the labs given that everybody and their dog is up there rushing samples to the labs. There could be results in September or October.
TGR: Is there an entry point on those stocks that is favorable?
BC: We got into Wolverine at $0.35 in Exploration Insights and it's trading around $0.63 now. For investors looking for high-risk exposure in the Yukon, it's probably a reasonable entry point.
Ryan Gold is a tough call. With Ryan, investors might want to wait and see what some of the results look like.
TGR: Almaden Minerals Ltd. (TSX:AMM; NYSE:AAU) recently released some drill results from its Tuligtic project in Mexico. The highlight of the drilling program was an intercept of 248m (meters) grading 1.6 g/t gold equivalent. But you have suggested that soil sampling in the area identified a 4x6 km. area of geochemical anomalies inside a circular topographical feature that could represent a volcanic caldera. If what you suggest is true, what could that mean for the Tuligtic project?
BC: We need the actual geologist on the ground doing work to figure out what's going on, not some guy arm waving on the beach in California. When I was down there a few months ago, I got the sense that the prospect sat within a caldera. I've been to a lot of calderas; I've got a feel for what they look like and their importance. What that means is that it's an area of hot springs and such that are the result of cooling magma. In Yellowstone National Park, there are a number of hot springs, volcanic eruption events and that sort of thing. About 12 million years ago, I think that's what Tuligtic looked like. In another 12 million years, we can go mine Yellowstone. Ask your next guest what the gold price will be then for me.
Back to Almaden, it's going to take a lot of detailed work to find the mineralization, but the system is the sort that can generate and produce major gold-silver deposits. That's why we're there. When they drilled their first hole a little over a year ago, just knowing what I knew about this system, we bought into it that day. I've been sitting there ever since and accumulating it. One day, hopefully, the company will find the heart of the system and our big payday comes.
TGR: These are systems that would channel precious metals to the surface?
BC: Basically. For example, hot springs at Yellowstone bring up hot fluids from the magma along with copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver. The metal precipitates out under specific pressure, temperature and chemical conditions.
TGR: Is that Almaden's best hope for a major discovery?
BC: The good thing about Almaden is that it is not a one trick pony. It has a number of projects being worked by partners in Canada and in Mexico. Caballo Blanco is being worked by the Goldgroup Mining Inc. (TSX:GGA; OTC:GGAZF). The company, which maintains a 70% stake, is hoping to put that into production at no cost to Almaden. The Elk gold property in British Columbia has been taken over by Beanstalk Capital. The company has about 30M shares of Beanstalk. Almaden's a very solid company. It's not going to zero even if Tuligtic is a bust.
TGR: It's trading at around $3.75. Is that a good entry point?
BC: That's a tough thing to say. If it was $2 I'd be much happier and buying more. It's great for investors looking to gamble on a discovery with the hope to get a lower price sometime this year. It's not a cheap stock. I'll grant you that, but in this market you sometimes have to pay up for quality.
TGR: Are there some other juniors with projects in Mexico or Latin America that recently found their way onto your radar screen?
BC: I evaluate about 25 companies in detail each month and then I visit maybe 20 projects a year. I'm always looking at things. My most recent trip to Latin America was to Colombia, where I spent some time with Red Eagle Mining Corp. (TSX.V:RD) and Miranda Gold Corp. (TSX.V:MAD).
Red Eagle has one project in Santa Rosa, Colombia, which is an old mining district. It's going to be more of a disseminated-type target. The company is down there now trenching and working it up for drilling. The other project we looked at is Pavo Real, which is a joint venture with Miranda Gold. Red Eagle can earn 70% by completing a feasibility study. It's different than a lot of stuff I've seen in Colombia because it's hosted in sediments and it's a broad area of alteration and surface mineralization. It's an intriguing target.
TGR: Red Eagle just listed so it's probably not on too many radar screens. It's trading at $1.27 right now. What do you think of that stock in that range?
BC: I think it's something to watch. At a $34M market cap, there's certainly some success priced into it. It's worth watching to see what the results at Santa Rosa and Pavo Real look like.
TGR: You're going to be speaking at the Agora Financial Investment Symposium in Vancouver from July 26-July 29. What do you plan to talk about there?
BC: I'm titling my presentation "Turning Rocks into Money" because I think that's really what it's all about. I'm going to go through a bit of geology, how to value companies, and how to judge where a company is in the discovery lifecycle. Hopefully next year's talk isn't titled "Turning Money into Rocks."
I'm also leading a panel on Thursday titled, "Insights into the Business of Exploration." Bill Pincus, president of Esperanza Resources Corp. (TSX.V:EPZ), Ken Cunningham, president of Miranda Gold, and John-Mark Staude, president of Riverside Resources Inc. (TSX.V:RRI) will be on the panel. This is going to be an interesting discussion. We won't be talking about their companies, their soil samples and that sort of thing. I'm hoping to give the audience a real feel for what exploration is about, how these people run their businesses, and how they plan to make money for shareholders in the long run.
TGR: That will make for an interesting panel. Thanks, Brent.
http://www.theaureport.com/pub/htdocs/expert.html?id=755 brings more than 25 years of experience to his role as a geologist, consultant and investment adviser. His knowledge spans all areas of the mining business from the conceptual stage through detailed technical and financial modeling related to mine development and production. His hallmarks include applying rigorous factual analysis to the projects and companies he examines, and augmenting his analysis with on-site field evaluations. He has worked in more than 60 countries on virtually every mineral deposit type. Brent's weekly Exploration Insights newsletter focuses on early-discovery, high-reward opportunities primarily among junior mining and exploration companies. Paul van Eeden, who produced Exploration Insights' predecessor publication, claims Brent "has always been my primary source of information and intelligence with respect to mineral exploration investments."
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1) Brian Sylvester of The Gold Report conducted this interview. He personally and/or his family own shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: None.
2) The following companies mentioned in the interview are sponsors of The Gold Report: Allied Nevada Gold Corp., Detour Gold Corp. Wolverine Minerals Corp., Red Eagle Mining and Miranda Gold Corp.
3) Brent Cook: I personally and/or my family own shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: Almaden, Miranda Gold, Red Eagle, Esperanza Resources, Riverside Resources, Wolverine Minerals, Alamos Gold and Allied Nevada. I personally and/or my family am paid by the following companies mentioned in this interview: None.
Eskay Mining Announces 239 meters of US$143 Rock
Source: Bob Moriarty (01/20/2022)
Bob Moriarty of 321gold discusses the high-grade drill results Eskay Mining just released from its summer exploration program at its project in British Columbia's Golden Triangle.
Source: The Critical Investor (01/20/2022)
Inflation in the Crosshairs
Source: Michael Ballanger (01/19/2022)
Michael Ballanger delves into inflation, the Fed's actions, and how they affect precious metals investing.
One Observer's Take on the Fed, Tightening and the Markets
Source: Adrian Day (01/19/2022)
Adrian Day of Global Analyst takes a look at the macro picture in light of Fed Chairman Jerome Powell's more hawkish comments last week and also reviews recent developments at some companies on his list.
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