text:
Antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Sprengel, Eucalyptus, and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers: An in vitro study
Byalakere Rudraiah Chandra Shekar1, Ramesh Nagarajappa2, Rupal Singh3, S Suma4, Rupesh Thakur5
1 Department of Public Health Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rama Dental College, Khanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
3 Center for Scientific Research and Development, People's University, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
4 Department of Orthodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
5 Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Center for Scientific Research and Development, People's University, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Date of Submission 04-Sep-2015
Date of Acceptance 14-Jul-2016
Background: The rise in disease incidence, increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to currently used antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals, and financial considerations in developing countries necessitates alternate preventive and treatment strategies for oral diseases.
Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of triple and quadruple combinations of Acacia nilotica (AN), Murraya koenigii (Linn.) (MKL) Sprengel, Eucalyptus (Euca), and Psidium guajava (PS) on primary plaque colonizers.
Materials and Methods: The phytochemicals in four plants were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The dried extracts were diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare stock solutions (100 mg/ml) of each plant. The triple and quadruple combinations were prepared after mixing equal quantities of stock solutions from each plant extracts. The antimicrobial efficacy testing was done on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius using agar well diffusion method. Chlorhexidine of 0.2% composition and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The mean diameter of inhibition zone between different categories was compared using one-way analysis of variance.
Results: The combination of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca + PS produced the highest mean diameter of inhibition zone (23.5 ± 2.17 mm) against S. mutans. The combination of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca produced the maximum antimicrobial efficacy against S. sanguis (19.83 ± 1.33).
Conclusion: All the triple and quadruple combinations of the plant extracts offered antimicrobial benefits either superior or comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine against S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius.
Keywords: Acacia nilotica, antimicrobial efficacy, dental caries, Eucalyptus, Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Sprengel, oral bacteria, Psidium guajava
Chandra Shekar BR, Nagarajappa R, Singh R, Suma S, Thakur R. Antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Sprengel, Eucalyptus, and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2016;27:415-20
Chandra Shekar BR, Nagarajappa R, Singh R, Suma S, Thakur R. Antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Sprengel, Eucalyptus, and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2022 Jan 18];27:415-20. Available from: https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2016/27/4/415/191892
Oral health affects general health by causing substantial pain and suffering and by changing what people eat, their speech, and their quality of life and well-being. [1] Hence, the compartmentalization involved in viewing the mouth separately from the rest of the body must cease. Oral diseases are the most common of the chronic diseases and are important public health problems because of their prevalence, their impact on individuals and society, and the high cost of their treatment. [1] Despite marked advances in oral health in many industrialized countries, populations of dentally disadvantaged individuals do exist in these countries, often indigenous child populations and those people of low socioeconomic status, where oral health is deteriorating. [2] Dental plaque is a specialized bacterial biofilm that develops on the surface of teeth, dental restorations, prostheses, and implants. The colonizing bacteria that make up the biofilm consortium produce organic acids, such as lactic acid, by metabolizing carbohydrates that result in the formation of dental caries. Plaque is also involved in the etiology of periodontal diseases. [2] Dental caries continues to be a significant public health problem in most parts of the world. [3] The prevalence of dental caries is steadily increasing, and periodontal diseases are among the most common afflictions of humankind. Tooth loss, owing to poor periodontal health, affects almost 20% of the adult population worldwide. This can lead to significant morbidity and premature death. [4],[5] The prevalence of dental caries among adults and elderly in an urban settlement colony of New Delhi was 82.4% and 91.9%, respectively. [6] The prevalence among 6-10-year-old children in rural areas of Udaipur was 63.2% and 85.7% of the children needed treatment for dental caries. [7] The prevalence of gingivitis among 5-14-year-old children in rural areas of Udaipur district was 84.4%. [8]
Oral diseases are the fourth most expensive diseases to treat in some countries. The treatment of dental caries alone which is estimated at 3513 USD/1000 children, exceeds the total health budget for children in most low-income countries. [1] The situation for adults in developing countries is worse as they suffer from accumulation of untreated oral diseases. The approach best suited for developing countries such as India is to focus on prevention with innovative approaches.
The global need for alternate prevention and treatment strategies for oral diseases that are safe, effective, and cost-effective comes from the increase in disease incidence (particularly in developing countries), resistance of pathogenic bacteria to currently used antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals, and financial considerations in developing countries. Despite several agents being commercially available, these chemicals can alter oral microbiota and have undesirable side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth staining. The bacterial resistance to most (if not all) of the antibiotics commonly used to treat oral infections (penicillins and cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline and derivatives and metronidazole) has been documented. Other antibacterial agents used in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, including cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, amine fluorides, or products containing such agents, are reported to exhibit toxicity, cause staining of teeth, or in the case of ethanol (commonly found in mouthwashes) have been linked to oral cancer. Hence, the search for alternative products continues and natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used in traditional medicine are considered as good alternatives to synthetic chemicals. [2]
Some studies in the past have demonstrated the antimicrobial efficacy of Acacia nilotica (AN), [9],[10] Murraya koenigii (Linn.) (MKL) Sprengel, [11],[12] Eucalyptus (Euca), [13] and Psidium Guajava (PS). [14] However, these limited studies have assessed the efficacy of individual extracts on oral microbes, and it may be possible to maximize the antimicrobial effect of the plant extracts by using them in combination. The combinations of plant extracts lower the rate of development of resistant strains besides enhancing their potency by the synergistic action of their components. In this background, the present study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of the triple and quadruple combinations of AN, MKL Sprengel, Euca, and PS on primary plaque colonizers.
0Study design and setting
This was an in vitro study conducted at the research laboratory, Center for Scientific Research and Development, People's University, Bhopal, between July and December 2013.
The leaves of four plants were collected from the surrounding areas, identified, and authenticated by a taxonomist. The leaves were then rinsed in water treated with reverse osmosis and shade dried over a period of 3-4 weeks at room temperature. The coarse powder of dried leaves was obtained by hand crushing individual leaves separately. The fine powder was subsequently prepared using a mixer grinder, stored in airtight plastic bottles, and labeled. The bottles were stored in refrigerator at 4°C till further use.
The American Type Culture Collection strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius rted from the United States were revived at the research laboratory for further microbiological assay. The bacterial cultures were then maintained on brain heart infusion agar slants with periodic subculturing and stored at 4°C.
Plant extraction
Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction of plant material. Fifty grams of ground powder from each plant was placed in a porous bag or "thimble" made of strong filter paper and loaded into the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The extractor was subsequently placed into a distillation flask containing the solvent (ethanol). The Soxhlet was then equipped with a condenser, and the solvent was heated to reflux. The warm solvent vapors traveled up the distillation arm and flooded into the chamber housing the thimble. It was automatically emptied by a siphon side arm back down to the distillation flask once the chamber was almost full. This cycle was allowed to repeat many times so that the desired compound gets concentrated in the distillation flask. The solvent containing active compounds from each plant was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure (30 ± 10 mbar) in a rotary evaporator at 30-60°C to a syrupy consistency, and finally dried at room temperature. The weight of the dried mass was recorded and used for experimental studies. [15]
Preparation of combination of extracts
Initially, the stock solutions of the individual plants were prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the dried extract in 1000 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Two hundred microliters of the stock solution from three plants was then mixed to obtain the triple combinations of plants. Four triple combinations and one quadruple combination of the plant extracts with equal quantity (200 μl) of 10% solution of each plant (100 mg of the dried extract/1000 μl DMSO) were prepared in this way and assessed for antimicrobial efficacy.
Antimicrobial efficacy testing
The antimicrobial efficacy testing of the triple combination of plant extracts (50 μl volume) was done using agar well diffusion method. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured at three different planes on the under surface of the agar plate using a transparent scale. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The experiment was done in duplicate, and mean inhibition zone was computed using the six readings after subtracting the well diameter (7 mm).
Qualitative assay of phytochemical in plant extracts
Mayer's reagent and Dragendorff's reagent were used identify the presence of alkaloids. Anthraquinones were identified using Borntrager's test, terpenoids using Salkowski's test, saponins using Froth and emulsion test, flavonoids using Shinoda and alkaline reagent tests, tannins using Ferric chloride and lead acetate tests, and cardiac glycosides using Legal test and Keller-Kiliani test. [9]
Data entry and statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). The mean diameter of inhibition zone between different categories was compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. The statistical significance was fixed at 0.05.
The taxonomic details of the four plants and their yield using Soxhlet extraction process are provided in [Table 1]. The details of the three bacteria used for antimicrobial efficacy testing are presented in [Table 2].
Table 1: The plant profile and yield of the four herbal extracts assessed in the present study
Table 2: Details of the bacteria used for antimicrobial efficacy testing
Antimicrobial efficacy of extracts
All the triple and quadruple combinations of plant extracts containing active compounds derived using Soxhlet extraction inhibited the growth of S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius.
The combination of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca + PS produced the highest mean diameter of inhibition zone (23.5 ± 2.17 mm) (mean ± standard deviation) against S. mutans followed by the combinations of AN + Euca + PS (22.25 ± 0.61), MKL Sprengel + Euca + PS (20.67 ± 1.63), AN + MKL Sprengel + PS (20.50 ± 3.15), and AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca (20.33 ± 2.94) in the descending order. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) produced an inhibition zone of 14.5 ± 2.07 mm. The difference between various categories was statistically significant [P = 0.001, [Table 3]. However, the multiple pairwise comparisons between the different categories found no significant difference against S. mutans [Table 4].
Table 3: Antimicrobial efficacy of triple combinations of four plant extracts against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius
Table 4: Multiple pair wise comparisons with regard to antimicrobial efficacy of triple combination of four plant extracts Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius
The combinations of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca produced the maximum antimicrobial efficacy against S. sanguis (19.83 ± 1.33) followed by the combinations of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca + PS (18.92 ± 0.67), AN + MKL Sprengel + PS (18.67 ± 2.25), AN + Euca + PS (18.58 ± 2.06) and MKL Sprengel + Euca + PS (17.0 ± 1.1) in the descending order. There was a significant difference in the mean diameter of inhibition zone between different categories with the least efficacy observed with 0.2% chlorhexidine (13.17 ± 1.47) [P = 0.001, [Table 3]. The multiple pair-wise comparisons found all the combinations to offer significantly higher mean inhibition zone against S. sanguis compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine with no difference between different plants extract combinations [Table 4].
Although all the combinations of plant extracts inhibited the growth of S. salivarius, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean diameter of inhibition zone between different herbal combinations and 0.2% chlorhexidine [P = 0.119, [Table 3]. DMSO failed to inhibit the growth of these bacteria and hence was not considered for analysis.
It can be inferred from the results of this study that the triple and quadruple combinations of the plant extracts offered antimicrobial benefits either superior or comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine against S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius.
The summary of phytochemical constituents identified using qualitative assay of four plants is presented in [Table 5].
Table 5: Summary of qualitative assay of phytochemical constituents in four plant extracts derived using Soxhlet extraction methods
The natural products derived from medicinal plants are an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which form the basis for the development of new lead chemicals for pharmaceuticals. With respect to diseases caused by microorganisms, the increasing resistance of many common pathogens to currently used therapeutic agents, such as antibiotics and antiviral agents, has led to renewed interest in the discovery of novel anti-infective compounds. As there are approximately 500 000 plant species occurring worldwide, of which only 1% has been phytochemically investigated, there is great potential for discovering novel bioactive compounds. In an attempt to explore the possibility of enhancing the potential of individual plant extracts by using them in combinations, this study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of the triple and quadruple combinations of four plant extracts.
We found the antimicrobial efficacy of the triple and quadruple combinations of AN, MKL Sprengel, Euca, and PS to be either superior or comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine against S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. The results of our study could not be compared with any previously published literature as this study is the first of its kind comparing the antimicrobial efficacy of combinations of plant extracts on oral bacteria. Qualitative assay in our study revealed the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides in the leaf extract of AN. However, the literature suggests bark extract of AN to contain alkakoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, and anthraquinones. [10] The antimicrobial efficacy of AN is mainly attributed to these phytochemical constituents. Deshpande and Kadam [8] in their in vitro study have found that the ethanolic extracts of AN inhibited the growth of S. mutans (31 ± 0.7 mm). [9] Leaf extract of MKL Sprengel in the present study contained tannins and cardiac glycosides while Vats et al. found the presence of sterols, alkaloids, and flavonoids. [16] Ramesh et al. [11] have recommended curry leaf extracts to be used as home remedies. This recommendation was made following an in vivo study that involved chewing of curry leaves. Chewing the leaves of MKL Sprengel resulted in the creation of an unfavorable oral environment for caries microorganisms. Sunitha et al. [12] have found both the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of MKL Sprengel to be effective against S. mutans. The mean diameter of inhibition zone using alcoholic and aqueous extracts in their study was 16 and 13.05 mm, respectively, at the end of 48 h. The antimicrobial efficacy of Euca was attributed to terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. Literature indicates the presence of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, glycosides, and macrocarpals A, B, and C in Euca. [13],[17] Some studies have found Euca extracts to possess antibacterial activity against periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. [13],[17] Another study by Takarada et al. [18] demonstrated the inhibitory effect of Euca oil on S. mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, P. gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Some studies have found P. guajava to possess antimicrobial efficacy. Leaf extract of P. guajava in our study revealed the presence of anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. Hema et al. [14] and Andrade-Neto et al. [19] in their study attributed the antimicrobial potential of P. guajava to guajaverin, psidiolic acid, and other essential oil constituents such as monoterpenes, 1.8-cineol, ρ-cimen, and acetate of α-terpenil.
The increase of microbial resistance to antibiotics threatens public health on a global scale as it reduces the effectiveness of treatments and increases morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Evolution of highly resistant bacterial strains has compromised the use of newer generations of antibiotics. The use of plant extracts in combinations has many advantages such as increased potency owing to the synergistic action of phytochemical constituents, lowered rate of development of resistance because they are complex mixtures and make microbial adaptability very difficult. [20] It has been reported in the literature that the development of bacterial resistance to synergistic drug combinations, such as those found in plants, is slower than for single drug therapies. [21],[22] Moreover, the plant extracts have been reported to possess minimal side effects. The results of the present study demonstrate that any of these combinations of plant extracts could be tried as herbal alternates to chlorhexidine. The major advantage of using plant extracts in combinations over chlorhexidine could be minimal side effects and a slower rate of development of resistance. The combinations of plant extracts, on the other hand, may result in the development of some intermediate compounds that may be toxic to the host tissues. However, this needs to be evaluated in future studies. The assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of these combinations of plant extracts on other important anaerobic oral bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, secondary and tertiary plaque colonizers will help in the development of a polyherbal combination that can serve as antiplaque mouth rinse that is effective against dental caries and periodontal diseases.
All triple and quadruple combinations of AN, MKL Sprengel, Euca, and PS are effective against S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. Their antimicrobial efficacy was either comparable or slightly superior to 0.2% chlorhexidine. Each of these combinations could hence be considered as potential antiplaque agents. There is a need for extensive research to assess antimicrobial efficacy of each of these plant combinations on a wide variety of dental caries and periodontal pathogens, their adverse effects if any on topical use, and in vivo studies demonstrating the potential benefits before they are considered safe and effective alternates to existing therapies. The development of such innovative, novel polyherbal formulations that can be prepared indigenously by rural folk is the need of hour. These kinds of preventive strategies that are easily available, cost-effective, socially and culturally acceptable will aid in the promotion of oral health among rural populations in developing countries.
We sincerely thank the management of People's University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, for their kind permission and cooperation in completing this research project.
Sheiham A. Oral health, general health and quality of life. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:644.
Palombo EA. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: Potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:680354.
Byun R, Nadkarni MA, Chhour KL, Martin FE, Jacques NA, Hunter N. Quantitative analysis of diverse Lactobacillus species present in advanced dental caries. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3128-36.
Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21 st century - The approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31 Suppl 1:3-23.
Petersen PE. The burden of oral disease: Challenges to improving oral health in the 21 st century. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:3.
Patro BK, Ravi Kumar B, Goswami A, Mathur VP, Nongkynrih B. Prevalence of dental caries among adults and elderly in an urban resettlement colony of New Delhi. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19:95-8.
Dhar V, Bhatnagar M. Dental caries and treatment needs of children (6-10 years) in rural Udaipur, Rajasthan. Indian J Dent Res 2009;20:256-60.
Dhar V, Jain A, Van Dyke TE, Kohli A. Prevalence of gingival diseases, malocclusion and fluorosis in school-going children of rural areas in Udaipur district. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2007;25:103-5.
Deshpande SN, Kadam DG. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Acacia nilotica against Streptococcus mutans. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013;5:236-8.
Dabur R, Gupta A, Mandal TK, Singh DD, Bajpai V, Gurav AM, et al. Antimicrobial activity of some Indian medicinal plants. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2007;4:313-8.
Ramesh G, Nagarajappa R, Madhusudan AS, Sandesh N, Batra M, Sharma A, et al. Estimation of salivary and tongue coating pH on chewing household herbal leaves: A randomized controlled trial. Anc Sci Life 2012;32:69-75.
Sunitha JD, Patel S, Madhusudan AS, Ravindra SV. An in vitro antimicrobial activity of few plant extracts on dental caries microorganisms. Int J Appl Pharm Sci Bio Med Sci 2012;3:294-303.
Nagata H, Inagaki Y, Yamamoto Y, Maeda K, Kataoka K, Osawa K, et al. Inhibitory effects of macrocarpals on the biological activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and other periodontopathic bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2006;21:159-63.
Hema R, Kumaravel S, Elanchezhiyan N. Antimicrobial activity of some of the South-Indian spices and herbals against food pathogens. Glob J Pharmacol 2009;3:38-40.
Thakur R, Jain N, Pathak R, Sandhu SS. Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:438056.
Vats M, Singh H, Sardana S. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of roots of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. (Rutaceae). Braz J Microbiol 2011;42:1569-73.
Saxena R, Patil P, Khan SS. Screening for phytochemical analysis of Eucalyptus globules Labill and Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Nanobiotechnica Universale 2010;1:103-6.
Takarada K, Kimizuka R, Takahashi N, Honma K, Okuda K, Kato T. A comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:61-4.
Andrade-Neto M, Alencar JW, Silveira ER, Cunha AN. Volatile constituents of Psidium pohlianum Berg. and Psidium guyanensis Pers. J Essent Oils Res 1994;6:299-300.
Abd-el-Kalek HH, Mohamed EA. Synergistic effect of certain medicinal plants and amoxicillin against some clinical isolates of methecillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Pharm Appl 2012;3:387-98.
Coutinho HD, Costa JG, Lima EO, Falcão-Silva VS, Siqueira JP Jr. Herbal therapy associated with antibiotic therapy: Potentiation of the antibiotic activity against methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Turnera ulmifolia L. BMC Complement Altern Med 2009;9:13.
Cos P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro ′proof-of-concept′. J Ethnopharmacol 2006;106:290-302.
Dr. Byalakere Rudraiah Chandra Shekar
Department of Public Health Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka
1 Comparison of the Antimicrobial Activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx Extracts, Six Commercial Types of Mouthwashes, and Chlorhexidine on Oral Pathogenic Bacteria, and the Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts and Chlorhexidine on Permeability of the Bac
Elena Saraí Baena-Santillán, Javier Piloni-Martini, Eva María Santos-López, Carlos Alberto Gómez-Aldapa, Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas, Javier Castro-Rosas
Journal of Medicinal Food. 2021; 24(1): 67
2 Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Camellia Sinensis and Alstonia Scholaris Extracts on Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus Acidophilus - An in Vitro Study.
Shubhi Goel, Chandra Shekar B R, Chandan S
Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2021; 14(1): 455
3 Antimicrobial Activity and Antiadherent Effect of Peruvian Psidium guajava (Guava) Leaves on a Cariogenic Biofilm Model
Roger D Calla-Poma, Margarita F Requena-Mendizabal, Pablo A Millones-Gómez, Dora Maurtua-Torres, Reyma Bacilio-Amaranto, Ana C Valderrama-Negron, Marco A Calderon-Miranda, Rubén A Calla-Poma, María E Huauya_Leuyacc
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2020; 21(7): 733
Chandra Shekar BR
Nagarajappa R
Singh R
Suma S
Thakur R
antimicrobial efficacy
Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Sprengel
oral bacteria
Psidium guajava


Presently, advanced functional biomaterials are widely used in health sciences such as nanomedicine, nanofabrication, coating of medical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, contact lenses, wound healing and cosmetics with the aim to improve the quality-of-life. Nevertheless, the main issue of their successful application remains their biocompatibility. Materials being developed via self-assembly mechanisms are of great interest for biomedical companies and are intended to perform multiple roles for specific health care applications. Self-assembly is a spontaneous process in which molecules are self-organized into the well-defined stable nanoparticles and macrostructures, in which the system minimizes the surface energy to reach a state closer to the thermodynamic equilibrium. Both, bottom-up and top-down mechanisms are well established in self-assembly approach for the development of organic nanocarrier including lipids (liposomes and solid-lipid nanoparticles) peptide-based amphiphilic molecules, non-degradable and biodegradable polymers and dendrimers to deliver antimicrobial drugs in the infected areas. Hydrogels or ointments are the other type of self-assembled hydrophilic polymer of peptides or organic molecules, which form three dimensional cross-linked structures by means of noncovalent interaction and secondary forces including ionic, H-bonding or hydrophobic interaction and Van-der Waals forces.
Nosocomial infections are hospital-acquired infections that are either endemic or epidemic. The endemic infections are common and controllable. However, epidemic infections occur from rapid increases of an infecting organism above the baseline. In recent modern diagnostic procedures such as biopsies, endoscopic examination, catheterization and surgical procedures, contaminated objects are directly introduced into the tissues or infected site, leading to the enhanced of infection. These infections are caused by microorganisms originating from the use of medical devices, delivery of therapeutic agents, or drainage of body fluids during patient care, eventually leading to the colonization and biofilm formation. More than 80% of infections are device-related, inclusding, for example, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, vascular-associated infections and ventilator-associated pneumonias. The most frequent nosocomial infections affect the urinary tract, surgical wound sites infections and the lower respiratory tract.
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in a large number of pathogens is a major health concern. Presently, pathogens are mostly resistant to several antibiotics, which undermine the ability of antibiotics to control the infections. Therefore, suppression of biofilm-associated infections via coating on medical devices using antibacterial biofilm-resistant self-assembled polymer material is a convenient way to control them. Peptides/ lipopeptides represent the ideal building blocks for the synthesis of co-polymer hydrogel, amphiphiles, and nanoparticles. Currently, the search for new antimicrobial molecules to control antibiotic-resistant pathogens, development of new materials for delivery and sustained release of antimicrobial drug in target wound or infected sites represents a major challenge.
This Research Topic will consider the range of works utilizing 'bottom-up' or 'top-down' self-assembled strategies to build the highly ordered self-assembled structures as functional antimicrobial material with potential for the treatment of wounds, injuries, disease and targeted antibiotic delivery to infected areas. We also welcome contributions researching the hydrogel or highly tunable self-assembled materials that are based on organic molecules, peptides, siRNA or shRNA, DNA, proteins, or RNA/DNA-protein/polymer hybrids and metal nano- polymer hybrids. Applications in the treatment of wound healing, injuries and coating on medical devices to control the biofilm formation by the pathogens are also considered. The contributions in any format defined by Frontiers are acceptable.


text:
Q: Why gets address value when parsing main() arguments? I am using Visual C++ with the following code:
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{

    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i)
    {
        cout << argv[i] << endl;
    }

    getch();
    return 0;
}

The program named MyProgram.exe.
Then I run the program by: MyProgram.exe hello world
The program was supposed to print:
MyProgram.exe
hello
world

but it did not, it printed 3 lines of address values:
005D1170
005D118C
005D1198

Did I do something wrong?

A: You need to use:
std::wcout<<argv[i];

I guess you have enabled Unicode enabled in your compilation and when you do so, _TCHAR is defined as wchar_t and hence you use the std::wcout version to output the wide char string.
If you do not have Unicode enabled in the build options then
std::cout<<argv[i];

would work just fine because then _TCHAR is defined as char and there is an overloaded version of << operator which takes an char argument.

A: argv[i] is a _TCHAR array, and std::cout doesn't have an overload operator << for _TCHAR's. It's just printing out pointers. A _TCHAR is a MSVS type for a wide character (if you're using unicode, which you most probably are).

A: I'm guessing you're compiling this with _UNICODE defined. That makes _TCHAR be wchar_t, a wide character. std::cout can output narrow strings (as pointed by char*). To output wide strings (as pointed by wchar_t*) use std::wcout.

A: Change the line
cout << argv[i] << endl;

to
wcout << argv[i] << endl;

Unicode character strings are two character wide which cannot be handled by cout. You need the wide character version of cout to print a UNICODE string.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Rendering cyrillic fonts from html page to pdf in django project I am trying to render an hmtl page in russian to pdf. Everything works fine except for russian fonts. The resulting pdf page shows either black squares or trash.
That's my html to pdf page:
{% load static %}
 <style>
 @font-face {
    font-family: 'Open Sans';
    src:
        url({% static 'webfonts/OpenSans-regular.ttf' %})format('truetype');
 }
 body{
    font-family: 'Open Sans';
 }
 </style>
<body>
олывоалыовалоылвоа <br>
олыолваолыоалывоалы
</body>

That,s my project tree:
-project/static/webfonts/OpenSans-Regular.ttf
Please, help


We are fans of these guys here at Green Rebel for the past year and jumped at the chance to interview them. Hard working and two of the soundest people you will ever meet, Mango and Mathman made Emily's nerves slide away with their wit and good humour during this chat.
2018 continues to be an amazing year for Mango and Mathman, having played numerous gigs and festivals not least the National Concert Hall here in Dublin and also the Barbican Centre in London.


Riesling Trail Cottages | Accommodation Clare Valley & Yorke Peninsula, South Australia.
Multi Award Winning self contained cottages. Tucked away in a quiet position in the heart of Clare, these two lovely country cottages are tastefully decorated and feature cosy wood fires and relaxing spas.
Cosy sitting room with open fire, r/c air con for summer, TV, Video, DVD and CD player.


text:
Q: Access outer class from inner Thread java In a class OuterClass i have a Thread InnerThread. In the Thread i need to access a method from OuterClass. How do i do this? I tried :
public class OuterClass{

   public static void main(String[]args){
      Runnable thread = new innerThread(param);
        new Thread(thread).start();

   public void method(param1, param2){
      System.out.println("Test method");
   }

   public class InnerThread extends Thread{
      public void run(){
         System.out.println("Test thread")
         OuterClass.this.method(param1, param2);
      }
   }

}

but the programm doesnt go into the method. Why is that and how could it work?
edit Im sure the Thread is running because I perform other actions there and they work, and I put a print right at the start of method(param1, param2), so i'm sure it doesn't enter the method. I tried only method(param1, param2) whithout OuterClass.this as well and it didn't work either.

A: This works fine:
public class OuterClass {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Thread t = new Thread(new OuterClass().new InnerThread());
        t.start();
        t.join();
    }

    public void method(String param1, String param2) {
        System.out.println("Test method ("+param1+","+param2+")");
    }

    public class InnerThread extends Thread {

        public void run() {
            System.out.println("Test thread");
            method("A", "B");
        }
    }
}

prints
Test thread
Test method (A,B)

A: This can be achieved by creating two separate classes
1 which contain OuterClass
2 Other which ctreate the instance of OuterClass i.e, main class.
Take a look.
public class Main {

public static void main(String arg[]){

OuterClass o=new OuterClass(1,3);
   }
    }

class OuterClass{
    int param,param2;
    InnerThread t;

OuterClass(int x,int y){
this.param=x;
this.param2=y;
InnerThread t=new InnerThread();
t.start();
}

 public class InnerThread extends Thread{
      public void run(){
         System.out.println("Test thread");
         OuterClass.this.method();
      }
   }
 public void method(){
      System.out.println(this.param+this.param2);
   }
}


With the advent of a bike frame of Super Magnesium, will steel, titanium, and aluminium still be relevant?
The answer to this question can be the key to your understanding of how to improve your training focus, race tactics, bike selection, and ultimately your enjoyment of the sport.
For most of us cyclists, mountain biking is not only a sport or a hobby but also a way of life. Here are eight reasons why mountain biking makes our lives better!
The Ongoing Debate: Mechanical Vs. Electronic Groupsets— Which One Triumphs Over The Other?
Has the time come for us to use the electronic groupsets? Let's look at the reasons why and why you shouldn't follow the trend. It's mechanical vs electronic!
Dengue Is On The Rise, Does That Mean That We Should Cycle Faster?
Get ready to smother yourself in mozzie repellent before you head out for a ride, or maybe it's time to pedal harder and go faster?
Sportsin Cycling would like to create good content regarding second hand bikes and we need your help.
QUIZ: What bike colour suits your personality?
Don't worry if you can't decide on what bike colour you should get because we've got a solution for you. Take this test to find out!
Here are 6 essential steps to help you pick your dream cycling destination.
A growth in bike fitting services has coincided with the rise of the Dynamic Bike Fit and a decrease in popularity of the Traditional Static Bike Fit.
Which Roads Are The Most Dangerous To Cycle In Singapore?
We asked our readers on Facebook which roads in Singapore are the most dangerous to cycle on and why. Here are the results.


Your privacy and security are our highest priority. The Hall County Government collects only the personal information necessary to provide enhanced services to our citizens and customers. Please note that all non-exempt information collected by the Hall County Government web site may be subject to public disclosure under NEB. REV. STAT. §§ 84-712 THROUGH 84-712.09 et.seq., the Nebraska Public Records Statutes. Personal data in our possession is maintained and used in ways that respect individual privacy.
This information is used only to improve the scope and content of the County's services on the Internet.
The Hall County Government website will not release personal information to third parties except as required by law. We will not provide, rent or sell personal information to third parties for marketing programs or any other purpose. State law restricts the use of personally identifiable information for commercial purposes.
To prevent unauthorized access, maintain data accuracy, and ensure the appropriate use of information, we have instituted physical, electronic and managerial procedures to protect your personal information. For example, only certain authorized Hall County personnel have access to your personal information, and this information is password protected. We also use firewalls and Secure Socket Layers, where appropriate. Further, we may have outside companies perform periodic security audits and we may use intrusion detection systems to guard against unauthorized access.
Your comments and concerns are always welcomed, please feel free to contact the Hall County IT Department.


During site surveys we act as your extra pair of eyes to ensure all the details of fitting & finishing processes are taken care of.
We use state-of-the-art laser survey equipment and ensure accurate levels and details throughout the areas and surfaces that will receive the stone.
We advise the design and construction team about the best practice approaches to the installation of stone.


Our bookings calendar (side-bar) can help plan your booking.
Please note that there is a nominal charge for the use of P.A. ~ Cinema Equipment ~ and the Stage Extension. Our Bookings Secretary will be in touch to make arrangements if you request to use any of these equipments.
Excellent space for live music, dances, theatre, or fund-raising nights. Also of course for things like exhibitions, square dancing, or even carpet sales.
Much used for private parties and activity groups.
The Westerly end has a stage with dressing room. The stage is about 13 feet deep and 20 feet wide between the front pillars. Height's about 13 feet.
Stage lighting and a ceiling mounted projector and a large screen also are available by agreement with their owners (local Drama and Cinema Groups). Mention these in your booking request if you need them.
If you're unsure, contact our Bookings Secretary.
The Hall can take about 120 seated (100 is more comfortable).
If seats aren't used to too great an extent, 150 absolute maximum.
We recommend maximum 120 if the stage or the cinema screen are part of the plan, as people cannot be too close, especially if a stage-apron is being used .... try a "test layout" perhaps.
Overall sizes approximately 37.5 feet by 28.5 - maximum height of about 12 feet.
and charities - £8.50 per hour.
small "for profit" businesses, and franchisees - £10.50 per hour.
Commercial and business firms & organisations - £15.50 per hour.
Attached staffed bar - £7 per hour.
Please note - if you want to use the adjoining Pritchard Room as extra space (for food-dispensing, as an example), it also must be hired.
A bright and airy room that fits the bill for all kinds of activity and event. For many years it was the Birchmeadow's bar, but it was totally refurbished in 2015.
Takes up to about 50 people in comfort, and is an excellent space for meetings, small gatherings, presentations and training.
Easy access into the Main Hall.
Width 15 feet (4.6m) length 35 feet (10.4m).
There is a ceiling mounted projector, with a 10 watt speaker built in. Make sure that you tell us if you want to use it.
and charities - £6.50 per hour.
small "for profit" businesses, and franchisees - £8.50 per hour.
Commercial and business firms & organisations - £10.50 per hour.
The staffed bar can be hired, at £7 per hour.
Kitchen (see below) - single charge of £10.
Please note - if you want to use the adjoining Pritchard Room as extra space (for food-dispensing, as an example) when hiring the Main Hall, it also must be hired.
The Pritchard Room was refurbished in 2014 thanks to generous financial aid from Awards for All and a DECC Green Deal Pioneer Grant for Energy Efficiency from Shropshire County Council.
Because of the energy-efficiency works included in its refurbishment, the room is an example of measures that are available to community buildings, local businesses and individuals for improving energy efficiency in buildings and homes. Local schools may also be interested in using the Pritchard Room as an educational resource for the same reasons.
It's brimming on events evenings !
This area can be used for small meetings and gatherings.
For use just of the room it's £5.50 an hour.
The cafe area and kitchen combined also can be hired to provide a cafe service selling to the public. This is different to an ordinary hire, and is dealt with separately. Contact our Bookings Secretary if you're interested in a short or longer term hire. The conditions can be seen via this button.
it costs just £6.50 an hour.
The kitchen is available for a single charge of £10 to those who are hiring another room, like the Hall or Pritchard Room.
There's a good sized cooker with two ovens, two fridges, a microwave, slow cookers, and various other bits & bobs.
Crockery is there: in the cupboards.
To get more low-down, contact our Bookings Secretary.


Dimensions: 36W x 18D x 42H in.. Crafted from strong industrial grade steel. Select from available colors. Shelves able to adjust at 2 in. increments. 3 point locking system for improved security. Squat and wide, the Alera Assembled 3.5 ft. Storage Cabinet with Adjustable Shelves offers you a versatile and durable storage unit that's ideal for your home, garage, office, or studio. This tough cabinet is built with thick, industrial-grade metal and boasts locking doors for security. Inside, two shelves offer organizational space and are adjustable for your convenience. The doors are designed open fully for complete access to the interior. Choose your preferred finish from the available. Color: Black.


text:
Are we on track?
THERE WAS A bellowing of sound; groaning of anguish and countenance of despair for many years, as St Vincent and the Grenadines yearned for a synthetic track.
Those were all answered in the affirmative, when in early January 2020, the ground was broken which signalled the intent to have at least a synthetic track for the people of St Vincent and the Grenadines.
Like clock-work, the track was completed in November, much to the delight and acceptance of our young track and field athletes mainly, as well as coaches, parents, administrators and well-wishers of sports.
Against the odds in terms of the financial crunch at the time and detractors who wished for the project to submerge in flood water, perseverance and political will prevailed and the track was delivered.
However, above and beyond what the naked eye beholds, there are some issues and concerns which must be given answers and ventilation.
Since its commissioning and soft opening, there is an air of frivolousness and equanimity which is prevailing over the facility. This came to the fore when earlier this year, there were videos circulating of persons using the facility for frolicking purposes.
Immediately, there was a piece meal reply, with the stationing of security personnel, to thwart any incidence of vandalism.
Whilst, the swift move to address a potential free for all at the EC$4 million investment; it reflected at the time the unplanned objective of those who went ahead to conceptualise, realise and built the facility.
This notion has not changed, as six months after, little has improved for the better, and nothing much has become conspicuous with regards to a structured approach towards the development of the facility.
Yes, the policy makers will readily shift and place all the blame wholly and solely on the pandemic and the subsequent explosive eruptions of La Soufriere volcano.
Whilst these may be reasons, they are no excuses for the protection and wholesome management of the Diamond Track Facility.
Having said that, one is aware there were some newspaper advertisements out for tenders for the covering of the bleachers. Although welcomed, and is an acknowledgement that there are efforts in the upward direction about the facility, covering of the bleachers should not be top priority.
Rightly so, there are track and field events which are hosted at the track facility. Hence, the need for some washrooms and change rooms, ahead of the canopies over the bleachers.
This is against the reality that it was always laid out with a phased approach to the provision of amenities at the track.
It therefore cannot be an oversight, but sheer lack of proper planning, not to place restrooms and change rooms, as more than important.
Can one now surmise that the authorities are saying to us, "we have given you what was asked, and as such, we have made good on that promise"?
Also, on the list of concerns, is the state of the football field which the synthetic track encircles.
Since putting down the football field, little has been done to have that segment of the facility up and running.
Have the authorities lost their focus of the medium and long-term plans to have our sportsmen and women afforded some level of decent facilities that they can hone their track and field and football skills?
Critically too, it must be asked, which entity has direct control over the Diamond Track Facility.
This is pertinent, in that without any ordered personnel with specific mandates, the facility will simply be left to an underused, rudderless piece of infrastructure.
Hopefully, when the management structure is approved and finalized; it will be devoid of political preference, but persons with the know-how and fervour, to ensure that the facility's use is maximised.
The foot-dragging and laxed outlook to an all-important sporting asset must see a turnaround sooner than later.
Giving the nation a synthetic track and football field is just the first part of the process; showing that it is well meant and part of national development, must follow.
Putting order, as well as having some management structure and erecting those much-needed amenities are high agenda items at this time.
Let not credence be given to the belief in some quarters, that the Diamond Track Facility was more a political decision, rather than a genuine concern for our track and field athletes and footballers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Getting Started On Drums is an entertaining and educational way for beginning drummers to learn the right way to play right from the start.
Three grooves you can play right now!
Playable on any DVD player as well as any computer with a DVD ROM or DVD RAM drive.


Purchasing a quality brake cushion is just like buying physician recommended prescription. When you are purchasing a medication you are not merely paying the expense to fabricate, bundle and market the pill. The majority of what you are paying for is innovative work. The equivalent is valid for brake pads. Brake pads require a lot of testing and designing since they are made for a particular vehicle. Toyota invests a great deal of energy and cash on building up a brake pad application that is best for your car.


text:
'I must speak, I must think, I must act.' [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual
Rebecca J. Fraser
During the American Civil War, black women increasingly published opinion pieces in the form of letters, short essays, and, in one case, serialised fiction in the African Methodist Episcopal newspaper, The Christian Recorder. This article argues that, collectively, these women's voices contributed to a developing black intellectualism of the early nineteenth century, setting the precedent for black feminist thinking of the Reconstruction period and beyond. Through their public literary activism, these women challenged the boundaries of the gendered and racialised spaces of the public and private spheres. Through a series of case studies published in the Christian Recorder from 1861 to 1866, this article reflects on the ways in which these women developed a conscious writing self which should be understood as literary activism. These women wrote under the most difficult of circumstances in a period of conflict, yet they persisted in having their voices heard. Collectively, they wrote about the importance of action, the influence of women on the African American nation, and the vital influence of women's role in education for racial uplift. This article thus places the literary activism of these women front and centre and highlights the power of their words for subsequent generations.
Accepted manuscriptAccepted author manuscript, 875 KB
Rebecca Fraser
Becky.Fraseruea.acuk
School of Art, Media and American Studies - Associate Professor of American History and Culture
American Studies - Member
Area Studies - Member
Person: Research Group Member, Academic, Teaching & Research
Fraser, R. J. (2018). 'I must speak, I must think, I must act.' [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual. Slavery and Abolition, 39(4), 663-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2018.1459009
Fraser, Rebecca J. / 'I must speak, I must think, I must act.' [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual. In: Slavery and Abolition. 2018 ; Vol. 39, No. 4. pp. 663-684.
@article{d3a13978098e477993c5b5a2878c6ab1,
title = "{\textquoteleft}I must speak, I must think, I must act.{\textquoteright} [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual",
abstract = "During the American Civil War, black women increasingly published opinion pieces in the form of letters, short essays, and, in one case, serialised fiction in the African Methodist Episcopal newspaper, The Christian Recorder. This article argues that, collectively, these women{\textquoteright}s voices contributed to a developing black intellectualism of the early nineteenth century, setting the precedent for black feminist thinking of the Reconstruction period and beyond. Through their public literary activism, these women challenged the boundaries of the gendered and racialised spaces of the public and private spheres. Through a series of case studies published in the Christian Recorder from 1861 to 1866, this article reflects on the ways in which these women developed a conscious writing self which should be understood as literary activism. These women wrote under the most difficult of circumstances in a period of conflict, yet they persisted in having their voices heard. Collectively, they wrote about the importance of action, the influence of women on the African American nation, and the vital influence of women{\textquoteright}s role in education for racial uplift. This article thus places the literary activism of these women front and centre and highlights the power of their words for subsequent generations.",
author = "Fraser, {Rebecca J.}",
journal = "Slavery and Abolition",
Fraser, RJ 2018, ''I must speak, I must think, I must act.' [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual', Slavery and Abolition, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 663-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2018.1459009
'I must speak, I must think, I must act.' [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual. / Fraser, Rebecca J.
In: Slavery and Abolition, Vol. 39, No. 4, 12.2018, p. 663-684.
T1 - 'I must speak, I must think, I must act.' [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual
AU - Fraser, Rebecca J.
N2 - During the American Civil War, black women increasingly published opinion pieces in the form of letters, short essays, and, in one case, serialised fiction in the African Methodist Episcopal newspaper, The Christian Recorder. This article argues that, collectively, these women's voices contributed to a developing black intellectualism of the early nineteenth century, setting the precedent for black feminist thinking of the Reconstruction period and beyond. Through their public literary activism, these women challenged the boundaries of the gendered and racialised spaces of the public and private spheres. Through a series of case studies published in the Christian Recorder from 1861 to 1866, this article reflects on the ways in which these women developed a conscious writing self which should be understood as literary activism. These women wrote under the most difficult of circumstances in a period of conflict, yet they persisted in having their voices heard. Collectively, they wrote about the importance of action, the influence of women on the African American nation, and the vital influence of women's role in education for racial uplift. This article thus places the literary activism of these women front and centre and highlights the power of their words for subsequent generations.
AB - During the American Civil War, black women increasingly published opinion pieces in the form of letters, short essays, and, in one case, serialised fiction in the African Methodist Episcopal newspaper, The Christian Recorder. This article argues that, collectively, these women's voices contributed to a developing black intellectualism of the early nineteenth century, setting the precedent for black feminist thinking of the Reconstruction period and beyond. Through their public literary activism, these women challenged the boundaries of the gendered and racialised spaces of the public and private spheres. Through a series of case studies published in the Christian Recorder from 1861 to 1866, this article reflects on the ways in which these women developed a conscious writing self which should be understood as literary activism. These women wrote under the most difficult of circumstances in a period of conflict, yet they persisted in having their voices heard. Collectively, they wrote about the importance of action, the influence of women on the African American nation, and the vital influence of women's role in education for racial uplift. This article thus places the literary activism of these women front and centre and highlights the power of their words for subsequent generations.
JO - Slavery and Abolition
JF - Slavery and Abolition
Fraser RJ. 'I must speak, I must think, I must act.' [Laura Simmes, 1864] the Christian Recorder, literary activism, and the black female intellectual. Slavery and Abolition. 2018 Dec;39(4):663-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2018.1459009


text:
Q: type 'FirebaseFirestore' is not a subtype of type 'Firestore' I have added firebase_core: ^0.5.0, cloud_firestore: ^0.14.0+2 as dependencies and in main added
void main()async {
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  await Firebase.initializeApp();
  runApp(MaterialApp(
    debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
    home: Home(),
  ));
}

In my service class I have
class SupplierService {
  Firestore db = Firestore.instance;

  // retrieve data
  Future<List<DocumentSnapshot>> getSuppliers() {
    return db.collection("suppliers").getDocuments().then((snaps) {
        return snaps.documents;
    });
  }
}

where I retrieve some data in suppliers collection. But I navigate to corresponding page wich has implemented it throws me

type 'FirebaseFirestore' is not a subtype of type 'Firestore'

What was the problem and how can I solve this

A: You're using a now-deprecated API.  Firestore is no longer supposed to be used.  Your code should read like this instead:
FirebaseFirestore db = FirebaseFirestore.instance;


Lesley Hauler is a "GMA" social media producer who challenged herself to try out the Whole30 program and is sharing her wellness adventure each week.
For 30 days, I gave up pretty much every food I held near and dear to my heart and to participate in the Whole30 program — and I survived!
That's right — 30 days without sugar, alcohol, grains, legumes and dairy. It was just as daunting as it sounds.
Although now I feel physically more attuned to my body than I ever have before, the month wasn't without its pitfalls.
The first two weeks were hard. The third week was easy. The last week was slow and full of temptation.
I passed Week 3 of Whole30 with flying colors. I was feeling great and had turned grocery shopping and meal prep into a routine I was proud of. I was finally gaining confidence in my cooking skills and was no longer scared to whip up a dinner that consisted of more than three ingredients.
"You're still feeling great, but if you think of it in the sense of 'My Whole30 is ending soon,' that's when the cravings may start kicking in again," Whole30 founder Melissa Hartwig said.
And boy — was I feeling those cravings. I felt like every day was an extremely slow countdown to the day I could have sugar again. It was like sugar plum fairies were dancing in my head every day for that last week.
Alas, I held my head high and ate my meal prepped lunches until that fateful Day 30 rolled around.
Prep everything: These egg frittata muffins will last you an entire week of breakfast.
After 30 days without dairy, legumes, sugar, grain or alcohol, a person might make a beeline for the nearest chocolate bar. Whole30 advises you not to do this — because while the program may technically be over, the reintroduction phase has barely begun.
"Don't blow off the reintroduction, it's really mission critical for that learning experience," Hartwig said.
"The goal of Whole30 is to eliminate these foods from your diet in order to see which ones your body may not be tolerant to. The only way to do that is by slowly — and strategically — reintroducing these foods back into your diet and study the effects. A lot of people eliminate and don't do a proper reintroduction and you're losing half of the benefit of the program. That's how you find out how your foods are really working for you or not working for you," she said.
New York-based registered dietitian Maya Feller says that the transition back into a healthy diet that's not based on the Whole30 regimen may be just as hard as the original challenge itself.
"It's really hard for an average person who went on a diet like this in the first place to return to a healthy, balanced way of eating," Feller said.
I'm going to be honest — as much as I have really appreciated my Whole30 experience, I've talked about how much I miss sweets like cake and cookies practically every day. Although I had a strategic way to reintroduce foods into my diet, I walked into work on Day 31 and was greeted with both desserts by my coworkers. There was no way I was going to turn that down.
So yes, reader, I failed. I had part of a cookie and some cake on my first day after Whole30 ended — and my body hated me for it.
Cue the stomachaches, the sugar rush, the headaches. I felt bloated and gross within an hour of eating. I had two blemishes pop up by the next morning! Although my heart was ready for cake — my body was not.
The next day, I decided to go back to the Whole30 guidelines for reintroduction — keep the majority of your meals Whole30 compliant and add one new thing every couple days to see how your body reacts. Go as fast or slow as you like. The reintroduction period can be as short as a week or long as 30 more days.
So far, I've discovered that my body can't tolerate dairy or legumes like it used to, but is fine with sugar and alcohol (within moderation). Although weight loss isn't the goal here, I did lose about eight pounds in the process, which is a nice bonus.
Overall, I've enjoyed my time on Whole30. I really appreciate that this program is not focused on weight loss, but overall health and evaluating your relationship with food. I've learned a lot about my relationship with food and gained some stellar skills in the kitchen while I'm at it.
I've learned that food made without grains, gluten, sugar or dairy can still taste good — great even! So even though Whole30 is over, I'm going to continue making Whole30-compliant meals a few times a week.
Although you are eliminating some important food groups, it's important not to think of any foods as bad. Sugar is not bad. Dairy is not bad. It just might not work for your body.
"When you add a food back that you eliminated and start to feel bad again, that's when I say you need further evaluation. You've got to work with your doctor or dietitian to figure out why you're having a sensitivity to any given food," Feller said.
When in doubt for what to eat, roasted veggies always do the trick.
If you're considering trying Whole30 yourself, here are some nuggets of wisdom I've picked up myself.
Read the book: "The Whole30: 30-Day Guide to Total Health and Food Freedom" book was my bible during this time. There are a ton of online resources to help you that aren't on the official Whole30 team, but I found this book extremely helpful to let me know what to expect along the way — and also came with recipes I ended up using.
Plan everything: I mean everything. Plan out your meals for the week, check to make sure your groceries aren't going to go bad by the time you cook them. Plan for emergencies and bring emergency snacks, like RXBars, wherever you go.
Budget: It's easy to go overboard with your spending on Whole30 — although it's nice for everything to be organic and fresh, there's no harm with using frozen foods and cutting costs where you can. Over the course of the month, I spent over $600 on groceries just for myself. Learn from my mistakes (and wallet).
Read your labels: Sugar and additives are in everything. If you can't pronounce it, it's probably not good for you — and more likely than not, it's not Whole30 approved.
Get support: I did Whole30 alone but there were many times when I wish I didn't. It's a lot easier to hold yourself accountable if there's someone doing it with you. If you are doing it alone, it's not the end of the world. There's an entire community online and on social media that's extremely welcoming and supportive if you just scroll through the #Whole30 hashtag.
Read week 3 here and follow Lesley's wellness adventure on Instagram.


An architect's education, combining art and technical structure, is the key that allows them to competently take ideas and plans from design to real-world success. Their experience allows them to see spaces and opportunities from many different perspectives by showing you sketches and models to communicate in 3 dimensions how your design is developing. Your architect will know when another specialist is needed, such as a structural engineer, civil engineer and a landscape architect.
When should I hire one?
This depends on the situation, preferably at the start when the ideas for a project are just forming. They can visit the new site you're considering and help discuss discuss the feasibility of what can be developed there. They'll know, or find out, the local codes and regulations that will apply to the type of project you want to build, and be able to provide essential advice right from the start.
Are you considering new construction? Do you have a design in mind? Great – bring pictures and any information you have about the site, and they can help you with the next steps. Do you have a remodel in mind? Invite him to the home or building for a site visit and and get their expert opinion.
Cost depends on the scope of the project and the architect's fees. Both of you should have a feeling for the project and its reach after the first few or second meeting, and then you can get an idea of the value of the project and the cost.
A percentage of the complete project, 10% to 15% is a common.
On an hourly basis – this structure, a "not to exceed" dollar limit can be used for each step of the project.
A flat fee that can be agreed on at the beginning of the project. This is most useful for smaller projects.
How to find the right architect?
It's important that you like and respect your architect. You will be spending a lot of time with together, sharing your lifestyle and preferences. Interview with them remembering that continued collaboration is essential to a successful end. We recommend hiring local firms who will know more about the area, can recommend contractors and local government requirements.
The AIA, Architects Institute of America, is a professional membership organization that has vetted architects all over the US. In order to be a member, they must have a current license, insurance (good question to ask any perspective before hiring them) and maintain a record of required annual continued education. It's a good place to start.
Design development; the time to develop the structure's program and aesthetics. You will meet with the architect and discuss what you want, and advance the ideas to drawings.
Initial drawings and bid phase; These drawings provide enough details for contractors to prepare a bid or estimate. It's a time to determine the cost of the project, which can be compared to the budget. If the cost is too high, client and architect can revise the project to meet the budget.
Permit drawings; these are a basic set of plans used to apply for a building permit with the local jurisdiction.
Construction phase; the architect will be collaborating with the Contractor, and owner during this phase. Someone may come up with different approaches to the design, called value engineering.
Your architect is a licensed professional, educated in art, engineering and construction. He will help you take your ideas, and develop a design to become a building. From years of training and experience, he will see opportunities to improve the aesthetics of the project, create floor plans for maximum efficiency and make sure the building will be structurally sound. He will collaborate with you, engineers, contractors and local regulators for a successful project.
Want to know more about our process? Send an email or give us a call and we discuss what you need and how we can help.


text:
Review - Perception, Hallucination, and Illusion
by William Fish
Review by David Wall, Ph.D.
Sep 15th 2009 (Volume 13, Issue 38)
According to a Naïve Realist about perception 'the phenomenal character of [a veridical visual experience] is its property of acquainting the subject with [the elements of the material world that the subject is looking at]' [16]. That is, the naïve realist claims that in veridical perception we are directly related to the objects and their properties that we perceive, which themselves 'shape' what our perceptual experience of them is like. Despite providing an intuitive, straightforward account of perceptual experience [1.3], and having anti-skeptical advantages over indirect realist accounts of perception [1.4], naive realism is often dismissed as uninformative about the nature of the perceptual relation: how do the objects and properties that we are acquainted with determine the phenomenal character of perceptual experience?
More significantly, naïve realism is generally taken to be unable to give a good account of non-veridical perception. The possibility of hallucination and illusion commit the naïve realist to a disjunctive theory of the phenomenal character of perceptual experience: in these cases the phenomenal character of experience can be indistinguishable from a veridical case but because the material world is not as it appears to be, by definition, this cannot be explained in terms of the objects and properties perceived themselves shaping what the experience is like. Yet, if this phenomenal character can be sufficiently explained independently of the elements of the world themselves in the non-veridical case, why think that they are necessary to explain phenomenal character in the veridical case: how can the naïve realist avoid having their account of veridical perception 'screened-off', or made redundant by the explanation of non-veridical perception?
Perception, Hallucination, and Illusion is William Fish's admirable attempt to answer these questions for a naïve realist account of perception. After first giving a precise formulation of the view, offering initial motivations for it, and clarifying the challenges an adequate version must overcome, Fish tackles these problems in turn. In his account of veridical perception he invokes a distinction between the presentational character of a visual experience, 'constituted by the seen objects and their properties' [50] and the phenomenal character of that experience, 'its property of acquainting the subject with the elements of the presentational character' [50]. This distinction allows Fish to explain how different perceivers seeing the same scene can nonetheless have experiences that differ in phenomenal character: it is the way in which a perceiver is acquainted with the presentational character of a scene that determines what her experience is like, and this, the phenomenal character of the experience, is partly dependent on her perspective on the scene, the acuity and idiosyncrasies of her visual system, the amount of attention she is paying, and her conceptual resources [75]. In this way the world can be intimately involved in, but not fully determinative of, veridical perceptual experience.
In contrast, because the world is not involved in a hallucinatory experience at all, Fish argues that hallucinations do not have phenomenal character at all: they do not acquaint a subject with some presentational character. Rather, he claims that in hallucination we merely believe that we are having an experience with a certain phenomenal character. Hallucinations are mental events, perhaps caused by various kinds of psychological abnormalities, that produce 'the same cognitive effects in the hallucinatory that a veridical perception of a certain kind would have produced in a rational subject' with the same overall background beliefs and conceptual resources [114]. Hence, to the hallucinator the experience is indiscriminable from that kind of veridical experience because, as part of it, she has the (false) belief that she is having a certain phenomenal experience. This is, in effect, an eliminativist theory of the phenomenal character of hallucination [93], but a theory that accounts for the indiscriminability of hallucination without screening-off the world-involving account of veridical perception.
Perhaps the most novel part of Fish's view is his account of illusion, and in this respect disjunctivism is something of a misnomer. He treats veridical perception and hallucination as poles of a continuum along which different kinds of illusion can be placed: in an illusion a subject is acquainted with certain presentational properties of the viewed scene, so her experience does have phenomenal character, but the cognitive effects of her experience differ in some significant ways from those that would normally be produced in a similar rational subject being acquainted with those presentational properties. Hence, her beliefs about what her experience is like do not accurately describe its phenomenal character. For instance, when someone sees a coiled rope as a snake her experience successfully acquaints her with the brown-ness, coiled-ness, and under-a-log-ness of the rope but also causes her to have certain mistaken beliefs, such as that she sees scales, and that she is seeing a snake [167-170]. So unlike in hallucination the illusory experience does have phenomenal character, but unlike in veridical perception, the higher cognitive effects of the experience are significantly different from those caused by a veridical perception, and include certain characteristic false beliefs. In this way Fish can avoid categorizing illusion as completely different from hallucination, thereby creating another screening-off problem from whatever account he gives, but also avoid categorizing it as just like hallucination which, with his error theory of the phenomenal character of hallucination and the prevalence of common, e.g. perceptual, illusions, would suggest that it is only in extremely rare cases that we actually have experiences with phenomenal character.
What is most impressive about the book is Fish's precision, clarity, and straightforwardness. He draws useful distinctions, for example between phenomenal character and presentational character that helps to show the range of possible versions of naïve realism, and his presentations of the arguments from hallucination and illusion show the exact, and different, problems each kind of experience raises for the naïve realist, as well making clearer the kinds of response available. Further, he is refreshingly open about the difficulty of these challenges, the plausibility of various responses, and the strength of his favoured account. I would highly recommend the book to those working in philosophy of perception but also to students due to its clarity and easily accessible style.
Of course, this does not mean that Fish's argument is wholly convincing. A naïve realist has to reject what Fish calls 'the local supervenience principle', the view that particular neural activity is sufficient for an experience to have a particular phenomenal character [118]. If this is true then the screening-off problem becomes almost unavoidable for the naïve realist. Fish acknowledges the wide-spread acceptance of the principle but argues that neither the thought experiments nor the empirical evidence commonly taken to support it actually does so: he argues that the former merely assumes the principle whereas the latter is either inconclusive or irrelevant to the issue [120-140]. He takes this to put the naïve realist on a par with an indirect realist who appeals to local supervenience with respect to explaining phenomenal character such that the views should then be judged according to which gives the better explanation [140]. As you might expect, he takes his naïve realist account to be superior here. Fish might be right about the status of the local supervenience principle but he seems mistaken about the argumentative position. Importantly, his naïve realism is an error theory of the phenomenal character of hallucination: it claims that things are not as they appear to be, and posits wide-spread false beliefs. As such it is reasonable to think it carries an extra burden compared with an indirect realism that appeals to local supervenience to try to explain how things are as they appear to be. Moreover, the kind of explanation available to the naïve realist seems unsatisfactory: at risk of raising the screening-off problem she cannot propose some uniform explanation of the error but often has to appeal to idiosyncratic cognitive abnormalities. So Fish is unable to meet the explanatory demands on his account. Nonetheless, it is a valuable attempt.
© 2009 David Wall
Dr. David Wall, Department of Philosophy, University of the West of England, Bristol


The president of next week's key UN chemicals summit has said discussions on the sound management of chemicals beyond 2020 have "not been straightforward", but will be considered at the meeting.
Delegates from more than 100 governments, along with representatives of the chemical industry and public interest groups, will evaluate progress and plan for the future at the only international forum that addresses global and national issues related to sound chemicals management. The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The IPEN Quick Views document is a summary statement of some IPEN views about issues that will be taken up at the 4th International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM4), including, among others, highly hazardous pesticides, chemicals in products, lead in paint, electronics, the overall orientation and guidance (OOG) document, endocrine disruptors, nanotechnology and finances. Read the Quick Views here.
Visit IPEN's ICCM4 website here.
This letter from IPEN and Pesticide Action Network (PAN) was circulated to ICCM4 delegates to ask for support to establish a Global Alliance to Phase-out Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs) at the 4th Conference on International Chemicals Management (ICCM4) meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. IPEN and PAN believe that such an Alliance, building on lessons learnt by the successful SAICM Global Alliance for the Elimination of Lead in Paint, is vital for assisting countries to adequately deal with HHPs and their replacement in a manner that supports the livelihoods of farmers.
The 2006 decision that established the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) expires in 2020. In this thought starter, IPEN highlights some ways that SAICM has proven to be an extremely important international framework for promoting and advancing chemical safety objectives, and offers some suggestions to address the urgent question: what comes next?
The 4th meeting of the International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM4) for the SAICM will be held in Geneva from 28 September to 2 October 2015 and numerous IPEN Participating Organization representatives will be attending. Check our page here to find more ICCM4-related documents from IPEN, as well as information about IPEN's priorities for the conference, events during the conference, and more.


EVER'S TRUCKING SERVICES LLC is an active operating under USDOT Number 3045434 and MC Number 46928.
Do you operate EVER'S TRUCKING SERVICES LLC business?
QuickTSI will provide this website/profile as a marketing platform for EVER'S TRUCKING SERVICES LLC. Let potential shippers learn more about EVER'S TRUCKING SERVICES LLC. QuickTSI will publish EVER'S TRUCKING SERVICES LLC. business information here.


text:
A SHORTCUT IS NEVER AN OPTION, NOT EVEN FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
June 4, 2021 June 4, 2021 aiuniverse
Source – https://www.analyticsinsight.net/
Our hardworking ancestors have taught us about the disadvantages of shortcuts and the fact that they never work. This stands true even in the age of reason as Jean-Paul Satre points out, " The best work is not what is most difficult for you; it is what you do best." Best work never entails shortcuts because the best of works take a good amount of time and patience.
However, the age we are currently residing in is also known as an age of convenience where every facility is available on small portable devices. This hyper-availability of services and privileges has curtailed the concept of attentive and intricate work even on AI experts and scientists.
New research from the University of Washington unveils that AI-powered gadgets too are inclined to shortcuts like humans. This tendency of relying on shortcuts is justified by the fact that artificial intelligence mimics human intelligence after all.
The Major Adversaries Entailed in Healthcare When AI takes Shortcuts
Doctors and medical experts have expressed their intimidation and indignation on the major cons that AI shortcuts can result in. If AI tools are deployed in the medical practice, they can yield erring results that can have a negative impact on the diagnoses of patients.
Alex DeGrave, a medical student at the University of Washington, along with his fellow students has discovered that the algorithms deployed in testing Covid-19 patients, relied on text markers and patient positioning, specific to each data set to detect a COVID-19 positive patient.
In DeGrave's words, a physician relies on specific patterns of the image that reflects disease processes. However, a system using shortcut learning instead of relying on the patterns can give rise to risky repercussions in the process of diagnosis and treatment.
Such a problem of leaning on shortcuts is termed as lack of transparency, also known as the "black box" phenomenon. Researchers have found that this problem is existent in almost all COVID-19 detection models. Medical practitioners have also highlighted the "Worst-case confounding". Worst-case confounding is a situation in which an AI tool lacks a sufficient amount of training data to learn the underlying pathology of a disease. Such a problem occurs when a model is removed from its original setting.
The team of medical practitioners trained the deep convolutional neural networks on an X-ray image from a specific data set. It was observed that the model's test performance faltered when it was removed from its original setting and the accuracy level fell by half when the model was exposed to the external environment.
Su-In Lee, a PhD associate professor in Allen School asserts that the study on the AI models for Covid-19 detection underscores the fundamental role that explainable AI will play in ensuring the safety and efficacy of these models in decision-making in medical science.
The Future Of Artificial General Intelligence
Previous: WAYS IN WHICH BIG DATA AUTOMATION IS CHANGING DATA SCIENCE
Next: 10 SCI-FI NOVELS ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & ROBOTS FOR CURIOUS MINDS


Because Billy gets it best.
I'd give this film 5 Puppy Snaps out of 5.
You don't need a telescope to see this star!
Because who could say it better?
Wes Anderson? More like BEST Anderson!
Her first order as President? Free Chick-fil-a for all seniors!
Vegan clothing? What does it eat?!
The best place in Williamsburg to go nuts.
She's a rising star for sure!
Write your novel in one month!


Latest updates about the server.
Everything you need to know about DDMS.
Any suggestions? Post them here.
Post your screenies from ingame here.
Latest events will be posted here.
Show off your artistic skills.
Helpful guides to help you play.
Report any in-game glitches with DDMS.


text:
package com.chikara.strategist.dao;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import com.chikara.strategist.entity.Book;

public interface IBookDao extends Dao<Book, String>{

	List<Map<String, Object>> getBooksForSubject(String subjectId);
	void saveBookForSubject(String subjectId, Book book);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Prove that an uncountable set with the cofinite topology is Fréchet–Urysohn A space $X$ is said to be Fréchet–Urysohn give that,
$$x\in \overline{A} \text { if and only if there is a sequence } \langle x_n \rangle \text{ in } A \text{ such that } \langle x_n \rangle\to x.$$

Lemma A: Let $X$ be any uncountable set with the cofinite topology. Let $x\in X$ and $\langle x_n \rangle$ a sequence in $X$. Then $\langle x_n \rangle$ converges to $x$ if and only if for every $y\neq x$ we have $x_n=y$ for only finitely many $n\in\Bbb N$.
Using Lemma A, how can I prove that $X$, an uncountable set with the cofinite topology, is Fréchet–Urysohn?

I know that if $A\subseteq X$ is finite then $\overline{A}=A$, whereas if $A\subseteq X$ is infinite then $\overline{A}=X$.

A: ... so if $\lvert A\rvert\ge\aleph_0$, then consider an injective sequence $x_\bullet:\Bbb N\to A$: that sequence converges to every point of $X$ by the lemma.

A: If $A$ is finite, and $x \in X$ we have two cases: $x \notin A$, then $X\setminus A$ is a neighbourhood of $x$ that misses all of $A$, so no sequence from $A$ can converge to $x$.
If $x \in A$, a constant sequence will show already that $x$ is a sequential limit from $A$. So $A$ equals the set of sequential limits from $A$, and also this equals $\overline{A}$.
If $A$ is infinite, and $x \in X$, then any sequence fom $A$ that has all terms distinct (this can be done easily  when $A$ is infinite) converges to $x$. (Lemma A is not really needed for this, it's an easy observation). So $X$ equals the set of all sequential lmits from $A$ and this is also $\overline{A}$.
So in all cases sequential closure of $A$ is closure of $A$ and $X$ is Fréchet-Urysohn.


text:
Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery went from a retirement dream to a going concern
By Brandy Centolanza
David and Diane Sheldon bought White Oak Farm in Elberon in 2012. (Hampton Roads Winery)
When David Sheldon and his wife Diane retired more than a decade ago, they debated whether they would sail around the world or open a vineyard and winery. They chose the winery route, and Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery was soon born.
The Sheldons relocated to the Hampton Roads area from Boston after purchasing land in Surry County near Bacon's Castle to start their new venture. The pair planted their first four varieties of grapes in 2008.
"We've always enjoyed wine as hobbyists," David Sheldon said. "We've always had grapevines growing in our yards."
In 2012, the couple bought White Oak Farm in Elberon, and opened Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery for business at the farm three years later. Their son, Rich, also helps operate the winery.
"From start to finish, we do it all here," said David Sheldon. "We grow the grapes, we make the wine, we bottle it, and we sell it all right here. We are a true farm. I think that's what makes us unique."
The wine is made and bottled on-site in an old helicopter hangar while the retail space and tasting room is in a separate building that was designed to look like an old carriage house.
The vineyard carries seven different wines with several more in the works. The most popular seller is the Hog Island Sweet White wine, a sweet, fruity wine made with half Scuppernong grapes and half Seyval Blanc.
Diane Sheldon is the winemaker, and David Sheldon prefers the peace and solitude of being outside, pruning the grapevines and harvesting the grapes each season.
"I'm pretty hands-on here at the farm," he said. "I really enjoy it. Each year is different and I like trying to figure out what to do to make the next year's crop better than the last."
Sheldon also enjoys sharing his experiences growing grapes and making wine with patrons.
"All of our workers are very knowledgeable and we like to share what is happening here on the farm," he said. "We want to build relationships with our customers and have people walk away learning something new."
He also likes to share his craft at local farmers markets, including the Williamsburg Farmers Market.
"I really like going to the farmers markets and talking to people and educating them."
Visitors at Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery can savor a glass of wine inside or on the patio outside. The winery also rents out space for weddings and other events, including music and art programs featuring food trucks.
Meanwhile, the property is also home to Red Angus beef cattle as well as nine Nigerian Dwarf goats, who live in the tallest goat tower in the world, which Sheldon had specially built.
The winery recently celebrated its third anniversary and hopes to continue to expand. This year, David Sheldon's goal is to unveil a port wine and sparkling wine. He also hopes to start selling wine in growlers as well launch a second brand, Goat Tower wines. In the fall, Red Angus beef may also be available for purchase.
"We are always trying something new and seeing what works and what doesn't," he said. "We are always learning as we go."
Want to go?
Hampton Roads Vineyard & Winery
6074 New Design Road, Elberon 757-899-0203
hamptonroadswinery.com
Open daily April through December, noon to 6 p.m. Sunday-Thursday; noon to 6:30 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays.
April 7: Spring Paint & Sip
April 14: Music on the patio — join in with our Wine Club members and just make a toast to Bud Break 2019
April 20: Adult Easter Egg hunt
April 25: Diversified Uses for Farms Summit: an all-day summit with speakers going over everything from AgriTourism to growing hemp and offering value-added produce. Secretary of Agriculture Bettina Ring will be in attendance.
David Sheldon prefers to tend the grapes on the vine. (Hampton Roads Winery)
A teenager's pleas for help were ignored until she collapsed at a Newport News mental hospital and died,...


2 part interview with Poornima Vijayashanker, founder of Femgineer. Poornima is an engineer and entrepreneur. She is also a teacher at various tech programs in San Francisco such as General Assembly, Parisoma, and Hackbright. She took apart her first computer at age 14, majored in EECS at Duke, and was a founding engineer at Mint.com (which I love using! Keep that credit score high) She left Mint to start her own company and has otherwise been busy giving TEDx talks on tinkering, publishing eBooks like "How to Transform Your Ideas Into Software Products", and publishing actual books like "Present! A Techie's Guide to Public Speaking" with Karen Catlin .
Poornima founded Femgineer in 2007 in order to write about her experiences, and show that "women can be sophisticated, cultured, and still be engineers, Femgineers!". She has also said that if society wants to see more women in technology careers, then it is important to have more role models for women in technology. She also emphasizes the importance of encouraging women to pursue "hard-core engineering or finance roles" because these jobs are more likely to lead to top positions in the company. Hear hear Poornima! That is exactly why I publish and speak at conferences...and do video interviews.
These video interviews are a 2 part series covering the basics of blockchain and cryptocurrency, for those who are crypto curious and just starting to get involved.


Organise your forks, knives, spoons and other accessories and keep them neat and tidy with one of our cutlery drawer inserts. Designed to slot into your kitchen drawer, these trays come in a variety of sizes to suit your family's needs. For example, if you're restricted on space, our white cutlery tray will fit into smaller drawers with ease, while our larger designs are great for busy households. Or, if you want to keep your cutlery on hand at all times, one of our freestanding cutlery organisers will work a treat.


The vast majority of GeoNode developers do their work with Google Chrome.
Versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer older than 10 exhibit known issues when used to browse a GeoNode site. As such a message is displayed warning the user that they should upgrade their browser.
When working on front end code, developers should take care to test carefully with Microsoft Internet Explorer to ensure that the features they are working on do indeed work correctly and on this browser. It is good practice to test on all browsers available, but the use of modern front end libraries like bootstrap and jQuery make it much more likely code will work across browsers seamlessly.
In order to test on Internet Explorer, developers can use the Modern IE site to download virtual machines for use in Oracle VM Virtual Box.
Once the VM is downloaded, follow the instructions to configure it in your VirtualBox setup.
After the VM is setup, you can access your development instance of GeoNode by visiting the IP address of your host machine or on the bridged interface (usually 10.0.2.2) and begin your testing.


text:
Banking Certificate of Deposits (CDs)
Pre-Encashable Deposit
Reviewed by James Chen
What is a Pre-Encashable Deposit
A pre-encashable deposit is a feature of savings vehicles available in the U.S. and Canada, including term deposits and CDs, that offers the flexibility of penalty-free withdrawals to the account holder under certain conditions. A pre-encashable deposit may be a good choice for individuals looking for liquidity while saving in a guaranteed account.
BREAKING DOWN Pre-Encashable Deposit
Pre-encashable deposits are available in a wide range of investment vehicles, including term deposits and certificates of deposit (CDs), both of which can be held in tax-deferred accounts. Guaranteed investment certificates, which typically require longer holding periods, are less likely to include pre-encashable features. Although pre-encashables usually advertise withdrawals without penalty, most deposits require a certain minimum investment period before funds can be withdrawn without penalty to the principal.
Deposit instruments are a popular vehicle to manage cash or assets where the primary objective is protection of principal. Pre-encashable deposits in the U.S. can be made in vehicles that are considered low risk in terms of price fluctuation and that come with FDIC protection, meaning deposits up to $250,000 are insured by the Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation in the case of a bank failure.
Ready access to principal is another key feature that individuals may require when opening a savings or similar deposit account and one that makes pre-encashables an attractive option. Comparative alternatives like CDs assess early withdrawal penalties, that, in the current low interest rate environment, can potentially wipe out any earned interest income. Money market accounts, meanwhile, have daily liquidity but tend to require higher minimum deposits and may have restrictions on the number of withdrawals in a given period. Some money market accounts, such as those offered by mutual fund companies, do not carry FDIC protection.
Why Pre-Encashable Deposits Offer Lower Rates
Generally, the longer a saver is willing to deposit their principal, the better rate a bank will offer. Banks and other savings institutions like credit unions do not offer pre-encashable deposit products per se but as a feature of various deposit vehicles available. Savers will generally earn a lower interest rate for the right to the withdrawal flexibility of pre-encashable accounts compared to accounts where principal remains in the account for a contracted period.
Banks would prefer to hold cash as long as possible as it provides a base to make loans. Lenders can also earn net interest margins by paying 1.0%, for example, on a $10,000 deposit in a one-year CD, and then lending out that same amount at 1.75%. The lender earns the difference of $75 as income.
Certificate of Deposit – CD Definition
A certificate of deposit (CD) is a savings certificate entitling the bearer to receive interest.
How Investors Utilize Jumbo CDs to their Benefit
Jumbo CDs are types of savings accounts with higher balance requirements than traditional certificates of deposit and in return pay a higher interest rate.
Comparing Time Deposit or Certificates of Deposit Rates Between Banks
A time deposit is an interest-bearing bank deposit account that has a specified date of maturity, such as a certificate of deposit (CD).
How an Indexed Certificate of Deposit (CD) Works
An indexed CD is an account with a rate of interest that fluctuates with the movement of a stock market index. Like any CD, it is deposited for a set period of time.
What is a money market account? It's an interest-bearing account at a bank or credit union, not to be confused with a money market mutual fund.
Liquid Certificate Of Deposit
Liquid certificates of deposit are a type of CD that allow investors to make withdrawals without incurring a penalty to the account.
U.S. Savings Bonds vs. CDs: What's the Difference?
The Complete Guide to Money Market Deposit Accounts
Money Market Accounts or CDs: Which Investment Is Better?
How do individual retirement accounts and certificates of deposit differ?
Fixed Income Trading Strategy & Education
Are CDs Good Protection for a Bear Market?
Can certificates of deposit (CDs) lose value?