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Home News Climate change-induced shifts in the distribution of plankton alter the global carbon cycle
Home News Climate change-induced shifts in...
Climate change-induced shifts in the distribution of plankton alter the global carbon cycle
Tuesday 12 Feb 19
Andre Visser
awv@aqua.dtu.dk
Phytoplankton and zooplankton are important operators of the biological pump, a set of processes including the fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide in organic material and its transport from the upper, sunlit ocean to depth. Although it has long been recognized that changes in the biological pump are of great significance to the climate system, they are poorly understood. Quantifying such changes is notoriously difficult because it requires spatially and temporally explicit information about biological, chemical, and physical properties of the ocean, where empirical observations are in short supply.
We focused on marine copepods, a well-studied, ubiquitous, and dominant group of marine zooplankton, and estimated recent changes in their contribution to the biological pump across the northern half of North Atlantic Ocean. Copepods transport carbon passively, by producing sinking fecal pellets while feeding near the sea surface, and actively, by conducting daily and seasonal migrations to deeper, darker waters, where carbon is released through respiration, defecation, and mortality. In addition to information about where, how many, and what types of copepods were present, we also needed to infer their migration behavior.
To do so, we applied available information on copepod body size, their food, and water turbidity to an optimal behavior model. We processed tens of thousands of nighttime observations of copepod communities from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) program, and estimated whether they were more likely to keep feeding at the surface during daylight hours, or to descend to deeper layers to hide from visual predators like fish. Based on these estimates, we quantified the amount of carbon that the copepods actively transported by migrating, and how much they passively transported by producing sinking fecal pellets.
The findings from these analyses were striking: from southern Iceland to the Gulf of Maine carbon transport mediated by copepods increased significantly during the last six decades, while widespread decreases were apparent across much of the temperate, central northern North Atlantic. This pattern was largely driven by changes in copepod population distributions and community structure. Our results suggest two important conclusions: First, shifts in species distributions driven by a changing global climate are already impacting ecosystem function across the northern North Atlantic Ocean. These shifts are not uniform along latitude and highlight the complexity of marine ecosystems. Second, long-term biological monitoring programs like the CPR survey are absolutely essential to understanding key processes and changes in the Earth system.
Brun P, Stamieszkin K, Visser AW, Licandro P, Payne M, Kiørboe T (2019) Climate change has altered zooplankton-fuelled carbon export in the North Atlantic. Nature ecology and Evolution
contact Philipp Brun at: philipp.brun(at)wsl.ch
http://www.oceanlifecentre.dk/news/Nyhed?id=%7BB7F40092-36FF-4EDF-BF24-7E5859ABE183%7D

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Inspiration for 'Babar the Elephant' Dies
Cecile de Brunhoff, the inspiration for Babar, the enchanting little elephant whose adventures captivated generations of children, has died in Paris. She was 99.
De Brunhoff suffered a stroke Saturday night and died Monday in a hospital in Paris, where she lived, said Mathieu de Brunhoff, one of her sons.
She first invented the tale of a little elephant as a bedtime story for her boys in 1931. They in turn told their father, painter Jean de Brunhoff, who illustrated the story and filled in details, naming the elephant Babar and creating Celeste, Zephir and the "Old Lady," who takes care of young Babar after his mother is killed.
"For children, a story of an elephant who has so many adventures in such a short time is really something that is so enchanting," the son, Mathieu, said Tuesday by telephone.
"With the paintings of my father, paintings that were so marvelous, it was a great combination," he said.
Before "The Story of Babar" was published, Cecile de Brunhoff insisted that her name be removed from the book because she thought her role too minor, according to publishers Harry N. Abrams Inc.
"She was very modest," said Mathieu.
A pianist, she was a graduate of the prestigious Paris music college, the Ecole Normale de Musique.
Jean de Brunhoff died of tuberculosis in 1937, aged 37. His eldest son, Laurent, carried on Babar's adventures, completing two books unfinished by his father and eventually devoting himself full-time to Babar, publishing dozens of books of his own.
Cecile de Brunhoff, who was born Oct. 16, 1903, and did not remarry after her husband's death, is survived by her three sons, four grandchildren and four great-grandchildren, said Mathieu. He said the family would hold a private funeral outside of Paris.


Republicans are prepping to use an Adelson-backed super PAC as a key weapon in their fight to keep the House.
CA-GOV: Gavin Newsom leads, but two Republicans are battling for second place in a new poll of Bay Area residents.
GA-GOV: A longshot GOP gubernatorial candidate is touting his "deportation bus."
IN-SEN: Begun, this general election air war has.
MI-GOV: The Freep profiles Abdul El-Sayed.
MO-GOV: Lawmakers want Eric Greitens to testify, but his lawyers say there's no guarantee that he will.
The lawyer who helped expose Greitens got a mysterious payment from a wealthy anonymous GOP donor, writes the LA Times.
NE-2: Alex Seitz-Wald profiles progressive candidate Kara Eastman.
NV-SEN: Dean Heller pleaded with Trump not to shut down the government before midterms, writes POLITICO.
TN-SEN: A new Vanderbilt poll shows independents have a better view of Bredesen than Blackburn.
TN-GOV: And the same poll shows Diane Black with the highest name recognition in the governors race — but also the highest negatives.
Hallie Jackson and Kristen Welker: "Special counsel Robert Mueller's office has told President Donald Trump's legal team that he won't indict a sitting president, according to Rudy Giuliani, one of Trump's lawyers."
Jonathan Allen writes on how Trump's financial disclosure form shows debts paid to Michael Cohen.
Donald Trump Jr. told Senate investigators he didn't remember telling his father about the infamous Trump Tower meeting with Russians.
The New York Times has a deep dive into the origins of the Trump probe.
Ronan Farrow has a big story on why those Michael Cohen financial records were leaked: There are more of them, and they're missing from a government database.
Trump is under fire for calling some unauthorized immigrants "animals."
Here's the latest on the net neutrality fight.
Critics are worried that Trump is more focused on image than substance in the North Korea negotiations, writes the Washington Post.


If Your Goals Are Really Easy To Reach Your Sub Conscious Mind Won't Mind Helping You Reach Your Goals.
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GALLERIES > BIRDS > PASSERIFORMES > VIREONIDAE > RED-EYED VIREO [Vireo olivaceus] [plot on map]
Location: Magee Marsh (Crane Creek), OH
Location: Chagrin River Park, OH
The Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus, is a small American songbird, 13-14 cm in length. It is somewhat warbler-like but not closely related to the New World warblers.
Adults are mainly olive-green on the upperparts with white underparts; they have a red iris and a grey crown edged with black. There is a dark blackish line through the eyes and a wide white stripe just above that line. They have thick blue-grey legs and a stout bill. They are yellowish on the flanks and under their tail.
This bird, not always seen, may sing for long periods of time; it appears to be endlessly repeating the same question and answer. It holds the record for most songs given in a single day among bird species.
The three South American subspecies have a simpler song, a chestnut iris, and different remiges proportions. They are sometimes split as the Chivi Vireo, V. chivi. The three races concerned are V. o. chivi, V. o. vividior, and V. o. tobagoensis, a large form endemic to Tobago. The Yellow-green Vireo of Central America is also sometimes considered to be a subspecies of Red-eyed Vireo and called Vireo olivaceus flavoviridis by such authors.
Bird in nest. Photo by Vernon R. Martin
The breeding habitat is open wooded areas across Canada and the eastern and northwestern United States; the Latin American population occurs in similar habitat and is partly resident all-year. North American birds migrate to South America. South American birds move north to Central America; also southwestwards to central and northern Argentina. This vireo is one of the more frequent American passerine vagrants to western Europe, with more than one hundred records, mainly in Ireland and Great Britain.
Red-eyed Vireos glean insects from tree foliage, favouring caterpillars and aphids and sometimes hovering while foraging. They also eat berries, especially before migration and in the winter quarters where trees bearing popular fruit like Gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba) will even attract them to parks and gardens.
The nest is a cup in a fork of a tree branch. This bird suffers from nest parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird in its northern range, and Shiny Cowbird further south.
Click here to see the Red-eyed Vireo's range map!
Listen to the Red-eyed Vireo Song:


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Q: Modify C igraph shortest.path "weights" argument Would I have to modify the C igraph source code to add an option to the shortest.paths argument: weights that if weights= some string other than 'weights', say 'new_weights', then compute the weight on the fly?
Python's NetworkX has this option, but igraph does not.  If I'm wrong on this, please let me know.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Jr/Sr High Students
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Discover Sundays
Moses: Exodus 1-18
December 4, 2016 | Pastor Mark DuPré | From the series: The Old Testament
The first 18 chapters of Exodus introduces us to the person and life of Moses, the most important Old Testament figure to most ancient Israelites. He brought judgment on Egypt, and was part of the greatest miracle of the Old Testament–the Exodus and crossing of the Red Sea. But his time with the Hebrews in the desert was a mixed bag, and his unbelief at a critical moment brought him trouble in the end.
Listen to the Sermon
When we see the Liberty Bell, Declaration of Independence, Washington crossing the Delaware, we think of the birth of America.
When Israel looked back at the beginning of their nation, they remembered one thing–the Exodus!
Exodus (the book) tells us that story, and it introduces us to Moses, the central figure of the Old Testament to the Hebrews. He was the first mediator between God and man. He was the mediator of God's judgment on Egypt, and the deliverer of God's people.
Background. Before Moses came, things were looking bad. The Pharaohs enslaved the Hebrews and put harsh demands on them. In the meantime, though, God was raising up the deliverer to bring them out of Egypt–Moses.
God met Moses at the burning bush, where Lord told Moses that He would use him to deliver them. Moses argued. And when he asked the Lord who was sending him to Pharaoh, Lord said, "I am Who I Am." (Jesus referred to that a few times….)
That led to the Great Face-off Between Moses and Pharaoh, with Moses telling Pharaoh that God was saying to let His people go! The 10 Plagues not only hurt Egypt, but mocked its gods.
The final judgment was a prophetic picture of what was going to happen to Jesus, and the Hebrews were saved by the blood of a lamb–just like us. (I Corinthians 5:7)
Once they got to other side safely, they began walk in wilderness that lasted 40 years. A lot happened in the wilderness. But for now, here are a few highlights.
God had just done the biggest miracle in history, getting them out of Egypt and through the Red Sea, Their response to their first trial of not finding drinkable water was not to trust in God and to complain against Moses.
Then they got hungry and needed food. So God sent them manna–the Bread of Life. Jesus called Himself Bread of Life. This was first a direct reference to this provision, plus a reference to the "I AM" name that the Lord gave Himself.
In the middle of all that, there was an event that seemed small at the time. They again ran into the water problem. God told Moses that HE would stand on the rock, and that Moses should strike the rock. God was identifying himself with the Rock, taking the place of the accused, and was symbolically receiving a punishment that Moses was giving out. It was punishment for the people's unbelief!
It's a picture of the crucifixion of Christ. God is our Rock–mentioned many times in Scripture in various ways. And yet here He takes the blows that He doesn't deserve to provide living water for His people.
Why did Moses have to be the one to strike the Rock? Moses was the Great Law-Giver to Israel, and the law of God demanded that sin be atoned for through the death of an innocent sacrifice.
Look ahead…when that Rock was struck and Jesus was sacrificed for us, the waters of the Holy Spirit were opened to us.
Later, in Numbers, when they were looking for water, the Lord told Moses to gather the people, take his rod and SPEAK to the Rock. Instead, he struck it twice! For that disobedience (Numbers 20:12), Moses couldn't go into the Promised Land.
This was a strongly prophetic incident. Moses striking the Rock once 39 years earlier was a sign of Jesus' sacrifice, which was done once, for all sin, for all time. There is nothing more that God needs to do. There is nothing more that WE need to do except speak to the Rock–talk to the Lord, and receive the Holy Spirit, receive forgiveness.
Just speak. All punishment has been given out–to Jesus! Speak to the Rock of Christ. Watch the waters flow when you do that! (I Peter 3:18)
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Sky Bet Championship Play-Off Final: Official Matchday Programme
The Sky Bet Championship Play-Off Final between Huddersfield Town and Reading is fast approaching, and the matchday programme is on the printer ready for Monday's showdown at Wembley.
It's not only for fans at the ground, though. If you're not one of the many supporters embarking on the capital for the showpiece, the programme is priced at £10 and you can get a copy by clicking here.
There's a range of player interviews inside the publication, as well as our Team of the Season, and all the facts and figures behind the 2016/17 Sky Bet Championship campaign.
Among the players interviewed are Huddersfield fan favourite Michael Hefele and Reading defender Chris Gunter, as well as notes from both managers, David Wagner and Jaap Stam.
This year marks the 30th anniversary of the EFL Play-Offs' introduction to English football, and the matchday programme celebrates this by hearing from Rob Lee and Bobby Zamora, two people who have special stories to tell from the end-of-season showpiece.


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New research examines Kansans' possible voting behavior in upcoming elections
WICHITA, KAN. — A new survey from renowned pollster and trend analyst John Zogby breaks down the opinions of Kansans on state-level policy issues, federal political races and predicted voting behavior for the upcoming election cycle.
The data, which Zogby released during a speech at the Kansas Health Foundation Symposium, shows eight in 10 Kansans surveyed reporting they plan to vote in the upcoming election cycle for both national and local races.
In terms of opinions of specific state-level policies, the Zogby research utilized a "feeling thermometer" method, in which a response of "warm" indicates a positive or favorable opinion, while a "cold" response indicates a negative or unfavorable opinion. Findings include:
Three out of every five Kansans surveyed felt "cold" toward the performance of the Kansas government.
More than half of the Kansans surveyed felt "cold" toward the state's ability to insure a quality education system.
Just under half of the Kansans surveyed felt "cold" toward the state's ability to provide a safety net for its poor/low-income residents.
The poll also included questions regarding the upcoming national political races. In this section of the survey, nearly half of the Kansans surveyed responded they were "very dissatisfied" with the pool of presidential candidates.
When asked directly about a hypothetical presidential race between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, those surveyed indicated a seven-point edge for Clinton at this time, with 21 percent still undecided.
In addition to the issue and candidate questions, the survey also examined the motivations and barriers to voter participation. This included asking respondents which single issue was most likely to have an impact on how they voted. On this question, one in five Kansans responded "education."
Complete details and question responses are available upon request.
John Zogby Strategies conducted a random survey of 433 registered voters in Kansas. The poll was conducted from June 4th to June 6th and has a margin of error of ± 4.7% at a 95% confidence level. The total may not round to 100% because of rounding. The polls were conducted using automated telephone calls and cell phone response and weighted by anticipated voting demographics.
About John Zogby Strategies
John Zogby Strategies will help you navigate through our dramatically changing world. With more than four decades of experience measuring change and providing the analysis and strategies to help communities, agencies, companies giant and small, and governments 1) adjust to scarcer financial resources, new demographics, technologies that are game-changers, and 2) in understanding the numbers, John Zogby Strategies helps its clients navigate through a dramatically changing world.
About the Kansas Health Foundation
The Kansas Health Foundation is based in Wichita, but statewide in its focus. With a mission to improve the health of all Kansans, KHF envisions a culture in which every Kansan can make healthy choices where they live, work and play. During the past 35 years, KHF has provided more than $600 million in grants to improve health in Kansas communities.


I am a Businessperson with a Bachelor's degree currently living in Kochi. I belong to a Middle class, Nuclear family with Traditional values.
I have made this profile on behalf of my brother. Hails from Kottarakara, Kollam. He is currently working at Technopark, Trivandrum for the last 5 years as UI Designer. Active in all church programs and presently he is in charge of our parish secretary. We are middle class family with christian Orthodox believes. Four members in our family. He would like to marry a simple, god fearing, loving girl with loyal and truthful in relationship.


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Awareness and Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Korean Lung Cancer Patients
Joon Young Choi, Wonjun Ji, Chang-Min Choi, Chaeuk Chung, Jae Myoung Noh, Cheol-Kyu Park, In-Jae Oh, Hong In Yoon, Hyeong Ryul Kim, Ho Young Kim, Chang Dong Yeo, Seung Hun Jang,
Published online December 8, 2020.
Joon Young Choi, MD1, Wonjun Ji, MD, PhD2, Chang-Min Choi, MD, PhD2,3, Chaeuk Chung, MD, PhD4, Jae Myoung Noh, MD, PhD5, Cheol-Kyu Park, MD, PhD6,7, In-Jae Oh, MD, PhD6,7, Hong In Yoon, MD, PhD8, Hyeong Ryul Kim, MD, PhD9, Ho Young Kim, MD, PhD10, Chang Dong Yeo, MD, PhD11, Seung Hun Jang, MD, PhD12, on behalf of the Public Relation Committee of the Korean Association for Lung Cancer,
1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, 282, Munhwaro, Jung‐gu, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
5Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
6Lung and Esophageal Cancer Clinic, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
7Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
8Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
9Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
10Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14068, Republic of Korea
11Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
12Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 14068, Republic of Korea
Correspondence: Chang Dong Yeo, Tel: 82-2-2030-4310, Fax: 82-2-2030-2617,
Email: brainyeo@catholic.ac.kr
Seung Hun Jang, Tel: 82-31-380-3718, Fax: 82-31-380-3973,
Email: chestor@hallym.or.kr
Received: 3 September 2020 • Revised: 5 November 2020 • Accepted: 8 December 2020
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been frequently used and its use continues to increase in lung cancer patients, despite insufficient scientific evidence. We analyzed the current status of the awareness and use of CAM in Korean lung cancer patients.
This study was a prospective survey-based study performed at seven medical centers in South Korea between August 2019 and October 2019. The survey included general patient characteristics, and the awareness and use of CAM. We analyzed the differences in the clinical parameters between patients aware and not aware of CAM and between CAM non-users and users.
A total of 434 patients were included in this study. Among them, 68.8% of the patients responded that they were aware of CAM, and 30.9% of the patients said they experienced CAM. In univariate analysis, patients aware of CAM were younger with poor performance status, patients with advanced-stage lung cancer, those who received more systemic therapy, and those who received CCRT. By multiple logistic regression, younger age, poor performance status, advanced stage, and prior CCRT were independent risk factors for CAM awareness. There were no significant differences in the general characteristics and cancer-associated clinical parameters between CAM non-users and users.
More lung cancer patients with younger age, poor performance status, advanced stage, and prior CCRT were aware of CAM. There were no significantly different characteristics between CAM users and non-users.
Key Words: Complementary therapies, Lung neoplasms, Awareness, Cross-sectional studies, Prospective studies
The Current Status of Complementary-Alternative Medicine for Asthmatics in Korea: Experience in One Tertiary Care Hospital.2006 October;61(4)
Three Cases of Cough Syncope in Lung Cancer Patients.2012 February;72(2)


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Fr | En i About
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Mariana Tavares
Portuguese Competition Authority (Lisbon)
Head of the International Relations Bureau
Mariana Tavares has been the Head of the International Relations Bureau of the Portuguese Competition Authority since 2008. She joined the Portuguese Competition Authority in 2004 serving as legal officer in the restrictive practices department and then as an advisor to the Board. She is a PhD candidate at King's College London School of Law and holds an LL.M. from Duke University Law School, a DES from Université Libre de Bruxeles and an LL.B from Catholic University, Oporto.
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Joao Eduardo Gata
Portugal 1 contribution 474 visits
1079 Bulletin
Joao Eduardo Gata, Mariana Tavares The Portuguese Government reaches a Memorandum of Understanding with EU and IMF on granting financial assistance subject to specific economic and competition policy conditions
3 May 2011 474
The views expressed here are the authors' alone. 1. Introduction On May 3rd 2011 the Portuguese Government reached an agreement with the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund regarding a Memorandum of Understanding on specific economic policy (...)
Mariana Tavares The Greek, Irish and Portuguese Governments implement competition-related commitments enshrined in Memoranda of Understanding aimed at supporting the economic recovery
26 May 2010 605
Much has been discussed about the impact of the economic crisis on the enforcement of competition law and the implementation of structural reforms in key economic sectors. The recent experience with Greece, Ireland and Portugal regarding the economic adjustment programs concluded with the (...)
Mariana Tavares, Mariana Tavares de Araujo International cooperation as an effective tool for competition enforcement : The Brazilian and Portuguese cooperation experience
Cette contribution étudie la coopération bilatérale entre les autorités de concurrence brésilienne et portugaise et identifie les domaines dans lesquels cette coopération pourrait être renforcée. Introduction 1.	Over the last two decades the antitrust enforcement landscape has significantly changed (...)
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3 - Civil Law
Part 6 - Contracts
A. General Provisions
a. Meeting of minds
A contract is a meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give something or to render some service. (Article 1305, Civil Code)
b. Innominate contracts
Innominate contracts shall be regulated by the stipulations of the parties, by the provisions of Titles I and II of Book IV of the Civil Code, by the rules governing the most analogous nominate contracts, and by the customs of the place. (Article 1307, Ibid.)
c. Contracts creating real rights
In contracts creating real rights, third persons who come into possession of the object of the contract are bound thereby, subject to the provisions of the Mortgage Law and the Land Registration Laws.(Article 1312, Ibid.)
d. Creditors protected from contracts to defraud them
Creditors are protected in cases of contracts intended to defraud them. (Article 1313, Ibid.)
e. Tortious interference
Any third person who induces another to violate his contract shall be liable for damages to the other contracting party. (Article 1314, Ibid.)
f. Authorization to contract for another
No one may contract in the name of another without being authorized by the latter, or unless he has by law a right to represent him.(Article 1317, Ibid.)
A contract entered into in the name of another by one who has no authority or legal representation, or who has acted beyond his powers, shall be unenforceable, unless it is ratified, expressly or impliedly, by the person on whose behalf it has been executed, before it is revoked by the other contracting party. (Paragraph 2, Article 1317, Ibid.)
2. PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACTS
a. Principle of autonomy
The contracting parties may establish such stipulations, clauses, terms and conditions as they may deem convenient, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order, or public policy. (Article 1306, Ibid.)
b. Principle of mutuality
The contract must bind both contracting parties; its validity or compliance cannot be left to the will of one of them. (Article 1308, Ibid.)
The determination of the performance may be left to a third person, whose decision shall not be binding until it has been made known to both contracting parties.(Article 1309, Ibid.)
The determination shall not be obligatory if it is evidently inequitable. In such case, the courts shall decide what is equitable under the circumstances. (Article 1310, Ibid.)
c. Principle of relativity
Contracts take effect only between the parties, their assigns and heirs, except in case where the rights and obligations arising from the contract are not transmissible by their nature, or by stipulation or by provision of law. The heir is not liable beyond the value of the property he received from the decedent. (Article 1311, Ibid.)
a) Stipulation in favor of third persons (pour autrui)
If a contract should contain some stipulation in favor of a third person, he may demand its fulfillment provided he communicated his acceptance to the obligor before its revocation. A mere incidental benefit or interest of a person is not sufficient. The contracting parties must have clearly and deliberately conferred a favor upon a third person. (Ibid.)
1. Stages of contracts
1) Preparation / Negotiation
2) Perfection
3) Consummation
A contract has three distinct stages: preparation, perfection, and consummation. Preparation or negotiation begins when the prospective contracting parties manifest their interest in the contract and ends at the moment of their agreement. Perfection or birth of the contract occurs when they agree upon the essential elements thereof. Consummation, the last stage, occurs when the parties "fulfill or perform the terms agreed upon in the contract, culminating in the extinguishment thereof. (Rockland Construction Company, Inc. v. Mid-Pasig Land Development Corporation, G.R. No. 164587, 04 February 2008)
a. PREPARATION / NEGOTIATION
Preparation or negotiation begins when the prospective contracting parties manifest their interest in the contract and ends at the moment of their agreement. (Ibid.)
Negotiation is formally initiated by an offer. Accordingly, an offer that is not accepted, either expressly or impliedly, precludes the existence of consent, which is one of the essential elements of a contract. (Ibid.)
b. PERFECTION
Perfection or birth of the contract occurs when they agree upon the essential elements thereof. (Ibid.)
c. CONSUMMATION
Consummation, the last stage, occurs when the parties "fulfill or perform the terms agreed upon in the contract, culminating in the extinguishment thereof." (Ibid.)
2. Classification
1) Consensual contracts – essential requisites
2) Formal / solemn contracts – essential requisites + formality/solemnity
3) Real contracts – essential requisites + delivery of object
NB: See "B. Formality" for discussions.
3. Essential requisites
1) Consent
2) Object
3) Cause
There is no contract unless the following requisites concur:
1) Consent of the contracting parties;
2) Object certain which is the subject matter of the contract;
3) Cause of the obligation which is established. (Article 1318, Ibid.)
a. CONSENT
Consent is manifested by the meeting of the offer and the acceptance upon the thing and the cause which are to constitute the contract. The offer must be certain and the acceptance absolute. A qualified acceptance constitutes a counter-offer. (Ibid.)
Consent, under Article 1319 of the Civil Code, is manifested by the meeting of the offer and acceptance upon the thing which are to constitute a contract. To produce a contract, the offer must be certain and the acceptance absolute. (Rockland Construction Company, Inc. v. Mid-Pasig Land Development Corporation, supra.)
1) ACCEPTANCE
An acceptance may be express or implied. (Article 1320, Civil Code)
a) Acceptance by letter or telegram
Acceptance made by letter or telegram does not bind the offerer except from the time it came to his knowledge. The contract, in such a case, is presumed to have been entered into in the place where the offer was made. (Paragraph 2, Article 1319, Ibid.)
2) Offer
a) Time, place, manner of acceptance
The person making the offer may fix the time, place, and manner of acceptance, all of which must be complied with. (Article 1321, Ibid.)
b) When offer made through an agent
An offer made through an agent is accepted from the time acceptance is communicated to him. (Article 1322, Ibid.)
c) Death, civil interdiction, insanity, insolvency
An offer becomes ineffective upon the death, civil interdiction, insanity, or insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed. (Article 1323, Ibid.)
d) Waiting period to accept
GENERAL RULE:When the offerer has allowed the offeree a certain period to accept, the offer may be withdrawn at any time before acceptance by communicating such withdrawal. (Article 1324, Ibid.)
EXCEPTION:… except when the option is founded upon a consideration, as something paid or promised. (Ibid.)
e) Business advertisements
Unless it appears otherwise, business advertisements of things for sale are not definite offers, but mere invitations to make an offer. (Article 1325, Ibid.)
f) Advertisements for bidders
Advertisements for bidders are simply invitations to make proposals, and the advertiser is not bound to accept the highest or lowest bidder, unless the contrary appears. (Article 1326, Ibid.)
3) Incapacity of a party
The following cannot give consent to a contract:
1) Insane or demented persons; and
2) Deaf-mutes who do not know how to write. (Article 1327, Ibid.)
Contracts entered into during a lucid interval are valid.(Article 1328, Ibid.)
Contracts agreed to in a state of drunkenness or during a hypnotic spell are voidable. (Ibid.)
4) Defective consent: voidable contract
A contract where consent is given through mistake, violence, intimidation, undue influence, or fraud is voidable. (Article 1330, Ibid.)
a) Mistake
In order that mistake may invalidate consent, it should refer to the substance of the thing which is the object of the contract, or to those conditions which have principally moved one or both parties to enter into the contract. (Article 1331, Ibid.)
(1) Identity or qualifications
Mistake as to the identity or qualifications of one of the parties will vitiate consent only when such identity or qualifications have been the principal cause of the contract. (Paragraph 2, Article 1331, Ibid.)
A simple mistake of account shall give rise to its correction. (Paragraph 3, Article 1331, Ibid.)
(2) Illiterate or in a language not understood by a party
When one of the parties is unable to read, or if the contract is in a language not understood by him, and mistake or fraud is alleged, the person enforcing the contract must show that the terms thereof have been fully explained to the former. (Article 1332, Ibid.)
(3) Knowledge of the doubt, contingency, or risk
There is no mistake if the party alleging it knew the doubt, contingency or risk affecting the object of the contract.(Article 1333, Ibid.)
(4) Mutual error
Mutual error as to the legal effect of an agreement when the real purpose of the parties is frustrated, may vitiate consent.(Article 1334, Ibid.)
2) Violence
There is violence when in order to wrest consent, serious or irresistible force is employed. (Article 1335, Ibid.)
Violence or intimidation shall annul the obligation, although it may have been employed by a third person who did not take part in the contract. (Article 1336, Ibid.)
a) Annuls the obligation
3) Intimidation
a) Concept
There is intimidation when one of the contracting parties is compelled by a reasonable and well-grounded fear of an imminent and grave evil upon his person or property, or upon the person or property of his spouse, descendants or ascendants, to give his consent. (Paragraph 2, Article 1335, Ibid.)
b) Degree of intimidation; circumstances to be considered
To determine the degree of intimidation, the age, sex and condition of the person shall be borne in mind. (Paragraph 3, Article 1335, Ibid.)
c) Threat to enforce claim via competent authority
A threat to enforce one's claim through competent authority, if the claim is just or legal, does not vitiate consent. (Paragraph 3, Article 1335, Ibid.)
d) Annuls the obligation
4) Undue influence
1) Improper advantage of his power over the will of another; and
2) Depriving the latte of a reasonable freedom of choice.
There is undue influence when a person takes improper advantage of his power over the will of another, depriving the latter of a reasonable freedom of choice. (Article 1337, Ibid.)
b) Circumstances to be considered
The following circumstances shall be considered: the confidential, family, spiritual and other relations between the parties, or the fact that the person alleged to have been unduly influenced was suffering from mental weakness, or was ignorant or in financial distress. (Ibid.)
5) Fraud
There is fraud when, through insidious words or machinations of one of the contracting parties, the other is induced to enter into a contract which, without them, he would not have agreed to. (Article 1338, Ibid.)
a) When a ground for annulment
1) Serious fraud; and
2) Parties not in pari delicto.
In order that fraud may make a contract voidable, it should be serious and should not have been employed by both contracting parties. (Article 1344, Ibid.)
Incidental fraud only obliges the person employing it to pay damages. (Paragraph 2, Article 1344, Ibid.)
b) Failure to disclose facts – when there is a duty
Failure to disclose facts, when there is a duty to reveal them, as when the parties are bound by confidential relations, constitutes fraud. (Article 1339, Ibid.)
c) Tolerated fraud
The usual exaggerations in trade, when the other party had an opportunity to know the facts, are not in themselves fraudulent. (Article 1340, Ibid.)
d) Mere expression of an opinion – with exception
A mere expression of an opinion does not signify fraud, unless made by an expert and the other party has relied on the former's special knowledge. (Article 1341, Ibid.)
e) Misrepresentation
(1) By a third person – with exception
Misrepresentation by a third person does not vitiate consent, unless such misrepresentation has created substantial mistake and the same is mutual. (Article 1342, Ibid.)
(2) In good faith
Misrepresentation made in good faith is not fraudulent but may constitute error.(Article 1343, Ibid.)
g) Simulation of a contract
(1) Absolute simulation of contract
(2) Relative simulation of contract
Simulation of a contract may be absolute or relative. The former takes place when the parties do not intend to be bound at all; the latter, when the parties conceal their true agreement. (Article 1345, Ibid.)
An absolutely simulated or fictitious contract is void. A relative simulation, when it does not prejudice a third person and is not intended for any purpose contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy binds the parties to their real agreement. (Article 1346, Ibid.)
b. OBJECT OF CONTRACTS
1) Scope and extent
1) All thing not outside the commerce of men
2) All rights which are not intransmissible
3) All services which are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy
All things which are not outside the commerce of men, including future things, may be the object of a contract. All rights which are not intransmissible may also be the object of contracts.(Article 1347, Ibid.)
No contract may be entered into upon future inheritance except in cases expressly authorized by law. (Paragraph 2, Article 1347, Ibid.)
All services which are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy may likewise be the object of a contract. (Paragraph 3, Article 1347, Ibid.)
2) Impossible things or services
Impossible things or services cannot be the object of contracts. (Article 1348, Ibid.)
3) Determinate as to its kind
The object of every contract must be determinate as to its kind. The fact that the quantity is not determinate shall not be an obstacle to the existence of the contract, provided it is possible to determine the same, without the need of a new contract between the parties. (Article 1349, Ibid.)
c. CAUSE OF CONTRACTS
"Cause" is "the essential reason which moves the contracting parties to enter into it." … In other words, the cause is the immediate, direct and proximate reason which justifies the creation of an obligation through the will of the contracting parties. (Basic Books [Phils.], Inc. v. Lopez, En Banc, G.R. No. L-20753, 28 February 1966)
1) Different causes
a) Onerous contracts
In onerous contracts the cause is understood to be, for each contracting party, the prestation or promise of a thing or service by the other. (Article 1350, Ibid.)
b) Remunerative contracts
In remuneratory contracts, the service or benefit which is remunerated.(Ibid.)
c) Gratuitous contracts
In contracts of pure beneficence, the mere liberality of the benefactor. (Ibid.)
2) Motives v. Cause
The particular motives of the parties in entering into a contract are different from the cause thereof.(Article 1351, Ibid.)
a) Distinguished
Cause is the essential reason which moves the contracting parties to enter into it. In other words, the cause is the immediate, direct and proximate reason which justifies the creation of an obligation through the will of the contracting parties. Cause, which is the essential reason for the contract, should be distinguished from motive, which is the particular reason of a contracting party which does not affect the other party. (Uy v. CA, G.R. No. 120465, 09 September 1999)
b) When motive can become the cause
Ordinarily, a party's motives for entering into the contract do not affect the contract. However, when the motive predetermines the cause, the motive may be regarded as the cause. (Ibid.)
3) No cause, Unlawful cause
Contracts without cause, or with unlawful cause, produce no effect whatever. The cause is unlawful if it is contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy. (Article 1352, Ibid.)
4) False cause
The statement of a false cause in contracts shall render them void, if it should not be proved that they were founded upon another cause which is true and lawful.(Article 1353, Ibid.)
5) Presumption of existence and lawfulness
Although the cause is not stated in the contract, it is presumed that it exists and is lawful, unless the debtor proves the contrary. (Article 1354, Ibid.)
6) Lesion or inadequacy of cause
Except in cases specified by law, lesion or inadequacy of cause shall not invalidate a contract, unless there has been fraud, mistake or undue influence. (Article 1355, Ibid.)
Next B. Formality


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7 Of Our Favourite Restaurants In Tramore For A Post Swim Feed
By: Author Elisha Donkin
In search of the best restaurants in Tramore? Our Tramore restaurants guide will make your belly happy!
Tramore is a popular seaside town on County Waterford's coast and it's home to a lively food scene.
From seafront cafes to casual, tasty eats, there's plenty of restaurants in Tramore where you can enjoy a meal and a drink after a day at Tramore Beach.
In the guide below, you'll discover the best Tramore restaurants on offer, with a little bit of something to tickle every fancy.
Our Favourite Restaurants in Tramore
Photo by JORGE CORCUERA (Shutterstock)
The first section of our guide to the best restaurants in Tramore tackles our favourite places to eat in Tramore.
These are pubs and restaurants that we (one of the Irish Road Trip team) have munched away in at some point over the years. Dive on in!
1. Vee Bistro
Photos via Vee Bistro on Facebook
Right on the main street of Tramore, Vee Bistro is a much-loved restaurant in the seaside town. Serving breakfast, brunch and lunch from 8am onwards, it's a lovely little place to stop in for a meal. It's consistently good value, with friendly staff and always the freshest food.
The menu is full of old favourites and classics including a jumbo cooked breakfast, pancakes, 3 egg omelette, fish and chips and steak and veg.
You'll find something for everyone at Vee Bistro, including vegetarian and gluten free options. This is one of our favourite places to eat in Tramore for good reason.
Related read: Check out our guide to the best things to do in Tramore (walks, pubs, drives and more)
2. Rack and Soul
Photos via Rack and Soul on Facebook
Located just off the Promenade across from the beach, Rack and Soul is a small place yet the food and service are unbeatable. It's very good value, with large portions perfect to share with a bunch of friends.
Their menu caters for warming comfort foods, especially BBQ favourites, with ribs, burgers, fries, chicken wings and nachos. It's definitely one of the best places to come if you're feeling hungry and ready for a feast.
3. The Pier Café
Photos via the Pier Café on Facebook
Over on Newtown Road at the quieter edge of town, the Pier Café has a great relaxed atmosphere for a post-beach lunch. The cosy café is decorated in retro décor with rustic mix and match chairs adding to the unique interior.
If you're after a late brunch, they serve delicious, cooked breakfast options including eggs Florentine and homemade pancakes.
Otherwise, you'll also find salads and sandwiches for more of a lunch style option. Either way, it's an underrated brunch spot in Tramore, that is worth the walk out of town.
Places to eat in Tramore with excellent reviews
As you've probably gathered at this stage, there's an almost endless number of great places to eat in Tramore on offer.
If you're still not sold on any of the previous choices, the section below is packed with some more highly-reviewed Tramore restaurants.
1. O'Neills Bar
Photos via O'Neills Bar on Facebook
O'Neills Bar in Tramore is perfect for a family friendly pub meal. The welcoming place has a sports bar showing all the big games and races on large TVs which is popular amongst the locals.
Otherwise, you can head to the adjoining Mol's Restaurant for lunch or dinner seven days a week with the whole family.
Using locally sourced produce, the seasonal menu has something for everyone including fish and chips, Irish beef burger, T-bone steak, and roast of the day.
If you're looking for Tramore restaurants to nip into with a big group, you can't go wrong with an evening at O'Neill's.
Related read: Check out our guide to the best hotels in Tramore (with something that'll hopefully suit most budgets)
2. Brooklyn Restaurant Tramore
Photos via Brooklyn Restaurant Tramore on Facebook
This stylish restaurant is located right on the Promenade overlooking the beach. You can choose from indoor or outdoor seating, from where you can sit back and enjoy a lovely meal with views of the sea.
The food is very classy, although you'll find plenty of typical favourites including burgers, pasta, fresh fish and fried chicken.
Their pizzas are what gets most of the rave reviews though, so if you're after a nice gourmet pizza by the sea, this is the place to go in Tramore.
3. Voujon Café Indian Restaurant
Photos via Voujon Café Indian Restaurant on Facebook
Located right in the centre of town, Voujon Restaurant is where you want to go for delicious Indian food. While some reviews claim it's some of the best Indian food they've ever had, you'll have to go and try it for yourself.
The menu is pretty extensive with tandoori clay options, a range of Indian breads baked in the tandoor and all your favourite curries.
Whether you opt to dine in the nice restaurant or get take away to have some place else, it's the perfect option if you're after something different.
4. Ranch
Photos via Ranch on Facebook
This polished restaurant is one of the most popular places to eat on Strand Road in Tramore. It's a very family friendly place with a designated kid's menu and relaxed dining atmosphere.
There's plenty of options to choose from on the menu, so you'll be sure to find something you like. They have extensive burger, pizza and pasta variations, with options for a range of different allergens and intolerances if you need.
Their burgers get the best reviews though. Try the St Paddy burger if you're a meat eater or the Buddha Vegan option. Gluten free bread is also available.
What tasty Tramore restaurants have we missed?
I've no doubt that we've unintentionally left out some other great restaurants in Tramore from the guide above.
If you have a favourite Tramore restaurant that you'd like to recommend, drop a comment into the comments section below.
FAQs about the best restaurants in Tramore
We've had a lot of questions over the years asking about everything from what are the best restaurants in Tramore for a fancy feed to which Tramore restaurants are nice and chilled.
What are the best places to eat in Tramore?
In my opinion, the best restaurants in Tramore are Vee Bistro, The Pier and O'Neill's (although the other options above are great, too!).
What are the best restaurants in Tramore for something casual and tasty?
If you're looking for casual places to eat in Tramore, O'Neills Bar, The Pier Café and Rack and Soul are all worth a shot.
Elisha Donkin
Elisha is a freelance writer, content creator and blogger and her work can be read in Lonely Planet, Remote Lands and Matador Network. You'll usually find her travelling in offbeat places or hiking wherever there are mountains; always with a camera in hand.
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While the Biennale of Sydney is in full swing, we look back to Issue 38 when Michael Young spoke to Mami Kataoka over cups of peppermint tea following her official appointment as Artistic Director of the 21st Biennale of Sydney. They chatted about the evolution of biennales and their roles, as well as reinventing BoS and recalibrating its position on the national and global stages.
Last July Mami Kataoka, chief curator of Tokyo's Mori Art Museum, which is known for its big-budget exhibitions, was tapped on the shoulder by the Biennale of Sydney (BoS) to be the artistic director of its 21st edition, in 2018. It was a landmark appointment. For the first time in the biennale's 44-year history an Asian would lead Australia's most prestigious visual arts event. That it had taken so long for such an appointment to be made bemused Sydney's arts community.
Kate Mills, chair of BoS, was a touch equivocal on the subject when Artist Profile spoke to her recently. "The focus this time around … was to look at the region because we had never appointed someone from Asia before. Mami ended up being the entirely successful candidate," says Mills.
Gene Sherman, executive director of Sydney's Sherman Contemporary Art Foundation, and long an advocate of close cultural ties with Asia, was thrilled at the appointment and sung Kataoka's praises. For Sherman, getting Kataoka for BoS was a coup. "Mami represents the mid-generation of super active, internationally known Asian curators who have been working across the region and on the world stage over the past decade or more," he says.
In November Artist Profile spoke to Kataoka over cups of peppermint tea. She was precise, composed and devoid of any hubris. She was as bemused as anyone as to why it had taken so long for BoS to appoint an Asian artistic director. "My friends and I used to laugh among ourselves that another British person had been appointed to the role," she says.
Kataoka's curatorial reputation is formidable, having worked with many top-drawer artists including Lee Mingwei and Ai Weiwei, in various countries including the US, where she championed Asian art. She worked previously with Stephanie Rosenthal, BoS's previous artistic director, at London's Hayward Gallery in 2007-2009 as the Hayward's first international curator as well as being one of several advisors on last year's BoS.
Currently she is curating two significant shows slated for the Mori Museum this year, one on "a brilliant Indian" contemporary artist, NS Harsha, and the other on South-East Asian art from the 1980s to the present, titled Sunshower, that opens in July and runs through October. Both exhibitions demonstrate Kataoka's ability in being able to carry a prodigious workload. While curating Sunshower she visited 16 cities across 10 Asian countries and met many artists.
Mami's recent exposure to South-East Asian artists – visiting studios and meeting them face-to-face – offers a clear indication of what Sydney can expect in 2018. She made it clear that she always prefers to have met an artist face-to-face before including them in an exhibition. "I can't just choose an artist from a catalogue, it would be like online shopping," she says. To fast-track the selection process she will include artists she met while curating Sunshower, thereby exploiting the natural connection she has with the region.
The landscape of international biennales in the Asia-Pacific is a crowded one with a plethora of countries running biennales to pull in tourist dollars and establish cultural currency. How will Kataoka differentiate the 21st BoS in this congested space? "I am reconsidering the role of the biennale (and) looking at its history, so it is a good time to look at everything that has been done. It is the perfect time for BoS to consider its existence. Why do we need BoS and what is it for?" she says.
These questions have also preoccupied Kate Mills, chair of the BoS. Late last year she announced "significant initiatives that will expand the domestic and international presence of the biennale". These amount to a complete reinvention of BoS. There are no sacred BoS cows in Mills' look at the event's future, it would seem. Artist Profile spoke to Mills early this year. "What is the relevance of a biennale today? Look around the world at the proliferation of art fairs and biennales, what is our point of difference? It seems like an appropriate time to be asking those questions and Mami herself is also asking the same questions," Mills says.
In Mills' plans, almost everything at BoS is up for change. There will be more board members; a permanent curatorial leader will be appointed to work alongside the guest artistic director; there will be a brand and marketing overhaul; BoS's website will become a more social media-friendly experience; commissioning partnerships will be explored; and the structure and staffing of BoS will change. The first victim to the new structure was chief executive Ben Strout, who resigned immediately the media release was published. He had only been in the role since February 2015.
Mills says she will add four new board members, something which will inevitably dilute the current board with its old Sydney establishment perspective. Mills agreed when I suggested that four new board members will skew the board in a different direction than currently. "Yes," she says, unequivocally.
In January Mills announced the appointment of two of the promised four new board member. Businesswoman Naseema Sparks AM with a background in management, corporate strategy, marketing and branding, digital technology and transformation in Australia, the UK and Europe and Danielle Earp a former deputy acting CEO of BoS with 18 years' experience working in visual arts and cultural organisations, including six years at the Biennale of Sydney. She also announced that board member Michael Whitworth was departing.
It's an intriguing time for BoS with Kataoka having arrived at a time of dramatic change which might well see the ground beneath her feet shift in several directions at once.
Kataoka again. "Originally BoS was the only event to bring international contemporary art to the region." (Kaldor Public Art Projects has been active since 1969 when it brought Christo and Jeanne-Claude to Sydney for 'Wrapped Coast'). "Now in Sydney the MCA, AGNSW, Artspace and Carriageworks all do it. The role of the biennale has changed a lot. It shouldn't compete with what the institutions are doing. Now so many biennales are really little more than museum shows," Kataoka says, and she includes the Queensland Art Gallery & Gallery of Modern Art's Asia Pacific Triennial in this, as well as the Shanghai and Taipei biennales. "Basically they are just an expanding version of the institutions," Kataoka says.
Also from this March, Kataoka must contend with the launch of The National: New Australian Art another biennale in all but name planned for Sydney by the MCA, AGNSW and Carriageworks. Initially planned to run for three editions over six years, The National (a title that some critics have unkindly likened to a horse race, a newspaper or an indie American band) will alternate with BoS and show emerging, mid-career and senior Australian artists. "We are trying not to call it a biennale," Elizabeth Ann Macgregor, director of the MCA, told Artist Profile at the artist launch in November.
"I cannot ignore it but I must come to terms with it," says Kataoka. "BoS has an international perspective. The National remains a biennale of Australian art," she says.
Whether The National will diminish the pool of artists available for BoS does not concern Kataoka and neither does the ongoing success of the Biennale of Australian Art which has enjoyed exponential success since Nick Mitzevich took over Adelaide's Art Gallery of South Australia seven years ago. Attendance figures of 220,000 for 2016 in Adelaide were up 100 per cent on 2014.
Michael Brand, speaking at The National launch, remained brusque when asked about this, "There are plenty of good artists to go around," he says.
Kataoka concurs. "There are so many good Australian artists, and I am … keen to discover new talent in the whole world. But it is not only about finding new unseen artists, it is an opportunity to reconsider many things including the artist selection criteria. There used to be one shared image of a biennale, which was that it consisted of great art from the international arena. But now they are becoming more research based delivering artists' points of view,'' she says.
Whatever else Kataoka has planned for Sydney, and she was about to head west to look at Indigenous art, the end result will inevitably be a melange of entertainment, didacticism and pure aesthetics. "It should be entertaining. It should be beautiful too. The experience of encountering something that is beautiful without having to read a label is wonderful – but at the same time contemporary art is such a serious issue," she says.
That biennales in the current cluttered landscape need constant reinventing is a view shared by many, including acclaimed international curator David Elliott, who was the artistic director of the 2010 BoS and Kataoka's boss when he was the inaugural director at Mori 2001-2006.
"There are good biennales as well as bad ones, with the former in the minority … worldwide there's a crisis of confidence in large thematic shows that is related to the hubris, lack of curiosity and knowledge of art curators who really should know better," he told Artist Profile via email. Whether Kataoka would agree with her former boss at Mori is a moot point.
As for Kataoka she remains pragmatic about the future and she knows what is required of her. "All institutions suffer from the same anxieties; major artists are needed to bring in more visitors (visitor numbers peaked at 665,488 visitors in 2012, slid to 623,000 in 2014, then grew to 640,000 in 2016) and budgets are limited. Some scholarly work is required. Some aspects of contemporary art need to engage with political concepts. These are the ingredients that you have to cope with in being a curator," she says, realistically.
With that Kataoka strode off into the summer haze of Sydney, her home for the next 18 months while the future of the 21st Biennale of Sydney takes shape around her.


text:
Home Essential oils ( A - D ) Calamus
Calamus oil
Botanical Name of Calamus: Acorus calamus
Synonyms: Sweet Flag, Calamus, Haimavati, Vasa Bach, Vekhand
About Calamus: Calamus is a plant from Acoraceae family and has tall scented leaves which are used for both its fragrance and its medical benefits. The sword shaped leaves of Calamus on an average are 1 cm wide with a single prominent mid vein running through it. The flowers of Calamus plant are between 3 to 4mm in size and are greenish-yellow in colour. This plant grows on the margins of streams and lakes.
History of Calamus: There are not much known historical facts about Calamus. Whether Clamus was used in ancient Egypt as aphrodisiac incense can still not historically verified. However in modern history and even today It finds it use in Egypt as an aphrodisiac incense. In Italy this plant was referred as 'The Plant of Venus'. The most authentic historically mentions of calamus could be found in a Chinese song book named 'Shih Ching'.
This Plant has been native of Indian or Arabian region and moved from here to different parts of the world. The regions where calamus is currently cultivated include: India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Japan, Australia, Southern Canada, Northern United States and across European continent.
Properties of Calamus Oil: Asarone is the main chemical constituent in both triploid and tetraploid Calamus. Other constituents include Beta asarone, and eugenol. This Oil is also recognized as a herbal medicine worldwide and has been included in United States and British Pharmacopoeias.
Health Benefits and Applications Calamus Oil:
Clamus Oil is regarded as a good aromatic stimulant and tonic to treat nervous system. Some of its important uses include:
Perfumery Industry: The captivating Aroma of Calamus oil makes if an excellent aromatic stimulant and is widely used by Perfumery industry world over.
Use as an Ayurvedic Medicine: Calamus Oil has been traditionally used is number of Ayurvedic medicines. However its most important use has been to counter side effects of hallucinogens.
Treatment for Nervous disorders – Calamus Essential Oil has been effectively used in treatment many different kinds of nervous disorders, vertigo and headaches.
Treatment for Digestive disorders – Calamus Essential oil has been known to treat even the chronic digestive disorders. It directly affects the bacteria causing trouble in the digestive system giving instant relief.
Other benefits of Calamus Oil – Clamus Oil is also being for following: Fragrance in soaps and other cosmetic products, sexual well being, works as a strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticide, anti-obesity medicines, etc.
Contact Us for more details on Calamus Oil and your commercial orders.


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75°C in gloves? I 'm surprised,it seems to be very hot. If i'm right with your gloves (12v, 75cm tape length) you are around 65°C, is it enough or not? I would have target 30°C,is it too low (with an ambiant temp around 0°C)?


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The US Government has said it plans to maintain legal jurisdiction over US forces in Iraq after the handover of sovereignty at the end of June.
It is taking the action so its forces are not subject to Iraqi courts.
US defence officials say the intention is that this would be done with the agreement of the Iraqi people.
At least 89 people were killed on Thursday in a fresh wave of attacks, just six days from the handover of power to an interim Iraqi government.
A Pentagon spokesman said negotiations were under way with the Iraqi authorities and that the mechanism to ensure US jurisdiction still had to be finalised, but he added that he believed the two sides would conclude an agreement on this.
The White House went so far as to say that there was an agreement in principle - but this is a sensitive issue, particularly now because of the continuing controversy over the abuse cases of Abu Ghraib prison.
A senior US military official also said that the plan would be that all foreign coalition forces would continue to be immune from Iraqi prosecutions.
There are about 140,000 US troops currently in Iraq and 25,000 from other countries.
The most likely option at the moment appears to be that the current US administrator Paul Bremer would extend what is known as Order 17, which gives all foreign personnel in Iraq protection from prosecution in Iraqi courts.


A site which provides resources relating to the study of baptism in the Bible.
Get the PDF: Covenantal Infant Baptism: Does the Bible Teach It?
I am very happy to report that Ichthus/Areopagus wants to publish the second edition of The Case for Covenant Communion (hereafter, CCC) (now out of print). So I have begun work assessing the two book-length works addressing the anti-paedocommunion point of view published since CCC: Children at the Lord's Table?: Assessing the Case for Paedocommunion (Cornelis P. Venema) & Children and the Lord's Supper (Waters and Duncan, eds.). I plan to give these books a fair reading and analysis.
It will be surprising if Venema, Waters & Duncan, or anyone else can overturn that assessment. The main point is that our interpretation of texts should look to passages which address children or at least households (oikos), rather than passages that address adults. Such arguments usually then make inferences from such passages addressing adult sin (e.g., covenant breaking Pharisees or sectarian Corinthians). Then inferences are made to exclude children from participation (in baptism or communion). This is a misguided hermeneutic. A biblical interpreter should look to passages which address children and households to evaluate the status of children.
I address 1 Corinthians 11 and related objection in this 2017 presentation: The Case for Covenant Communion.


04/03/2019 Mayor transmitted Council File to City Clerk.
03/26/2019 City Clerk transmitted file to Mayor. Last day for Mayor to act is April 5, 2019.
03/22/2019 Council adopted item, subject to reconsideration, pursuant to Council Rule 51.
03/21/2019 City Clerk scheduled item for Council on March 22, 2019 .
03/20/2019 Homelessness and Poverty Committee approved as amended .
03/14/2019 Homelessness and Poverty Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on March 20, 2019.
03/13/2019 Public Works: Engineering document(s) referred to Homelessness and Poverty Committee.
Bureau of Engineering report, dated March 13, 2019, relative to the California Environmental Quality Act Notice of Exemption regarding the development of properties located at 1819 South Western Avenue and 625 La Fayette Place for temporary use as bridge housing.
03/08/2019 Motion document(s) referred to Homelessness and Poverty Committee.
09/06/2018 City Clerk scheduled item for Council on September 7, 2018 .
09/05/2018 Homelessness and Poverty Committee approved item(s) .
09/03/2018 Community Impact Statement submitted by MacArthur Park Neighborhood Council.
08/31/2018 Homelessness and Poverty Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on September 5, 2018.
08/10/2018 Motion document(s) referred to Homelessness and Poverty Committee.
06/29/2018 Council adopted item, as amended, forthwith.
06/28/2018 City Clerk scheduled item for Council on June 29, 2018 .
05/22/2018 Homelessness and Poverty Committee approved item(s) .
05/17/2018 Homelessness and Poverty Committee scheduled item for committee meeting on May 22, 2018.
05/02/2018 Motion document(s) referred to Homelessness and Poverty Committee.


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« Lawmakers Urge Lee for Mask Mandate | New Virus Cases Rise by 905 »
New Stay-At-Home Order Lasts a Month After Christmas, Restricts Retail, Restaurants, Gyms
Posted By Toby Sells on Mon, Dec 21, 2020 at 4:16 PM
City of Memphis/Facebook
Shelby County Health Department director Dr. Alisa Haushalter at COVID-19 Task Force briefing.
Shelby Countians are asked to stay at home for four weeks after Christmas and businesses will be restricted in a new lockdown order issued Monday afternoon from the Shelby County Health Department.
The new order, Health Directive 16, is a Safer At Home order to be in place between Saturday, December 26th, and Friday, January 22nd. In it, all "social activities related to entertainment and recreation should be curtailed." These include "indoor receptions, parties, or events that are not related to places of worship, weddings, and funerals."
Also, the new directive limits retail capacity to 50 percent. Indoor dining capacity is decreased to 25 percent. Capacity at gyms and fitness facilities are decreased to 50 percent, including staff.
The health department also issued a new face mask directive that clarifies that masks must be worn in gyms unless a customer has a medical condition. It also clarifies that masks must be worn in restaurants unless a customer is seated and "dining (eating/drinking)."
Here are comments from local leaders on why the new directive was set in place:
Alisa Haushalter
Director, Shelby County Health Department
"Health Directive No. 16 is necessary because in recent weeks, transmission of the virus has accelerated at an alarming pace. Over the past seven days, Shelby County has averaged more than 670 new cases per day and more than six deaths per day.
"Hospital ICU utilization in our region has exceeded 90 percent every day since December 7th. The influx of COVID-positive patients increasingly strains our healthcare systems. The Tennessee Department of Health reports that COVID-19 patients account for an average of 25 percent of all inpatient hospital beds and an average of 40 percent of all intensive care unit beds statewide.
"The influx of COVID-19 patients is putting a severe strain on our region's healthcare systems. Continued spread of the virus threatens to overwhelm the healthcare providers we all depend on to provide needed care.
"The virus has the potential to spread exponentially across our state. Without the necessary statewide interventions, we have to turn to the tools we have at the local level. Unless we take reasonable action to reduce social gathering, we expect that January could have the highest numbers since the beginning of the pandemic."
Shelby County Mayor
"Although Shelby County has been one of the best at responding to COVID-19 in our state, Tennessee is on fire. If the state does not act with an effort to combat the current surge, we will have to do something at the local level. If we do not, the numbers we have seen recently foreshadow a very difficult January. The numbers we have seen recently mean lives could be at stake. We can summon the capacity to dig a little deeper and continue the course."
Dr. Manoj Jain
infectious disease advisor to Memphis Mayor Jim Strickland
"This virus is spreading at an exponential rate, and many of the infected patients that contract COVID-19 are requiring admission to our hospitals. Our systems are already under tremendous strain. We do not want to get to a point where we have no hospital beds available. Such a situation would affect all of us because anyone of us can have an emergency which may requires hospital care. Furthermore, our analysis shows that if no action is taken, then the number of daily deaths over the next several months will increase significantly."
Dr. Jeff Warren
Memphis City Council member
"Our hospital capacity is under severe strain. We should do everything we can right now. These are tough decisions. I get that. However, people could die. We will get through this, but we are asking everyone to please practice the social distancing, wear a mask, and try to avoid social gathering for the next four weeks."
Dr. Jon McCullers
Senior Executive Associate Dean of Clinical Affairs, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
"Although no one wants additional restrictions, we believe that at this point we have to do everything we can to remind the public of the importance of reducing social gatherings. That is our tool for slowing the spread. These additional restrictions show to me a very concerted effort to understand what is happening in our community right now and, with the limited tools available, what we might do to bring down the transmission rate."
Michael Ugwueke
Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare
"Since the start of this pandemic, protecting the health and safety of our community has been our top priority. With the surge we have experienced over the past two weeks, I believe a return to Phase One is the best tool we have to protect the health and safety of those we serve. I support this as a necessary step based on COVID trends in our area. By working together and following proven infection prevention best practices, we can once again reduce the transmission of COVID-19 in our community, and hopefully we can spend time with our loved ones in the New Year."
Sally Deitch
St. Francis Healthcare
"Though the COVID-19 pandemic continues to present unique challenges for everyone, it is important to us that you know we have the processes and protective supplies in place to provide care safely. The most effective safety measures we can take against COVID-19 continue to be wearing a mask, washing our hands, and maintaining social distance. These measures are important during the holidays as we continue to see a surge in COVID cases and hospitalizations. The Shelby County Health Department's health directive will further encourage us all to do our part in reducing the spread of COVID-19 in our community."
Dr. Reginald Coopwood
Regional One Health
"With coronavirus surging at a record pace in this community, Regional One Health joins with the other hospital systems who care for the individuals affected by this pervasive and ongoing pandemic. From our staff, nurses, and doctors, everyone is doing their part to continue to provide high quality care to our patients.
"High transmission of COVID-19 in the community has created the most challenging conditions we have seen since the beginning of the pandemic. As the Shelby County Health Department makes determinations to reduce the risks of COVID-19, our community must make a conscious and collective effort to slow the spread of COVID-19. I urge everyone to practice social distancing, wear your masks appropriately, and do not gather in crowds or with people outside your household. All must do their part to flatten the curve so that we can continue to provide the care our community needs."
Here are some further details from the new health directive:
• Health Directive No. 16 strongly encourages employers to allow non-essential employees to work remotely (where feasible).
• All previously approved events that were to occur during the effective dates of this "Safer at Home" should reschedule their event or contact the Health Department to determine whether their event may still proceed.
• Businesses that provide goods or services exclusively through curbside service and pickup, drive-thru, shipment, delivery, or virtually may continue.
• Certain listed businesses, including some that provide services to customers on-site, may continue to operate (see number 9 beginning on page 4).
• Due to the risk of viral transmission, Health Directive No. 16 strongly discourages any on-site dining.
• All safety measures for individuals, services, and businesses that were in the previous Health Directive No. 15 will continue under the new Health Directive No. 16.
Tags: Health Directive No. 16, Shelby County Health Directive, Memphis, Shelby County, Safer At Home, Alisa Haushalter, Stay-at-Home order, Image
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BODEGASBEGASTRI
News, travel,technology and more
Novartis to donate malaria drug in fight against coronavirus
Published on March 20, 2020 by ALEXANDER MOORE
A emblem sits on show on a developing at the Novartis AG campus in Basel, Switzerland, on Wednesday, Jan. 16, 2019.
Stefan Wermuth | Bloomberg | Getty Illustrations or photos
Novartis will donate adequate doses of malaria drug hydroxychloroquine to take care of a number of million clients in the struggle against the coronavirus, if it wins approval, the Swiss company stated on Friday.
There are no vaccines or therapies authorised for the disease, but there is presently a 1,500-individual trial, led by the College of Minnesota, to see no matter if hydroxychloroquine can avert or lower the severity of COVID-19. Two other trials are studying blood stress drug losartan as a attainable treatment.
Novartis can make the malaria drug, which is also made use of to deal with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, at its Sandoz device in the United States. It plans to donate 130 million doses of the drug and is in talks with U.S. Food items and Drug Administration regulators above expanding its use for coronavirus.
"Novartis is supporting ongoing medical trial endeavours, and will examine requirements for extra scientific trials," it claimed in a statement.
In Washington, U.S. President Donald Trump explained for the duration of a news conference on Friday he is optimistic about the malaria treatment's use towards COVID-19.
Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. Countrywide Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disorders, did not acquire challenge with Trump's optimism, but said the drug's guarantee is based mostly so significantly on anecdotal proof in France and that far more details is essential.
"What I'm indicating is that it may – it could – be efficient. I'm not expressing that it isn't," Fauci reported.
Fauci also mentioned that while toxic reactions to the drugs are rare centered on a long time of affected person use and can be reversible in numerous circumstances, that is not regarded for COVID-19.
"What we never know is when you set it in the context of one more illness whether or not it really is protected. Essentially, I assume it in all probability is likely to be safe and sound, but I like to prove factors first," Fauci said.
Novartis has 50 million doses in inventory, and hopes to make one more 80 million by the stop of May possibly for donation. The donations may perhaps be adequate to treat a number of million sufferers, depending on the dosing program, Novartis explained.
The American Modern society of Overall health-Procedure Pharmacists (ASHP), included hydroxychloroquine to its checklist of medication in quick offer this 7 days. Four out of 8 manufacturers of the drug are in shorter source, it stated.
Bayer AG has donated three million tablets of the malaria drug Resochin, which is identical to hydroxychloroquine, to the U.S. government for potential use from coronavirus.
Mylan NV is ramping up output and expects to begin giving it extra broadly in mid-April. It reported with the raw products on hand it can make 50 million tablets to possibly address more than 1.5 million patients.
Teva Prescribed drugs Industries Ltd said it would donate additional than six million doses of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets.
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