Large-scale shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of mRNAs in dormant Bacillus subtilis spores prepared on plates or in liquid generally found the same ~46 abundant mRNA species, with >250 mRNAs detected at much lower abundances. Knowledge of the amount of phosphate in a single B. subtilis spore allowed calculation of the amount of mRNA in an individual spore as ~106 nucleotides (nt). Given the levels of abundant spore mRNAs compared to those of other mRNAs, it was calculated that the great majority of low-abundance mRNAs are present in only small fractions of spores in populations. Almost all of the most abundant spore mRNAs are encoded by genes expressed late in sporulation in the developing spore under the control of the forespore-specific RNA polymerase sigma factor, G, and most of the encoded proteins are in spores. Levels of the most abundant spore mRNAs were also relatively stable for a week at 4°C after spore harvest. RNA-seq analysis of mRNAs in highly purified and less-well-purified spores made in liquid, as well as from spores that were chemically decoated to remove possible contaminating mRNA, indicated that low-abundance mRNAs in spores were not contaminants in purified spore preparations, and several sources of low-abundance mRNAs in spores are suggested. The function of at least the great majority of spore mRNAs seems most likely to be the generation of ribonucleotides for new RNA synthesis by their degradation early in spore revival.
IMPORTANCE Previous work indicates that dormant Bacillus subtilis spores have many hundreds of mRNAs, some of which are suggested to play roles in spores' "return to life" or revival. The present work finds only ~46 mRNAs at ≥1 molecule spore, with others in only fractions of spores in populations, often very small fractions. Less-abundant spore mRNAs are not contaminants in spore preparations, but how spores accumulate them is not clear. Almost all abundant spore mRNAs are synthesized in the developing spore late in its development, most encode proteins in spores, and abundant mRNAs in spores are relatively stable at 4°C. These findings will have a major impact on thinking about the roles that spore mRNAs may play in spore revival.
The mutualistic symbiont Vibrio fischeri builds a symbiotic biofilm during colonization of squid hosts. Regulation of the exopolysaccharide component, termed Syp, has been examined in strain ES114, where production is controlled by a phosphorelay that includes the inner membrane hybrid histidine kinase RscS. Most strains that lack RscS or encode divergent RscS proteins cannot colonize a squid host unless RscS from a squid symbiont is heterologously expressed. In this study, we examine V. fischeri isolates worldwide to understand the landscape of biofilm regulation during beneficial colonization. We provide a detailed study of three distinct evolutionary groups of V. fischeri and find that while the RscS-Syp biofilm pathway is required in one of the groups, two other groups of squid symbionts require Syp independent of RscS. Mediterranean squid symbionts, including V. fischeri SR5, colonize without an RscS homolog encoded by their genome. Additionally, group A V. fischeri strains, which form a tightly related clade of Hawaii isolates, have a frameshift in rscS and do not require the gene for squid colonization or competitive fitness. These same strains have a frameshift in sypE, and we provide evidence that this group A sypE allele leads to an upregulation in biofilm activity. Thus, this work describes the central importance of Syp biofilm in colonization of diverse isolates and demonstrates that significant evolutionary transitions correspond to regulatory changes in the syp pathway.
IMPORTANCE Biofilms are surface-associated, matrix-encased bacterial aggregates that exhibit enhanced protection to antimicrobial agents. Previous work has established the importance of biofilm formation by a strain of luminous Vibrio fischeri bacteria as the bacteria colonize their host, the Hawaiian bobtail squid. In this study, expansion of this work to many natural isolates revealed that biofilm genes are universally required, yet there has been a shuffling of the regulators of those genes. This work provides evidence that even when bacterial behaviors are conserved, dynamic regulation of those behaviors can underlie evolution of the host colonization phenotype. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the importance of investigating natural diversity as we seek to understand molecular mechanisms in bacteria.
Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide spectrum of disease, with the site and severity of infection dependent on virulence traits encoded within genetically distinct clonal complexes (CCs) and bacterial responses to host innate immunity. The production of nitric oxide (NO) by activated phagocytes is a major host response to which S. aureus metabolically adapts through multiple strategies that are conserved in all CCs, including an S. aureus nitric oxide synthase (Nos). Previous genome analysis of CC30, a lineage associated with chronic endocardial and osteoarticular infections, revealed a putative NO reductase (Nor) not found in other CCs that potentially contributes to NO resistance and clinical outcome. Here, we demonstrate that Nor has true nitric oxide reductase activity, with nor expression enhanced by NO stress and anaerobic growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nor is regulated by MgrA and SrrAB, which modulate S. aureus virulence and hypoxic response. Transcriptome analysis of the S. aureus UAMS-1, UAMS-1 nor, and UAMS-1 nos strains under NO stress and anaerobic growth demonstrates that Nor contributes to nucleotide metabolism and Nos to glycolysis. We demonstrate that Nor and Nos contribute to enhanced survival in the presence of human human polymorphonuclear cells and have organ-specific seeding in a tail vein infection model. Nor contributes to abscess formation in an osteological implant model. We also demonstrate that Nor has a role in S. aureus metabolism and virulence. The regulation overlap between Nor and Nos points to an intriguing link between regulation of intracellular NO, metabolic adaptation, and persistence in the CC30 lineage.
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus can cause disease at most body sites, and illness spans asymptomatic infection to death. The variety of clinical presentations is due to the diversity of strains, which are grouped into distinct clonal complexes (CCs) based on genetic differences. The ability of S. aureus CC30 to cause chronic infections relies on its ability to evade the oxidative/nitrosative defenses of the immune system and survive under different environmental conditions, including differences in oxygen and nitric oxide concentrations. The significance of this work is the exploration of unique genes involved in resisting NO stress and anoxia. A better understanding of the functions that control the response of S. aureus CC30 to NO and oxygen will guide the treatment of severe disease presentations.
Prophage-mediated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a key role in the evolution of bacteria, enabling access to new environmental niches, including pathogenicity. Citrobacter rodentium is a host-adapted intestinal mouse pathogen and important model organism for attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens, including the clinically significant enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC and EPEC, respectively). Even though C. rodentium contains 10 prophage genomic regions, including an active temperate phage, NP, little was known regarding the nature of C. rodentium prophages in the bacterium's evolution toward pathogenicity. In this study, our characterization of NP led to the discovery of a second, fully functional temperate phage, named SM. We identify the bacterial host receptor for both phages as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). NP and SM are likely important mediators of HGT in C. rodentium. Bioinformatic analysis of the 10 prophage regions reveals cargo genes encoding known virulence factors, including several type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors. C. rodentium prophages are conserved across a wide range of pathogenic enteric bacteria, including EPEC and EHEC as well as pathogenic strains of Salmonella enterica, Shigella boydii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phylogenetic analysis of core enteric backbone genes compared against prophage evolutionary models suggests that these prophages represent an important, conserved family of horizontally acquired enteric-bacterium-associated pathogenicity determinants. In addition to highlighting the transformative role of bacteriophage-mediated HGT in C. rodentium's evolution toward pathogenicity, these data suggest that the examination of conserved families of prophages in other pathogenic bacteria and disease outbreaks might provide deeper evolutionary and pathological insights otherwise obscured by more classical analysis.
IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages are obligate intracellular parasites of bacteria. Some bacteriophages can confer novel bacterial phenotypes, including pathogenicity, through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The pathogenic bacterium Citrobacter rodentium infects mice using mechanisms similar to those employed by human gastrointestinal pathogens, making it an important model organism. Here, we examined the 10 prophages of C. rodentium, investigating their roles in its evolution toward virulence. We characterized NP and SM, two endogenous active temperate bacteriophages likely important for HGT. We showed that the 10 prophages encode predicted virulence factors and are conserved within other intestinal pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that they represent a conserved family of horizontally acquired enteric-bacterium-associated pathogenic determinants. Consequently, similar analysis of prophage elements in other pathogens might further understanding of their evolution and pathology.
Erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight of apple and pear trees. Several bacteria have been shown to produce antibiotics that antagonize E. amylovora, including pantocins, herbicolins, dapdiamides, and the vinylglycines, 4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine (FVG) and 4-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). Pantoea ananatis BRT175 was previously shown to exhibit antibiotic activity against E. amylovora via the production of Pantoea natural product 1 (PNP-1), later shown to be FVG; however, exposure of E. amylovora to FVG results in spontaneously resistant mutants. To identify the mechanism of resistance, we used genome variant analysis on spontaneous FVG-resistant mutants of E. amylovora and identified null mutations in the l-asparagine permease gene ansP. Heterologous expression of ansP in normally resistant Escherichia coli was sufficient to impart FVG susceptibility, suggesting that FVG is imported through this permease. Because FVG and AVG are structurally similar, we hypothesized that resistance to AVG would also be conferred through inactivation of ansP; however, ansP mutants were not resistant to AVG. We found that spontaneously resistant Ea321 mutants also arise in the presence of AVG, with whole-genome variant analysis revealing that resistance was due to inactivation of the arginine ABC transporter permease subunit gene artQ. Heterologous expression of the predicted lysE-like transporter encoded within the Pantoea ananatis BRT175 FVG biosynthetic cluster, which is likely responsible for antibiotic export, was sufficient to confer resistance to both FVG and AVG. This work highlights the important roles of amino acid transporters in antibiotic import into bacteria and the potential utility of antimicrobial amino acid analogs as antibiotics.
IMPORTANCE The related antibiotics formylaminooxyvinylglycine (FVG) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) have been shown to have activity against the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora; however, E. amylovora can develop spontaneous resistance to these antibiotics. By comparing the genomes of mutants to those of the wild type, we found that inactivation of the l-asparagine transporter conferred resistance to FVG, while inactivation of the l-arginine transporter conferred resistance to AVG. We also show that the transporter encoded by the FVG biosynthetic cluster can confer resistance to both FVG and AVG. Our work indicates the important role that amino acid transporters play in the import of antibiotics and highlights the possible utility in designer antibiotics that enter the bacterial cell through amino acid transporters.
Production of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) by bacteria is triggered by a variety of different stress conditions. polyP is required for stress survival and virulence in diverse pathogenic microbes. Previous studies have hypothesized a model for regulation of polyP synthesis in which production of the stringent-response second messenger (p)ppGpp directly stimulates polyP accumulation. In this work, I have now shown that this model is incorrect, and (p)ppGpp is not required for polyP synthesis in Escherichia coli. However, stringent mutations of RNA polymerase that frequently arise spontaneously in strains defective in (p)ppGpp synthesis and null mutations of the stringent-response-associated transcription factor DksA both strongly inhibit polyP accumulation. The loss of polyP synthesis in a mutant lacking DksA was reversed by deletion of the transcription elongation factor GreA, suggesting that competition between these proteins for binding to the secondary channel of RNA polymerase plays an important role in controlling polyP activation. These results provide new insights into the poorly understood regulation of polyP synthesis in bacteria and indicate that the relationship between polyP and the stringent response is more complex than previously suspected.
IMPORTANCE Production of polyP in bacteria is required for virulence and stress response, but little is known about how bacteria regulate polyP levels in response to changes in their environments. Understanding this regulation is important for understanding how pathogenic microbes resist killing by disinfectants, antibiotics, and the immune system. In this work, I have clarified the connections between polyP regulation and the stringent response to starvation stress in Escherichia coli and demonstrated an important and previously unknown role for the transcription factor DksA in controlling polyP levels.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses quorum sensing (QS) to regulate the production of a battery of secreted products. At least some of these products are shared among the population and serve as public goods. When P. aeruginosa is grown on casein as the sole carbon and energy source, the QS-induced extracellular protease elastase is required for growth. We isolated a P. aeruginosa variant, which showed increased production of QS-induced factors after repeated transfers in casein broth. This variant, P. aeruginosa QS*, had a mutation in the glutathione synthesis gene gshA. We describe several experiments that show a gshA coding variant and glutathione affect the QS response. The P. aeruginosa QS transcription factor LasR has a redox-sensitive cysteine (C79). We report that GshA variant cells with a LasR C79S substitution show a similar QS response to that of wild-type P. aeruginosa. Surprisingly, it is not LasR but the QS transcription factor RhlR that is more active in bacteria containing the variant gshA. Our results demonstrate that QS integrates information about cell density and the cellular redox state via glutathione levels.
IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria coordinate group behaviors using a chemical communication system called quorum sensing (QS). The QS system of P. aeruginosa is complex, with several regulators and signals. We show that decreased levels of glutathione lead to increased gene activation in P. aeruginosa, which did not occur in a strain carrying the redox-insensitive variant of a transcription factor. The ability of P. aeruginosa QS transcription factors to integrate information about cell density and cellular redox state shows these transcription factors can fine-tune levels of the gene products they control in response to at least two types of signals or cues.
tRNAs play a critical role in mRNA decoding, and posttranscriptional modifications within tRNAs drive decoding efficiency and accuracy. The types and positions of tRNA modifications in model bacteria have been extensively studied, and tRNA modifications in a few eukaryotic organisms have also been characterized and localized to particular tRNA sequences. However, far less is known regarding tRNA modifications in archaea. While the identities of modifications have been determined for multiple archaeal organisms, Haloferax volcanii is the only organism for which modifications have been extensively localized to specific tRNA sequences. To improve our understanding of archaeal tRNA modification patterns and codon-decoding strategies, we have used liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to characterize and then map posttranscriptional modifications on 34 of the 35 unique tRNA sequences of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. A new posttranscriptionally modified nucleoside, 5-cyanomethyl-2-thiouridine (cnm5s2U), was discovered and localized to position 34. Moreover, data consistent with wyosine pathway modifications were obtained beyond the canonical tRNAPhe as is typical for eukaryotes. The high-quality mapping of tRNA anticodon loops enriches our understanding of archaeal tRNA modification profiles and decoding strategies.
IMPORTANCE While many posttranscriptional modifications in M. jannaschii tRNAs are also found in bacteria and eukaryotes, several that are unique to archaea were identified. By RNA modification mapping, the modification profiles of M. jannaschii tRNA anticodon loops were characterized, allowing a comparative analysis with H. volcanii modification profiles as well as a general comparison with bacterial and eukaryotic decoding strategies. This general comparison reveals that M. jannaschii, like H. volcanii, follows codon-decoding strategies similar to those used by bacteria, although position 37 appears to be modified to a greater extent than seen in H. volcanii.
DNA complex. PhoC was an acid phosphatase mainly able to dephosphorylate glycerol 3-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate. Mannose 6-phosphate was only weakly dephosphorylated by PhoC. Since deletion of glcR and phoC alone or in combination had no effect on the cells during phosphosugar stress, it is assumed that the derepression of glcR-phoC is a side effect of phosphosugar stress in B. subtilis.
IMPORTANCE Bacillus subtilis has different stress response systems to cope with external and internal stressors. Here, we investigated how B. subtilis deals with the high intracellular concentration of phosphosugars as an internal stressor. The results indicated the derepression of an operon consisting of a repressor (GlcR) and a phosphatase (PhoC). Further analysis revealed that this operon is not a phosphosugar stress response system. The substrate specificity of PhoC may indicate a connection between the glcR-phoC operon and pathways in which glycerol 3-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate are utilized, such as membrane biosynthesis and teichoic acid elongation.
Bacteria sense environmental chemicals using chemosensor proteins, most of which are present in the cytoplasmic membrane. Canonical chemoreceptors bind their specific ligands in their periplasmic domain, and the ligand binding creates a molecular stimulus that is transmitted into the cytoplasm, leading to various cellular responses, such as chemotaxis and specific gene expression. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, contains about 44 putative sensor proteins, which are homologous to methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins involved in chemotaxis. Two of them, Mlp24 and Mlp37, have been identified as chemoreceptors that mediate chemotactic responses to various amino acids. Although most of the residues of Mlp37 involved in ligand binding are conserved in Mlp24, these chemoreceptors bind the same ligands with different affinities. Moreover, they have distinct cellular roles. Here we determined a series of ligand complex structures of the periplasmic domains of Mlp24 (Mlp24p). The structures revealed that Ca2+ binds to the loop that forms the upper wall of the ligand-binding pocket. Ca2+ does not bind to the corresponding loop of Mlp37, implying that the structural difference of the loop may cause the ligand affinity difference. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements indicated that Ca2+ changes the ligand binding affinity of Mlp24p. Furthermore, Ca2+ affected chemotactic behaviors to various amino acids mediated by Mlp24. Thus, Ca2+ is suggested to serve as a cosignal for the primary signal mediated by Mlp24p, and V. cholerae fine-tunes its chemotactic behavior depending on the Ca2+ concentration by modulating the ligand sensitivity of Mlp24.
IMPORTANCE Mlp24 and Mlp37 are homologous chemoreceptors of Vibrio cholerae that bind various amino acids. Although most of the residues involved in ligand interaction are conserved, these chemoreceptors show different affinities for the same ligand and play different cellular roles. A series of ligand complex structures of the periplasmic region of Mlp24 (Mlp24p) and following ITC analysis revealed that Ca2+ binds to the loop of Mlp24p and modulates the ligand binding affinity of Mlp24p. Moreover, Ca2+ changes the chemotactic behaviors mediated by Mlp24. We propose that Ca2+ acts as a cosignal that modulates the affinity of Mlp24 for the primary signal, thereby changing the chemotactic behavior of V. cholerae.
Thymineless death (TLD) is a rapid loss of viability of unclear mechanism in cultures of thyA mutants starved for thymine/thymidine (T starvation). It is accepted that T starvation repeatedly breaks replication forks, while recombinational repair restores them, but when the resulting futile breakage-repair cycle affects the small replication bubbles at oriC, the origin is degraded, killing the cell. Indeed, cells with increased chromosomal replication complexity (CRC), expressed as an elevated origin/terminus (ori/ter) ratio, die more extensively during TLD. Here we tested this logic by elevating the CRC in Escherichia coli thyA mutants before T starvation, anticipating exaggerated TLD. Unexpectedly, TLD remained unaffected by a CRC increase to either the natural limit (ori/ter ratio, ~6) or the functional limit (ori/ter ratio, ~16). Moreover, when we forced the CRC over the functional limit (ori/ter ratio, ~30), TLD lessened. Thus, prior overinitiation does not sensitize cells to TLD. In contradiction with the published results, even blocking new replication initiations by the dnaA(Ts) defect at 42°C fails to prevent TLD. Using the thyA dnaA(Ts) mutant in a new T starvation protocol that excludes new initiations, we show that at 42°C, the same degree of TLD still occurs when chromosomes are demonstrably nonreplicating. Remarkably, 80% of the chromosomal DNA in these nonreplicating T-starved cells is still lost, by an unclear mechanism.
IMPORTANCE Thymineless death kills cells of any type and is used in anticancer and antimicrobial treatments. We tested the idea that the more replication forks there are in the chromosome during growth, the more extensive the resulting thymineless death. We varied the number of replication forks in the Escherichia coli chromosome, as measured by the origin-to-terminus ratio, ranging it from the normal 2 to 60, and even completely eliminated replication forks in the nonreplicating chromosomes (ori/ter ratio = 1). Unexpectedly, we found that thymineless death is unaffected by the intensity of replication or by its complete absence; we also found that even nonreplicating chromosomes still disappear during thymine starvation. We conclude that thymineless death can kill E. coli independently of chromosomal replication.
Biofilm formation is a complex process that requires a number of transcriptional, proteomic, and physiological changes to enable bacterial survival. The lipid membrane presents a barrier to communication between the machinery within bacteria and the physical and chemical features of their extracellular environment, and yet little is known about how the membrane influences biofilm development. We found that depleting the anionic phospholipid cardiolipin reduces biofilm formation in Escherichia coli cells by as much as 50%. The absence of cardiolipin activates the regulation of colanic acid synthesis (Rcs) envelope stress response, which represses the production of flagella, disrupts initial biofilm attachment, and reduces biofilm growth. We demonstrate that a reduction in the concentration of cardiolipin impairs translocation of proteins across the inner membrane, which we hypothesize activates the Rcs pathway through the outer membrane lipoprotein RcsF. Our study demonstrates a molecular connection between the composition of membrane phospholipids and biofilm formation in E. coli and suggests that altering lipid biosynthesis may be a viable approach for altering biofilm formation and possibly other multicellular phenotypes related to bacterial adaptation and survival.
IMPORTANCE There is a growing interest in the role of lipid membrane composition in the physiology and adaptation of bacteria. We demonstrate that a reduction in the anionic phospholipid cardiolipin impairs biofilm formation in Escherichia coli cells. Depleting cardiolipin reduced protein translocation across the inner membrane and activated the Rcs envelope stress response. Consequently, cardiolipin depletion produced cells lacking assembled flagella, which impacted their ability to attach to surfaces and seed the earliest stage in biofilm formation. This study provides empirical evidence for the role of anionic phospholipid homeostasis in protein translocation and its effect on biofilm development and highlights modulation of the membrane composition as a potential method of altering bacterial phenotypes related to adaptation and survival.


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HOME » NEWS » ARTICLES » What's In a Name? Important Entity Name Considerations in New York State
What's In a Name? Important Entity Name Considerations in New York State
Teri Mayor
November 1, 2011 — 1,813 views
Choosing a name can be one of the most important decisions a company can make. After considering the business and marketing implications of a given name, a company also needs to ensure the desired name has not been trademarked through use or by registration with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Finally, when registering the entity to do business in a state, there are a number of legal requirements that vary depending on where the entity registers.
The legal requirements for company names inNew Yorkcan present many difficulties. Some things that have the potential to create problems or delays include:
the large number of active registered companies (This increases the chance that the name you want will not be available for use.)
a somewhat nebulous procedure for determining whether a name is different enough from the names of existing entities in the state
the inability to obtain consent for the use of a similar name
the need to obtain another state agency's approval for the use of many words and phrases
Decreased Pool of Available Names Due to Number of Registered Entities
New York state's history as one of the most populous states and the fact that it is a major financial center have likely played a major role in the large number of business entities that are registered in the state.New Yorkhas over 1.7 million active registered companies, which is more than highly popular filing states likeCalifornia,Florida,DelawareandNevada. In fact, as of the end of 2010,New Yorkholds the title for most active companies on record.
A contributing factor to the large number of active entities on record isNew York's somewhat lax policy regarding dissolving existing corporations. Many Secretary of State offices administratively dissolve companies that have not filed their annual reports after a specified number of years. InNew York, the primary reason for administrative dissolution (dissolution by proclamation) is notification from the Department of Taxation and Finance that the company is delinquent in paying franchise tax. These notifications, however, do not always occur within a predictable time frame, so there are many companies that have not paid taxes for years, but are still listed as active on the Secretary of State's records.
New Yorkstate's voluntary dissolution requirements also help to create a situation where inactive corporations remain on record.New Yorkdoes not allow a corporation which never engaged in business to quickly and easily dissolve as many other states do. Instead, the company must apply for tax clearance and file a tax return, even if shares have not been issued and the corporation never engaged in business. Because of this, someNew Yorkcorporations, especially those formed carelessly or in error, ignore their obligations and let inactive companies remain on record.
With well over 100,000 companies getting filed each year and the policies described above that contribute to keeping inactive or delinquent companies on record, it is a fairly common occurrence inNew Yorkthat the name a company wants to use is not available.
Strict Requirements Regarding Distinctiveness of Entity Names
New York's rules regarding the uniqueness of an entity name also contribute to desired names not being available for use. Every state requires that a registered entity be either "distinguishable" or "distinguishable on record" from other registered entity names, or not "deceptively similar" to them. Usually, it is easier to find an available name in states likeDelawarewith "distinguishable on record" statutes. For example, making one word plural inDelawareis enough to distinguish one name from another. "Deceptively similar" states, such asCaliforniaorTexas, tend to take a stricter approach and not allow names which vary in spelling, or form of the word.
New Yorkuses the term "distinguishable" in the Business Corporation Law and, through the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations, operates like a "deceptively similar" state. Section 156.2 of Title 19 states that a name is not considered distinguishable if the only difference between the proposed name and an existing name is a change in tense or form of the word (including abbreviations, alternate spellings, or alternate numeral systems, such as Roman and Arabic), punctuation differences or the addition of the word "company." Whether a word is considered to be a form of another word is often decided by the individual reviewer at the Secretary of State's office and procedures change over time. For example, the terms "real estate" and "realty" have at times, in the past, been considered to be indistinguishable, but at other times have not.
In some ways, Texasis tougher than New Yorkwhen it comes to entity names. Besides "deceptively similar" rules that are very similar to New York's, it has a further, broader category of "similar name requiring consent." Under section 79.40 of Title 1 of the Texas Administrative Code, names that contain "similarities which may tend to be misleading as to the identity or affiliation of the entity" will require the consent of the existing entity to be accepted. Under this rule, a company wishing to use the name "United Phase Two" or "United Productions" would need to provide a letter of consent from an existing "United Company," because they share the word "united." This is a much broader interpretation of similar names thanNew York. A key difference is thatTexas, like many other states, allows an existing company to grant consent to the forming company. InNew York, this is never allowed; the new company must provide a distinguishable name.
Use of Assumed Name When Desired Name Not Available
New York offers an alternative that allows a company to use the business name they want even though it is not available. A Certificate of Assumed Name can be filed, pursuant to Section 130 of the General Business Law, after registering as a corporation, limited liability company or limited partnership under a unique, but less desirable, name. Note that inNew York, an assumed name cannot contain an entity indicator such as Inc., Ltd., LLC, etc.
An assumed name filing only registers the name with the state, meaning that in the state's eyes, it can conduct business using that name. It does not protect the name in any way, since assumed names inNew York are not required to be unique. A company should also bear in mind that registering an entity name, either as an assumed name or as a true entity name with the Department of State does not in any way ensure that the chosen name could not be considered a trademark infringement and subject to legal proceedings. Whether choosing an assumed name or an entity name, a company should first ensure that the name it wishes to have will not be confusingly similar either because of a registered trademark or prior usage that would constitute a common law trademark.
Finally, when choosing an assumed name in New York, note that Section 130(2)(3)(c) of the General Business Law indicates that corporations, limited partnerships and limited liability companies can't use a name "which consists of or includes a word or words the use of which is prohibited or restricted…" by the laws governing the formation of those entities.
Prohibited or Restricted Names in New York
The list of words that are prohibited or restricted is quite long in New Yorkand extends well beyond the list of 31 words and phrases listed separately in Sections 301(5)(a) and (b) of the Business Corporation Law. An extensive list of words and phrases which require prior consent or approval is available on the General Information and Resources page of the National Corporate Research website. (Note that this list is not all-inclusive since final determination is up to the individual reviewers at the Department of State). The list contains over 90 words and phrases that are either listed in the statutes or have been determined through experience to require additional consents and approvals from other agencies. Often, this consent or approval will be required even when the meaning of the word as it is used in the name makes it clear that the company is not engaging in an activity that the approving agency governs. For example, let's say an independent bookstore decides it wants to use the name "The Title Page Book Store, L.L.C." Even though it is clear from the name that this company is not involved in the title insurance business in any way, it will still be required to obtain consent or waiver of consent from the Insurance Division of the New York Department of Financial Services to use that name. Consents and approvals can be obtained, but the process is often a lengthy one, so it is wise to verify whether the name contains a restricted word well before the company wishes to form.
Reserving Names: Beware of Limitations
Name reservations can be requested to help protect a desired name, but it is important to understand their limitations in New YorkState. A name with a restricted word can be reserved without obtaining the required approval from the appropriate state agency, but consent will be required when filing the documents. The name reservation itself does not guarantee that the name can be used. When reserving the name, it is important that the company reserves exactly the name it wishes to use. If the name on the filing differs from the reserved name in any way, even if it is only the omission of a comma, the state will require that the existing name reservation be canceled for an additional fee before the document can be filed.
Finally, it is important to be aware of certain delays that occur when reserving a name. A name reservation filing receipt, which is issued late in the afternoon after the actual reservation, must accompany the filing. Accustomed to procedures in other states, people often wish to reserve the name one day and form the company the next. InNew York, due to the filing receipt requirement, this cannot be done unless the company pays expensive two hour expedite fees when filing the reservation.
Importance of Registration Confirmation; Registration Does Not Protect the Name
When registering an entity, keep in mind that the final determination is always in the hands of the filing officer. Even if every precaution has been taken to ensure the availability and acceptability of a name, it is important to wait until the document has been accepted and filed before obtaining bank accounts or taking other actions that assume there will be no problem with the registration. Understand that registering an entity name with the Secretary of State does not necessarily mean the company is legally allowed to use it. The desired name should be checked against trademarked names and names already in use to ensure that it will not be subject to trademark infringement legal proceedings. Similarly, registering a name as an entity inNew Yorkor in any state also does not protect it from anything other than having another entity register the same or very similar name based on the particular state's rules. Trademark filings are needed to protect a name nationwide.
In summary, understanding the legal requirements for company names in the state or states where a company is registering is critically important.New Yorkis one state where those requirements can create unexpected issues. A knowledgeable and experienced service provider can alert you to potential problems and pitfalls of the chosen name and help you avoid the additional costs and delays involved when filings are rejected.
This article is provided for informational purposes only and should not be considered, or relied upon, as legal advice.
© National Corporate Research, Ltd., 10 East 40th Street, 10th Floor, New York, NY 10016. All Rights Reserved. www.nationalcorp.com
National Corporate Research, Ltd.
Teri Mayor has been in the UCC/corporate service industry since 1993. She is responsible for researching, developing and training staff on domestic and international corporate services.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: I need to join many query results in one result I have many simple query to run in MySQL Workbench:
SELECT deviceID
     , from_unixtime(timestamp)
  FROM EventData
 where accountID = '001'
   and deviceID = 'FFF'
 order
    by timestamp desc
 limit 1;

I'm doing this to get the max timestamp value of every deviceID in a really huge active table that's why I make many queries to get faster results.
I tried with "deviceID IN(...)" but it takes too long and I don't want to hung up the server.

A: Why aren't you using built in functions for summarising data?
SELECT
  deviceID,
  from_unixtime(MAX(timestamp)) as timestamp
FROM
  EventData
where
  accountID='001'
GROUP BY
  deviceID

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Coelogyne prasina é uma espécie de orquídea epífita, família Orchidaceae, originária da Malásia.

Ver também
Coelogyne
 Lista de gêneros de Orchidaceae

Referências
 Ridl.. Coelogyne prasina em J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 326 (1896).
 R. Govaerts, D. Holland Baptista, M.A. Campacci, P.Cribb (K.),  World Checklist of Orchidaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.  (2008).
 Clayton, Dudley: The Genus Coelogyne - A Synopsis. National History Publications (Borneo) in association with The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2002) ISBN 9838120480.
 Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds.. Genera Orchidacearum vol. 4 - Epidendroideae (Part 1). Oxford Univ. Press (2006) ISBN 9780198507123.

Ligações externas

Coelogyne
Espécies descritas em 1896

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The school is runned by Yvonne Huizinga and she teaches: Tai Chi Tao and Qi Qong according the Jan Kraak methods. Also Yang style Tai Chi Chuan, Pushing Hands, Selfdefense and more.
Besides that the school also offers mindfulness, meditation, and Chinese medical massage.
The school is open for all ages and a trial lesson at Tai Chi Uithuizen is completely free.


Continuing our focus on Sensatori resorts this week, Penny discovers sensory enlightenment isn't just for grown ups; childcare at Sensatori Resorts gives children get the chance to try all kinds of sensory themed activities, including science experiments. Take a tour and meet the staff at Sensatori Fethiye, in Turkey.
I arrive to the Playhouse to the sound of They Might Be Giants singing I am a Palaeontologist, as the staff make the final preparations for the children's arrival. Today the theme is dinosaurs and I am greeted by this guy.
I fall in love with the space immediately, being a new resort there is so much scope to build a really unique and state of the art environment. It feels so exciting and welcoming. As an ex-teacher and a parent I know you can tell so much about childcare by the walls and displays. Children's creativity is really celebrated here.
I love the wall of mirrors, there is a lovely focus on emotional and social wellbeing here, with other resources on the walls using images to help children voice emotions, or to communicate with staff when English is not their first language. Spot the diplodocus poking out of the sensory tray in the mirror?
The space caters for children of different ages, from sensory play for 3 year olds to word searches at the very cool breakfast bar style area and science experiments for older kids. Bear in mind my visit is in term time, so there aren't any school age children on the resort, however, the different zones are all laid out each day with different activities, so that children of different ages can start playing easily.
The whole space is beautifully decorated with murals, and lots of cushions for simply chilling with new friends, or watching movies in the evenings.
The Crazy Kitchen is a space to eat snacks, but also do cooking activities.
Perhaps the most innovative inclusion in the Playhouse, is the Silly Science Area.
In the Arts and Crafts zone there is plenty of space to get stuck in, and evidence of whole group crafts as well as today's dinosaur craft.
Next door in the Nursery the mood is calmer, but the sensory theme is evident here too. Both spaces are bright, colourful and open plan areas, allowing children to move easily between activities, and lots of room for staff to lead games and story times.
The imaginative murals and zoning of areas works beautifully in this space too.
There is plenty of sensory play for babies in a safe area at the quieter end of the room. Mirrors and lights are used effectively to create play opportunities.
The murals transform this toddler space into a magical, imaginative play area, with a home corner.
The dinosaur theme has snuck into the nursery too, with table top play around dinosaurs and sticklebricks.
When it all gets too much, there is a sleeping area, a beautiful space with twinkly lights and murals. Little ones can sleep, eat and play to their own routine when in the nursery.
The staff all hold UK-accredited childcare qualifications, and staff are trained in paediatric first aid. They all speak English, most the staff I met were from the UK and held more than the minimum qualification required for their role.
Evenings, meanwhile, bring parties and movies, plus you can pay a little extra for sleepovers. This seemed like a fun concept, once a week kids can camp out at the Playhouse and stay over night, normally mid-week, when they have had chance to find their feet. Perfect for more adventurous kids.
Sometimes families benefit from taking a few hours break from each other on holiday, children want to let off steam and be with other children, adults want to be able to relax. If you want an hour's uninterrupted pool or lounger time, or to book in to the spa for a Turkish bath, or to have a romantic dinner for two, Sensatori has a great childcare offering. I find younger children can really miss certain types of play on holiday, so the Stay and Play sessions for all the family, can also be a great idea.
Free supervised sessions for 3 to 12 year-olds are available 6 days a week for an hour or two. In the Nursery morning and afternoon sessions are available, 7 days a week, all year round. Nursery sessions cost extra and need to be pre-booked in the UK because of the strict child-to-staff ratio.
Read Penny's introduction to the resort here.
Sensatori resorts can be found in Turkey, Crete, Cyprus, Ibiza, Eygpt, Mexico and Jamaica.
Sensatori Fethiye from £629pp fully inclusive.
I LOVE the idea of a silly science area, it's amazing to see a holiday company appreciating the fun aspect of science for kids.
This all looks INSANELY good. The Silly Science area and Crazy Kitchen area look inspired. Love it. Really want to check this place out.
Oh wow this looks amazing! My daughter would love it here.
3) Crysta the waitress in the main restaurant….amazing how one person can really brighten up your day! So welcoming, friendly, amazing with the kids….a true asset to the hotel!
Everything else was great too but the above stuck out to me more than anything else.
Hi I'm coming to stay in Aug how do you book a place for the nursery as Thomson don't offer it you when you book.
I'm also going in Aug and I went into Thomson and they added it to my booking it was £120 for a week.
Is the £120 you paid for the under 3's nursery? We're going to the Ibiza Sensatori in August and when I called Thomson to enquire about nursery places I was quoted £120 per child for a 1/2 day session (I have twins who will be 14 months).
Yes it's for the under 3's nursery and I've booked 9.30 till 1 pm which I've paid £120.
And that is £120 per child which for you would cost a lot.
Ah okay, thanks. And that's just one half day you've booked? Would love to use this facility for a bit of a break but think it will prove far too expensive unfortunately!
Such a wonderful daycare center! So educational. Lots of things for kids to enjoy.


text:
WCUP
USMNT battles back for vital win over Costa Rica in World Cup qualifying
1yr ago
Omar Vega / Getty Images Sport / Getty
COLUMBUS, Ohio (AP) — Tim Weah scored on a shot that deflected off the goalkeeper in the 66th minute after Sergiño Dest started the comeback from a first-minute deficit, and the United States rallied past Costa Rica 2-1 on Wednesday night to ease pressure as World Cup qualifying neared the halfway point.
Goalkeeper Zack Steffen, one of nine new starters inserted by coach Gregg Berhalter following Sunday's dismal 1-0 loss at Panama, made a costly headed clearance that led to Keysher Fuller's goal 60 seconds in, the fastest goal conceded by the U.S. in 23 years.
Dest, another new starter by his rotation-emphasizing coach, tied it in the 25th minute when he curled a shot past Keylor Navas.
"I was like, I have to shoot it," Dest said. "I was just so happy We needed that goal. It was a really important goal."
Navas, one of the world's top goalkeepers, strained an adductor muscle and was replaced by Leonel Moreira at the start of the second half.
Weah, a son of Liberia President and former FIFA Player of the Year George Weah, wasn't in the original starting lineup but was announced just before kickoff in place of Paul Arriola, who injured his right groin. His long-range shot bounced off a diving Moreira and inside the near post.
Weah's only other goal was in an exhibition against Bolivia in May 2018.
The U.S. has 11 points after six of 14 matches, with its three toughest games still ahead — at home against Mexico on Nov. 12 plus away matches at Mexico and Costa Rica.
"Right now we're on the right track," Dest said.
Costa Rica, an aged team with a starting lineup that averaged more then 30 years old, has seven points. The Ticos had won their three previous qualifiers against the U.S., helping end a streak of seven straight American World Cup appearances.
In later games, Canada hosted Panama, Honduras was home against Jamaica, and El Salvador was home against Mexico.
A pro-American crowd of 20,165 attended the first international match at $300 million-plus Lower.com Field, which opened in July.
Berhalter retained only 18-year-old midfielder Yunus Musah and 21-year-old Weah from Sunday's starters.
Chris Richards, a 21-year-old central defender, was given his first competitive start as the Americans fielded their youngest lineup in a World Cup qualifier at an average of 22 years, 229 days. That lowered the 23 years, 85 days from the 4-1 win at Honduras on Sept. 8.
Matthew Hoppe and Gianluca Busio entered in the second half, joining Steffen and Richards to increased U.S. qualifying debuts to 25 in this cycle, trailing only 1998 (29), and 2006 and 2010 (26 each). Richards was making just his fourth international appearance.
Costa Rica started five players 32 and older. Navas made his 99th international appearance and Celso Borges his 144th. Ticos coach Luis Fernando Suárez retained nine starters from Sunday's 2-1 win at El Salvador.
The Ticos scored after Steffen, the backup to Ederson at Manchester City, headed the ball to the right flank but over Dest. Bryan Ruiz kept the ball in with a backheel pass to Ronald Matarrita, who dribbled down the side and crossed. Just outside the 6-yard box, Fuller volleyed with his right foot, and the ball went in on two bounces inside the far post for his second international goal.
The U.S. had not conceded that early since the Netherlands' Ronald de Boer scored on a deflection off Alexi Lalas two minutes in after a bad pass by Roy Wegerle set up a breakaway in a 2-0 Dutch win at Miami on Feb. 21, 1998.
Dest ended a streak of eight straight first halves without an American goal.
Weah switched the ball to Musah on the right flank, and he passed to Dest. Given time and space, Dest took three touches as he cut toward the center. Dest curled the ball around Matarrita with a left-foot shot just beyond the right hand of Navas for his second international goal.
The U.S. nearly allowed another goal when Miles Robinson made a poor, slow backpass for Richards in the 56th minute that was intercepted by Ruiz. The 36-year-old Ruiz broke in alone on Steffen but lacks pace at his age, and Robinson was able to catch up and poke the ball away.
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When Pele conquered America with the New York Cosmos
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I remember it well. There was a field and a slight rise there that I always noticed whenever we used to drive by it when I was a child. I would be bored in the car and used to imagine someone on a dirt bike pacing us as we drove. That was one of my favorite places to watch my dirt bike rider jump. It was like that video game that I would play. He would go soaring through the air and land smoothly, so long as you didn't let his engine overheat. I'm not sure if my parents ever understood why I would stare out the window so much when we drove. I'm not sure that it mattered to them. At least I wasn't reading all of the road signs out loud. That was the other thing that I would do to pass the time.
I finally realized today what they are doing there. A road is being cut through that field. They have already blasted through that rise so that the road can remain level.For a brief moment I pictured the dirt bike jumping over the gap from one side of the unfinished road to the other. I wasn't able to complete the jump. I'm the one driving the car now, so staring out the window isn't a very safe idea. I check the rearview mirror and see my own son in the back seat. He isn't looking out of the window. His nose is buried in a book. I love that he enjoys reading so much, but part of me was hoping to see him staring with his eyes going up and down as he imagines every jump. I know that in a few months, he will see a new road there with some buildings being put up along it. He won't even remember what it looked like before the road started to be built. He's young. The world is always changing for him. I guess what bothers me is that in a few months, I will see the new road and buildings being put up along it, and I may not remember what it looked like before that either.
Why I can't write a blog today.
I used to love a song from Bon Jovi entitled I Can't Write a Love Song. There was something about the poetry of singing about why you can't sing. I find it to be more of an irony than poetry today. I understand what the song was talking about now. I have needed to write a blog or record a vlog all weekend but haven't been able to make myself do it. When I finally sat down this afternoon to write a blog, nothing that I wrote felt right. It didn't sound right. I felt like I was forcing myself to put words on the page but not feeling them as I did. I finally had to admit to myself that I can't write a blog today. There is no reason to write words that you don't feel. Maybe tomorrow or the next day my mind, my heart, and my life will work together and allow me to have the words flow like they have before. But for now, I can't write a blog today.
Writing Time: Selfish, Selfless, or Saving Others?
I will start out by saying that this is a perfect example of what is meant by the phrase, "Doctor, heal thyself!" I am the absolute worst at not following this advice. Of course, that is probably why I have joked with my students that my name should be a verb meaning "to screw up badly." So if you ever heard me say "I Slatered myself by not listening to my own advice," then you can understand what I mean.
Today I was on my way out to mow the yard. Just before I got out there, I started to hear a noise. At first, I thought it was my central air conditioning. I was wrong. It was raining. No mowing for me. For a lot of you, this would become a prime time for writing. It makes perfect sense. Not so much for me. I started asking myself if I had things that I needed to grade. I wondered if I had something that I should be doing with my son. I started to run through my "Honey do" list. It would look to any author out there like I am trying to avoid having any writing time. Well, I am.
It's not that I am having writer's block. I actually have several things that I need to write down for an upcoming novel (I hope to have news to tell you about that soon!) My problem is that when I start up writing time, I feel that I am being selfish. I lead a very hectic life. Time to write is rare, and even when I think that I have that time, I usually have a thousand other things that I need to be working on. This is not my career, it is something that I do as the adult equivalent of an extracurricular activity, so I feel that it has to come after all of my responsibilities. I worry a lot about being selfish by putting my writing time before any other responsibilities or expectations. Even as I am writing this blog, I have stopped twice to help with folding the laundry despite my wife's insistence that I do not need to.
What I know intellectually (I just have to make myself put it into practice) is that setting aside writing time and making use of it is not a selfish act so long as you moderate it. It might be easy for some amateur writers to start writing and not get out from in front of their computer for eight to twelve hours a day every day of the week. If you happen to be single and are still making it to work, more power to you. However, if you are like me and are married with a child and have a career, you do have to moderate yourself from such extremes. Once you do that, you also need to accept that your writing time is not selfish. For many, it is a necessary release from stressful jobs or situations. A little bit of guaranteed writing time can give you something to look forward to, improve your disposition, and make it a little bit better for those around you when life many little quirks start to make things difficult. Talk with the people in your life and figure out a way to create some writing time for yourself. After that, if writer's block becomes your biggest source of stress in life, then you managed not to Slater things!
To say that there are a lot of problems in our world today is an understatement. Maybe all of these problems were always there and we didn't know, but technology brings them to the forefront now. Who knows? What I do know is that sometimes life imitates art and vice-versa. Consider the number of dystopian novels that achieved prominence in recent years. Think that doesn't put a bit of a pallor on someones worldview? So, can writers help impact this whole mess? I'm glad that you asked!
I think that if you have read much of my writing or heard my vlog, you can probably guess that I was an unusual kid. The thing is, that was true in a lot of ways. One of the more unusual things about me compared to kids in todays society was that I never moved to a new house as a kid. I lived in the same home from the day that I was born until I got married after college. Sure, I lived in the college dorms or apartments while I went to university, but my official address didn't change for over twenty years. These days people move on a regular basis. It's made me ask the question, why do people regularly pick and leave the place that they have made into a home just to try and do it again someplace else.
Naturally, there are lots of societal reasons. We can move now without packing everything into a covered wagon and spending months traveling and wondering if we will ever see our new home. There are also all kinds of economic considerations. The locations for work as well as appreciation in the value of your house may convince someone to pick up and move. Those have all been factors in the multiple occasions that my wife and I have moved. Those things answer why we go from one house to another. None of them answer why we move our home.
The idea of staying in that house another few years hit me like a ton of bricks. "Mom, I'll join the Army before taking that route." That was not meant as any dig at the army (anyone that knows me knows the respect I have for our service men and women.) Both I and my mother knew that I was not physically or mentally conditioned for the military, but that was a risk that I was willing to take to get out of the house. I had seen those same four walls for my entire life. We rarely went on vacations or long trips, so my whole world had consisted of my hometown and that house. I knew that there was a lot more out there. I had friends that talked about the places that they had been and the things that they had seen. I was ready to find out what there was in the world, both good and bad, and I couldn't do it in the comfort and security of the home that had been the only home I'd known. I got a scholarship and returned to that home four years later with a degree and news that I had a fiance'. I got married six months later and moved out permanently. I still see that house regularly. My parents still live there.
So what did this tell me about why people move? Honestly, I think it is because we are restless. Each generation is being exposed to more of the world and finding out what is outside of their city limits. Now that we know that there are other ways to live, I think that we want to experience them. Sometimes, that can only be done by moving. For thousands of years, home was where your family had set down roots. Now it seems that home is wherever we decide to park our bed, recliner, and computer for a few years to see what the place has to offer. Some people see this as a decline in family cohesion, and I can understand why they say that. There is something about living in the same place that your family helped build over generations. If you are content with that, then welcome home. I think that for most people these days, it isn't an option, and that is fine with them as well. After all, what is a home if not simply the place where you and your family go to for comfort, security, and love? A change of address doesn't matter in the end.
Well, this was my last full day on vacation. We dedicated the entire day to the beach. I made a realization while we were out there. I had never gotten around to some of the revisions that I had told myself that I would do on this trip. That's when I realized something about my writing lately. I explain what it is in the video.
Well, I survived my drive down to my vacation, now it was time to do some stuff. I wish that I could have gotten video of things as I did them rather than just try to describe it to you later, but, to be honest, I like to focus on the experience, not recording the experience. I know it makes it less exciting for you, but it makes it more enjoyable for me, and this is one time when I will think of myself before my audience. I give a brief explanation of why I am recording the journal and try, very badly, to describe some of what I did. I'm certain that there are several people that look at this and can't believe that a 38 year old man is just now doing some of this stuff. Well, that's part of why I took this trip and recorded the journal. Because I really AM just now getting around to doing this stuff!
I have just returned from my first real beach vacation. I know, 38 years old and finally going to the beach for a vacation to play in the ocean. I can be a little slow on things. I was going to keep a written journal each day, but my family and I stayed so busy that I didn't get a chance to. Instead, I kept a video journal and will be putting up one video journal entry a day for the next few days. Been on a beach vacation? Did it help you relax and reboot or make you wish that you could stay? Let me know how these things work out for you.


text:
"I stood in the Strand and beheld it, and blessed God. And all this was done without one drop of bloodshed, and by that very army which rebelled against him: but it was the Lord's doing, for such a restoration was never mentioned in any history . . . nor so joyful a day and so bright as ever seen in this nation." – John Evelyn, 29 May 1660[1]
The above quote describes Charles II's triumphal entry into London on his thirtieth birthday after Parliament had voted to restore him to the throne. The restoration of Charles after the Interregnum came partially because the masses in England in 1660 were not ready for a republic, but also because of the oppressive nature of the Puritanical military-dominated government that followed the English Revolution. There were many who joined Charles II who had fought against his father, but had been horrified at the execution, and most importantly, at the Puritan rule that ensued after the regicide. The Army had ruled for eleven years and had enforced a tight system of strict, religious dogma on the people. This made Parliament, and especially the army, extremely unpopular with the masses.[2]
Oliver's son, Richard Cromwell's failure to control the army resulted in his resignation on May 25, 1659, and a year of Parliamentary instability and military rule. General George Monck, governor of Scotland occupied London and helped create the Convention Parliament in April 1660 that restored Charles the following month. The restoration was not inevitable after the end of the Cromwell Protectorate, but it became the most likely option for the masses who wanted stability in government and for the army who wanted their position maintained.[3]
Cromwell had effectively ruled as a king in the absence of an official monarch. In 1653, he dissolved the Rump Parliament which had taken the place of the Long Parliament after Colonel Pride's Purge in 1648. He then retained the same right of kings to summon Parliament at his discretion. Under Cromwell's Protectorate, the military enforced the banning of sports and Cromwell's government even outlawed Christmas.[4] Richard's Third Protectorate Parliament was unable to form a stable government, which led to Richard's forced resignation by the army. The army then restored the Rump Parliament which nearly resulted in a civil war within the army when Generals Charles Fleetwood and John Lambert kept the Rump out of the Parliament building and created a Committee of Safety to rule directly under them. This prompted General Monck to march southward from Scotland to restore order to the government, which he feared was slipping into anarchy.[5]
Lambert's army deserted him and Monck was able to take the capital without a fight, especially when Sir Thomas Fairfax declared his support for him.[6] Monck restored former members of the Long Parliament on the condition that they promised to dissolve themselves once elections were held. They remained true to their word and dissolved on March 16, 1660, but only after preparing legislation to restore Charles to the throne, which the new Convention Parliament, which was dominated by Royalists passed.[7] Charles landed at Dover on May 25 and entered London to the previously-quoted acclaim.
Charles' restoration was made possible by the general royalist feeling among the people who had grown weary of the heavy-handed policies of the military dictatorship of the Commonwealth. When Monck rode south on his way to London, he was greeted everywhere with an outpouring of royalist sentiment by commoners who wanted their king back.[8] This no doubt had a profound influence on Monck's decisions in the months leading up to the restoration. Although by the spring of 1660, he had the backing of Parliament and the popular General Fairfax, he understood that ruling as Cromwell did would be unpopular and possibly dangerous. He also deserves a great deal of the credit for playing his hand well after taking over London and convincing restored, former, anti-monarchist MPs to hand the government over to Charles. These were former members of the Long Parliament who had been removed from their positions during Pride's Purge of 1647, so to convince them to give up power and abide by elections was no small feat.[9]
His negotiations with Charles paved the way for a smooth transition. Without assurances by Charles that he would not target former Roundheads and their supporters for retribution for the side they took during the Civil War, many MPs would not have supported the restoration.[10] By issuing the Declaration of Breda on April 4, Charles promised pardons to those who fought against his father, confirmed land purchases made during the Interregnum, and liberty of conscience in religious matters. But, his promise to pay arrears to the Army were especially effective since he not only needed it to win Parliament's support for his return but the Army's as well.[11] The Army had practically ruled the country during the Interregnum and its grievances had caused much of the instability in government that had created the possibility of restoration in the first place.
Charles' reception in London and the widespread popularity he received during the restoration period in 1660 showed that a strong majority of the English people wanted the Commonwealth abolished and their king restored. The harsh Puritanical rule that the people experienced under the Army during the Interregnum had turned many against Parliament and convinced them that the dictatorship of monarchy was preferable to the dictatorship to militarized zealots. General Monck managed to achieve a bloodless restoration by moving slowly and assuring he had adequate support among the Army and Parliament before taking control of the government. He was also perceptive to the wishes of the people in facilitating the return of the king, rather than seizing power for himself. Charles also played his hand right by not showing vengeful intentions and pledging a pardon to those who killed his father. Overall, it was the will of the people that brought about the royal restoration in 1660. The political astuteness if not selflessness of Monck and the fact that Charles II was much more reasonable than his father caused the whole affair to remain relatively bloodless.
"Charles II," royal.gov.uk, The Official Site of the British Monarchy.
F. M. S. McDonald, "The Timing of General George Monck's March into England, 1 January 1660," The English Historical Review, 105 (April 1990): 363-376.
Goldie, Mark, Richard Ollard and Clare Jackson. "The Restoration (In Our Time, 15/2/01)." Restoration Archive. YouTube. May 18, 2015, accessed April 5, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP9xMnYEAW8.
Greaves, Richard L. Deliver Us from Evil: The Radical Underground in Britain. 1660-1663, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Roots, Ivan, "The Restoration of Charles II." History Review 36 (March, 2000). HistoryToday.com.
Stroud, Angus. Stuart England. London: Routledge, 1999.
Trueman, C. N. "Life in England under Oliver Cromwell"
historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, March 17, 2015
[1] Agnes Stroud, Stuart England, (London: Routledge, 1999), 154.
[2] Mark Goldie, Richard Ollard, Clare Jackson, "The Restoration (In Our Time, 15/2/01)," Restoration Archive, YouTube, May 18, 2015, accessed April 5, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP9xMnYEAW8.
[3] Ivan Roots, "The Restoration of Charles II," History Review 36 (March, 2000), reprinted in HistoryToday, http://www.historytoday.com/ivan-roots/restoration-charles-ii.
[4] Trueman, "Life in England."
[5] F. M. S. McDonald, "The Timing of General George Monck's March into England, 1 January 1660," The English Historical Review 105 (April 1990), 166-168.
[6] Richard L. Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil: The Radical Underground in Britain, 1660-1663, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 27-29.
[8] Roots, "The Restoration."
[10] Roots, "The Restoration."
[11] "Charles II," royal.gov.uk, The Official Site of the British Monarchy, accessed April 11, 2016, http://www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/kingsandqueensoftheunitedkingdom/thestuarts/charlesii.aspx.
Historical Research by Topic
U.S./Canada
In Reflecting on the Importance of the Past: Why Study History? American historian John Fea looks into the reasons why the study of history is important from a civic, moral, and professional point of view and makes the case that it can strengthen and enhance the witness of the Christian church.[1] As a Christian professor at a like-minded school, Why Study History is primarily directed at Christian students and teachers as a means of correcting some of the misconceptions and poor methodology but also contains keen historic insights from which even the non-believing history buff can gain.
Fea shows what it means to be a good historian and shows the benefits of following the methodology he lays out. He is highly critical of historians who moralize rather than analyze and educate. He shows the moral benefits of learning to think like a historian and how these positively affect society as a whole. In addition to showing the way in which Christians can benefit themselves and the world arou…


I really like this shirt. It has a stretch poly fabric that is both comfortably soft and breathable. It fits well and looks really nice. Purchasing clothing online is always risky because you just never know if it's going to run true to size and happily this t-shirt does!
The Milkuu Women's USA Flag V-neck Vintage T-Shirt is available on Amazon!


text:
Colaspis cruriflava is a species of leaf beetle found in the state of Arizona in the United States. It was first described by the American entomologist Doris Holmes Blake in 1977. The specific name, cruriflava, is derived from the Latin for "leg yellow".

References

Further reading

Eumolpinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Taxa named by Doris Holmes Blake
Beetles described in 1977
Beetles of the United States


text:
Dr Cliff Davies – a response
posted in News	on November 6, 2014 by	Alex Larman
I recently wrote an article, 'Rochester's Oxford' in the latest issue of the Oxford University alumni magazine, which received some strongly worded dissent from Wadham College's Emeritus Fellow Dr Cliff Davies. Here is my response, as well as both my original article, and Dr Davies's criticism of it.
It is inevitable that, writing a biography of a historical figure as controversial and misunderstood as John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, one will find disagreement from readers and critics alike. It would be remiss of anyone but the most thin-skinned writer not to expect a certain healthy argument with many of the conclusions that I have reached, and I have been enjoying a process of discussion in several of the public readings and talks that I have given on Rochester since the publication of my book, Blazing Star, over the summer.
It was therefore with interest that I saw that Wadham's esteemed Emeritus Fellow and keeper of the archives, Dr Cliff Davies, has written an article for the college's website in response to a recent piece that I wrote for Oxford's alumni magazine, Oxford Today. That Dr Davies disagrees with many of my conclusions is, of course, his prerogative; though I would note in passing that my attempts to reach out to the college both during my research and subsequently with a view to discussing Rochester at a public event there have so far proved fruitless. I would have welcomed a debate about Rochester's time at the college, and my interpretations of the period, with Dr Davies. But that his article labels a piece that I have written as little more than ill-informed fantasy and bemoans its inclusion in a publication as respected as Oxford Today, seems ungallant, even from such an eminent and experienced scholar as Dr Davies, and I cannot but take it as crossing a line between constructive debate and personal attack. Hence this response.
Dr Davies begins his piece bemoaning the rise of 'popular history', a contemporary trend which he clearly deplores but to which I have no objection. As an unashamedly populist writer, I view the need to entertain as equally important as that of instructing and edifying. I am therefore glad that he viewed my article and 'lively, sensationalist, therefore readable.' A bachelor's degree in English from the university was clearly not wasted. He then accuses me of being 'distinctly lacking in historical method.' Again, while I would not wish to challenge Dr Davies' own unimpeachable record in this regard – a man who has served a half-century at his college is more than entitled to a peerless level of respect in his field – I see it as a pity that he feels the need to be stirred to such an accusation.
His first criticism is that I invoke, in his words, 'the well-known Wadham sex scandal of 1739', and use this as a comparison to Rochester's own time at the college. In fact, when I discuss this more fully in my book, it was as a footnote to allude to a general sense of debauched behaviour throughout the university, rather than specifically to denigrate Wadham – or, as Dr Davies puts it, 'to stoke up a sensationalist account of Wadham's alleged particular homo-erotic activity.' I would argue that my brief account of the college later becoming notorious for homosexual activity, 'revelling in its nickname of Sodom', refers less to the embarrassment of the academics than the delighted irreverence of the students. The poem that Dr Davies refers to is clearly satirical rather than documentary truth, but then, as I am at pains to note in the piece, Oxford in 1662 was a place torn between duty and frivolity. For the poor students, it was a demanding and rigorous existence that was designed to instil a classical education to lead to work in the ministry or teaching. For the aristocrats – such as Rochester – no such necessity existed, enabling a sense of freedom and, if you'll pardon the pun, gay abandon. I am pleased Dr Davies agrees with me about the 'good deal of homo-erotic sentiment or practice' existing at the time; as I say in both the piece and my book, the relationship between Rochester and the (Merton) fellow Robert Whitehall was a crucial one for both parties, but a far from atypical one in the context of the time. I would agree with him that Wadham was unexceptional in this regard; indeed, I allude to New College, All Souls and Magdalen as similarly lost to the alcoholic and sexual abandon of the time.
It is slightly regrettable that Dr Davies clearly hasn't read my book. Had he done so, he would realise that his accusation of my underselling Henry Wilmot is unfair; I spend the first chapter establishing not only the closeness of his relationship with Charles II, but also attempting to explain why his influence on the son he barely knew was so crucial. Of course, in a 1000 word feature, this is inevitably hard to convey fully, but the idea that I have 'understated' his character is unfair. I would merely argue that my intent was both to offer the lay reader an insight into a time and place that Henry Wilmot was only tangentially related to, and, secondly, to interest them enough into investigating the period further, either in my book or in one of the others that exists.
As for other criticisms, I am prepared to accept that Phineas Bury was more than merely 'a ridiculous and ineffectual figure', as I state, but in the absence of any convincing proof to the contrary I am happy to agree with the conclusions of Anthony à Wood and regard him as someone who was less than worldly. Of course, Gilbert Burnet, Rochester's final confessor and spiritual advisor, described him as 'a very learned and good natured man', and many might agree with that conclusion rather than mine. Gross mockery or speculative conclusion based on (admittedly limited) evidence? I'll leave that for the reader to decide. Pembroke was indeed the youngest Oxford college in 1662, an error of mine that I am indebted to Dr Davies for pointing out, and it will be altered in the forthcoming paperback edition of the book. And as for his final point that Oxford did not, as I suggest, enter into a decline that did not fully abate until centuries later, I would argue that, like its great rival Cambridge, the late 17th and 18th centuries saw a stagnation in student interests and academic prowess as the university's numbers dropped, and the earnest, hard-working and poor students became subsumed to those who wished to use the place as a place of entertainment before the Grand Tour. Whether this could be blamed on Puritan interests or not is a subject for debate and discussion, which I hope that we have begun.
Dr Davies states that he is working on a study of Rochester's boyhood and time at Wadham. I very much look forward to reading it. Indeed, it would have been wonderful to have had the benefit of his erudition and experience to draw on while researching and writing my book. He writes that this material will emerge in 'the decent obscurity of a learned journal.' It is not for me – an upstart popular writer – to comment on the whys or wherefores of this 'decent obscurity', save to say that, as mentioned before, I would relish the opportunity for a discussion about Rochester, and that, rather than regretting my article's appearance in Oxford Today, I would hope that it has led to a healthy and open spirit of debate. Rochester, at least, would approve.
Alexander Larman, 6th November 2014
Publicity – an update
An Evening With Lord Rochester – 9th July
Oxford, Rochester, Wadham
← Talking History
Original Man →


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George Floyd's Minneapolis memorial packed with prominent figures
Rev. Al Sharpton delivers eulogy at George Floyd's memorial service
The 65-year-old civil rights activist spoke June 4 during a memorial in Minneapolis.
MINNEAPOLIS - Many prominent guests were in attendance at the Minneapolis memorial service for George Floyd, including Hollywood celebrities, musicians and the politically powerful who came to pay their respects to the man whose death during an encounter police sparked protests nationwide and calls for an end to racial injustice.
The service unfolded at North Central University as a judge a few blocks away set bail at $750,000 each for the three fired Minneapolis police officers charged Wednesday with aiding and abetting murder in his death.
RELATED: Celebrities, activists, others gather to remember George Floyd in Minneapolis
Floyd, 46, died May 25 after a white police officer, Derek Chauvin, put his knee on Floyd's neck for several minutes as he lay handcuffed on the pavement, gasping that he couldn't breathe. Chauvin has been charged with second-degree murder, a charge that was upgraded from third-degree murder Wednesday. Chauvin and the three other officers could get up to 40 years in prison.
George Floyd protests may prompt changes in laws regarding police use of force
As of August 2018, 16 states have passed use-of-force laws, a handful of which restricted what police can do.
Among the list of high-profile individuals that came to support the Floyd family were St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter, Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz and Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey.
Just a few days before the memorial, Walz and the Minnesota Department of Human Rights ordered a civil rights investigation of the police department to determine how to address its history of racial discrimination and find solutions for systemic change.
RELATED: The death of George Floyd: A timeline of a chaotic, emotional week in Minneapolis
Floyd's casket was flanked by white and purple flowers, and an image was projected above the pulpit of a mural of Floyd painted at the street corner where he was pinned to the pavement by police. The message on the mural: "I can breathe now."
The service also drew the Rev. Jesse Jackson, Sen. Amy Klobuchar and members of Congress, including Reps. Ilhan Omar, Sheila Jackson-Lee and Ayana Pressley. Among the celebrities in attendance were T.I., Ludacris, Tyrese Gibson, Kevin Hart, Tiffany Haddish and Marsai Martin.
Human rights advocate Martin Luther King III and family show their respect to the remains of George Floyd awaiting a memorial service in his honor on June 4, 2020, at North Central University's Frank J. Lindquist Sanctuary in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The Rev. Al Sharpton was among those who planned to speak, as organizers of the memorial planned to acknowledge the meaning Floyd had in life to his large family and the broader meaning he has assumed in death.
"He was a human being. He had family, he had dreams, he had hopes. The real duty of one with this type of assignment is to underscore the value of the human life that was taken, which gives the reason the movement was occurring," civil rights leader Sharpton said ahead of the gathering.
Memorials to Floyd are set to take place in three cities over six days: After the first service, Floyd's body will go to Raeford, North Carolina, the state where he was born 46 years ago, for a two-hour public viewing and private service for the family on Saturday.
FILE - The remains of George Floyd arrive at North Central University for a memorial service on June 4, 2020 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. (Photo by Scott Olson/Getty Images)
Finally, a public viewing will be held Monday in Houston, where he was raised and lived most of his life. A 500-person service on Tuesday will take place at The Fountain of Praise church and will include addresses from Sharpton, family attorney Ben Crump, and the Rev. Remus E. Wright, the family pastor. Former Vice President Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, may attend, and other political figures and celebrities are expected as well. A private burial will follow.
Philadelphia Zoo celebrates birth of endangered François' Leaf Monkey
Walt Disney World says they will not sell new annual passes


Posted on October 9, 2018 by revivewa	in Features, Profiles and tagged 2, feature.
As a General Practitioner in the medical field, Dr Sue Wareham has long held compassion for her fellow human beings. When she began learning of the effects and scale of global nuclear weapons in the late 70s and early 80s, she became passionate about ridding the world of them.
Since then, she has worked tirelessly to campaign for the abolishment of nuclear weapons through the Medical Association for Prevention of War (MAPW) and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). Sue has been awarded an Order of Australia, and last year, ICAN was recognised with a Nobel Peace Prize.
Dr Sue Wareham will be one of the speakers at the upcoming conference, 'Making Peace: exploring the practice of peace in today's world', held from Saturday 10 to Sunday 11 November, at St George's Cathedral, Perth. The conference is organised by the Social Justice Commission of the Uniting Church WA, and will be held over the centenary of the Armistice of the First World War.
Sue has been involved with MAPW since its foundation in 1981. She said the aim of the association is to draw attention to the health implications of warfare and armed conflict.
One of the main functions of the MAPW is to abolish nuclear weapons.
"If nuclear weapons are used again, there's very little that any humanitarian or aid organisation would be able to do to help survivors, because the impacts would be so catastrophic and on such a disastrous scale.
To drive home this campaign, MAPW launched ICAN in Melbourne in 2007. ICAN works with governments and civil society around the world to raise awareness of the effects of nuclear weapons and to campaign to ban them. ICAN was successful in helping create a nuclear weapons ban treaty – the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons – which has now been signed by 60 countries, ratified by 15.
Sue explained that at the height of the Cold War, there were around 70 000 nuclear weapons globally. Currently, there are around 15 000 nuclear weapons, owned by nine countries globally. While it's great that this number has come down, Sue said that she won't rest until this number is zero. Although Australia doesn't currently own nuclear weapons, as a nation we are heavily involved in the issue. For a start, Australia is a major global supplier of uranium – a component of nuclear energy and weapons – and while our government says Australian uranium is not used for weapons there is no way we could really know that for sure.
"But setting aside the uranium problem," Sue said, "we are deeply implicated in this problem because the Australian government gives strong support to the nuclear weapons policies of the United States (US). And the Australian government states quite explicitly that we need 'protection' by US nuclear weapons.
The US military facility, Pine Gap, near Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, also implicates Australia into US policies around nuclear weapons.
"Australia supports the very policies which are at the heart of the problem," Sue said. "The Australian Government has refused to state that nuclear weapons should never be used again. A large number of countries have said that because these weapons are so inhumane and catastrophic, they must never be used again. The Australian Government has refused to endorse that statement. So, clearly our Government believes that there are some instances where it's justifiable.
From injuries, deaths and other health implications to environmental impacts, the effects of war are extremely vast. Sue reminds us that war also displaces millions of refugees around the world.
"On the issue of the human impacts, we shouldn't forget the link with refugees and the fact that there are 65 million people around the world displaced by war and persecution at the moment," she said.
"Australia's policy towards [refugees and asylum seekers] is so harsh it makes one cringe, but we see just a tiny, tiny, tip of the iceberg here in Australia. Remnants of war, such as landmines and cluster bombs, are less of a problem these days than they used to be, both are still present from warfare carried out decades ago. These kinds of weapons make the land they're on almost unusable in terms of farming, development or revegetation, for fear of setting one off.
Depleted uranium from weapons also leaves low level radioactivity wherever it's used, which Sue said is almost impossible to clean up. And while atmospheric nuclear testing is no longer carried out, there's still radioactivity present from these tests being performed in the 50s and 60s in Australia.
Even the amount of fossil fuel that is used to generate energy for military equipment, aircraft, tanks and other machinery during armed conflict is huge. Added to this, is the economic impact of going to, or preparing for, war. Sue explained that Australia spends about $99m on this every single day – money that could be well spent in other areas such as healthcare, education, welfare or international aid.
"I'm not arguing a pacifist stance where we don't have an armed force, but we could readily use some of those funds to put more effort into building good relationships, diplomacy and conflict resolution, which currently Australia does very little of," Sue said. "If you look at any area of our healthcare, education or other areas of our civilian life that need extra funding, then some of that $99m a day could go a long way. Our international aid could go a long way to building up good relationships and reducing tension between nations, which is what we really need to do." Sue believes that our current tactic of preparing ourselves for war is actually making Australia more vulnerable, rather than protecting us.
"The more strongly we align ourselves with policies that are unjust and illegitimate, for example US policy whereby they seek to dominate and to invade, then the more we're going to have other countries resenting us and wanting some revenge.
"I'm not arguing to cease the alliance with the US, but Australia needs to have a much more independent stance. And we need to decide for ourselves what's in our interest, and what's in the global interest and not just what the United States wants us to do.
But, Sue also believes that there is a way to peace.
She said that a big step towards global peace would be to stop funding the arms trade and she would like to see Australia take a moral stand on our exports. Instead of exporting materials that can be made into weapons, we could be known for exporting solar panels or other positive things that build up the world for the better, rather than for violence. She also believes we need to learn from our past.
"Australia has spent a huge amount of money on the commemoration of World War I, but we've actually, as a country, refused to learn any of the lessons from World War I," Sue said.
"The parallels that we're seeing now are really quite frightening. We're building up all these weapons and thinking these weapons will keep us safe, and it's almost exactly what happened a bit over 100 years ago. So, one of the lessons is that when weapons are built up pretty aggressively, sooner or later they're going to be used.
"One of the other lessons is that it can take a very small trigger to cause the outbreak of a war that really spirals out of control. Nobody in 1914 thought that the war would go on for four years with the horrendous toll that it had. So, we need to learn the lesson that war can be pretty easy to start, but very hard to stop.
Through her work with ICAN and MAPW, Sue and her colleagues have been making some major achievements in spreading a message of peace.
"It's only when joining our voices together that we do make a difference. And in Australia we've certainly had an impact," Sue said.
Hear Dr Sue Wareham speak at the 'Making Peace: exploring the practice of peace in today's world' conference to be held from Saturday 10 to Sunday 11 November at St George's Cathedral, Perth. Rev Dr Chris Walker will also be a keynote speaker.
To book, click here or for more information, find the event on Facebook or contact Geoff Bice at Geoffrey.bice@wa.uca.org.au or 9260 9800.
Top image: Dr Sue Wareham, in May this year, delivering postcards from Margaret River locals calling on the Australian Government to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and thanking those MP who supported that goal.


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«Добрі новини з Ватикану» () — оповідання Роберта Сілвеберґа 1971 року, в якому йдеться про обрання робота Папою Римським. Твір виграв нагороду «Неб'юла» за найкраще оповідання 1972 року.

Сюжет
Група туристів, серед яких є католицький єпископ і рабин, перебувають в Римі під час неочікуваного конклаву для обрання нового Папи. Мандрівники збираються кожного дня в кафе біля Площі Святого Петра і обговорюють свої думки щодо можливого робота-Папи. За чутками два основних конкуренти — кардинал Ашуга з Мілану і кардинал Карчофо з Генуї, не можуть набрати потрібної підтримки в конклаві. Оповідач з групи і представники духовенства оптимістично ставляться до можливості робота служити Папою, тоді як інші відкрито висловлюють свої побоювання. З кафе видно білий дим — традиційний знак вдалих виборів, і робот з'являється на балконі Собору Святого Петра як новий Папа Сікст VII (станом на 2016 рік було тільки п'ять Пап з таким ім'ям). В кінці оповідання Папа Сікст підіймається в повітря за допомогою реактивних двигунів, і виголошує благословення.

Тлумачення
Згідно з енциклопедією наукової фантастики (), оповідь звеличує «інтеграцію робота в людську релігійну культуру», але інші критики відзначають іронічний та сатиричний відтінок твору. Пол Браянс вказує, що сатиричний намір тексту можна бачити уже в першому параграфі, де згадані імена кардиналів, які італійською означають рушник () і артишок (). Дон д'Аммасса пише що це «тиха, недооцінена сатира» і відмічає теми зростання однорідності і дегуманізації релігії.

Посилання
 «Good News from the Vatican»  в списку Internet Speculative Fiction Database

Примітки

Твори Роберта Сілвеберґа
Фантастичні оповідання 1971
Науково-фантастичні оповідання США
Релігія у фантастиці


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Ча́рна-Білосто́цька () — місто в північно-східній Польщі.
Належить до Білостоцького повіту Підляського воєводства.

Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:

Примітки

Міста Підляського воєводства