Abstract | Biotic and abiotic stresses adversely upset plant growth and development via nutrient deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, ion toxicity as well as osmotic and oxidative anxiety. The most effective mechanism is the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites at cellular level which included organic compounds that help plants to cope with stress conditions by reducing the intensity of stress through enhancing antioxidants activities, detoxifying toxic ions, regulating the uptake of nutrients and by mediating the transport and distribution of different hormones. Caffeic acid is actively involved in plant physiology and mechanisms of stress tolerance primarily utilized by plants for the synthesis of lignin which ultimately thickened cell walls and plant become resistant to ion toxicity sodium and heavy metal stress. It also reconciles the absorption of high energy radiations in mesophyll cells under drought stress, mechanism involves the production of ferulic acid through the methylation of caffeic acid catalyzed by O-methyltransferase. It has been concluded that exogenous application of cafeic acid may be a best option to cope with salinity, ion toxicity, drought and heavy metal stress.
Citation | Riaz, U., M.A. Kharal, G. Murtaza, Q. Zaman, S. Javaid, H.A. Malik, H. Aziz and Z. Abbas. 2019. Prospective roles and mechanisms of caffeic acid in counter plant stress: A mini review. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 32(1): 8-19.
In response to external environmental variations plants developed a strong mechanism of action that enables them to with stand against the abrupt environmental conditions. This mechanism of action involves the synthesis of a number of secondary metabolites. These metabolites help plants to regulate their internal environment and support them to acclimatize with the changing external environmental conditions. These secondary metabolites are derived from plant biosynthetic pathways and either act at site of synthesis or transported to other parts in the plant's body. To adapt stress tolerance, production of these organic metabolites is a primary tool for plants to mediate a wide range of adaptive response systems as these metabolites are involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and plant's response to the adverse effect of stresses (Kaya et al., 2007; Santner and Estelle, 2009).
The most important secondary metabolites synthesized by plants are phenolic compounds including phenylpropanoid and flavonoids. The chemical classification of the phenolic compounds is shown in (Figure 1). The phenylpropanoid are important from plant stress tolerance point of view due to their role in the preservation of plant's metabolic machinery and ultrastructure from stress induced oxidative alterations (Dixon and Paiva, 1995; Mayer et al., 2001). Caffeic acid (3, 4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) is a cinnamic acid and considered as an important phenylpropanoid found in plants. The chemical structure of the main cinnamic acids is depicted in the (Figure 2). Caffeic acid is primarily involved in the synthesis of lignin. In addition, it is also involved in the regulation of cell expansion, turgor pressure, phototropism, water flux, and growth (Lattanzio et al., 2006). It is being also widely studied for its pharmacological aspect for human health.
Caffeic acid, and its derivatives, are evidently known to be involved in plant biotic and abiotic stress tolerance including pathogen attacks, low and high temperature stress, UV light, drought, heavy metal stress and salinity stress (Douglas, 1996; Martinez, 2012). For example, Martinez et al. (2012) reported that under fungal attack the higher accumulation of caffeic acid results in prevention of brown rot i.e. a fungal disease. Barkai-Golan (2001) also reported that the higher accumulation of caffeic acid enhanced disease resistance in apple by inhibiting the activity of pathogens. The studies also showed that the exogenous application of caffeic acid resulted in significant enhancement of plant disease resistance as Davidson, (1997) reported that the application of 500 µg mL-1 of caffeic acid resulted in inhibited growth of a number of Fusarium and Saccharomyces species.
The literature also showed that under abiotic stresses, tolerant plants show higher accumulation of caffeic acid (Bubna et al., 2011; Klein et al., 2013; Klein et al., 2015). Under salinity stress higher concentration of caffeic acid results in increased salt tolerance in plants (Jamalian et al., 2013). From the literature survey it was revealed that caffeic acid also improves plant growth under drought stress and heavy metal toxicity through enhancing antioxidant activity (Rivero et al., 2001). It enhances plant stress resistance mainly due to its strong antioxidant activity and the regulation of antioxidant enzymes. It is the most abundant phenolic acid in plants involved in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals (Gutteridge, 1995; Siquet et al., 2006). Caffeic acid is an important plant secondary metabolite widely distributed in animal kingdom. Keeping in view the importance of caffeic acid for plant growth regulation present review is focused on the role of caffeic acid in plants, its biosynthesis, metabolism and its involvement in plant stress management under biotic and abiotic stresses.
Caffeic acid (CA) is a phenolic compound and classified as phenyl propanoid hydroxyl cinnamic acid. It is synthesized by all plants and a primary precursor for lignin synthesis in plants. It is a principal intermediate in phenylpropanoid pathway synthesized from phenylalanine or L-tyrosine (Hüner and Hopkins, 2008).
In most cases, caffeic acid is synthesized from phenylalanine. In first step, phenylalanine is converted into cinnamate catalyzed by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme (Achnine et al., 2004; Vanholme et al., 2010). Different other byproducts are also produced by the hydroxylation, methylation, and dehydration reactions that enable plants to regulate its internal physiology under stresses as a prominent example is salicylic acid. In second step, cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase (C4H) further hydrolyzes the cinnamateto p-coumarate. In some plants and microbes p-coumarate can also be synthesized directly from L-tyrosine in the presence of tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) enzyme (Lewis and Yamamoto, 1990; Rippert et al., 2009). The enzymes involved in this process are thought to present in cytoplasm in the vicinity of endoplasmic reticulum (Ro et al., 2001). p-coumarate than finally converted into caffeic acid through hydroxylation. This caffeic acid is primarily future utilized for the synthesis of lignin or some other secondary metabolites involved in plant stress tolerance (Dixon and Paiva, 1995; Ro et al., 2001; Vanholme et al., 2010).
1.	O-methyltransferase transfers the methyl group to caffeic acid and converts it into ferulic acid (Koshiro et al., 2007).
2.	CoA ligase catalyzes the formation of feruloyl-CoA from ferulic acid (Obel and Scheller, 2000).
3.	CoA ligase also incorporates CoA in caffeic acid and produces caffeoyl-CoA (Campa et al., 2003).
4.	The addition of quinic acid in caffeic acid results in chlorogenic acid (Dixon and Paiva, 1995).
5.	The esterification of caffeic acid results in rosmarinic acid (Roy and Mukhopadhyay, 2012).
6.	Caffeic acid also been converted to cichoric acid in plants (Butiuc-Keul et al., 2012).
7.	Caffeic acid primarily utilized by plants for the synthesis of lignin (Dixon and Paiva, 1995).
8.	The successive methylation of caffeic acid results in the formation of sinaptic acid (Laranjinha, 2002).
A number of environmental variations including salt stress (Jamalian et al., 2013), wounding (Dixon and Paiva, 1995), drought, osmotic (Król et al., 2014) UV radiations (Dixon and Paiva, 1995) and exposure to pathogens and disease-causing agents induce the caffeic acid signaling in plants. Caffeic acid results in the switching of production of various caffeic acid derivatives and related compounds under the attack of insects, pathogens and abiotic factors like high intensity light, temperature etc. (Król et al., 2014).
Under osmotic stresses the reduction in water contents results in the production of several phenolic compounds among them caffeic acid and its derivatives are common including salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid etc. (Gilmour et al., 2000). The primary function performed by these metabolites is the scavenging of ROS and free radicals that protect plants from oxidative disintegration (Amarowicz and Weidner, 2009). Under salinity and heavy metal stress the uptake of toxic ions also enhances the production of caffeic acid (Dixon and Paiva, 1995). Caffeic acid induces the production of its other derivatives (especially, rosmarinic acid) that neutralize the effect of toxic and notorious ions in cytoplasm. Caffeic acid forms complexes with the heavy metals and toxic ions, which catalyze the oxygenation reactions and restrict the activity of oxidizing enzymes (Elavarthi and Martin, 2010).
Caffeic acid is considered to activate the redox-active Nrf2 signaling pathway. The literature shows that, under stress conditions augmented transcription of genes encryption conform the biosynthesis of specific enzymes that induce the production of dihydroxy cinnamic acid (caffeic acid). (Kneusel et al., 1989) purposed a hydroxylase that is highly sensitive to pH is assumed to be sedentary under normal pH conditions. While under stress conditions e.g. pathogenic attack sudden drop in cytoplasmic pH results in the activation of genes that transcript the specific proteins for the synthesis of enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of caffeic acid and its derivatives (e.g. ferulic acid and caffeoyl-CoA). The increased biosynthesis of enzymes for phenylpropanoid pathway and pathways of cinnamic acid synthesis, induce the phytoalexin reaction in plant due to external adverse biotic factors (Dixon and Paiva, 1995; Hahlbrock et al., 1995). The velocity of stress induced biosynthesis of proteins, varies among plant species as in some plants the action of genes related to transcription of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is extremely quick and well organized. While in some plants the signaling is not much organized and prompts indicating the contribution of several signals for stimulation of the pathway (Hahlbrock et al., 1995; Lawton and Lamb, 1987). Despite of biotechnological advances in genes identification and transcriptional processes, the information about the caffeic acid signaling in plants is quite rare.
Stress conditions alter plant's physiological processes, due to these changes large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced (Parvaiz and Satyawati, 2008). These ROS are highly reactive and are harmful for plant membranes and organelles. ROS react with membranes and organelles, disintegrate and oxidize cell structures (Gao et al., 2008). Major ROS produced are; singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals (Foyer and Noctor, 2003; Halliwell, 2006; Triantaphylidès et al., 2008). The main sources of ROS are chloroplasts and mitochondria that have high energy activities and deal with high flow of electrons (Gill and Tuteja, 2010b; Mittler, 2002). In response to these ROS, plant evolved a mechanism to denature these harmful ROS. The mechanism involves the production of different antioxidants, which are enzymatic and non-enzymtic. The phenolic compounds, alkaloids, non-protein amino acids and phenylpropanoids are major non-enzymatic antioxidants (Gill and Tuteja, 2010a) Several studies revealed that hydroxylcinnamates, especially caffeic acid, is critically play a vital in the regulation of antioxidant activity not only in plants but also extensively studied for their role as antioxidants in pharmacology. Dos-Santos et al. (2011) reported that caffeic acid rouse the antioxidant mechanism of plant and prevent membrane structures form being oxidized, by restricting the activity of lipoxygenase and prevents the membranes and organelles from lipid peroxidation. Caffeic acid and derivatives, including chlorogenic acid, ferulicacid, rosmarinic acid etc., are extensively distributed in plants. These are preforming their antioxidant activity by their hydrogen donating ability that enables them to stabilize and neutralize the free radical released due to disturbance in plant's cellular physiology (Siquet et al., 2006). As, one of the most predominant phenolic compounds present in plants, caffeic acid can trap ROS directly or scavenge them through a series of coupled reactions with antioxidant enzymes. Caffeic acid also plays a vital role in the scavenging of alkoxy groups produced due to splitting of metal-ions in hydroperoxide enriched methyl linoleate (Milić et al., 1998). Sroka and Cisowski, (2003) also reported the antioxidant ability of caffeic acid, as the reaction between quinic acid and caffeic acid results in the synthesis of chlorogenic acid that is also a strong antioxidant and enhance stress tolerance by reducing hydrogen peroxide production and increasing DPPH radical-scavenging activities.
Different researchers have evaluated the role of caffeic acid under different stresses. Some of the findings are discussed in the (Table 1).
Under natural conditions a variety of pests and disease causing agents attack plants. Plant is a sessile organism so it needs to fight that factors while standing within its place. This is done by developing tolerance or resistance mechanism that allows plants to survive under these biotic stresses. As described earlier, stress regulation in plants is mainly done by the synthesis of several types of secondary metabolites within the cytoplasm. These secondary metabolites act as chemical barriers mechanisms that rapidly recover and inhibit the infections or localize or eliminate the pathogenic agent minimizing the damage to plants, as these secondary metabolites are toxic to the pests and disintegrate growth of pathogens.
Hydroxycinnamic acids, caffeic aid and derivatives, are important phenolic compounds that are considered as important secondary metabolites actively involved in plant's defense mechanism against biotic stress agents. The esters and glucosides of caffeic acid have unique antifungal properties as Davidson (1997) reported that application of caffeic acid (@500 µ mL-1) and chlorogenic acid (@ 1000 µ mL-1) resulted in significant inhibition of Fusarium growth. The pathogenic activity of Aspergillus flavuswas also significantly checked by the application of caffeic acid derived ferulic acid (Davidson, 1997). The mechanisms of action that activates caffeic acid antibiotic activity is proposed as when pathogenic lipolytic enzymes enter the plant cell in cytosol that inhibit the activity of pathogens. The enzymes produced, in response to caffeic acid accumulation, disintegrates the pathogen's membranes and cause cell leakage. Furthermore, caffeic acid may directly inhibits the protein synthesis in pathogen cells (Osbourn, 1996; Davidson, 1997).
As described previously, caffeic acid is a primary precursor of lignin in plants. Lignification is an important mechanism for biotic stress tolerance adopted by plants. Reports showed that different disease resistant plants show enhanced lignin production as compare to susceptible plants (Yedidia et al., 2003). A number of studies showed that under pathogen attack the accumulation of caffeic acid results in enhanced lignification resulting in increased resistance towards pathogens (Vance et al., 1980; Nicholson and Hammerschmidt, 1992; Sticher et al., 1997). As, Egea et al. (2001) demonstrated in 3 genotypes of pepper differed in their sensitivity to the infection of Phytophthora capsici (causing agent of blight). They concluded that the more the resistant variety more the accumulation of caffeic acid and its derivatives, resulting in increased activity of peroxidase and higher the lignin deposition.
Table 1: Effect of endogenous accumulation of caffeic acid and its derivatives under stress conditions.
The lignification is evident in form of thickened cell walls due to the deposition of lignin and increased concentration of peroxidases.
Hammerschmidt, (1999) reported that the lignification of cell walls in epidermal cells induced disease resistance in cucurbits against the Colletotrichum orbiculare by preventing the entry of pathogens. The role of caffeic acid is also evident by the studies conducted by (Kruger et al., 2002). They concluded that the reduction in the production of caffeic acid reduced the thickness of cell wall leading to higher penetration of fungal pathogen in barley plants. The deposition of lignin also serves as a comprehensive strategy against mechanical and enzymatic disintegration of cell wall resulting in significant reduction in pathogens, insects, and herbivores attack. Furthermore, the thinking of cell wall also restricts the flow of metabolites and food between pathogen and host plant resulting in the starvation of pathogen (Lewis and Yamamoto, 1990; Sederoff et al., 1999; Davin and Lewis, 2000; Hatfield and Vermerris, 2001; Boerjan et al., 2003). Different secondary products from caffeic acid to lignin synthesis pose toxic effects on fungal agents and also alter the composition of cell walls of fungus making it more inflexible and impervious, thus hampering the uptake of moisture and nutrients (Lattanzio et al., 2006).
It is evident from literature that caffeic acid is actively involved in plant biotic stress management and disease tolerance. Caffeic acid inhibits the activity of pathogens and prevents the development of different infectious diseases. The primary mechanism for caffeic acid mediated disease management in plants involves the inhibition of pathogen's enzymatic machinery and through the lignification that prevents the entry of pathogenic agent into host plant cell.
Effect of caffeic acid on mutualistic interactions: Soil inhabiting microorganisms play a significant role in plant growth and development through interacting plants by various mechanisms. A variety of soil microbes interact with plants including bacteria, fungi, actenomyctes etc. (Nadeem et al., 2014). However, the most important organism that interact with plants mutualisticaly are bacteria, which are present in the soil in largest diversity and quantity. The most important relationship between bacteria and plants is biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogen fixing bacteria (Ahmad et al., 2014). Caffeic acid and its derivatives are known to improve the nitrogen fixation by enhancing the activity of nitrogenease and leghaemoglobin in root nodules (Dhir et al., 1992; Klein et al., 2015). Klein et al. (2015) reported that under stress conditions the application of caffeic acid significantly improved the activity of nitrogen fixing rhizobium, otherwise adversely affected. It is suggested that caffeic acid principally enhanced the antioxidant system that improved the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation and additionally this also elevate the proteins and total soluble carbohydrates concentration in nodules as reserve food materials (Dhir et al., 1992; Mur et al., 2013). On the other hand, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association is also an important association the recent reports showed that caffeic acid is an important metabolite in AM association as (Toussaint et al., 2007) reported that when AM association is present in plant there is significant manipulation in caffeic acid concentration in plants body as compared to control indicating the role of caffeic acid in this association. However, there is very little literature is available on the role of caffeic acid in controlling plant mutualistic introductions but evidences are present that suggest a strong role of caffeic acid in plant microbe relations.
As described earlier that plants have evolved a number of mechanisms to cope with external environmental disruptions or stresses. Plants produce different secondary metabolites to mediate internal environment in order to acclimatize the handicap situations. About 50-70% of loses in agricultural production are considered due to different abiotic stresses. All stresses onset disturbances in ionic and osmotic equilibrium. Caffeic acid is proven as a signaling molecule that stimulates plant defense responses under different environmental stresses enabling plants to with stand the harsh conditions (Wasternack, 2014).
Caffeic acid offset salinity stress: Salinity stress is the one of the most damaging stresses affecting about 30% of the world agricultural production including all major food and cash crops. Under salinity stress due to high uptake of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) alteration of plant physiological processes occurs. The accumulation of excessive toxic ions leads to the production of ROS that disturb several vital metabolic processes including photosynthesis, respiration, cell division etc. These ROS, when produced in high concentration, severely damage the cell organelles, membrane structures and bio-molecules including RNA and DNA (Mittler, 2002).
Caffeic acid is known as a strong antioxidant agent that modulates the production of ROS in plant cell (Bubna et al., 2011). In recent studies the role of caffeic acid in mitigating the adverse effect of salinity on plants is reported as (Klein et al., 2013) described that caffeic acid is actively associated with augmenting the scavenging ability of superoxide dismutase in detoxification superoxide radicals. Caffeic acid also protects cell organelles by preventing their membranes from lipid peroxidation by suppressing the activity of lipoxygenase (Gutteridge, 1995). The exogenous application of caffeic acid is proved as effective tool for inducing salinity tolerance in plants. It also known to improve nodulation under salinity stress. In a recent study it has been reported that salt induced reduction in nodulation was significantly ameliorated by the exogenous application of caffeic acid. Klein et al., (2015) suggested that mitigation of salinity stress on nodulation was due to caffeic acid induced nitric oxide biosynthesis which reduced the severity of stress through a mechanism that includes nitric oxide signaling coupled with cyclic guanosine monophosphate-mediated signaling to capture the ROS. They also concluded that exogenous application of caffeic acid also reduced the salinity induced oxidative stress by binding the superoxide radicals minimizing the cell death.
Drought stress and caffeic acid: Crop productivity in many regions of the world is adversely affected due to shortage of good irrigation water (Riaz et al., 2018). Drought is a world-spread abiotic stress (HongBo et al., 2005). Decline in crop growth and productivity were reported when suffered from water deficit stress (Farooq et al., 2008). Yield losses in crops due to drought are perhaps more than the losses due to other abiotic causes. Decline in potential yield of various crops due to drought ranges between 54% and 82%. Every aspect of plant growth and yield was affected by drought because water is essential for every stage of plant from seed germination to plant maturation (Athar and Ashraf, 2005).
Heavy metal stress and caffeic acid: Due to expanding industries and municipalities a major problem faced by the modern agriculture is the contamination of agricultural resources by heavy metals. These heavy metals are toxic substances that are harmful for all living thing and also for plants. Heavy metal stress is wide spread problem and is expanding rapidly with increasing population and growing industries. Plant growth is adversely affected by heavy metals, when up taken in excessive quantity.
Higher accumulation of heavy metals in plants body results in restriction in growth, reduction in biomass and in severe cases death of plant (Michalak, 2006). These all attributed to the inhibition of several physiological processes including respiration, photosynthesis, cell elongation, plant-water relationship, nutrients metabolism and mineral nutrition (Zornoza et al., 2002).
Caffeic acid brings about several anatomical alterations in response to different stressors including heavy metal stress. Diaz et al. (2001) suggested that under heavy metal stress the higher concentration of caffeic acid stimulates the production and accumulation of lignin in cell walls and increase its durability resulting in a physical obstacle avoiding damage to cells by damaging action of heavy metals. The other mechanism primarily involved in prevention of heavy metal stress is the antioxidant ability of caffeic acid and its derivatives. The most destructive consequence of heavy metal toxicity is the production of ROS in plant cells that disintegrates the cell structures. Toxic ions degrade the lipid membranes by liberating alkoxyl radicals which oxidize the lipid membranes and denature cell ultra-structure. Caffeic acid inhibits lipid peroxidation scavenging these alkoxyl radicals and prevent damage to cells and mitigate the heavy metal stress (Michalak, 2006).
Present information available on caffeic acid indicates that it is an important plant metabolite and is an essential component of plants antioxidant mechanism. It is strongly suggested that caffeic acid and its derivatives regulate the plant defense responses against biotic and abiotic stress. Caffeic acid metabolism indicates that it is a key process in plants cells that is vital for normal functioning of several physiological processes in plant. However, a huge gap is present in many aspects for understanding the role of caffeic acid in plants stress management as well as plant physiology and biochemistry. The researchers are encouraged to take part in filling the gap that would defiantly helpful in enhancing food production and decreasing food security under changing global scenario.
Muhammad Ali Kharal, Qamar uz Zaman and Zafar Abbas collected the data and Ghulam Murtaza gave the idea about manuscript. Umair Riaz and Sana Javaid technically improved the draft and prepared tables and figures. Hina Ahmed Malik prepared the references and Humera Aziz wrote discussion.
Authors are thank full to reviewers for their valuable input and technically evaluation of manuscript.
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Description             : Are you looking to play a Nostril Caverns inspired level from me? Here you have it:                           Strawberry Caverns. It consists mostly of red and some green, resembling a                                    strawberry. You go through a series of corridors, killing enemies, and activating                             switches. After you activate the switches, arch-viles teleport and you have to                                activate more switches until the exit opens. Unlike Nostril Caverns, this                                     level is not a giant circle. Rather, it is a series of corridors on 2 sides. Expect                           a typical gameplay to be 3-4 hours.
Additional Credits to   : IDSoftware for Doom II (and Doom 3 sound for the cyberdemon wake-up).
Paul Debruyne for the Ancient Aliens sound effects (plasma, elevators, doors,           powerups).
General Rainbow Bacon (for creating Slaughterfest).
Community Chest 4 team for the cc4-tex.
Known Bugs              : Maybe some unaligned textures but that shouldn't be a cause for concern since they                            are outdoor textures with bright lines on them.
May Not Run With        : Source ports known to have issues with it.


Nope. No shadow here. Nada. Nothing to see, move along, Winter.
Oh, hullo. Just practicing for tomorrow. I plan to job shadow Mister Groundhog.
You know, make sure he makes the right predictions and all.
Just call me Punxsutawney Maxwell.
February 2: Groundhog Job Shadow Day.
You sure look much better that Phil too!
We are hoping for an early spring!
that is some impressive light work on those photos.
are you preparing to block his shadow from him? please say you are..
Who needs a groundhog when Maxie's on the job?
I like your prediction, Max!
I bet you are more accurate.
Excellent prediction. You just continue to not see your shadow while you're job-shadowing, and make sure the groundhog does the same!
We don't care what he says about the weather, we just want to chase and catch him!
Awesome job, Maxie! We sure hope that works out ... we're ready for some spring!
I'm not sure about wishing for an early spring...most of our winter has been spring!
That sounds like a fun job, Maxwell. So where's Phil?
We like the no more winter prediction.
We hadn't heard of groundhog job shadowing. What a great idea! Maxie, it looks like you've got this one figured out, too.
Maybe job unshadowing would be better fur us kitties so we can have some springtime sunbeams??!


The Basilica Cistern is the largest of several hundred ancient cisterns that still lie beneath the city of Istanbul.
This cathedral-sized cistern is an underground chamber capable of holding 80,000 cubic meters of water. It is broken up by a forest of 336 marble columns.


The Poetry Deal: a film with Diane di Prima is an impressionistic documentary and a story about poetry, rebellion, and artistic integrity. Poet, prose writer, playwright, teacher, mother, and revolutionary activist Diane di Prima started writing at the age of seven. She ultimately became known as an important writer of the Beat movement. This lyrical and energetic film explores her life and work in a visually and narratively poetic film with rare intimate interviews.
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text:
The Best Wildlife Experiences In Singapore
© DaFranzor/Pixabay
Prianka Ghosh
Singapore is renowned for its place on the world's stage for its involvement in the finance, media, and shipping industries. The country has both an enviable economy and a reputation for cleanliness and orderliness. Although it has one of the highest costs of living in the world, the population density reflects the relatively high level of satisfaction its inhabitants have with the city-state. With all of these things going on, it may come as a surprise that Singapore is also one of the premier destinations in the world when it comes to immersive wildlife experiences.
Singapore Zoo
Singapore Zoo is an immense enclave of animals covering nearly 70 acres of the island. It opened in 1973 and today has over 300 species, of which 15% are classified as threatened species. The Singapore Zoo follows the 'open' captivity model wherein many animals are kept in large enclosures that are surrounded by moats or in the case of dangerous animals, the cages have glass fronts. Don't be put off by Singapore's infamously humid tropical climate — the zoo offers many ways of getting around the park, including trams, boats, and even horse-drawn carriages.
📍 80 Mandai Lake Rd, Singapore 729826, +65 626 934 11
Oh hello you 😍.
A photo posted by Hengpei Ang (@h_pei) on Sep 18, 2016 at 2:03am PDT
The Night Safari is the first nocturnal zoo in the world that is open exclusively at night. Whereas other nocturnal zoos alter the schedules of nocturnal animals so that they will be active during the day, visitors to the night safari see these animals in something much closer to their natural habitat. Similar to its neighbors, the Singapore Zoo, the Night Safari follows the model of 'open' enclosures so visitors can feel like they are seeing the animals from up close without being in any danger while exploring the zoo's seven geographical zones on foot or by tram.
#zoo#nightsafarisingapore#singapore#зоопарксингапура
A photo posted by Dana (@dana_narmaeva) on Sep 5, 2016 at 10:43am PDT
South East Asia Aquarium
It's true that the SEA Aquarium can no longer claim to be the largest aquarium or to having the largest viewing panel. However, the feature Open Ocean tank that holds 50,000 animals in 18 million liters of water is in no way less breathtaking than before. The giant viewing panel is designed to give visitors the impression that they are submerged in the ocean themselves. The aquarium boasts an immense collection of over 100,000 species from all over the world, including everything from a giant manta ray, dolphins, and a variety of sharks. The aquarium even offers specialty experience packages that allow visitors to sleep in the aquarium so you can see the Open Ocean tank at night or dine at the Ocean Restaurant to enjoy a meal of seafood while sea creatures swim overhead.
📍 8 Sentosa Gateway, Resorts World Sentosa, Singapore 098269, +65 657 788 99
Hi my love❤❤ #seaaquariumsingapore #familyday
A video posted by ⛄ S H I R L E Y (@iamshirleyyyy) on Sep 20, 2015 at 6:29am PDT
The River Safari gives visitors the chance to ride a boat through Singapore's tropical forests while at the same time enjoy freshwater attractions right next to the boat. On the journey through the park, visitors will pass through ten different ecosystems from around the world and can expect to see animals ranging from American beavers and anacondas to adorable giant pandas and giant otters.
📍80 Mandai Lake Rd, Singapore 729826, +65 626 934 11
#singaporezoo #singaporeriversafari #riversafarisingapore #boatride #nature #travel #zoo #themepark
A photo posted by Tristan Jones (@tsljones) on Sep 18, 2016 at 4:00am PDT
The Live Turtle & Tortoise Museum
The least well known of Singapore's wildlife experiences, The Live Turtle & Tortoise Museum is tucked away in a corner of the Chinese Gardens on the west side of the city. Walking through the unassuming gate, you will be surprised to find over 100 species of turtles and tortoises, as well as a sizeable collection of turtle-themed toys. If you're feeling brave, you can buy a head of lettuce for a few dollars and feed the turtles, but mind your fingers because they have sharp teeth!
📍 1 Chinese Garden Rd, Singapore City 619795, +65 626 853 63
🐢🇸🇬 #liveturtleandtortoisemuseum #singapore #cute #travelgram #traveller #iphonephotography #turtle #tortoise #tb #singapur #wanderlust #asia #travel
A photo posted by 👩🏻 (@wanderer_bel90) on Jan 10, 2016 at 4:43am PST
Jurong Bird Park
Jurong Bird Park is best paired with The Turtle & Tortoise Museum, as they are just a few kilometers apart, and both are quite far from other attractions. The bird park is among the world's largest, with 5,000 birds made up of 400 different species. Noteworthy exhibits include the Dinosaur Descendants, where you can see flightless birds, the nine-story-tall Lory Loft, and the Penguin Coast.
📍 2 Jurong Hill, Singapore 628925, +65 626 500 22
Hornbill in flight! #bird #birds #hornbill #singapore #jurongbirdpark
A photo posted by Alok Mishra (@alokmishraphotography) on Sep 19, 2016 at 6:52am PDT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City
Prepare the Way Capital Campaign
Bell/Jones Testamonial
Gloe Family Testamonial
Shadow Day Program
Shadow Day Request
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Authorization to Release Records
Insurance and Emergency Information
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Printable Admission Forms
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Class Registration Nights
Course Offerings and Curriculum Handbook
2020-2021 Course Offerings
2020-2021 Curriculum Handbook
Acellus Academy
Dual Credit Program
University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg
Concordia University Nebraska
Missouri A+ Program
School & College Counseling
The SCOIR College Network
College Board (PSAT and SAT), and ACT
School & College Counseling Forms
College Representatives Visit
College Information Night 2020
Request for High School Transcripts
Dr. Cary Stelmachowicz
Rick Ammons
Back to School Night Videos
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Rev. Jerry Brownlee
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Contact Mr. Bruening
Aaron Hentges
Modern American History
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Alice Hinrichs
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Emily Meier
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Resounding Joy Handbells
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Applied Christianity
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Beginning Drawing and Painting
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Advanced Drawing and Painting
World Religions/Comparative Denominations
Digital Photography/Adv. Digital Photography
Ceramics/Adv. Ceramics
Lee Rudzinski
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Yearbook/Journalism
Chelsea Stelmachowicz
Winterim Courses 2021
Finals Schedule - First Semester 2020-2021
Daily Master Schedule - First Semester
Athletic Staff Directory
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MHR Robotics Website
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Sign Club
Club Meeting Calendar
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Sponsor Our Students
Karl Birnstein Memorial Golf Tournament
Amazon Smile - Give .5% of your purchase to LHS
Affair of the Heart Auction
"Affair of the Heart" Auction
Lost and Found Thrift Store
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City » About Us » F.A.Q
What is a Lutheran?
Lutheranism gets its name from Martin Luther. Martin Luther was the first to break from the Catholic Church due to its corruption in his day. Lutherans are Christians who believe that the Bible is the Word of God. They believe that people are saved by faith in their Lord and Savior Jesus Christ apart from any merit or works of their own.
Where is The Lutheran High School of Kansas City located?
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City is located in Kansas City, Missouri. Our address is 12411 Wornall Road Kansas City, Missouri 64145.
Does The Lutheran High School of Kansas City have a dress code?
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City has adopted a prescribed dress code for its students. An appropriate wardrobe promotes an improved self-image. Neatness and modesty are two important tenets of our dress code Students are allowed freedom of clothing within certain guidelines. For more information, please refer to the Student Handbook.
Does The Lutheran High School of Kansas City provide transportation?
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City does not provide transportation. The Lutheran High School of Kansas City has a carpool program. The students are encouraged to participate in the carpool program. For more information, please contact the Front Office at (816) 241-5478.
What time does school start and end?
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City starts at 7:45 AM and ends at 3:00 PM.
What time can students arrive at The Lutheran High School of Kansas City?
The students can enter The Lutheran High School of Kansas City at 7:00 AM.
What is the student to teacher ratio at The Lutheran High School of Kansas City?
The student to teacher ratio is 10:1.
What is the schedule at The Lutheran High School of Kansas City?
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City currently follows a modified block schedule. Some of the courses meet four days per week and other courses meet three days per week. Students are expected to enroll in a least seven classes and may choose a Study Hall. Credit is given by semester.
Does The Lutheran High School of Kansas City offer financial aid?
Yes. The Lutheran High School of Kansas City's offers financial aid. Please contact the Office of Admissions to request the Confidential Application for Financial Aid. The Confidential Application for Financial Aid and Tax Returns are due by May 15th. Families must re-apply for financial aid annually. Families with more than one student concurrently at The Lutheran High School of Kansas City receive a discount for the second and third students. For more information, please contact the Office of Admissions at (816) 241-5478.
Does The Lutheran High School of Kansas City offer athletic scholarships?
No. The Lutheran High School of Kansas City does not offer athletic scholarships.
What is the tuition at The Lutheran High School of Kansas City?
The tuition for the 2019-2020 school year is $9,400.
Does The Lutheran High School of Kansas City offer after-school care?
The Lutheran High School of Kansas City is open after school for co-curricular activities. Students who are not involved in co-curricular activities may remain after school in the main lobby or in any classroom under the direct supervision of a classroom teacher.
Can I schedule a tour?
Yes. The Lutheran High School of Kansas City encourages students and parents to tour the school. Please contact the Office of Admissions at (816) 241-5478 to schedule a tour.
Does The Lutheran High School of Kansas City accept transfer students?
Yes. To apply to The Lutheran High School of Kansas City, please submit the Registration Fee of $275, Birth Certificate and Immunization Records to the Office of Admissions and complete the enrollment application and forms online. For more information, please contact the Office of Admissions at (816) 241-5478 or by email at info@lhskc.com.
To apply to The Lutheran High School of Kansas City, please submit the Registration Fee of $275, Birth Certificate and Immunization Records to the Office of Admissions and complete the enrollment application and forms online. For more information, please contact the Office of Admissions at (816) 241-5478 or by email at info@lhskc.com.
12411 Wornall Road, Kansas City, MO 64145 | Phone 816-241-5478 | Fax 816-876-2069
Preparing lives for today, tomorrow, and eternity!


Providence Church - Need Help?
We are so excited you have committed to do these family devotions for Holy Week! It is our privilege to come alongside you and equip you as you raise your children to know and love God! We hope you find these devotions helpful each night as you discuss some difficult topics. Our hope is to prepare your hearts and minds to reflect on and better understand the sacrifice Jesus made and the need for it in the first place.
If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask! We are more than happy to help! Email Cheri Hogrefe or Tim Pressley.
Thank so much for joining us on this journey!
Here are a few pointers to help these special times go as smoothly as possible.
First – Be consistent! With anything new in parenting, consistency is KEY! Especially when you are trying to instill a new habit like family devotions, so pick a time that works for everyone and try to be consistent every day.
Second – Prepare ahead of time! As parents, we don't have to know all the answers, but it would be nice if we knew what was coming so we could be prepared. To get the most out of these devotions, take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the material BEFORE you introduce it to your kids! If your kids DO ask you a question you don't know the answer to, don't be afraid to say, "I don't know." Kids love to stump us, and when we affirm them for asking a great question, it lets them know that hard questions don't scare us! It also encourages them to keep thinking!
Last – Always start and end with prayer! True followers of Jesus have the Holy Spirit living inside of us, and He is our teacher. Open up each devotion by asking God to reveal Himself to you and your family, and close out each devotion by thanking God for what you have learned. Closing prayers are also a great time to involve the kids and let them pray. It doesn't matter what words they use or how long or short it is…God loves it when we talk to Him!
As you start this week off, here is what we are praying for your families!
God our Father, we worship you tonight for the privilege of drawing near to Your throne of grace with confidence because of the sacrifice Your Son, Jesus Christ. God, we know that You are delighted when we devote our time and energy into learning more about You, so we ask that through the power of Your Spirit, You will be our teacher this week. Guide us into all truth and reveal Yourself to us! God, I ask You to give our families doing this devotion a spirit of wisdom and of revelation in the knowledge of who You are. I pray that the eyes of our hearts may be enlightened, so that we will know You. God, I pray that you would grant these families, according to the riches of Your glory, to be strengthened with power through Your Spirit, so that Christ may dwell in their hearts through faith, and that they would be rooted and grounded in love. God, I pray that they would be able to comprehend the breadth and length and height and depth, and to know the love of Christ which surpasses knowledge, so that they will be filled up to all the fullness of God*. Amen.


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Teaching Philosophy: "My teaching philosophy is to provide students with the knowledge and information for them to appreciate music and the related fine arts. I want my students to be actively listening, participating and engaging through music. I want my students to know that their life somehow will be touched by music and how great that is. It is my role, as a music educator, to teach, provide and show the potential for my students."
Yusuke Obuchi, a highly distinguished guitarist, attended Berklee College of Music and has become one of the most sought after instrumentalists on the East Coast. He has been a major force and a core/regular member and lead guitarist for well-known artists, bands and projects such as the 5th season of The Voice singer Greylyn Paulszynski, producer/keyboardist Yukihiro Kanesaka, Luis Figueroa (who is currently on tour with pop and salsa icon Mark Anthony), Adam Friedman, and Christian Saint-Louis, a featured bassist for Grammy Award-Winning Dianne Reeves's newly released album Beautiful Life. Yusuke also plays with his own jazz trio, Mood Swing Band, Masa Band (neo soul, funk), DCQ (pop), and Soul Monstah's (pop).
Yusuke has performed in a lead/starring role at renowned venues such as Regattabar (winner of "Best Jazz Club In Boston 2016" -WGBH A-list City Voter), Wally's Café (featured on "Best Of Boston" as the best music venue by Boston Magazine), Highline Ballroom (New York City), Ludlow House (New York City), House of Blues (featured as one of the "Top 10 live music venues in Boston" by The Boston Globe), Sonny Walker's (Boston), Brighton Music Hall (featured as one of the "Top 10 live music venues in Boston" by Boston Magazine and "Best Of Boston" by The Boston Globe), Darryl's Corner Bar (Boston), Newport Blues (Newport), Beehive (Boston), and The Middle East (featured as one of the "Top 10 live music venues in Boston" by The Boston Globe and "Best Of Boston" as the best music venue by Boston Magazine), among others. If asked, Yusuke would tell you that great musicianship is not just about technical ability-- it's about feeling. While demonstrating superb command of his instrument he also has a remarkable ability to inject emotion into every phrase he plays, whether the style is blues, jazz, funk or rock.
Yusuke has been teaching since 2015 and has been with Note-worthy Experiences since May 2017.


text:
Topic: Entertainment › Actors
Sample donated: Maggie Johnson
Moulin Rouge uses songs mainly to describe characters particular feelings towards something. The songs and scenes are linked by a series of events that take places chronologically within the time space of the film. This makes it a narrative musical.
The opening of Moulin Rouge beings with a medium shot of a man on a rooftop balcony with a windmill and city scene behind him. The scene is in black and white, allowing only white or bright things to stand out; this includes the man on the rooftop who is dressed in an entertainers costume and makeup. The light does not particularly focus in one place; it is just from the top right hand corner of the screen allowing the audience to see the basic scenery. This is done because the director of the film may not want the audience to focus on one part of the scenery, as it would draw attention from the rest. The city background looks dull and dirty, and the black and white colouring may suggest a time of poverty and/or unhappiness in the town, which is Paris during 1990.
Get Your Custom Essay on "Moulin Rouge..."
As the scene opens you can hear a violin playing and the man begins his song. This particular scene allows the audience to listen to the man singing, which is like a prologue to the storyline. A violin is a classical example of an instrument used to create a sad, mourning atmosphere for a scene in a film, and the voice singing uses a low pitch, slow singing voice to add to this effect. This continues for approximately 3minutes, setting the scene, mood and atmosphere for the musical.The scene then fades into a long medium shot of a small windmill on a rooftop surrounded by buildings and a city in the background.
There is different music by now and this is slightly more upbeat. However even though the music has sped up, it still gives off sad, depressed feelings to the audience. Whilst focusing on the buildings the young man from the previous shot says "Moulin Rouge" over the music. The lighting changes again back to black and white, showing the dinginess and bleakness of the city. There is then a jump cut to scene 12. In this scene there are girls dancing the 'can-can' across a large ballroom. The girls' dresses are brightly coloured and luxurious, which is a contrast to how the outside world is.
The bright colours and brightly lit dance floor gives the impression of a fun, happy world where nothing bad can happen. However the music does not change, and still sounds sullen and sad. This can indicate that all inside the dance place is not as good as what it seems, and gives the audience some more ideas for why the priest from a previous shot called it "A village of sin".It is clear from the beginning of the film that the story is being told backwards, and that these flashes of colour are past glory.
As the story unfolds it uses very well known musical songs, as though they are trying to create a musical within a musical. The fact that the songs being used are famous from other musicals encourages the audience to feel more involved in the film, maybe encouraging an audience 'sing along'. One of the first main songs is 'Diamonds Are A Girls Best Friend'. Marilyn Monroe first sang this in the musical film Gentlemen Prefer Blonds. This is, as it was for Monroe a 'vehicle' for the producers, directors and Nicole Kidman, a vehicle to in effect 'show off' the talent within the film. This song has no effect on the films story line, just merely announces a new musical star to the audience.The Elephant is where the first 'love' song appears. This has a great influence on the film.
It includes many well-known pop songs such as Elton John "Your Song". This shows the two characters Christian and Satine falling in love with each other. The elephant itself is lavishly and seductively decorated – red and gold. This expensive colouring is sometimes classically placed in musicals to give them a bright and lively feel – inviting the audience to watch and take part. As the song continues they move onto the rooftop, where there are billowing clouds, glittering stars and bright moon.
The two dancing shows the audience how within these calm serene settings the pair have fallen in love with each other. When the Duke catches them they integrate this song with their own musical 'Spectacular Spectacular'. This again allows the audience to watch the couple fall in love even more. This song shows off the musical talents of both Ewan McGregor and Nicole Kidman.The song 'Fly Away' shows the audience Satine's dreams and aspirations mentioned earlier on in the film.
It shows how she longs to be a free, long to be away from all that is going on around her at that point in time. Christian's input in the song allows the audience to feel as though he is the answer to Satine's dreams and prayers. However whilst all this is going on, Satine has stood up the Duke. The Duke currently holds the deeds to the Moulin Rouge; therefore Harold needs to convince him that Satine is not well. He convinces the Duke of how Satine feels about him, using the song Like A Virgin, by Madonna. This convinces the Duke, giving the audience a sense of relief that the show will still go on and that Satine and Christians secret will be safe for longer.
However as Satine discovers she is ill and the Dukes evil plan, she realises her dream will fall apart. The song 'Fool To Believe' shows how things will eventually fall apart for her and she will not become a great actress and 'fly away'. As she plans to run away Harold explains to her how the 'underground' life really works and how she is dying of the Consumption. His song shows how it is one large circle and as one woman is deemed useless another replaces her, you have to fight to survive and keep the circle going.The film conforms to the 'generic conventions' of the musicals. There is a journey involved – a journey of love, career, happiness and money. The film follows a specific pattern too. It tells the story in a regular pattern, and follows a sequence.
As each dramatic or important event happens in the film, a song shows it. A song that tells the audience how the character(s) affected by this event feel about what is going on. Because of this many of the songs allow the plot of the film to advance.
E.g. Christian's song about how he loves Satine advances the plot of the film by allowing her to fall in love with him, this then allows the love triangle to continue – the Duke loves Satine, Satine loves Christian, Christian loves Satine.There are many visual signifiers in Moulin Rouge.
Visual signifiers ( iconography) is where the look and feel of the set is associated with the genre of the film. Moulin Rouge has one excellent example of this, and this is in the Elephant. During this scene Christian and Satine fall in love.
The Elephant is lavishly decorated in romantic, loving colours like reds, golds, lace and silk. It is very extravagant and sets a warm looking scene for the audience to look at. Red and gold is commonly linked to love, as they are very rich intensifying colours.The film Moulin Rouge aims to show the audience different styles that the actors within the film can perform in. Ewan McGregor (Star Wars, Down With Love, Black Hawk Down, Young Adam, Little Voice, Trainspotting and Velvet Goldmine) has performed in other musicals but none as big as Moulin Rouge. It is not so much a 'vehicle' for him to show off, but to attraction from female viewers.
Where as Nicole Kidman (Practical Magic, Eyes Wide Shut, Batman Forever and The Others) tries musicals maybe for the first successful time. The directors use her song Diamonds Are A Girls Best Friend to promote her talent, which may up until Moulin Rouge not have been recognised as widely as others. The casting for Moulin Rouge was successful, using different actors who are not known for appearing in many musicals, this gives the effect of 'new stars' refreshing the audience.Propp identified eight types of main character that are usually found in a film. When applied to Moulin Rouge this theory provides all main characters.* The hero. The hero is Christian.
A poor English writer who set out to London to write, make money and find love, which he did in the form of Satine.* The Villain. This particular character is in the form of The Duke, who wishes to 'seduce' Satine and keep her for himself. He holds the deeds to the Moulin Rouge during the 'play' Spectacular Spectacular, as a form of insurance to ensure he will get Satine from Harold at the end.* The Helper. Toulouse and his friends try to help Christian by putting on the play, so that his and Satine's relationship can continue behind the Dukes back.
The whole idea of a musical was brought up when the Duke caught Satine with Christian.* The Princess. Satine. She is known as 'The Sparkling Diamond' in the Moulin Rouge. All men who visit the club want her and both the Duke and Christian are in love with her. She is in love with Christian.
* The Father. Although Satine's father is not involved or mentioned in the film, the person who promises to her to the Duke is Harold. He promises her to him after the show has taken place. He is also the dispatcher, who commands Satine to send Christian away, and the Donor, who has handed the Duke the Moulin Rouge deeds, and will exchange Satine for them once the show has been completed and the Duke is satisfied.
Overall the Moulin Rouge gives the audience a good sense of belonging to the film. Well-known musical songs used in such a way allow the audience to maybe see those songs in a different way, possibly seeing a different meaning to them. The bright colours and dancing gives the audience some form of satisfaction, keeping them awake and making them watch the film.
This her students to write assignments for her
Essay on faery Melusine


This was built from scratch & painted by hand. The heart represents home in the New River & Roanoke Valleys.
This is a 8x5x5 solid oak box that I used security screws on to keep my hand gun locked and unobtainable without the code. I burned a picture of a spearhead I designed.
I carved my "Hokie World" logo into this block of Hokie Stone that was given to me by a Virginia Tech alumni and retired construction engineer.


What is a ndb file and how do I open a ndb file?
The NDB file extension is known as the Act! Notes Database file which was developed by The SageGroup. The Act!  for Notes is a customer relationship management (CRM) software application used to monitor client and prospect details in a single database that can be shared by multiple users. The NDB file extension is used in the Notes section of this application, which is made for an easier management of the user's daily responsibilities. Specifically this format was used in the second version of the program for Windows application. Users can attach text notes to the program and save them with the NDB file extension for future reference. When a file is attached to a contact (on the Notes/History tab), the file is not saved in the database. ACT! saves the attachment as a shortcut to the location where the existing file resides. To be sure the attachments are viewable by all ACT! users on the network, it is suggested to  save the files needed to be attach to contacts into the Document folder being shared on the server, or in another folder in the ACTSHARE folder on the server.


text:
Q: Hash a String into fixed bit hash value I want to hash a word into fixed bit hash value say 64 bit,32 bit (binary).
I used the following code
   long murmur_hash= MurmurHash.hash64(word);

Then  murmur_hash value is converted into binary by the following function
   public static String intToBinary (int n, int numOfBits) {
        String binary = "";
        for(int i = 0; i < numOfBits; ++i) {
           n/=2;
           if(n%2 == 0)
              {
               binary="0"+binary;
              }
           else
               binary="1"+binary;
         }

     return binary;
   }

Is there any direct hash method to convert into binary?

A: Just use this
Integer.toBinaryString(int i)

A: Another other way is using
Integer.toString(i, radix)

you can get string representation of the first argument i in the radix ( Binary - 2, Octal - 8, Decimal - 10, Hex - 16) specified by the second argument.

A: If you want to convert into a fixed binary string, that is, always get a 64-character long string with zero padding, then you have a couple of options. If you have Apache's StringUtils, you can use:
StringUtils.leftPad( Long.toBinaryString(murmurHash), Long.SIZE, "0" );

If you don't, you can write a padding method yourself:
public static String paddedBinaryFromLong( long val ) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder( Long.toBinaryString(val));
    char[] zeros = new char[Long.SIZE - sb.length()];
    Arrays.fill(zeros, '0');
    sb.insert(0, zeros);
    return sb.toString();
}

This method starts by using the Long.toBinaryString(long) method, which conveniently does the bit conversion for you. The only thing it doesn't do is pad on the left if the value is shorter than 64 characters.
The next step is to create an array of 0 characters with the missing zeros needed to pad to the left.
Finally, we insert that array of zeros at the beginning of our StringBuilder, and we have a 64-character, zero-padded bit string.

Note: there is a difference between using Long.toBinaryString(long) and Long.toString(long,radix). The difference is in negative numbers. In the first, you'll get the full, two's complement value of the number. In the second, you'll get the number with a minus sign:
    System.out.println(Long.toString(-15L,2));

result:
-1111

    System.out.println(Long.toBinaryString(-15L));

result:
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110001

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: how to get the sql horizontal database values vertically using asp.net i have a table in sql server like as follows
studentid     subject    marks
    1          telugu      70
    1         english      80
    1           maths       90
    1           social      70

i want to display the above table in gridview as follows
 studentid   telugu   english   maths   social    total
    1            70       80         90      70      310

i tried using datatable using as follows
i created datacolumns dynamically as follows
while (dr.Read())
            {
               dt.Columns.Add(dr["subname"].ToString(), typeof(string));
            }

but not getting idea to insert marks dynamically shown like above...
thanks in advance....
please help me...

A: Here is a solution using pivot (solution from DB side) :
IF(OBJECT_ID('Example','U') IS NOT NULL)
    DROP TABLE Example
CREATE TABLE Example (studentid INT,subject VARCHAR(30), marks INT)
INSERT INTO Example VALUES
(1,'telugu',70),
(1,'english',80),
(1,'maths',90),
(1,'social',70),
(2,'telugu',70),
(2,'english',80),
(2,'maths',90),
(2,'social',70)

SELECT studentid,[telugu],[english],[maths],[social] FROM Example
PIVOT
(
    MAX(marks)
    FOR subject IN ([telugu],[english],[maths],[social])
) AS pvt

A: Another way of doing that using CASE
 SELECT studentid
        ,MAX(CASE WHEN subject = 'telugu' THEN marks END) AS telugu
        ,MAX(CASE WHEN subject = 'english' THEN marks END) AS english
        ,MAX(CASE WHEN subject = 'maths' THEN marks END) AS maths
        ,MAX(CASE WHEN subject = 'social' THEN marks END) AS social
        ,SUM(marks) AS Total
 FROM yourTable
 GROUP BY studentid


MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Rain was falling in Memphis, Tennessee, when two sanitation workers picking up trash sought shelter in the back of a city garbage truck on Feb. 1, 1968.
The poorly-maintained truck's compactor malfunctioned, crushing Echol Cole and Robert Walker to death.
Fed up with bad working conditions, low pay and a lack of benefits, 1,300 black sanitation workers went on strike. Their walk-out drew support from civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., who came to Memphis, where he was fatally shot on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel that April 4, the day after he seemingly foretold his own death in his famed "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech at the Mason Temple.
At 1 p.m. EST today, mayors and elected officials in more than 70 U.S. cities are observing a moment of silence to honor the 50th anniversary of the workers' death, their pivotal strike and King's legacy.
Sanitation drivers plan to pull over and people are expected to gather and bow their heads in silence during the demonstration, organized by the "I Am 2018" campaign, which is led by the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME); and the Church of God in Christ.
The moment of silence is one of many events planned ahead of the 50th anniversary of King's assassination. Since early December, surviving strikers have witnessed the groundbreaking of a new memorial in Memphis near the Clayborn Temple — where organizers passed out the famous "I Am A Man" placards they would carry during protests — and received the NAACP's Vanguard Award at the Image Awards.
Memphis, Houston, Washington and San Diego, California, are among the cities that are participating in the demonstration, organizers say.
"Today, as we continue fighting for justice and equality, we do so on the shoulders of the many men and women who protested and resisted before us," Bowser said in a statement given to The Associated Press.
King came to Memphis to march with the workers and gain support for his Poor People's Campaign. He led a March 28 rally that turned violent when police and marchers clashed.
AFSCME President Lee Saunders says the workers "represented the heart of Dr. King's vision" that labor rights and civil rights are the same.
A correspondent at Associated Press.


DETROIT (Reuters) -- The program to compensate victims of a faulty ignition switch in General Motors vehicles has approved two new death claims, bringing the total number of deaths linked so far to the switch to 29, according to a report released on Monday by the lawyer overseeing the program.
Since it began accepting claims on Aug. 1, the program has received a total of 1,517 claims for deaths and injuries, according to the report by the office of Kenneth Feinberg, who GM has tapped to run the program. The report listed all of the claims received and approved as of Friday.
GM has faced criticism for waiting 11 years to begin recalling millions of cars with ignition-switch problems that were linked to fatalities.
So far, 56 claims have been deemed eligible for compensation, including the 29 deaths and 27 injuries, the report showed.
Overall, the number of claims received for injuries and deaths was up almost 11 percent from 1,371 last week, according to the report. The rise is attributable in part to six new death claims, bringing the total number of death claims received by the automaker to 184, and to a continuing uptick in the number of claims for less-serious injuries -- those that require hospitalization but do not cause serious permanent damage -- from 1,108 to 1,240.
GM has given Feinberg, who has overseen compensation programs for high-profile catastrophes such as the 9/11 attacks and Deepwater Horizon oil spill, free rein to determine eligibility criteria and to approve or reject claims. The amount of compensation has not been capped, but GM has set aside at least $400 million to cover the costs.
Under the program's protocol, eligible death claims can expect a payout of at least $1 million, depending on whether the deceased had any dependents or any other "extraordinary circumstances" applied.
Once claims are approved, Feinberg's office makes cash offers to the eligible claimants. It has made 31 offers so far and 20 families have accepted the awards.


Organized by Workhorse and PAC, the year-long exploit involved 100 artists. The record of this unique feat is remarkable. One can imagine a day when tour guides take visitors to see the Lascaux of our era.
In addition to the artwork reproduced in full plates, we see before-and-after as well as action shots. Some of the artists who participated are legends already, like Ron English, who provided a statement about his motivation and the tangible threat of being arrested or getting hurt in the dark, as did others. Heart-pounding stuff and pretty heroic.
Essentially, we are given entry into a secret, international society. This compendium of street artists offers an incomparable sample of styles and subjects. Strafe, Stash, and Swoon join Bigfoot, Momo, and Asylum.
There are many considerable aspects of this project, foremost of which is the art itself, some beautiful and all of it site-specific by nature. Environmental, political and aesthetic concerns brush shoulders in the shadows. What's the purpose of creating art no one's allowed to see? This denial of market control is subversive and liberating. In a word, the Underbelly Project is—historic.
Reading Sour Heart was like walking into surgery without anesthesia. Zhang and her girls poke with childish glee at the dark, painful wound of growing up as a perpetual stranger. The ugly, twisted parts most of us would rather forget, they happily devour.
Marie NDiaye's My Heart Hemmed In begins with a mysterious injury.


Smart Caffeine Review – Energized Relaxation or Relaxed Energy? Both!
Occasionally, I dabble in the "dumb caffeine": Coffee. Espresso… Actually, really just coffee for me.
But as every nootropic geek knows, the best way to caffeinate is the smart way: with L-Theanine–one of the best nootropic compounds in the nootropic game. By taking the yin yang approach to cognition, mixing caffeine's energizing stimulation with theanine's calming relaxation, Smart Caffeine sets itself up as one of the easiest, cheapest, most reliable supplements for quick nootropic boosts on focus.
But we're supposed to have higher standards than "cheap and easy", right?
Wrong. Let's read the Smart Caffeine review.
Conclusion: Does Smart Caffeine Work?
Brought to us by Natural Stacks, Smart Caffeine is a 1-2 combo of Caffeine and L-Theanine, a simple, classic nootropic stack.
The Game Plan: Caffeine stimulates the energy and focus, theanine smooths out the edges with calming alpha brainwave promotion.
Smart Caffeine is not a cure-all nootropic stack, especially for caffeine sensitive users, but it is a great starting point and cheap enough to add to your current nootropic stack.
Directions: Take a serving of 1-2 capsules whenever focused energy is desired. Avoid use in the evening. Do not take more than 6 capsules per day.
With only 2 ingredients on the list, this will be one of my quicker reviews. Maybe if I finish this piece early I'll have enough time tonight to ruin today's nootropic boosts at the bars??
Natural Caffeine (from coffee beans) – 100 milligrams of trimethylxanthine, the world's favorite mentally stimulating alkaloid drug (sourced from coffee beans).
L-Theanine – Relaxing amino acid commonly associated with green tea, a smart addition to caffeine for its slow alpha brainwave promotion, effectively nullifying the jitters of caffeine while maintaining the drug's benefits on focus and energy. More on L-Theanine.
In the growing DIY nootropic community, the L-Theanine + Caffeine is essentially ground zero, the simplest starting place for nootropic beginners to get into the DIY practice of mixing and matching nootropics.
At least that's my story: The early hours of the Nootropic Geek consisting of trials-and-errors of finding the right L-Theanine:Caffeine ratio via powder stacking while experimenting with the slightly more advanced combo of Citicoline + Piracetam.
Of course, for the uninitiated the idea of mixing L-Theanine + Caffeine–simple nutrient compounds naturally found in a cup of tea–sounds pretty, well… lame.
Are these the Limitless nootropics everyone's been talking about?
Smart Caffeine accepts only the most qualified coffee beans.
However, done right, the combo can be surprisingly effective at getting users "in the zone"–whether the task is writing an essay or working out. And Smart Caffeine gets the combo right by mixing a 2:1 ratio of L-Theanine (200 mg) to Caffeine (100 mg). Natural sources of this duo (i.e. tea) don't have this ratio, or their composition is too varied and in too small amounts to really have a significant cognitive effect.
As such, Smart Caffeine is valuable to both nootropic beginners and veterans looking for cheap, clean caffeinated focus that may be stacked with plenty of other standalone ingredients.
Smart Caffeine provides a consistent 2:1 ratio of L-theanine to caffeine, the right mix to improve calm, creative, wakeful focus.
Smart Caffeine fits a vegan formula in vegan capsule pills for an overall clean design.
33 cents per pill is reasonable for these two common ingredients.
Caffeine and L-theanine won't fulfill all of your nootropic wants and wishes.
May still provide overwhelming energy to the caffeine sensitive.
Caffeine tolerance may become an issue if consumed reugularly. May require moderate usage to salvage Smart Caffeine's effects for the long-run.
Lots of people do. Lots of people don't. Really, it comes down to whether or not you want caffeine in your nootropic regimen. Otherwise I don't hear of many people who don't use L-theanine as it provides a one-size-fits-all variety of brain healthy cognitive benefits.
Smart Caffeine users can buy directly through Natural Solutions website as well as a number of online retailers, including Amazon and Lucky Vitamin. Additionally, Nootroo provides Smart Caffeine in its racetam-laden stack.
Yes. Caffeine is the world's favorite drug for obvious reasons. And while it lacks the sophistication of more advanced nootropic drugs, its barbarity is lessened by the "smart" addition of L-theanine, which (in my most humble opinion) should be a default addition to any manufactured nootropic supplement.
Granted, Smart Caffeine isn't the only brand supplement to deliver this duo, but it is exceptionally cheap at no charge to the product's value.
If you've a caffeine fan looking for a cleaner caffeinated experience, definitely give Smart Caffeine a try.


London Early Opera are leading exponents of baroque research and work closely under directions from leading musicologists, historians, editors and researchers such as David Coke, David Vickers, Andrew Jones, Richard Vendome and LEO's Head of Research, historian Christine Keiffer.
LEO coach singers and musicians on advanced level repertoire looking at various different themes and musical issues at venues such as the Handel House Museum.
Bridget Cunningham and various members of LEO give specialist lecture recitals at the Royal Academy of Arts and the National Gallery on music and art including Handel and Watteau and she recently performed for the Da Vinci exhibition at the National Gallery.
One of LEO's theorbo player Cesar Queruz played for young pupils with special needs at the Jack Tizard school.
A successful whole day Baroque workshop was presented at Streatham & Clapham High Junior School on Wednesday 15th February 2012 by Bridget Cunningham together with Trustee, historian and researcher of LEO, Christine Keiffer.
Lecture Recital given by Bridget Cunningham on musical highlights from the Baroque Era – the time of Watteau and Handel -capturing the spirit of the stunning music performed in both fashionable cities. The soiree took place in Burlington House, where Handel himself performed when he lived there.
Researchers think the complexity of classical music primes the brain to solve spatial problems more quickly. Classical music more than other genres has a complex musical structure and babies as young as 3 months can pick out that structure and recognise classical music selections they have heard before. LEO musicians can introduce pupils and early music enthusiasts to instruments, styles and this wonderful cultural heritage.
Listening to live music can be used as a motivator, to enhance creativity and build on a schools sense of community. The music can be stimulating or soothing and used in variety of forms or just simply to enhance mood and prepare young people to learn. It can be based on the National Curriculum or just for enrichment.
LEO music can help students build a lifelong love of music and bring authenticity and originality to the forefront.
Please contact LEO for future workshops, lectures, masterclasses and educational schemes.


Yesterday, ten years ago Mulrunji Doomadgee was bashed to death in a Palm Island police cell. His death is one of many deaths in custody which occurred in either murderous or in the least – dubious circumstances. Despite the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADC), deaths in custody continue at inexcusable rates. But the tragedy of deaths in custody is borne by the spiralling imprisonment rates of First Peoples, which are among the world's highest jailing rates.
Mulrunji was the 147th Aboriginal death in custody since the final report of the RCIADC in 1992. Only months ago, a 22 year old Yamatji woman became thereabouts the 340th Aboriginal death in custody since that 1992 final report. There were 100 thereabouts Aboriginal deaths in custody over a ten year period to 1992, nearly 150 deaths over the next 12 years and nearly 200 deaths in the ten years since Mulrunji's death.
Amid the rogue bashing deaths of detainees such as of Mulrunji, there are the unnatural death rates – of suicides and of premature deaths from health-related issues compounded by neglect. There is a school of thought that argues that deaths in custody are decreasing but is this really the case? According to the Australian Institute of Criminology's researchers Matthew Lyneham and Andy Chan there is concern that the actual number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodial deaths are rising. The death toll compares and in some years surpasses the annual death toll preceding and just following the RCIADC.
But some argue that the death rate per 100 prisoners has remained relatively stagnant for a long period of time. In no year during the last several decades has the death in custody toll surpassed 0.30 deaths in custody per 100 prisoners, whether Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal. In fact on average the Aboriginal death in custody rate is just under 0.20 per 100 while the non-Aboriginal death in custody rate is just higher than 0.20 per 100 prisoners. But is the Aboriginal death in custody rate lost in the spiralling Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander prison population?
In 1991, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islanders comprised 14 per cent of the total national prison population. But the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander prison population proportion has doubled to 28 per cent. Aboriginal and/Torres Strait Islander women comprise 33 per cent of the total women's prison population. According to the Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage Report 2014, between 2001 to 2010 the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander imprisonment rate increased by 57 per cent.
Despite distractive squabbling over whether deaths in custody have increased or decreased or whether there are more White deaths in custody than Black deaths in custody, there are a large number of deaths in custody which are classified in various categories of unnatural deaths. There are youth dying in custody who we should have worked with restoratively rather than punitively. More than 80 per cent of prison custodial deaths are of non-Aboriginal inmates, but non-Aboriginal inmates on average are dying in jail at higher median ages than Aboriginal inmates. If you are less than 25 years of age and you are Aboriginal you are more likely to die in custody than a non-Aboriginal inmate aged less than 25 years. If you are older than 50 years of age and are a non-Aboriginal inmate you are more likely to die in prison than an Aboriginal inmate. It is more likely that someone dying at an age over 50 years will die of natural causes as opposed to the likelihood that someone who died at an age less than 25 years that it shall have been of unnatural causes.
It is my view that deaths in custody for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islanders have not decreased but are being lost in statistics, in the deplorable tragedy of the spiralling imprisonment rate. Some of the recommendations from the RCIADC have been implemented – some, but not the majority. Hanging points have been reduced but in the end unless the penal estate takes on a restorative justice methodology – one of healing and of the ways forward for the majority of its inmates then not only will there be a high incidence of suicides pre- and post-release but reoffending will continue to be high. It is my view that in general people come out of prison worse than they went in. The real focus needs to be on the reducing of the will to suicide rather than focusing more on removing an apparent means. The real focus needs to be on restoring people, in assisting them to reclaim a sense of hope and to believe that they can participate in society. We have to drop this preposterous policy that people must be pilloried with punishment. It is a many generations old failed policy. Jails have become factories and warehouses of sickness. The punitive penal estate has failed. Brutalising people, criminalising people only serves to damage them, to remove them from the society best intentions. People should not be so broken that the only remaining identity they see for themselves is one of a life-long criminal.
A 2003, NSW Department of Corrective Services conducted an inmate health survey found, "54 per cent of women and 39 per cent of men in prison have at some point in their lives been diagnosed by a medical doctor as having a 'psychiatric problem'".
It is long overdue that we need to move to highlighting the ways that will lead us all forwards, otherwise where we are now at 340 Black deaths in custody, we will soon be at many more. We need to help everyone who finishes up or may finish up in prison, it does not matter whether they are Black or White. But there are pronounced issues related to identity and extreme poverty that many First Peoples face that non-Aboriginal cultures do not face. On trends alone, we are heading to 600 Black deaths in custody by 2025. And for those who believe that imprisonment rates alone underwrite the high number of Black deaths in custody, well then on current trends we will be at nearly half the national prison population comprising Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islanders by 2025.
Tragic when you can predict the future with such detail. It is an indictment on all of us.
In March 1990, the Ghana Police Service informed my family about the death of my beloved uncle, a Ghanaian immigrant by name Fritz Kwame Nyamekye whose demise occurred in Sydney Australia. Fritz is hailed from Odumase near Sunyani in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana.
Fritz, the deceased is my uncle. One afternoon in 1990 when l had returned from school l saw mother and grandmother weeping uncontrollably. They are all dead now. Upon inquiry, l was told that my uncle had committed suicide at the police cell with a blanket at Sydney Police cells.
Could you please inform me about the actual cause of his death? There are different accounts in Ghana about the death of my uncle. Could you please confirm whether he committed suicide in the cell? After 25 years, the death of Fritz is still fresh in my mind. I have never stopped dreaming about him and anytime l see him in my dream, l weep. This has occurred for several years.
It is my wish to visit his burial place one day soon in Sydney Australia since no family member knows where he was buried. Could the Sydney Police assist me to trace where he was buried. l am currently writing from Ghana in West Africa.
I would be extremely if you could write back. Please, I just want a clarification.


Sunday's United Daily News published an interesting comment about the history of Taipei's Huashan area under the title "Tracing the historical geography of Huashan: a page in modern Taiwanese history."
Huashan is the local name for Zhongzheng's District's Meihua Neighborhood. It is best known these days for the Huashan Creative Park. Taipei Artist Village and Shandao Temple MRT Station are also in Huashan.
Huashan does not refer China's Mount Hua in Shaanxi, one of China's Five Great Mountains even though it uses the same characters.
During the Japanese colonial period, the Huashan area was known as Kabayama-machi (樺山町) in honor of Count Kabayama Sukenori, the first Governor-General of Taiwan.
Count Kabayama played an important role in Taiwanese history. In 1872, he made several visits to Yilan in connect with the Mudan Incident and he later led the invasion of Taiwan in 1895.
After the KMT took over Taiwan in 1945, Kabayama-machi was renamed Huashan. The first character of Kabayama's last name 樺, which means 'birch', is pronounced huà in Mandarin. The new name replaced 樺 with s similar character 華, which means 'Sino'. 華 is pronounced huá. The KMT left the second character 山 (shan) alone and dropped the Japanese 町 (-matchi), thereby sinicizing what must have been to Chinese nationalists a galling reference to the Japanese imperialist project in Taiwan.
It is interesting that many residents and visitors to Taipei mistakenly assume that Huashan refers to the famous mountain in Shaanxi. This reflects the tendency to subsume Taiwanese place names and history into Chinese referents.


My shopping mantra #buylesswearmore applies to all things that I need to buy. I want quality on clothes, accessories, gadgets and consumer goods. I am glad that Taiwan Excellence supports my mantra.
The Taiwan Excellence campaign, which is organized by Bureau of Foreign Trade (BOFT) of Taiwan government and implemented by Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA), is again rolling out for the third year in the Philippines to further strengthen trading ties between the two countries.
We have seen how the Taiwan Excellence activities have brought Filipinos closer to Taiwanese products.which have become an integral part of the Filipino lifestyle – from appliances that provide convenience in managing households, gadgets that complement hectic schedules, and equipment that makes committing to a healthy goal easier.
For the yea 2016, Taiwan Excellence will introduce its latest product line-up, all of which capture Taiwan brands' features that have gained global recognition for their distinct quality and sheer excellence. Some brands include ACER, ASUS, MSI and PX for Information and Communications Technology products; Tatung, Sakura, and Caesar for Household Goods; and Johnson, Pacific and KYMCO for Sports and Leisure products.
In the past two years, we have witnessed the very strong demand among Filipinos for high quality Taiwan-made products to meet their lifestyle needs. Through the Taiwan Excellence campaign, we hope to bring high quality products that will help Filipinos upgrade their lifestyles. We hope Filipino consumers will be empowered to make educated decisions about their purchases and experience the benefits and superior quality of our products and brands," said Scott Yang, Deputy Executive Director of TAITRA.
Mark the dates, June 3 to 5 in SM Megamall, July 8 to 10 in SM Mall of Asia, August 19 to 21 in TriNoma, and October 21 to 23 in Market! Market for the Taiwan Excellence Experiencing Zone.