text:
From The Edge
Biotech: Plants, pathogens and perseverance
The Edge Malaysia
November 19, 2019 15:00 pm +08
This article first appeared in Enterprise, The Edge Malaysia Weekly, on November 11, 2019 - November 17, 2019.
It takes 8ha of soybean to give you the equivalent of 1ha of palm oil. If you replaced palm oil with soybean, you would need to plant 160 million acres. Which would be more sustainable? > Hoh
When Ivan Hoh and Yap Soon Joo graduated from university in the mid-2000s, having bought into the government's avowed interest in biotechnology, they realised that it had been a lot of hot air.
"When we took up biotech at university, there was the promise of BioValley, exciting technologies, exciting science and wonderful careers. Little did we know that when we graduated, there would be no jobs," says Hoh, CEO of Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, in an interview at its headquarters in Balakong, Selangor.
He and Yap, the company's executive director for science and technology, graduated with a bachelor's degree in molecular bioscience from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in 2008. "The country was not ready for this new technology. At that point, there was no ecosystem for biotech," says Hoh.
When there is nothing available in your area of expertise, the conventional wisdom is to do something else. But they decided to start a biotech company, and one that leveraged data in a more intelligent way.
"We were part of Malaysia's first genome project, in collaboration with the UK, and realised that data would be the next currency driving the world. That is why we started a company dealing in data. Today, we call ourselves a biological data company," says Hoh.
The company actually started with three people, but the third partner has since exited the business.
As with every start-up story, especially one in a difficult and little-known sector, their path was not strewn with roses. "We started with RM30,000 of our own money. I sold my car and this was as much money as we could put together," says Hoh.
The company's first purchase was a server and its first office was in Puchong. "The rent for the office was only RM800 a month because it was above a pub and near a South African church. Every morning at 10am, the people in the church would sing, dance and bang on the drums. And at 7pm, the whole place would go boom, boom, boom with music from the pub. But it was the cheapest place we could find," Hoh chuckles.
Things were not easy. They started the business with the idea of analysing people's DNA, but the market was not ready for this. So, they pivoted to agriculture and pathogens.
"We realised that the future was not about generating data but analysing it. So, we concentrated on analytics," says Hoh.
"We have worked on such interesting things, from an organism that is smaller than a virus that devastated the Australian coconut industry in the 1970s to discovering extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis in Malaysia to working with collaborators to detect Brucella in non-pasteurised milk."
The company works on highly classified projects behind the scenes so he cannot talk about them. "These are some of the milder ones. Our collaborators are asking us to help them work on everything from viruses and pathogens to healthcare and now agriculture," he says.
Codon Genomics business development and marketing executive Minn Yap says, "We have been around for nine years and have very experienced people here — molecular biologists, bio-informaticians, software engineers … you have to be very experienced to do what we are doing."
The company is now evolving towards applications, she adds. "We do not only deliver solutions to Malaysia. Our market is global. We deliver solutions to countries such as the US, the UK, Saudi Arabia and recently, Sweden.
"We have already worked on more than 150 research projects with research institutes, universities and others. We have conducted more than 30 scientific seminars and workshops and published 35 papers in really good journals in the past seven years."
Codon Genomics has started building its own applications and fungal databases such as Ark Gene and Circle Plus. "We have built software that is now being used by industry leaders," says Minn.
Hoh cuts in, "In oil palm, one of the biggest pathogens is ganoderma [boninense]. Our database tracks all the new emergence of this so we can tackle it. Not only that, we can use the DNA information to detect what strain of ganoderma this is. The Malaysian Palm Oil Board is using this to monitor diseases."
Building knowledge
Minn says that after this, the company started building what she calls "knowledge". "We have genomics for oil palm breeding. So, we got to learn more about this crop. And then, we developed the GanoID post-pathogen interaction that Ivan [Hoh] was talking about. Now, in 2019, we are reading for a solution for oil palm because we know there is an ongoing crisis with the crop and we want a solution for that."
Hoh says, "The crisis is multi-faceted. I think it is a reputation crisis. That is why the sustainability factor comes in. The palm oil industry is actually thriving. By 2050, the demand for palm oil will quadruple from what it is today. With the world's population set to increase to nine billion by that time, there is no doubt that the demand will grow.
"The only problem is the branding. The [anti-palm oil] lobbyists are advocating for other oil-producing crops such as soybean and rapeseed because a lot of these are planted in the US and Europe while 85% of the world's palm oil comes from Malaysia and Indonesia. So, they are using marketing and branding to halt the influence of palm oil. That is the biggest problem."
But despite the fierce smear campaign, he does not think the palm oil industry will be badly affected. "It will continue to thrive, but we cannot do things the way we did 10 years ago. We have to tackle this using the heart and mind through the word 'sustainability'," he says.
"People need to know that oil palm is grown sustainably and we think this can be achieved through science and the intelligent use of data. This is where we come in."
Codon Genomics' senior application scientist Dr Lee Wei Kang then delivers a short presentation, talking about the company's newly developed platform, the oil palm crop improvement Agrinome. Oil palm is the most efficient and productive oil crop because it produces more oil per hectare, compared with sunflower, soybean and canola oil, and it can remain productive for 25 to 30 years, he points out.
It has been widely used in food, cosmetics, biofuels and pharmaceuticals. And each person consumes up to 8kg of palm oil a year, he adds. In Malaysia, some 5.8 million hectares have been planted with 780 million oil palm trees, which works out to about 25 trees for every person in the country.
"It takes 8ha of soybean to give you the equivalent of 1ha of a palm oil. If you replaced palm oil with soybean, you would need to plant 160 million acres. Which would be more sustainable?" says Hoh.
But oil palm is a much embattled crop. First, there has been controversy about forest land being cleared to make way for plantations. Now, the government has committed to limiting the land available for palm oil cultivation. In the meantime, the demand continues to grow, which means that plantations will have to produce more with less land, says Lee.
If this were not enough, climate change and what is known as abiotic stress (stress to the plant that occurs naturally as a result of climate change such as less rainfall and changes in soil chemistry and nutrients) and biotic stress (caused by animals, insects and other pests) affect fresh fruit bunch production and the trees. Finally, there are the wild price fluctuations of the commodity.
How does Codon Genomics help with this? "Using data, we can come up with a new breed that requires less water. In the future, we will be able to tailor-make the trees to suit different situations, soil conditions and weather. We could improve yields by 10% through better genetic materials. This industry is worth more than RM60 million. The extra money can be reinvested in marketing, creating better forests and fostering sustainable management for life," says Lee.
The company can also help in seed production. "The world produces up to 200 million seeds a year because there is a lot of demand for planting and the replanting programme is up 10% to 20% of the crops every year. We need high quality oil palm seeds to sustain the industry. We can contribute our knowledge, data and technology to create some really useful applications," he says.
Using tech for agricultural research
That is why Codon Genomics came up with Agrinome — a new cloud-based platform that takes IT into agricultural research — to help achieve a more sustainable oil palm industry that can produce more with less, says Lee. "Our mission is to provide a solution to enable oil palm plantations achieve higher efficiency and scalability and provide them with a level of automation in their practices."
It begins with the basics. "Our strategy starts with improving the very core of the plant, which is the breeding materials. This crop can stay up for 5 to 30 years, so it is very important to have good starting material with better resistance to pests and biotic stress which can, at the same time, produce a maximum yield," he says.
The seed production market is worth RM500 million a year and the market needs 100 million to 200 million seeds per year, says Hoh. "We do not need everybody to buy our software. We deploy it to the seed producers, such as research institutes and the downstream, smallholders can actually benefit from these seeds."
Lee says Codon Genomics applies its knowledge, data and technology to improve the seeds at the genetics selection level. It focuses on two parts — first, it does DNA sequencing to find out why some oil palm trees have high yields while others have lower yields.
"Our R&D objective is to develop good traits. Let's say the father tree has high yields and the mother tree is resistant to pathogens. We breed the two so that the child has both traits," he says.
"We have the seed production step as well as tissue culture cloning. These two procedures help propagate good starting material and we amplify and produce the seeds in large quantities.
"Our software helps plantations produce high-quality seeds that can be planted in the field. It also helps the plantations monitor their field performance, that is, what you need to do so that your planting material grows well."
There is not much automation in the palm oil industry at the moment, says Hoh. "We want to revolutionise this and put automation and digitisation in every step. So, we have to start with the basics and work with plantations to optimise workflow and digitise what they can use technology — such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data and software — to automate their processes. That is what Agrinome does."
Lee elaborates, "You can divide it into three main components. The first is big data collection and how we standardise workflow and the use of a mobile application, together with a sensor, barcode or RFID, to help them collect data easily."
With breeding, for example, there is genomic data as well as field performance data. Then, there is the labourers' workflow data. "Right now, you manually gather data such as how much trees grow every year and the oil content every season," he says.
For instance when a plantation is experimenting with a new cross-breed, it will involve 180 palms in multiple replicates. If more than 100 of these show the positive traits that they have been selected for, the attempted cross-breeding is considered successful.
The problem is that to get to this point, you need to plant 20,000 to 30,000 of these crosses and monitor all of them on 30 different parameters, including things like height, frond length and oil extraction rate, says Hoh. All this is incredibly tedious and labour-intensive. The only way to do this efficiently is with the use of software, he adds.
Basically, with Agrinome, the plantation workers tag the plants with IoT devices so that all the parameters can be tracked automatically. Then they pass a sensor over the tag and the data is uploaded to the cloud.
"With this, you can gather the data consistently and easily and sifting through it will tell you which trees are the best, with the traits you want. This is only one of the features of our software," says Hoh.
He adds that before, a plantation may have needed to hire 10 people to do the tracking. But now, they can make do with two. With the information, the CEO or manager of the plantation can have an insight into what is actually happening on the ground, for example, in terms of seed production or how many workers are deployed at any one time, says Lee. "This will help them manage their operations better because previously, if they wanted to know how many seeds were produced or how many people were working and their respective productivity levels, they would need to go through a few steps before they could get the statistics — especially for large plantations with 500 or 1,000 employees.
"This can help smallholders with things like getting the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) certification because the digital platform can increase transparency and flexibility by tracking every step and workflow. So, they can track every plant, know their origin, their parents and the seedling production process. It is 100% fully transparent for future certification."
Hoh says the company's total addressable market for oil palm seed and planting material production is at least RM500 million in Malaysia and Indonesia alone while the global bioinformatics market is about US$10 billion.
Where will Codon Genomics go from here? "We will expand regionally. We are looking at Thailand and Indonesia and I already have dealers in the Philippines," says Hoh.
The company is now nine years old and it has been a long, arduous trek to profitability. Today, its revenue runs into the seven figures. "In five years, we are projecting about RM30 million," says Hoh.
The company is looking to hire more bio-informaticians and experts in disciplines such as AI, not to mention data scientists. It also plans to expand its sales team to help it grow its regional footprint.
Hoh says that before Codon Genomics started, those who graduated with biotechnology degrees had few places to go to in Malaysia. If they did not want to work with a research institute, they had to leave the country or go into another discipline.
"We wanted to create our own technology and do the country proud. When we started out, people thought we were crazy because nobody was willing to do what we were doing. Things were tough and the banks would not lend us money. We had to get by on our own," he says.
"We were not geniuses, we are merely hard workers who were on the ground and tried to understand the pain points of our potential market and address these through technology."


text:
/*****************************************************************************

                         C-DAC Tech Workshop : HEMPA-2011
                             Oct 17 - 21, 2011

  Example     : PrefixSumGlobalMemSP.c

  Objective   : Calcualte prefix sum of an array of N elements using global memory
                (Single precision)

  Input       : None

  Output      : Execution time in seconds, gflops achived

  Created     : Aug 2011

  E-mail      : betatest@cdac.in

****************************************************************************/

/*source code for Prefix sum*/
#include<CL/cl.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<assert.h>
#include<string.h>
#include <math.h>
#define EPS 1.0e-8f /* threshhold aprrox epsilion value */

#define SIZE 128       // change this to run for different sizes

/* opencl check status mecro*/
#define OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS(NAME,ERR) {\
        const char *name=NAME;\
        cl_int Terr=ERR;\
        if (Terr != CL_SUCCESS) {\
                printf("\n\t\t Error: %s (%d) \n",name, Terr);\
                exit(-1);} }\

const char * kernelSourcePath = "PrefixSumGlobalMemSP_kernel.cl";

int prefixSumCheckResultGMSP(float *inputArray,float *output,int arrayLength);

/*
 * Fill in the vector with single precision values
 */
void fill_sp_vector(float* vec,int size)
{
        int ind;
        for(ind=0;ind<size;ind++)
                vec[ind]=rand()%10;
}

/* vector free*/
void hSpVectFree(float * arr,int len)
{
        int i;
        free(arr);
}

/* get platform function*/
int getPlatform(cl_platform_id *selectedPlatform,cl_uint *numDevices)
{
        cl_int          err;
        int             count;
        char            pbuff[100];
        cl_uint         numPlatforms;
        cl_platform_id  *platforms;

        *selectedPlatform = NULL;

	printf("\n\n\t -----------------------------------------------------\n");

 /*  Get the number of OpenCL Platforms Available */
        err = clGetPlatformIDs ( 0, 0, &numPlatforms);
        if( err != CL_SUCCESS || numPlatforms == 0) {
                printf(" \n\t\t No Platform Found \n");
                return 1;
        }
        else
        {
                if( numPlatforms == 0)
                {
                     return 1;
                }
               else
                {
                        /* Allocate the space for available platform*/
                        assert( (platforms = (cl_platform_id *)malloc( sizeof(cl_platform_id) * (numPlatforms))) != NULL);
                        /*  Get available OpenCL Platforms IDs*/
                        err = clGetPlatformIDs( numPlatforms,platforms, NULL);
                        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS(" Failed to get Platform IDs",err);
                        for ( count = 0 ; count < numPlatforms ; count++)
                        {
                                /* get platform info*/
                                err=clGetPlatformInfo(platforms[count],CL_PLATFORM_NAME,sizeof(pbuff),pbuff,NULL);
                                OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("clGetPlatformInfo Failed",err);
                                /* get device id and info*/
                                err = clGetDeviceIDs( platforms[count],CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU,0,0,numDevices);
                               if( err != CL_SUCCESS  || *numDevices ==0)
                               {
                                         continue;
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                        /* get selected platform*/
                                        *selectedPlatform =platforms[count];
                                        printf("\tPlatform used                            :  %s\n",pbuff);
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        if ( count == numPlatforms ) {
                printf(" \n\t No platform found \n");
                return 1;
        }  free(platforms);
        return 0;
}

/* read program source file*/
char* readKernelSource(const char* kernelSourcePath)
{
        FILE    *fp = NULL;
        size_t  sourceLength;
        char    *sourceString ;
        fp = fopen( kernelSourcePath , "r");
        if(fp == 0)
        {
                printf("failed to open file");
                return NULL;
        }
        // get the length of the source code
        fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
        sourceLength = ftell(fp);
        rewind(fp);
        // allocate a buffer for the source code string and read it in
        sourceString = (char *)malloc( sourceLength + 1);
        if( fread( sourceString, 1, sourceLength, fp) !=sourceLength )
        {
                printf("\n\t Error : Fail to read file ");
                return NULL;
        }
        sourceString[sourceLength+1]='\0';
        fclose(fp);
        return sourceString;
 }// end of readKernelSource

/* print result on the screen */
void print_on_screen(char * programName,double tsec,int size,double gflops,int flag)//flag=1 if gflops has been calculated else flag =0
{
        printf("\n\t---------------%s----------------\n",programName);
        printf("\tSIZE\t TIME_SEC\t gflops \n");
        if(flag==1)
        printf("\t%d\t%f\t %lf\t",size,tsec,gflops);
        else
        printf("\t%d\t%lf \t%s\t",size,tsec,"---");
        printf("\n\t--------------------------------------------------");

}

/* set execution env for opencl*/
void setExeEnvPrefixSumGMSP(cl_context *context, cl_uint *numDevices, cl_device_id **devices, cl_program *program,cl_uint *numPlatforms,cl_platform_id *platforms,cl_int *err)
 {
        char            pbuff[100];   //holds platform information (platform name)
        char            dbuff[100];   //holds device information (platform name)
        int count;

        /*  Get the number of OpenCL Platforms Available */
        *err=getPlatform(platforms,numDevices);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while getting device info",*err);

        assert(((*devices)= (cl_device_id *) malloc( sizeof(cl_device_id ) *(*numDevices))) != NULL);
        *err = clGetDeviceIDs( *platforms, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU, (*numDevices), *devices, 0);

        /* Get device Name */
        *err = clGetDeviceInfo(*devices[0], CL_DEVICE_NAME, sizeof(dbuff), &dbuff, NULL);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while getting device info",*err);
        printf("\tDevice used                              :  %s\n",dbuff);

        /*create context*/
        *context=clCreateContext(0,1,devices[0],0,0,err);
        printf("\tNumber of GPU  devices used              :  %d\n",*numDevices);
        if ( *err != CL_SUCCESS || *context == 0)
        {
                printf("\n\t No GPU detected ");
                printf("\n\t Context : %d , Err : %d",context, *err);
                exit(-1);
        }

        printf("\t---------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
        /*create program with source*/
	// create a CL program using kernel source
	  char* programSource = readKernelSource(kernelSourcePath);
   	size_t sourceSize =  strlen(programSource) ;
   	*program = clCreateProgramWithSource(*context, 1,(const char **) &programSource, &sourceSize, err);
       // *program = clCreateProgramWithSource(*context,1,(const char **) &ProgramSourceMatMatAdd,NULL,err );
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while creating program",*err);

        /*build program*/
        *err = clBuildProgram(*program,1,devices[0],NULL,NULL,NULL);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while building  program",*err);

 }// end of setExeEnvPrefixSum

void    prefixSumGMSP (cl_uint numDevices,cl_device_id *devices, cl_program program,cl_context context,float * h_Vect, float *h_Output,int vectSize)
{
        cl_event                gpuExec[1];
        cl_int err;
        cl_command_queue cmdQueue;   //holds command queue object
        cl_kernel kernel;               //holds kernel object
        cl_mem d_Vect,d_VectSize,d_Output;          //holds device input output buffer
         cl_event                events;        // events
        size_t globalWorkSize[2]={vectSize,vectSize}; //holds global group size

         double                  gflops=0.0;             //holds total achieved gflops
        cl_ulong startTime, endTime,elapsedTime;        //holds time
        float executionTimeInSeconds;                    //holds total execution time

        /*create command queue*/
        cmdQueue = clCreateCommandQueue(context, devices[0],  CL_QUEUE_PROFILING_ENABLE, &err);
        if( err != CL_SUCCESS ||  cmdQueue == 0)
         {
               printf("\n\t Failed to create command queue  \n" );
               exit (-1);
         }

        /*create kernel object*/
        kernel = clCreateKernel(program,"prefixSum_kernel",&err);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while creating kernel",err);

        /*create buffer*/
       d_Vect=clCreateBuffer(context,CL_MEM_READ_ONLY|CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,sizeof(float)*vectSize,h_Vect,&err);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while creating buffer for input",err);

       d_VectSize=clCreateBuffer(context,CL_MEM_READ_ONLY|CL_MEM_COPY_HOST_PTR,sizeof(float),(void *)&vectSize,&err);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while creating buffer for input",err);

        d_Output=clCreateBuffer(context,CL_MEM_WRITE_ONLY,sizeof(float)*vectSize,NULL,&err);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while creating buffer for output",err);
        /*set kernel arg*/
        err=clSetKernelArg(kernel,0,sizeof(cl_mem),&d_Vect);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while setting arg 0",err);

        err=clSetKernelArg(kernel,2,sizeof(cl_mem),&d_VectSize);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while setting arg 1",err);

        err=clSetKernelArg(kernel,1,sizeof(cl_mem),&d_Output);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while setting arg 2",err);

        /*load kernel*/
        err = clEnqueueNDRangeKernel(cmdQueue,kernel,2,NULL,globalWorkSize,NULL,0,NULL,&gpuExec[0]);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while creating ND range",err);

        //completion of all commands to command queue
        err = clFinish(cmdQueue);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("clFinish",err);

        /* calculate start time and end time*/
        clGetEventProfilingInfo(gpuExec[0], CL_PROFILING_COMMAND_START, sizeof(cl_ulong), &startTime, NULL);
        clGetEventProfilingInfo(gpuExec[0], CL_PROFILING_COMMAND_END, sizeof(cl_ulong), &endTime, NULL);

        /* total elapsed time*/
        elapsedTime = endTime-startTime;

        /*total execution time*/
        executionTimeInSeconds = (float)(1.0e-9 * elapsedTime);

        /* reading buffer object*/
        err = clEnqueueReadBuffer(cmdQueue,d_Output,CL_TRUE,0,sizeof(cl_float)*vectSize,h_Output,0,0,&events);
        OPENCL_CHECK_STATUS("error while reading buffer",err);

        /* calculate total gflops*/
         gflops= (1.0e-9 * (( vectSize * vectSize) / executionTimeInSeconds));

        // Print the gflops on the screen
         print_on_screen("Prefix sum",executionTimeInSeconds,vectSize,gflops,1);

        //check results
//        VectVectAddCheckResult(h_VectA,h_VectB,h_output,vectSize);

        //release opencl objects
        clReleaseMemObject(d_Vect);
        clReleaseMemObject(d_VectSize);
        clReleaseMemObject(d_Output);
        clReleaseProgram(program);
        clReleaseKernel(kernel);
        clReleaseCommandQueue(cmdQueue);
        clReleaseContext(context);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {

        cl_platform_id platforms;      //holds list of platforms
        cl_uint numPlatforms;         //holds number of platforms
        cl_int err;                    //holds error (return value)
        cl_uint         numDevices;   /*hold the number of devices */
        cl_device_id    *devices;      /* hold list of devices */
        int count;
        cl_context context;           //holds context object
        cl_program program;           //holds program object
        size_t retValSize;
        float *h_Vect;                 //holds host input buffer
        float *h_Output;                //holds host output buffer
        int i;

        int vectSize=SIZE;
        /* allocate host memory*/
        assert((h_Vect=(float *)malloc(vectSize*sizeof(float)))!=NULL);
        assert((h_Output=(float *)malloc(vectSize*sizeof(float)))!=NULL);

        /*initialize host memory*/
        fill_sp_vector(h_Vect,vectSize);
        for(i=0;i<vectSize;i++)
        {
                h_Output[i]=0;
        }

        //setting the execution environment for opencl
        setExeEnvPrefixSumGMSP( &context , &numDevices, &devices, &program,&numPlatforms,&platforms,&err );

        //function to fo Vector Vector Addition
        prefixSumGMSP (numDevices, devices, program, context, h_Vect,h_Output,vectSize);

	prefixSumCheckResultGMSP(h_Vect, h_Output,vectSize);

/********************************************************
uncomment to print output vector  on the screen
********************************************************/
        /*for(i=0;i<vectSize;i++)
        {
                printf("%f\n",h_VectA[i]);
        }*/
        /* print buffer object*/
       /* for(i=0;i<vectSize;i++)
        {
                printf("%f\n",h_output[i]);
        }*/
        //free host memory
        hSpVectFree(h_Vect,vectSize);
        hSpVectFree(h_Output,vectSize);
}

int prefixSumCheckResultGMSP(float *h_Vect,float *output,int arrayLength)
{
	int curElementIndex ,counter;
	float temp_result;
	int j,flag=0;
	curElementIndex = 0;
	float *temp_out;
	float  errorNorm = 0.0;
        float  eps=EPS;
        float  relativeError=0.0;

	assert((temp_out = (float *)malloc( sizeof(float) * arrayLength))!=NULL);

	while(curElementIndex < arrayLength)
	{
		temp_result = 0.00f;
		for(counter = 0 ; counter < curElementIndex ; counter++)
			temp_result = temp_result + h_Vect[counter];

		temp_out[curElementIndex] = temp_result;
		curElementIndex++ ;
	}
	for( j=0 ; j < arrayLength  ; j++)
        {
		 if (fabs(temp_out[j]) > fabs(output[j]))
                        relativeError = fabs((temp_out[j] - output[j]) / temp_out[j]);
                else
                        relativeError = fabs((output[j] - temp_out[j]) / output[j]);

                if (relativeError > eps && relativeError != 0.0e+00 )
                {
                        if(errorNorm < relativeError)
                        {
                               errorNorm = relativeError;
                               flag=1;
                        }
                }
        }
	if( flag == 1) {

                printf(" \n Results verfication : Failed");
                printf(" \n Considered machine precision : %e", eps);
                printf(" \n Relative Error                  : %e", errorNorm);

        }

        if(flag==0)
        {
                printf("\n\n\t Result Varification success:\n");
        }
             // printf("\n");
        free(temp_out);
        return 0;

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
San Francisco Bay Trail featured, pre-COVID
The San Francisco Bay Trail is the focus of an OpenRoad episode hosted by Doug McConnell on NBC Bay Area. It's important to note it was shot before COVID-19 arrived.
The program highlights the Bay Trail and what awaits Bay Area residents once the pandemic is over.
The Bay Trail plan was adopted by the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) in June 1989. Envisioned as a 500-mile "ring around the Bay," today some 355 miles of trail are built along the perimeter of San Francisco Bay.
Several major new segments have opened recently or are under construction, including a bicycle-pedestrian path now open along the upper deck of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge and the Albany Beach Bay Trail behind Golden Gate Fields in Berkeley/Albany scheduled to open later this year.
Stay tuned to the Bay Trail website for announcements and future events.
ABAG
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
New Straitsville Mine Fire
Carla Zikursh April 16, 2011 Digital Collections, Ohio Guide Photographs
The New Straitsville mine fires are said to have started November 13, 1884, when striking miners pushed burning cars into a mine, during a strike over wages between the New Straitsville Mining Company's management and mine workers. A small group of union members decided to sabotage the mines. Cars filled with oil-soaked timber were set on fire and were pushed into a mine owned by the New Straitsville Mining Company. The fire quickly spread to the coal seam underground.
Reportedly, the coal seam was fourteen feet across and extended an undetermined distance into the Earth. It took several days for the fire to be discovered. By that point, it was too late to stop the fire's spread. As a result of the fire, the mine closed. The New Straitsville mine fire has raged ever since 1884.
In 1936, the WPA began work to stop the spread of the fire by building barriers across burning veins of coal. In 1938, nearly 350 men were employed on the project, which then was estimated to cost less than $1, 000, 000. Under the direction of James R. Cavanaugh, a veteran mine fire fighter, tunnels were driven through veins in the path of the fire, and were filled with a clay-water mixture or similar non-burning material.
The mines fires affected coal deposits in Hocking and Perry Counties in southeastern Ohio. It was estimated that by 1938 the coal destroyed, more than two hundred square miles, was worth fifty million dollars. In 2003, smoke began to emerge from the soil of the Wayne National Forest, 119 years after the fire began.
Mrs. Elizabeth Green, a refugee of the mine fire in New Straitsville, Ohio, ca. 1930
Written on the back of the photograph:
"Perry County – A refugee from the New Straitsville Mine Fire is Mrs. Elizabeth Green, 75-year-old widow, who was driven from her little cottage on top Plummer Hill by the 'black damp' or carbon dioxide.
Mrs. Green lived here for 20 years and in recent years as the fire crept closer she has been forced to flee several times, returning when the gas abated.
Recently, however, she was forced to leave her home permanently when the 'black damp' (a suffocating gas) seeped through fissures in her cellar in such volume that it put out the fire in her stove and in her oil lamp and would have killed her had she tarried.
She is shown here gathering up a few possessions.
The cottage now is not only full of gas but it is in imminent danger of sinking into the earth which has been underained by the fire. She has moved into the village of New Straitsville about a mile away where she lives with her sister, Mrs. Nelly Walters.
'It's awful crowded in the city, ' she remarked ruefully."
Interested in seeing more photos of the New Straitsville mine fire? Check out Ohio Memory or read more about it at Ohio History Central!
Written by Carla Zikursh
Carla was a member of the Ohio History Service Tech Corps during 2010 - 2011, a program created by AmeriCorps, the Ohio Community Service Council and the Ohio Historical Society. She is currently the Circulation Coordinator for the Archives/Library at the Ohio Historical Society. She has a B.F.A. from The Ohio State University.


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Power outages currently total 1 million; more than 375,000 customers restored already
More than 12,000 workers focused on Duke Energy Florida effort
ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. -- Duke Energy has announced power restoration times for specific areas in Florida following the damage from Hurricane Irma.
By midnight Friday, Sept. 15: The western portion of its service area. This includes Pinellas and Pasco counties
By midnight Sunday, Sept. 17: central and northern portions of the service area. This includes Alachua, Bay, Brevard, Citrus, Columbia, Dixie, Flagler, Franklin, Gilchrist, Gulf, Hamilton, Hernando, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lake, Leon, Levy, Madison, Marion, Orange, Osceola, Polk, Seminole, Sumter, Suwannee, Taylor, Volusia, and Wakulla counties.
Restoration in the severely impacted areas of Hardee and Highlands County may extend beyond Sunday due to rebuilding the electrical system that suffered significant damage in those areas.
"Our crews are focused on restoring the largest amount of customers each day and that means some customers will see their service restored much earlier," said Harry Sideris, Duke Energy Florida president. "As crews respond to make repairs and restore service, specific estimated times of restoration will be updated for individual areas and customers. We have a workforce of more than 12,000 committed to this restoration effort. We are not stopping until the job is complete."
Due to the heavy volume of outages and technology issues, the company's online reporting tool is not updating properly. Outage numbers on the automated system do not reflect actual amounts of customers restored. Until corrected, the company will send out updated outage numbers throughout the day via its online channels.
For company updates, resources, videos and additional information, visit news.duke-energy.com/irma.
Duke Energy on Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram and Facebook.
Texting OUT to 57801 (standard text and data charges may apply)
Turn off your power at the circuit breaker panel or fuse box if rising water threatens your home or if you evacuate your home.
Stay away from downed power lines and electrical wires. DO NOT drive over or stand near downed power lines. Electric current passes easily through water.
Never replace a fuse or touch a circuit breaker with wet hands or while standing on a wet or damp surface.
Do not try to drive through flooded areas; most flood-related deaths occur in automobiles.
If your home or business is flooded, Duke Energy cannot reconnect power until the electrical system has been inspected by a licensed electrician. If there is damage, an electrician will need to make necessary repairs and obtain verification from your local building inspection authority before power can be restored.
If you use a generator at home to provide power until your service is restored, please watch for utility crews and turn the generator off when crews are in your area. The electrical load on the power lines can be dangerous for crews making repairs. The excess electricity created by a generator can feed back onto the electric lines, severely injuring a line technician who might be working on a power line, believing it to be de-energized.
Read other tips for using a generator.
With its Florida regional headquarters located in St. Petersburg, Fla., Duke Energy is one of the largest electric power holding companies in the United States. Its Electric Utilities and Infrastructure business unit serves approximately 7.5 million customers located in six states in the Southeast and Midwest. The company's Gas Utilities and Infrastructure business unit distributes natural gas to approximately 1.6 million customers in the Carolinas, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. Its Commercial Renewables business unit operates a growing renewable energy portfolio across the United States.
Florida, Emergency Response, Storms and Outages


While making clear that pursuing individuals responsible for corporate wrongdoing remains a top priority in every investigation conducted by DOJ, Mr. Rosenstein drew a substantial distinction between the treatment of individuals in criminal investigations and civil investigations.
In criminal cases, the revised policy provides that to receive cooperation credit, a company "must identify every individual who was substantially involved in or responsible for the criminal conduct." Responding to concerns that it was inefficient to require companies to identify every employee involved irrespective of culpability, Mr. Rosenstein stated that DOJ's focus will be on those who play "significant roles in setting a company on a course of criminal conduct." He also noted that "investigations should not be delayed merely to collect information about individuals whose involvement was not substantial, and who are not likely to be prosecuted." Importantly, Mr. Rosenstein made clear that if a company fails to work in good faith to identify substantially involved or responsible individuals, it would not receive any cooperation credit.
According to Mr. Rosenstein, "[c]ivil cases are different." Recognizing that the primary purpose of civil enforcement is the recovery of money, Mr. Rosenstein noted that the "all or nothing" approach to civil cases espoused in the Yates Memo was simply not practical and, in some circumstances could be counterproductive. In those matters where criminal culpability is not in question, the revised policy recognizes a need for flexibility.
The revised policy also provides DOJ lawyers with the flexibility to provide "partial credit" for companies that seek to cooperate with the government. For instance, in situations where a company "honestly" and "meaningfully" provides "valuable assistance" to the government, the revised policy envisions the ability to award at least partial credit, even if the company does not agree with the government about every employee's individual liability. According to Mr. Rosenstein, when credit is all or nothing, resolution of cases can be delayed without any resultant benefit.
Finally, the Yates Memo stated that DOJ would not consider an individual's ability to pay a civil settlement or judgment as part of its decision whether or not to pursue that individual. Going forward, the revised policy permits DOJ attorneys to consider "ability to pay" issues in deciding whether or not to pursue a civil judgment against an individual. According to Mr. Rosenstein, this commonsense change has been made so that DOJ civil attorneys are not wasting valuable resources pursuing individuals from whom there is no realistic source of recovery.
While noting that it is "revising" current policy, DOJ has made clear that the pursuit of individuals, whether in criminal or civil investigations, remains a top priority. The specific identification in civil cases of the actions of senior management, including members of a company's board of directors, is significant and should be top of mind for entities operating in the health care arena, where enforcement efforts are so routinely focused—whether by the government directly or through the efforts of qui tam relators. This development suggests the continued need to focus compliance efforts throughout an organization and to ensure that its most senior leaders appreciate the spotlight that will be put on their activities.


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The Importance of Keeping Our Diverse Workforce Healthy with Dr. Debra Jenkins and Dr. Stephen Noble
By Motus Recruiting | Community Conversations, Diversity and Inclusion | 1 July, 2020
Portland has always done things a little differently. We are currently the underdogs leading the charge on business innovation, creativity, and social justice. Our city is full of great people doing great things for not only the Pacific Northwest but also the country – and we want to know how.
In partnership with the Portland Trail Blazers, we are thrilled to introduce the "Community Conversations" series, an interactive dialogue lead by Portland-native Orlando Williams with some of Oregon's most influential leaders. These conversations will provide the audience with candid insights on business best practices and what it means to be successful, including diversity and inclusion efforts.
In our first installment, Orlando speaks with Dr. Debra Jenkins, a Developmental Specialist in the field of psychology and education, and Dr. Stephen Noble, a board-certified cardiothoracic surgeon, about the importance of keeping our diverse workforce healthy.
company culture, DEI, Diversity, health, leadership
Survival of the Most Adaptable in the Workplace
Survival of the Most Adaptable in the Workplace Guest post by Kim Celentano, CEO of Strivven Media, creators of VirtualJobShadow.com and VJSJunior.com Our career-ready platforms serve as bridges between employers and students. Because we have a direct line into K-12 schools, we haveRead more
5 Inclusive Ways to Celebrate Women in the Workplace
By Elizabeth McGarry | Comments are Closed
March is the designated month to celebrate the many contributions women have made to American history. However, as this month ends, there's no reason we should stop the recognition. But first, let's go through aRead more
Motus Recruiting and Staffing Receives ClearlyRated's 2021 Best of Staffing Client, Employee, and Talent Awards
Motus Recruiting and Staffing, Inc. has been recognized with ClearlyRated's 2021 Best of Staffing® Client, Employee, and Talent Awards. These awards are presented in partnership with presenting sponsor, CareerBuilder, and gold sponsors, Indeed and Talent.com.Read more
Engaging Inclusive Economic Development with Curtis Robinhold
In our final Community Conversation of 2020, Orlando Williams spoke with Port of Portland Executive Director Curtis Robinhold about engaging meaningful community development. Curtis Robinhold became the Executive Director of the Port of Portland (Port)Read more
D'Artagnan Bernard Caliman Hired as New Director of Justice Oregon for Black Lives at Meyer Memorial Trust
Meyer Memorial Trust has officially hired D'Artagnan Bernard Caliman for their new director of Justice Oregon for Black Lives role – a five-year, $25 million investment in Black leadership, Black-serving organizations, and systemic-level change. MeyerRead more


A common source of tension and confusion for couples going through a divorce concerns the disposition of personal items that remain in the formerly shared marital residence during the course of mediation and court proceedings. Disagreements over these items, despite their relatively minor monetary value, can create costly delays in litigation or even undermine settlement agreements between the parties.
Many of these hardships, however, can be avoided with a bit of planning and strategic foresight. Below are a few prudent steps and suggestions for couples going through a divorce to ensure an appropriate division and treatment of personal items.
In order to ensure that personal property is appropriately addressed during the course of divorce proceedings and not divided in a haphazard or incomplete manner at the last minute (when it is difficult for parties to recall what personal property is actually contained in the marital home), it is important to prepare a comprehensive list of all the personal items that you would like returned to you as well as a good faith estimate of the value of those items. That list should be delivered to your spouse or your spouse's attorney before you go to court or mediation and can often be used as a basis for an agreement between the parties during mediation or a court ordered settlement agreement.
If the list of personal property is reasonable and amenable to both parties, the property may simply be 'handed over' or divided voluntarily. If this is the case, and the court has not entered any temporary orders or restraining orders prohibiting it, a spouse is entitled to return to the marital residence to collect agreed upon personal items and 'low value' separate property.
It is best to restrict the property divided in this manner to items that are worth below $500 (such as personal clothing, toiletries etc.) and avoid seeking to retrieve higher value assets that may create disagreement between the parties or later be determined to be property of the community (such as large televisions, washers and dryers, etc.).
Even in the most amenable of dissolutions, and even if all of these guidelines are followed, one spouse may feel unconformable permitting their former spouse unsupervised access to the marital home. These situations will generally require the parties to seek out a neutral third party who can be granted limited access to the marital property in order to retrieve the agreed upon items.
If the parties themselves cannot independently agree to a distribution of personal property, then a mediator or a court order may divide the personal property for them. There are two ways that this might occur. The first is through a settlement agreement. Many settlement agreements will list the personal property that each spouse is entitled to and establish procedures for retrieving those items (for example, whether a third party must be present or whether notice must be provided prior to retrieving personal items). These agreements, if incorporated into the court's final order, can also be enforced through the sheriff's office or another law enforcement agency if necessary.
If a settlement agreement has not developed a plan for the division of personal property, the parties may seek a court order requiring the return of certain personal property. A court order, like a settlement agreement, will generally specify the time and manner in which the property may be retrieved. If either spouse does not comply with a court order allowing the retrieval of personal assets, he or she may face contempt of court proceedings.
Regardless of which method the parties choose to aid in the distribution of their marital assets, it is important to consider the way in which personal property will be cared for as divorce proceedings progress. In nearly every case, spouses are under an obligation to preserve marital assets and/or the property of their spouse. Pursuant to that obligation, one spouse may not, for example, sell or 'throw out' the personal property of their husband/wife that has remained in the marital residence. Instead, they must protect the property and await an assessment and order by the court.
An exception to this obligation can arise, however, if there is property that is unwanted by both parties and both parties agree should destroyed or disposed of.
For more information concerning the distribution of personal property, contact a McKinley Irvin family lawyer or read more about the division of assets during a divorce.


The Long Island Marriott is conveniently located near many of Nassau County attractions, including Nassau Coliseum, Cradle of Aviation Museum, Hofstra University, Roosevelt Field and Jones Beach.
The Long Island Marriott Hotel offers HCNY2018 delegates a special rate of $179.00 (USD) per night. Booking must be made via the link below.


The Sonata Hand Blown Glass Urn is a stunning cremation urn for ashes, featuring graceful swirls of color, ranging from golden brown to deep sea blue. Delicate wheat and sky blue glass weaves between the more intense colors, adding dream-like charm.
This cremation urn for ashes is tall and cylindrical in shape with a flared top and simple flat lid. Given its handcrafted personality, each glass urn varies in size, shape, and appearance from the image displayed – no two are ever quite alike.
Each Sonata Hand Blown Glass Urn is a unique, one-of-a-kind work of art. Every glass cremation urn, like the ashes of the loved one that are contained therein, is a special monument and a testament to a life well lived. Created by mixing pigments within the molten glass, one never quite knows how the final glass urn will look until it is completely cooled; much like understanding that each one of us has a story to be written with perhaps the most beautiful moments at the very end.
The Sonata Hand Blown Glass Urn is crafted in the USA.
This glass urn can be made truly personal through an engraved oval pendant. In your choice of gold or pewter, the pendant can be engraved with a loved one's name, dates, and other meaningful lines. The pendant is presented on a satin ribbon that can be draped around the neck of the urn.


Did you see the recent story about Solarize Upper Valley on WCAX? We're excited to be sharing the news about this program far and wide!
There's still time to get your contract signed before the January 31 deadline! Sign up for your free site visit today if you live in Randolph, Brookfield, Braintree, Woodstock, or Pomfret, Vermont; or Orford, Hanover, Andover, New London, or Wilmot, New Hampshire. And visit VitalCommunities.org/Solarize to learn how to get involved in Round Three in the spring.
0% – 1.99% Energy Project Financing!
Efficiency Vermont just announced that it's easier than ever for Vermonters to finance home energy projects through their PACE program – Property Assessed Clean Energy. And yes, they ARE offering interest rates as low as 0%.
PACE is a clever new way of financing home energy projects by placing a lien on your property. So if you ever move, the loan stays with your home. PACE financing is available to all residents of Vermont towns that have adopted it, including Bradford, Cavendish, Hartford, Hartland, Norwich, Randolph, Sharon, Strafford, Thetford, Vershire, Weathersfield, and Woodstock.
There are several PACE forums scheduled around the Valley this winter. All are free and open to the public, and co-sponsored by Vital Communities, the Sustainable Energy Resource Group, and the Upper Valley Sierra Club.
December 11, 2014, Montshire Museum of Science, Norwich, 6:30 pm Date has changed from December 9th to December 11th due to weather!!
February 25, 2015, Bugbee Senior Center, White River Jct., 6:30 pm Date has changed from February 11th to February 25th!!
Efficiency Vermont, the organization coordinating the PACE program in Vermont, recently announced new, lower interest rates for qualified homeowners.
Are you a family of four? If your annual income is less than $95,000 you could qualify for a loan at 1.99% interest. Less than $79,000 and it's 0.99%. Less than $63,000 and the loan is 0% interest. Check the full chart on income qualification to see whether your household could qualify.
Improvements that can be financed through these low rates include energy audits, weatherization measures, cold climate heat pumps, high-efficiency oil, propane, and wood pellet central heating systems, heat pump water heaters, and solar hot water heaters. Renewable electric generation systems can also be financed through PACE at the usual program rate of 6.5%.
Financing these measures through PACE often results in homeowners saving more on energy costs than they are paying for the improvements, so they save energy and money from day one. Your energy efficiency utility, Efficiency Vermont, will conduct a free analysis of your project plan to let you know how cost effective your project is and assist you through the PACE process. Other PACE advantages include no credit score check, no closing costs, and no down payment required.
Check out a Solarize launch!
Solarize Hanover from CATV 8/10 on Vimeo.
Solar is contagious. No, really! There's a new study to prove it! As you can read in this article from the Washington Post, it turns out that having neighbors with solar is a stronger influence on other homes going solar than almost any other factor, even income level.
And if solar is contagious, we're well on our way to an epidemic here in the Upper Valley.
Our recent Solarize Upper Valley Round Two launch events drew nearly 600 attendees and generated 350 site visit requests in the first week. It's going to be a busy season for the partner installers in our five Solarize communities!
Visit our website to learn more, find Solarize events in your community, and sign up for a free site visit.
We'll begin recruiting communities and installers in early 2015 to participate in Round Three – sign up for our monthly emails or contact Energy Program Manager Sarah Simonds if you think your community might be interested in getting involved.
Vital Communities and volunteers in 10 towns will launch Solarize Upper Valley campaigns in October. Hanover, Orford, Andover, New London, and Wilmot, New Hampshire, and Pomfret, Woodstock, Randolph, Brookfield, and Braintree, Vermont, are participating in the second round of Solarize Upper Valley this fall and winter.
Interested residents and business owners are encouraged to attend the October launch events to learn more about the program, meet their community's partner installer, and talk with neighbors interested in going solar.
Open houses and other events scheduled throughout the fall and winter will help residents learn more about the process, costs, and benefits of going solar. Learn more at here.
Solarize Upper Valley teams up community volunteers with competitively selected solar photovoltaic (PV) installers for 15 weeks of outreach around small-scale solar energy, offering competitive prices, accessible resources, and a simplified process for solar PV installations. The first round of Solarize Upper Valley (March through June 2014) resulted in 120 new solar homes, adding 638 kilowatts of renewable energy capacity to the region.
If you aren't yet receiving our monthly email updates, sign up now: We'll send out the Round Two requests for proposals (RFPs) from communities and installers in June.
Added 189kW of new solar PV capacity to the Upper Valley!
If you're an interested homeowner in a current Solarize community and have not yet signed up for a free site visit, now's the time! It's easy to do at VitalCommunities.org/Solarize. Contracts must be signed by June 30 to take advantage of the special Solarize pricing – and remember, as more people sign on, the price goes down for everyone!
Are you thinking about solar energy for your home, business, or community? Don't miss this chance to attend "Solar Today and Tomorrow," a presentation by expert Steven Strong about leading edge solar projects he has worked on, and current work on community Solar Gardens. The presentation takes place Friday, April 18, from 6:30 to 8 p.m. in the Montshire Museum of Science Porter Community Room in Norwich.
Steven is a principal of Solar Design Associates in Harvard, Massachusetts, and has been designing and building solar installations since 1974. Projects have included The White House, university buildings for UMass, Oregon, Oberlin, and Saudi Arabia, the San Francisco Giants stadium and the Atlanta Olympics Natatorium, the UN, the Giant Solar Cube in California, many smaller buildings in the Boston area, as well as the Tin Mountain Conservation Center and the 21st Century Net Zero Farmstead in our region.
His last project was the solar for the Bullitt Center in Seattle, which is now being certified as the "Greenest Commercial Building in the World" as part of the Living Building Challenge. He is currently working on the community Solar Gardens in Harvard.
Steven is the "Solar Energy Expert" for the NOVA public television series. Bring your questions!
Sponsored by the Upper Valley Sierra Club, free and open to all, refreshments will be provided.
We thought we'd share a story and resource from our partners at VECAN (Vermont Energy and Climate Action Network) and Waterbury LEAP (Local Energy Action Partnership). ENJOY!
Solar Decision Tree to Help You Go Solar!
There has been tremendous solar growth in Vermont recently, with 100 percent of new electricity coming online from solar in 2013 − which explains why the state has taken the top spot for solar jobs per capita in the U.S. Much of this growth is a result of communities taking action across the state, helping to chart the course, streamline the process, and share their experiences.
Waterbury LEAP has been working hard on solar, having doubled their residential solar capacity last year while also spearheading solar projects in town and at the local schools. Through their experience, they've created a handy resource for others interested in going solar. Whether you want solar photovoltaics or solar hot water on your home or business, or are interested in hosting a solar array on your property, the Solar Decision Tree can help you quickly navigate the process of going solar. Thanks to Waterbury LEAP for their great work and sharing this excellent resource with all.
Click here to download this one-page Solar Decision Tree.


If you are doing exercises to build the body, you should expect to be exhausted and to use large amounts of energy. The more you involve yourself in exercises, the more your body demands proteins and minerals. If you are not careful enough, your body can have the deficiency of these two, and this can affect the muscle growth.
The main role of supplements in workouts is to dictate the shape and quality of your body. It is therefore important to consider several factors when you are looking workout supplements to use. The best workout supplements for bodybuilders are the whey protein, creatine among others.
The human body cannot do without protein. However, you need to balance the number of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats you consume. There are several important body functions that cannot take place in the absence of proteins. Ensure that you get plenty of protein in your diet for good health. It is essential to have a good source of protein in your diet every day to make sure that you stay healthy and for efficient lean body mass production The following are the primary sources or protein.
One of the known protein class is casein also called the milk protein. They work by releasing amino acids into your system so that your body can have more energy. Workouts that are not strenuous such as walking, swimming or running require energy from casein protein.
Creatine popular has been known for decades. In the old days, people used to depend on creatine as the major protein. Muscles require both water and energy to grow. However, according to the recent research, creatine supplements are best for workout beginners.
Glutamine is another protein for bodybuilders. It is best for beginners because starting to workout means pushing your body beyond its previous limits. The faster you recover, the quicker you achieve the desired workout goals. If you want to get glutamine, you should consume a lot of meat and milk.
Probiotics are necessary supplements in the body. The proteins that have been broken down by probiotics are further used in building muscles They help the body to gain more energy that is used in the exercise and can be found in form of either capsules, powders or shakes.
Another workout supplement is the nitric oxide that ensures normal blood flow to the muscles. Workouts and muscle building will be easier with enough nitric oxide.
Whey proteins are also best for the body. The main forms of whey protein is either whey concentrates or whey isolates. Whey isolates have a low concentration of sugars and carbohydrates.


Overall global deal activity in the consulting sector rose by 1% year-on-year. Deal volumes were flat as compared with the second quarter. These overall trends masked large variations in deal activity amongst market segments. The Equiteq Consulting Share Price Index continues to show record highs as investor confidence in the sector remains strong.
Despite notable deals occurring in HR and IT, deal activity fell in these segments. There was a strong rise in M&A within Management Consulting and Media. Engineering deal activity rose strongly against the prior quarter, but remains broadly flat on the same quarter last year.
We recently attended Worlds Fair Nano in New York and experienced some of the exciting innovations that are being developed in the space of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). These immersive technologies are rapidly evolving and have been mentioned as capabilities of strategic interest by many of the prolific buyers of digital consulting firms that we are in dialogue with. VR involves creating digital worlds through headsets and AR encompasses enhancing reality with digital content. Mixed Reality (MR) is a term used to describe AR effects being used in VR headsets or smartglasses. According to MarketsandMarkets, the global AR and VR market is expected to reach $151.3bn by 2022 (growing at a CAGR of 70.4% between 2016 and 2022).
Immersive technologies have already broadened their applicability from gaming and entertainment. According to a recent survey by GfK, the top three activities that customers expect to undertake using VR include education, design and communication. We also expect these trends to have a significant impact on advertising, travel and shopping.
Those companies that effectively use immersive technologies to engage customers will have an advantage over competitors as they develop electronic empathy with their prospective and existing clients through linking virtual, physical and emotional realities. Some commentators suggest that AR has the potential to bring a physical presence to online shopping, where brands may begin to develop virtual spaces where customers can try on clothes or test products.
In design, VR also enables designers across industries to accurately design complex projects with customers before they go into production. AR then permits clients to preview and experience their designs in real-world spaces.


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Letter to Sir Donald Francis Tovey from Edward Hilliard, 26 October 1906
Identifier: Coll-411/1/1/L2766
Letter, 26 October 1906, Oxford, Edward Hiliard to Donald Tovey. Discussion of an issue at Balliol. Ms. Transcript.
1 Letter [1]p. 21 x 13cm
[1]p. 21 x 13cm
Hilliard, Edward, 1867-1940 (Bursar of Balliol College, Oxford)
Instruction and Study
Oxford Oxfordshire England
University of Oxford, Balliol College. Balliol College (1263-:)
From the Sub-Fonds: Tovey, Sir Donald Francis, 1875-1940 (Reid Professor of Music, University of Edinburgh) (Person)
From the Sub-Fonds: Grierson, Mary Gardner (pianist and conductor) (Person)
From the Sub-Fonds: Weisse, Sophie, 1852-1945 (Scottish music teacher) (Person)
Letter to Sir Donald Francis Tovey from Edward Hilliard, 26 October 1906, Coll-411/1/1/L2766. University of Edinburgh Library Heritage Collections.
Letter to Sir Donald Francis Tovey from Edward Hilliard, 26 October 1906, Coll-411/1/1/L2766. University of Edinburgh Library Heritage Collections. http://lac-archivesspace-live1.is.ed.ac.uk:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/23899 Accessed February 01, 2023.


Refugees from Myanmar are housed in camps in Thailand or urban settlements in Malaysia. Refugee camps in Thailand are located along Thailand's border with Myanmar, while refugees in Malaysia reside mostly in Kuala Lumpur (Figure 2). The majority of refugees from Myanmar are from the various minority ethnic groups within the country, such as the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, and Wa.
Source: Asia Team, DGMQ, CDC.
Refugees from Myanmar began resettling into the United States in large numbers around 2008. From 2008-2014, approximately 109,000 Burmese refugees arrived in the United States from camps and urban settings in Thailand and Malaysia (Figure 3). Burmese refugees were mostly resettled from refugee camps in Thailand in the past, but are now increasingly being resettled from urban settings in Malaysia. Burmese refugees have also been resettled from countries other than Malaysia and Thailand.
From 2008-2014, more than 117,000 Burmese refugees were resettled in the United States. The majority of Burmese refugees were resettled from Thailand and Malaysia, with smaller numbers from other countries of asylum. Burmese refugees have been resettled to multiple different states in the United States, with the majority resettled to 10 specific states (Figure 4).


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CD 1 – Welcome to Planet Earth. Learn how to feel at home on your planet. It's designed to induce a sense of well-being and of being at home and peace with yourself.
CD 2 – Shining from the Inside Out. Learn how to generate good feelings powerful enough to affect everyone who comes into contact with you. It's designed to capture the sparkle in your eye at the best times and make it spread throughout your life and body until it shows.


And Bookstores On The Planet!
This page lists and links to Beauty related books currently available new from Amazon UK, USA, Canada, Germany and France.
It also includes, for each listed book, a link that will search ABE for used copies.The Beauty book titles are listed alphabetically on this page. Each title is linked to individual details page about the book. From these detail pages you can click a button to be taken to either Amazon UK, USA, Canada, Germany or France to confirm price, availability and delivery. Alternatively there is a link where you can read a synopsis and any available reviews of the book first.


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Пливачке трке у дисциплини 100 метара леђним стилом за мушкарце на Летњим олимпијским играма 2020. одржане су 25. јула (квалификације), 26. јула (полуфинала) и 27. јула (финале) 2021. у Олимпијском базену у Токију. Било је то 26. такмичење у овој дисциплини у историји Олимпијских игара од премијерне трке на 100 јарди на Олимпијским играма 1904. у Сент Луису.

Учестовао је 41 такмичар из 30 земаља, а само такмичење се одвијало у три дела који су чиниле квалификације, полуфинала и финале.

Титулу олимпијског победника у овој дисциплини освојио је руски репрезентативац Јевгениј Рилов који је у финалу испливао време новог европског рекорда од 51,98 секунди. Уједно је то била и прва златна медаља за Русији у историји у овој дисциплини. Сребрну медаљу је освојио други руски представник Климент Колесњиков, док је бранилац олимпијског злата из Рија 2016. Рајан Марфи освојио бронзу.

Освајачи медаља

Рекорди
Уочи почетка трка у овој дисциплини важили су следећи светски и олимпијски рекорди:

Квалификационе норме
Квалификациона олимпијска норма за учешће у овој дисциплини је била 53,85 секунди и сви пливачи који су у квалификационом периоду испливали трку у овом времену су се директно квалификовали. Свака појединачна земља је могла да пријави максимално два такмичара са испуњеном квалификационом нормом. Олимпијска Б норма или олимпијско селекционо време је износило 55,47 секунди и преко њега је могао да се квалификује само по један пливач по држави. Један мањи део учесника је обезбедио свој наступ на ОИ преко специјалних позивница МОК-а и ФИНА-е.

Резултати квалификација
Квалификационе трке на 100 метара леђним стилом су одржане у вечерњем делу програма 25. јула 2021. са почетком од 19:51 часова по локалном времену. У квалификацијама је наступио 41 пливача из 30 земаља. Пливало се у 6 квалификационих трка, а директан пласман у полуфинале остварило је 16 пливача са најбољим временима квалификација.

Резултати полуфинала
Полуиналне трке су пливане 26. јула у јутарњем делу програма са почетком од 11:31 часова по локалном времену, а пласман у финале остварило је осам пливаче са најбољим резултатима.

Резултати финала
Финална трка је пливане у 27. јула, у јутарњем делу програма са почетком од 10:59 часова по локалном времену.

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 Пливање на Летњим олимпијским играма 2020.

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Пливање на Летњим олимпијским играма 2020.

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Rockwell Lever #07465P P/N: 372L90. Genuine Rockwell brake parts , brake calipers, brake chambers, brake dust shields, brake shoes, brake foot valves, and more. Genuine Rockwell Meritor parts are just a click or call away.


Taking your dog on holiday is one of the best things you can do for yourself and your faithful friend. With so many reasons to take your four legged friend with you, you'd be silly to leave them at home.
Leaving your dog in a kennel is likely to make you miserable on your holiday. You'll inevitably end up worrying about your little friend and you'll be checking the kennel's social media page for a glimpse of pictures of Buster or Bella. You'll spend too much time online rather than enjoying your holiday, so just take your pooch on holiday so you can enjoy being together.
2. Is Your Dog Sitter Good Enough?
Perhaps you've a loyal dog sitter who comes to visit every morning and night, but is that good enough? Probably not as far as your dog is concerned. Your companion loves having you around and however lovely the dog sitter, it's not you, and so isn't good enough to curb their own separation anxieties. Dogs can become stressed when parted from their owner which can cause all sorts of negative issues, like not eating. This is really unhealthy for your dog, so it's better all-round if they come with you on holiday.
It's clinically proven that having your pooch at your side reduces stress. Just having them near you activates all the feel-good chemicals in the brain and you instantly begin to feel calmer and more at home. Playing with your dog at pit stops as you travel to your destination will release oxytocin which will dissolve any stress involved with the journey. And once you've arrived they will continue to keep you focused on relaxing and having fun, rather than worrying about work and all that you've left at home.
Dogs long for 24/7 quality time with you. Most of us have prolonged periods away from our pets, and with our busy lifestyles, it can be hard to catch a few minutes of quality time with them before you have to dash off again. Taking your dog on holiday allows both of you to spend some well-deserved, uninterrupted time together. You can visit beaches, woodlands and other dog-friendly locations such as stopping for tasty treats at a well deserved cafe break.
Taking your dog on holiday means that you'll have to get out and walk – and exercise can only be a good thing. With miles of beautiful countryside around the UK, you're spoiled for choice about where to go with your four legged friend. Visit castles and villages on foot and see the true day-to-day lives of the people who live there – all of which you'd miss if you merely drove by these places in your car.
Not to go all 101 Dalmatians on you but you can meet some really great people when you're out walking your dog! Nowadays many people take their dogs on holiday so there'll be plenty of people around to tell you where to go, where not to go and what's absolutely fabulous in the area for you and your dog to enjoy. If your pooch is still a pup, taking them to parks and other places where dog lovers hang out, is really good for socialising them and getting them used to other dogs.
You don't have to stay in a tent or own your own caravan to take your dog on holiday with you. There is a huge choice of dog friendly accommodation available: static caravan parks, apartments, cottages and hotels. If you choose to stay in a static caravan or cottage you'll have plenty of space and grounds to please your pup, as opposed to just a room in a dog friendly hotel.
In fact you'll be surprised by the vast number of UK venues that allow dogs to holiday with their owners – some destinations welcome dogs for free. Whether you want to holiday in Cornwall or right up to John O'Groats in Scotland, there will be doggie-friendly accommodation with your name on it.
If you stay in the UK there's no need to go through the hassle of getting a dog passport. Dog passports can sometimes take time to arrange which can be rather draining. Why not stay closer to home and explore beautiful places of the UK you've yet to discover – with dog in tow. Choosing a destination not too far way also means that your dog won't be stuck in the car for long hours of travelling.
Taking your dog on holiday is the best thing you can do – for both you and your pet – because nobody knows your dog as well as you. Imagine their concern when they see suitcases being packed, followed by the excitement when they realise they are also invited on your adventure.
With so many dog-friendly accommodation types to choose from across the UK, why not plan your doggie-comes-too holiday – they'll love you more than ever for it.
At Coastal Kippford we have a great choice of dog-friendly holiday rentals! Check out our availability here.


Your Health Podcast: From Peacock Finances To Relieved Livers : Shots - Health News This week's podcast features an interview with a scientist who can predict your credit card debt from your city's gender ratio. We hit deep brain stimulation for OCD and the science of how 3-D movies cause nausea. Also, both the Happy Meal and Tylenol are updated this week due to health concerns.
A McDonald's Cheeseburger Happy Meal with apple slices, which are becoming standard fare.
You are the same person wherever you are, right? Well, Dr. Vlad Griskevicius might beg to differ. The professor of marketing at the University of Minnesota looked at how people's personal spending behavior varies from city to city.
Turns out that there's a strong correlation between the ratio of men to women (really, how scarce women are compared to men) in a given place and how much personal debt people carry. The fewer women are around, the higher the debt load tends to be. The correlation held up in lab studies and has implications for situations in which there are lots of men working in environments with few women.
McDonald's has been catering to women's preferences as well — the fast-food chain gave the Happy Meal a makeover this week in the interest of health. This is partially due to feedback from one of its newest team of corporate consultants: mommy bloggers.
Have a headache? If you reach for your bottle of Extra Strength Tylenol, soon you'll find that the recommended dose has decreased. The Food and Drug Administration has been concerned about liver damage from acetaminophen, the active ingredient in Tylenol. Now Johnson & Johnson is lowering the maximum dose for Extra Strength Tylenol.
Headaches are the least of some people's symptoms when they see 3-D movies or games. We look into the science behind fooling your brain so much it makes you feel nauseated.
People who live with obsessive-compulsive disorder have begun to benefit from a technique borrowed from the Parkinson's disease arsenal. It's called deep brain stimulation, and although it doesn't work for all people with OCD, it has helped some.
Life expectancies for patients with cystic fibrosis have improved significantly in the past few decades, partially due to daring surgeries. One CF patient, Howell Graham, 49, reminisces about his successful double lung transplant two decades ago and the adventures he's seen since.
To subscribe to the Your Health podcast, click here.


Region: Near University of Oregon Campus.
Pookie's Bed and Breakfast on College Hill is gracefully landscaped and nestled among tall fir and Maple trees. Built in 1918 and restored inside with craftsmanship evident of yesteryear's charm.
3 guest rooms upstairs are decorated with period piece furnishings and queen, twin and or king beds for a peaceful night's sleep. Shared and private bath available. A full breakfast is served in the formal dining room. Special dietary needs should be discussed when making reservations. We are a non-smoking facility. Outside areas are provided for your pleasure. No guest pets, owners pets on premises. Children 6 years and up are welcomed. Fax and copy machine are available.
Wonderful location close to downtown, University of Oregon Campus, shopping, great restaurants and Civic Stadium, home of the San Diego Padres minor league baseball team.
With years of experience as a concierge in the hotel hospitality industry, Pookie makes all her guests feel special. A stay you will want to remember and repeat.
Rates: $75 - $125 Double Occ. plus tax.
First night's room rate, plus room tax, is your deposit and will guarantee your reservation. Otherwise all reservations are tentative. Payment should be received 2 weeks prior to arrival date. Payment by personal check or money order, VISA/MC accepted.
Cancellations: a phone call is all that is necessary to cancel your reservation. full refund up 4 days prior to arrival date; half deposit up to 72 hrs. prior to arrival date; 24 hrs. before arrival, no refund will be made. This policy applies also to after arrival if shortening your stay. Non-Smoking, No Pets.
Easy access from major highways, please ask for directions when making reservations.
This and other Eugene Bed and Breakfast Inns can be found here in The Register.


text:
Crane Mansion on Castle Hill
Palatial mansion estate used in films including "Flowers in the Attic" and "The Witches of Eastwick."
Gryphon sculpture by Paul Manship http://www.OddThingsIveSeen.com (J.W. Ocker)
Crane Mansion http://www.OddThingsIveSeen.com (J.W. Ocker)
View from behind the Crane Mansion http://www.oddthingsiveseen.com (J.W. Ocker)
MizzusK (Atlas Obscura User)
tonjialinderoth (Atlas Obscura User)
Top Places in Massachusetts
Forest Hills Cemetery
Graves of Henry and William James
Site of St. Anthony's Feast
The 1987 film "Flowers in the Attic" is based on the V.C. Andrews book of the same name and tells the story of four siblings imprisoned and horribly mistreated in an attic by their narcissistic mother and sociopathic grandmother.
Almost the entire story takes place in a palatial estate called Foxworth Hall, the exteriors of which were played by the real-life Crane Mansion on Castle Hill in Ipswich, MA. The mansion has been used in several other movies as well, including the 1987 all-star-cast "The Witches of Eastwick".
Built in 1928, the 59-room Stuart-style mansion was erected by Richard T. Crane, Jr., a wealthy businessman. The entire estate currently sits on 165 acres and is a national historic landmark that is open to the public for a variety of activities.
The estate around the Great House, as it is called to differentiate it from the other buildings on the property, contains rolling hills, gardens, a trail system, Atlantic Ocean beach access, and various other attractions. Worth pointing out specifically is a pair of large black griffin sculptures located behind the house that were created by Paul Manship, whose most famous work is the golden Prometheus statue at Rockefeller Center in New York.
Adapted with Permission from: The New England Grimpendium by J.W. Ocker
In 1945, the Crane family donated much of their private beach and dunes to The Trustees of Reservations, who manage the Crane Mansion & Estate. See the web site for details. The estate grounds are extensive and parking is the bottom of the hill, so wear good walking shoes.
film locations outsider architecture eccentric homes homes architectural oddities architecture
JWOcker
MizzusK, kelseemarieb00, dondoughty, tonjialinderoth, PrestonW See All +
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The New England Grimpendium: http://www.amazon.com/New-England-Grimpendium-J-Ocker/dp/0881509191/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1279457058&sr=8-1
http://www.thetrustees.org/crane-estate/the-great-house/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill_(Ipswich,_Massachusetts)
http://www.thetrustees.org/crane-estate/about-the-crane-estate/
290 Argilla Road
Ipswich, Massachusetts, 01938
Dogtown & Babson Boulder Trail
The Greasy Pole at Saint Peter's Fiesta
A New England ghost town features a trail of boulders etched with intriguing life lessons.
An 80-year-old house built out of newspapers.
In Gloucester, Massachussets, fishermen celebrate a successful year at sea by charging a lubed pole to capture an Italian flag.
Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts
Singing Beach at Manchester-By-The-Sea
Friction between grains of sand cause a curious "singing" sound.
Gwynedd, Wales
Portmeirion Village
A miniature Italianate fantasy village on the coast of Wales and the set of ITC classic "The Prisoner."
Whale House
This stunning sea creature-shaped home blends into the landscape like a fantasy villa.
A Christmas Story House and Museum
The home made famous by the 1983 holiday classic is now a perfectly preserved shrine to the movie.
Naucalpan, Mexico
El Nido de Quetzalcóatl
An Aztec snake god has taken the material form of an apartment complex.
A Horror Buff's Great American Roadtrip
30 real world locations from scary movies.
Meg Neal October 19, 2016


NEP's Screenworks division wrapped up an almost five-month-long project during which it provided custom video display services for the Dave Matthews Band Summer 2013 Tour.
NEP's Screenworks division wrapped up an almost five-month-long project during which it provided custom video display services for the Dave Matthews Band Summer 2013 Tour. Contracted by Filament Productions to design, build, install, and operate the tour's on-stage video display systems, NEP Screenworks created a one-of-a-kind, much-talked-about giant LED wall in a curved configuration that surrounded and appeared to embrace the performers.
NEP Screenworks' custom video wall used for the Dave Matthews Band tour was 22 feet tall and 62 feet wide, supported by a curving mechanism and custom structure. From the rear of the stage, the screen curved dramatically outward 120 degrees to surround the band and create the effect of pulling the performers into the video presentation behind them. A Hippotizer HD playback system from Green Hippo supplied both live feeds from the concert, and Filament Productions created custom video footage.
NEP Screenworks designed the video wall to load in and out quickly to accommodate the demanding tour schedule, which included 36 cities since May. The complete system was assembled in less than two hours, and was unloaded in as little as 37 minutes. A custom packaging system ensured quick setup and tear-down, and took up minimal space on the truck.


text:
State Department Ukraine Expert Raises Concerns About 'Fake News Smear' Against Marie Yovanovitch
Jerry LambeOct 15th, 2019, 3:03 pm
WASHINGTON, DC – OCTOBER 15: U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs George Kent arrives at a closed session before the House Intelligence, Foreign Affairs and Oversight committees October 15, 2019 at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, DC. Kent was on Capitol Hill to testify to the committees as part of the ongoing impeachment inquiry against President Donald Trump.
As high-ranking State Department employees continue to defy the White House by testifying before House investigative panels, information related to the Ukraine scandal continues to pile up against the Trump Administration and the president's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani. George Kent, the deputy assistant secretary of state in charge of Ukraine policy, appeared before the House Oversight, Foreign Affairs, and Intel Committees on Tuesday despite reports that he was explicitly directed not to appear by the State Department.
Internal State Department emails obtained by The New York Times show Kent, a career diplomat and Ukraine expert, denounced news reports attacking former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine Marie Yovanovitch as a "fake news smear" spearheaded by Trump-allied conservative media personalities. According to the Times, in one of his emails, Kent also castigated the Ukrainian prosecutor promoting false stories about Yovanovitch, characterizing the claims as "complete poppycock."
It was also reported that Kent had been attempting to sound the alarm about President Donald Trump and Giuliani's efforts to pressure Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky to launch an investigation into Democratic presidential frontrunner Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden. According to the report, Kent began voicing his concern with the administration's decision to bring Giuliani into the fray as early as March, telling colleagues that the former New York City mayor's appeared to be engaged in little more than a "disinformation" campaign aimed at maligning President Trump's political opponents. Trump mentioned Yovanovitch, but not by name, on the July 25 call with Zelensky. He referred to her as "bad news."
Kent's appearance on Capitol Hill came just one day after former White House advisor to Europe Fiona Hill defied the White House's request and testified before the Congressional Committees and two days before U.S. ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland is expected to appear under subpoena.
Ambassador Sondland has already been at the center of controversy after text messages revealed that some U.S. diplomats were alarmed by the administration appearing to withhold security assistance from Ukraine in exchange for political favors. Sondland, who responded to those concerns by writing "The President has been crystal clear: no quid pro quo's of any kind," is expected to tell Congress that the denial was dictated by President Trump and may not have been truthful.
[image via Alex Wong/Getty Images]
Donald TrumpGeorge Kentrudy giulianiUkraine
Jerry Lambe - Journalist
Jerry Lambe is a journalist at Law&Crime. He is a graduate of Georgetown University and New York Law School and previously worked in financial securities compliance and Civil Rights employment law.
More Stories by Jerry Lambe


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Antti Juhani Rinne, född 3 november 1962 i Helsingfors, är en finländsk socialdemokratisk politiker och tidigare fackföreningsledare. Han var Finlands statsminister från den 6 juni 2019, men lämnade in sin avskedsansökan 3 december samma år. Han kvarstannade på statsministerposten i spetsen för en expeditionsministär tills en ny regering var utsedd den 10 december 2019.

Antti Rinne valdes till Socialdemokraternas nya partiordförande i maj 2014 med 257 röster mot 243 för den sittande ordföranden Jutta Urpilainen. Han kom också att efterträda henne som Finlands finansminister och vice statsminister den 6 juni 2014, ministerposter som han höll till 2015.

Rinne har varit aktiv inom fackföreningsrörelsen och var ordförande för Fackförbundet Pro, ett tjänstemannafack.

Statsminister 2019
Vid valet i april 2019 blev Socialdemokraterna största parti och Rinne påbörjade sonderingar gällande regeringsbildning. Regeringen Rinne tillträdde 6 juni 2019, med Rinne som statsminister och ministrar från Socialdemokraterna, Centern i Finland, Gröna förbundet, Vänsterförbundet och Svenska folkpartiet.

I november 2019 bröt en omfattande poststrejk ut, vilken fick stora konsekvenser. Ministern Sirpa Paatero, som ansvarande för ägarstyrningen, fick avgå. Kritiken riktades dock även mot Rinne personligen, och sedan koalitionspartnern centerpartiet deklarerat att man inte längre hade förtroende för honom lämnade han in sin avskedsansökan 3 december 2019. Den 23 augusti 2020 lämnade han partiledarposten för Socialdemokratiska partiet och efterträddes av Sanna Marin.

Referenser

Externa länkar

Finlands statsministrar
Finlands finansministrar
Finländska Socialdemokraternas partiledare
Ledamöter av Finlands riksdag för Socialdemokraterna
Personer inom finländsk fackföreningsrörelse
Politiker från Helsingfors
Födda 1962
Levande personer
Män
Europeiska socialdemokratiska regeringschefer
Alumner från Helsingfors universitet