Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 53, No.
National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0449, USA E-mail: tpainter@nsidc.org 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1593, USA 3 Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3100, USA 4 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216, USA ABSTRACT. We present a technique for in situ measurement of the vertical and spatial stratigraphic distribution of snow optical grain size with a coupled contact illumination probe and field spectroradiometer. Accurate measurements of optical-equivalent grain size are critical for modeling radiative properties of snow such as spectral albedo and microwave emission. Measurements of the spectral reflectance of the snow-pit surface are made at 2 cm intervals in the vertical plane under constant illumination and view geometries. We invert the integral of the continuum normalization of the ice absorption feature with maximum at 1.03 mm wavelength for optical-equivalent grain size using the validated model of Nolin and Dozier (2000) that has accuracy of Æ10–50 mm across the grain-size range 50–900 mm. Results are presented for an alpine site in southwest Colorado, USA, across the ablation season and for a Greenland ice-sheet site at the onset of snowmelt. These results suggest that traditional measurements of grain size using a hand lens are nearly accurate only for rounded grains (R2 ¼ 0.41, rmse ¼ 160 mm); for polycrystals and faceted grains the hand-lens approach is very inaccurate (R2 ¼ 0.03 and 0.24, rmse ¼ 1206 and 1010 mm, respectively). We demonstrate an order-ofmagnitude improvement in modeling of shortwave spectral albedo and net shortwave flux with contact spectroscopy measurements of grain-size stratigraphy over those from a hand lens.
SNOWPACK (Bartelt and Lehning, 2002) and SNTHERM (Jordan, 1991)). The logistical constraints and, in some cases, subjective nature of the aforementioned measurement techniques limit their applicability in supporting the development of physically based snow process models and therefore toward improving the land-surface, hydrologic and general circulation models that require representation of snowpack processes. In this regard, Jin and others (1999) found that complex models of snowpack processes do not improve upon more simplistic algorithms, largely due to inadequate representation of key snowpack states such as grain size. Accurate measurements of snow grain size are also critical for the development of direct inversion techniques for estimating snow water equivalent (SWE) from microwave remote sensing (Armstrong and others, 1993; Kelly and others, 2003) and for estimating snow albedo and fractional snow-covered area (Li and others, 2001; Painter and others, 2003; Flanner and Zender, 2006). An improved representation of snow grain size within these direct retrieval algorithms is critical for solving the many-to-one relationships between SWE and brightness temperature that currently constrain retrieval accuracy (Foster and others, 2005). With regard to both improving representation of grain size as a model state and within direct inversion techniques, information about the variability in snow grain size and uncertainty in grain-size parameterizations has considerable utility within dataassimilation schemes aimed at bringing together measurements and models (Durand and Margulis, 2006).
com). However. and reflectance. Much higher spatial resolution imagery ($1 mm spatial resolution) of SSA can be derived from NIR photography than from the technique described in the present work ($2 cm).asdi. The technique couples an Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) contact probe with an ASD FieldSpec FR field spectroradiometer and inverts the sampled ice absorption feature at 1.7 mm and 0. In low-density snow the user must maintain slight contact of the spacer rim with the surface. slip-on circular spacer that maintains a constant 1 cm distance from the probe lens to the snow face. We discuss the technique in terms of the spectroradiometer and the contact probe. The spectroradiometer optic cable is mounted in the contact probe at a fixed view zenith angle of 358 in the same azimuth about the probe axis as the light source. The photographic technique inverts based on a relationship between SSA. 2006). the spacer maintains consistent illumination from spectrum to spectrum by occluding all illumination other than that from the probe. the photographic technique is not easily transferable because new stereological analyses are required for individual cameras. and Spectralon panels used for reference depend strongly on changes in illumination conditions. We then present the differences between OGR and TGR for different grain shapes and show the order-of-magnitude greater accuracy in radiative transfer modeling with grain-size stratigraphy from contact spectroscopy over those from hand-lens retrievals. the spectroscopy model for retrieval of grain size and its previous validation. and from polar snow cover in West Greenland.4 mm and 8. The OGR is well defined as the spherical grain radius required to give the same spectral or spectrally integrated albedo.5% coefficient of variation and 0. Its nominal noise equivalent changes in radiance (neÁL) are 1. it is poorly defined and as such is not repeatable from observer to observer (personal communication from S.7 mm.5 mm with spectral resolution of 0. Matzl and Schneebeli.05% standard deviation across the spectrum 0. with this fixed illumination zenith. While we have not evaluated the sensitivity of retrievals to changes in orientation of the probe from surface normal. as determined with stereological analysis of select regions of the snow-pit face.4 and 2. and.35– 2.1 mm. the probe avoids problems of variable illumination from surface topography. 1. Matzl and Schneebeli (2006) presented a digital nearinfrared (NIR) photographic technique for estimating snow specific surface area (SSA ¼ 6/d where d is the sphere diameter). The contact probe (Fig. it has lower uncertainty due to the high signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution of the instrument and it is insensitive to illumination conditions.1 mm. may be implemented at any time of day and allows rapid acquisition.966 mm and stability of 0.03 mm wavelength for OGR using the field and imaging validated. Contact probe with an unpainted slip-on spacer to facilitate view of configuration. 2.4 Â 10–9 W cm–2 nm–1 sr–1 at 0. 1999).003 mm at  ffi 0. transferable and accurate determination of SSA or OGR) should provide the highest possible accuracy and spatial resolution determination of snowpack SSA or OGR for field studies. 1) has a stable light source integrated with the mount for the spectroradiometer optic cable (http://www. Given the subjective nature of TGR measurements. Moreover.35–2.5 mm. The light source is a halogen– krypton bulb with peak irradiance at wavelength  $ 0. integral model of Nolin and Dozier (2000). Here we present a technique for making rapid and accurate measurements of the stratigraphy of snow optical grain size. While the technique does not provide the spatial resolution of the photographic technique. due to different spectral responses and the directional reflectance from the snow surface. The contact probe light source is aligned at 238 to the probe body.01 mm at  ffi 1. USA. we refer to grain size inferred from traditional hand-lens measurements as TGR (traditional grain radius) and optical-equivalent grain radius as OGR (optical grain radius). Flanner and Zender. Fig. and results from alpine snow cover in southwest Colorado. METHODS Instrumentation The ASD FieldSpec FR spectroradiometer samples spectral radiance across the wavelength range 0. and therefore requires a planar face for uniform illumination. The slip-on spacer that is implemented in the field has been coated with thick. 2006. the complementary coupling of the NIR photographic . OGR may also be represented by the specific surface area (surface area per unit volume ice) in the case of fluxes or albedo for snow (Dozier. This spacing is necessary to prevent grain growth and snowmelt from conduction of energy from the light source through the probe. 2006) or clouds (Grenfell and Warren.122 Painter and others: Instruments and methods technique (high spatial resolution) with the method described in the current paper (repeatable. the model's insensitivity to changes in illumination (topography) should Here. 1989. The contact probe is retrofitted with a black. flat black paint to occlude all radiation other than that from the probe illumination.8 Â 10–9 W cm–2 nm–1 sr–1 at 2.4 Â 10–9 W cm–2 nm–1 sr–1 at 1. As discussed below. Colbeck.
For each HDRF spectrum varying across grain radius. depending on the viewing and illumination geometry (Sandmeier and others. For imaging of the snow-pit face. Scaling by the continuum reflectance accounts for variability in irradiance that can be caused by topography or. As the model has already been repeatedly validated in field applications for nadir views of the snow surface with stereological analyses (Davis and others. Rc ¼0:95mm 1:09mm X ð1Þ Spectroscopy model ASD-FR spectra collected using the above protocols are inverted for OGR using the validated Nolin–Dozier (ND) model from the integral of the continuum-scaled ice absorption band centered at  ffi 1. Fig. The model relates snow grain size to the summation I1. Colorado. This approach determines the single scattering properties for spheres using the Mie approach (Mie. 2001). 2000. respectively. However. com) reflectance standard for initial spectral measurements of the surface illumination and then oriented normally to the vertical snow-pit surface for measurement of the reflected spectrum. 2003. 2000). The ND model has a grain-size uncertainty of Æ10–50 mm across the grain radius range of 50–900 mm (Nolin and Dozier. provided by the manufacturer. Nolin and Dozier. The continuum reflectance is the reflectance interpolated between the shoulders of the absorption feature and represents the reflectance in the absence of ice absorption. Snow pits are dug to the desired depth for sampling. in the case of low-density snow). Painter and others. Given that the illumination and view geometries are fixed with the contact probe. Painter and Dozier. Contact probe in use in the San Juan Mountains. but with the slip-on spacer the instantaneous field of view is 2. 2. we collect ten spectra of the Spectralon panel at the beginning of a column acquisition and then collect duplicate. The imaging grid was established with construction fencing that has regular nodes of 6 cm horizontally and vertically. 2004). the horizontal stratigraphic variations were mapped on a rectangular grid to create an OGR map of the snow-pit face. 1908) and. Bruegge and others (2001) demonstrated that the anisotropic reflectance of Spectralon panels is relatively invariant from panel to panel.1 cm.Painter and others: Instruments and methods 123 accommodate slight changes in probe orientation. Á (Fig. each column is preceded by ten spectra of the Spectralon panel. Vertical OGR stratigraphy was determined from contiguous measurements every 2 cm vertically. Snow directional reflectances (HDRF) were generated for grain radii ranging from 10 to 1100 mm for the illumination and viewing geometries of the contact probe using the radiative transfer modeling described by Nolin and Dozier (2000) and Painter and Dozier (2004).g.03 mm. with these. Similarily. 1998). 2). we consistently correct for this anisotropy using the hemispherical-directional reflectance factor (HDRF) calibration spectrum for the i ¼ 08 and v ¼ 358 (R. in the San Juan Mountains. whereas in Greenland the snow pits were dug to the snow–ice interface ($2 m). The instantaneous field of view of the field spectroradiometer through the contact probe is nominally 1. determines the HDRF from the discrete ordinates solution to the radiative transfer equation (Stamnes and others. The contact probe with spacer is first oriented normally to a Spectralon (http://www. For each column. Equation (1) is computed to generate the inversion look-up table. For single-column stratigraphy. in the case of contact spectroscopy. The breadth and depth of this ice absorption feature increase with increasing grain size. However.O.98–0. we do not perform a redundant validation here. we follow the snow sampling with ten more spectra of the Spectralon panel and interpolate the white standard spectra across the acquisitions of snow to account for any instrument drift (Schaepman and Dangel. The reflectance standard has a directionalhemispherical reflectance calibration spectrum.03: I1:03 ¼ Rc À Rs Á . The model is based on the spectroscopic quantification of the absorption represented by a local absorption feature relative to the continuum spectrum and its non-linear relationship to grain size (absorbing path length). a complete sampling of all ranges of OGR and morphology has yet to be performed. 1988). contiguous spectra at each 2 cm layer of the snow-pit face (Fig. Green. where Rc is the continuum reflectance (HDRF) at wavelength  and Rs is the snow reflectance across the wavelength range. 2000). the snow pits were dug to the ground (1–4 m). 1993. Snow layers thinner than 2 cm are averaged with the adjacent layers and are therefore not represented in our grain-size stratigraphy. that lies near 0. .labsphere. 3).99 across most of the spectrum (Bruegge and others. to which each cell was attributed a spectrum and an OGR. the hemispherical-directional reflectance (used here in conical measurements of reflected radiance) of the Spectralon panel itself varies up to 10% away from Lambertian reflectance. slight deviations of the contact probe from nadir (e. unpublished data) incident and viewed zenith angles.1 cm.
from the snow–atmosphere interface to the snow–ice interface) using a 1 L stainless-steel cutter. The complexes of coarse grains and ice layers remained in the 14 June stratigraphy but were displaced to $80 and $60 cm. The OGR stratigraphy data shown here indicate the dramatic transformation of the grain sizes of surface layers in response to dust loading and subsequent enhanced snowmelt. Once the pit was excavated. surface OGR increased to 250–350 mm. OGRs were consistently $50 mm larger than in April except at distinct ice and larger grain layers from melt infiltration through flow fingers and layer pooling at textural discontinuities (Kattelmann and Dozier. The snow pits were sampled in the context of the field campaigns for the US National Science Foundation (NSF) Atmospheric Sciences project 'Radiative effects of desert dust deposits in alpine snow'. 18 May and 14 June for an alpine. TGR. Greenland Figure 5 shows OGR images and snow density and temperature profiles for the snow pits sampled on 5 and 17 May 2005 at Swiss Camp. Snow depths of the pits were 173 cm on 18 April. Grain-size stratigraphy for same basin location in the Senator Beck Basin on 18 April. This resulted in a coarse layer and an ice layer in the top 10 cm. south-facing pit at 3882 m elevation. We present results from 18 April. the upwind wall was shaved smooth for analysis. RESULTS San Juan Mountains Figure 4 shows OGR stratigraphy for the same snow pit in the Senator Beck Basin during the three field campaigns in spring 2005. 18 May and 14 June 2005. respectively. After ablation commenced between the May and June acquisitions. With the contact probe. the snow surface layer OGR had already coarsened in response to dust deposition on 23 March. the same complexes of ice layers and large OGRs at depths of 150–170 and 120– 135 cm occurred. Greenland (698340 0600 N. In April. At the same time.5 mm ice). Intense melt resulted in infiltration of liquid water that refroze to form ice layers at the surface and depths of 154 cm (1 mm ice) and 148 cm (0. OGRs were significantly smaller. 498180 5700 W). At depth. 4 April and 8 April (Fig. respectively (note the ice layer placements and dust layer placements for 14 June). Snow density measurements were taken at 10 cm vertical intervals over the entire snow-pit depth (i. 1999). The high vertical frequency variability in OGR remained at depth. density. Dependence of the integral of the ice absorption feature with maximum at 1. with color coding according to date of acquisition. increasing with depth. perpendicular to the prevailing katabatic winds. snow temperature and snow hardness were sampled in stratigraphy.03 mm on optical grain radius. 192 cm on 18 May and 96 cm on 14 June. Solid bars and dashed bars at left indicate ice layers and dust layers. i. and the general grain size increased again by 50– 100 mm. Below these layers. Greenland snow pits Snow pits were excavated upwind of Swiss Camp. Pit faces were oriented perpendicular to the long axis of single sastrugi features. where snow depths ranged from 95 to 191 cm.e. These data show the advance of snow metamorphism and the development of grain coarsening and layer freezing in the surface layers due to enhanced snowmelt from dust deposition. 3. By 18 May. 4. additional coarsening occurred in response to the fourth dust deposition (9 May) and intense melt during further clear periods. ranging from 80 to 120 mm. and significant OGR increase in the layers from 150 cm to the surface at 173 cm. 107843' W) on a monthly basis in April – June 2005. Colorado (37855' N. The periodicity of the short axis of the sastrugi features was approximately 2 m and thus pits were 2 m wide. for the illumination and view geometry of the contact probe. Below the coarse layers at 115–125 cm. 4) coupled with a period of full potential surface irradiance. Fig.124 Painter and others: Instruments and methods Fig.e. OGR variability decreased . Snow temperature measurements were made at 10 cm increments and at the two interfaces using a digital thermometer. we collected duplicate spectra at each 2 cm layer for the entire snow-pit depths. SITES San Juan Mountains snow pits Snow pits were excavated at seven sites in the Senator Beck Basin.
with larger faceted grains at depth and smaller rounded grains near the surface. this result is not unexpected. Individual linear regressions are given by dashed colored lines corresponding to the color of the grain morphology symbol. Painter and Dozier. OGR image for snow pit at Swiss Camp on 5 and 17 May 2005.03 mm are inverted with the model developed by Nolin and Dozier (2000) with apparent uncertainties of 10–50 mm. with maximum OGR increasing by 22%. respectively). 3) (Wiscombe and Warren.03 and 0. we suggest that the maximum uncertainty is >50 mm. On 16 May 2006. To properly demonstrate the utility of contact spectroscopy OGR for radiative transfer modeling. the relationships between OGR and TGR were weaker (R2 ¼ 0. We compared the grain sizes inferred as OGR and TGR at the same layers from the snow pits of the San Juan Mountains (Fig. polycrystals and faceted forms as defined by Colbeck and others (1990). Snow height is relative to the distinct snow–ice interface.41) and roughly orderof-magnitude smaller error (160 mm rmse).24. we compared shortwave spectral albedo measurements with model results. the relationship between OGR and TGR was proportional but with little variance (R2 ¼ 0. OGR vs TGR for rounded grains. based on other measurements and modeling results (Painter and others. However.g. 2003). 6. The 1 : 1 line is given as the solid black line. For polycrystals and faceted grains. Snow grain morphology changed little between the two acquisitions. resulting in saturation of surface layers to a depth of approximately 50 cm on 17 May. as part of a field campaign at Senator Beck Basin. However.11) and root-mean-square error (rmse) 966 mm. For just rounded grains. but snow wetness increased as surface melting began. combined with the lower variability in density. respectively) and with significantly larger errors (1206 and 1010 mm rmse. 2004) that indicate that the uncertainty is $100 mm for radii < $300 mm (e. Slight increases (3%) in mean OGR were observed. the relationship was most robust with the least scatter (R2 ¼ 0. These data suggest that only in the case of rounded grains would hand-lens measurements have the potential for estimating OGR. 5). DISCUSSION Measured spectra across the ice absorption feature centered at  ¼ 1. Snow density variability decreased by 13% and mean snow density increased by 8%. The spectral retrieval method well characterized general trends in snow OGR. 1980). the spectral albedo was measured with an ASD-FR . 2003. because the spectral albedo of snow becomes increasingly degenerate with increasing OGR (Fig. The increased snow temperature. However. Snow temperature profiles indicated significant warming of the snowpack (average of 47%) between the two acquisition periods. Fig. grain size and density. by 18% between the two sampling periods. because of the relative ease of estimating radii for a collection of spherical grains as opposed to estimating effective radii for non-spherical polycrystals or facets. Vertically discrete features such as melt–freeze complexes were also detected (Fig. fig.Painter and others: Instruments and methods 125 Fig. and the linear regression for all grain morphologies is given by the dashed black line. suggest advancement in snowpack metamorphic state and ripening. 6). 5. but far more sampling is required to firmly establish this result. this greater uncertainty in OGR of $100 mm has decreasing effects on radiative transfer calculations with increasing OGR. 12 of Painter and others. Across all grain morphologies. Horizontal dotted lines show the location of a 9 cm thick melt– freeze complex. on about 15 May.
as noted by Matzl and Schneebeli (2006). respectively.15 rmse. 2006).03 mm is significantly smaller than the irradiance from the contact probe and the transmission of radiation at this wavelength in snow is sufficiently low that >97% of intensity is removed in less than 1 cm of snow depth (Beaglehole and others.126 Painter and others: Instruments and methods The irradiance spectrum comes from the Santa Barbara DISORT atmospheric radiative transfer (SBDART) (Ricchiazzi and others. was calculated from the ratio of reflected hemispheric flux (in digital numbers. 1998). Snow grain-size boundary conditions for the model came from contact spectroscopy and hand-lens estimates all made on 16 May 2006. but.and terrain-reflected radiance at 1. This problem is. Painter and Dozier (2004) demonstrated with limited hyperspectral goniometer measurements of snow directional reflectance and radiative transfer calculations that the assumption of spheres results in less than 5% reflectance error in most of the angular domain where v < 408 (such is applicable to the contact spectroscopy model). size and morphology are more useful. likely to be minor given that the in-pit sky. The SNICAR 'contact' result accurately represents the spectral albedo to 0. driven by TGR described above. 1998) for the same atmosphere and time as the acquisition. some ambient irradiance can be multiply scattered into the illumination and reflectance fields. respectively. The term 'grain size' has been used loosely in the snow literature. Snow impurity concentration was determined from gravimetric filtrations. More measurements across the coupled space of snow grain morphology and specific surface area are needed to absolutely determine the appropriateness of model assumptions of spheres. in future acquisitions we will evaluate the sensitivity of retrievals to complete cover of the snow pit with an opaque sheet to eliminate all sky. The technique is a coupling of an ASD FieldSpec FR field spectroradiometer with a modified ASD contact probe with an autonomous light source. Contact indicates OGR stratigraphy was inferred from contact spectroscopy. The observed differences between OGR and TGR.10 and 0. Hemispherical spectral albedo measurements and the snow. the specific surface area (surface area to volume ratio) is a more useful measure. The SNICAR 'hand 1' and 'hand 2' results. OGR from contact spectroscopy ranged from 139 to 303 mm in the top 30 cm. However. however. with a cosine receptor for hemispheric spectral flux measurements. CONCLUSIONS We have introduced a contact spectroscopy technique for retrieval of the stratigraphy or spatial stratigraphy of snow OGR. from the irradiance spectrum. Nevertheless. The black spacer on the contact probe eliminates ambient irradiance into the contact probe's illumination field. ice and aerosol radiative model (SNICAR) results. Applications in both alpine and arctic environments indicate that the technique provides a robust and rapid method for observing snowpack stratigraphy with unprecedented quantitative detail.and terrainreflected irradiance. K. The measurements of OGR stratigraphy are currently being used in collaborations for the development of snow albedo modeling. as well as the modeled albedo and net shortwave calculations associated with them. Two sets of stratigraphies came from hand-lens estimates: (1) half the smallest dimension determined from hand-lens estimates (range 500–1000 mm) and (2) half the mean dimension determined from hand-lens estimates (range 750–2000 mm). ice and aerosol radiative model (SNICAR) (Flanner and Zender. In this case. Spectral albedo. for the time of acquisition and the spectral albedo. The errors in modeled net shortwave radiation were 8. largely due to poor definition of the exact physical meaning and the differences in meaning depending on the application. DN. microwave emission from layered Fig. Additionally. have significant albedo errors of 0. hand 1 is half of the minimum TGR. these measurements were performed without completely covering the snow pit to eliminate all additional irradiance. 94 and 143 W m–2. Figure 7 shows the measurements and modeling results.reflected) with incident hemispheric flux (DN. suggest that the empirical relationships of snow metamorphism and grain growth currently employed in snow models probably require a fundamental revision and re-parameterization if grain size as calculated by the model is to be validated and useful for remote sensing and shortwave radiation calculations. and hand 2 is half (radius) of the mean TGR.incident):  ¼ DN. whereas in mechanical applications the bond density. 7. reflected : DN. hand 1 and hand 2 stratigraphies.depth retrievals. incident ð2Þ We modeled spectral albedo with the snow. : KÃ ¼ 2:805mm X ¼0:305mm ð1 À  ÞK Á : ð3Þ . Potential applications include modeling of radiative properties such as lidar backscattering and snow. An impurity mixture of 1% by mass Fe2O3 and 700 ppb black carbon was used to represent the reduction in visible albedo. for contact. In the case of optical remote sensing and radiative transfer calculations. . These albedo errors result directly from the much larger absorbing path length estimated from the subjective hand-lens approach that does not account for high spatial variability in the grain morphology and air inclusions.02 rmse in spectral albedo with direct use of the contact spectroscopy OGR stratigraphy. K Ã . We determine the spectrally integrated net shortwave radiation.
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Having worked at five-star hotels (Gleneagles and Moor Park Golf Club to name but a few), Sietske and I dreamt up Nosh! over a hot chocolate and a (large) packet of peanut M&Ms on one cold February evening while sitting in front of the log-burning stove.
Nosh! Ltd was formed in April 2000; our first venture Herbs! – our restaurant – came into being year in December that same year.
With Herbs! our aim was to evoke the warmth and rustic simplicity of the Mediterranean ~ the warmth of orange and terracotta colours: the simplicity of old oak beams and broad, old, wooden floor-boards. Our menus reflect the taste of the Mediterranean too - fresh ingredients, fresh herbs, fresh cooking and simple tastes. Why create over-sophisticated, over-complicated dishes as the truest tastes are those of the raw ingredients themselves. Judging by the popularity of our restaurant a lot of people feel the same way too.
Approximately two years later, the adjacent building became available; we needed more space for our expanding family but on the ground floor, in what had been a saddler's shop, we decided to create something new for Faringdon. The Sadlers deli-café was born in November 2002.
The desire for a great cup of coffee in a local, relaxed and friendly environment encouraged us to create a concept of fine-food shopping and fantastic coffee all under one beamed ceiling. Since then, we have moved on a little more - now adding colourful, tasty light lunches for grown-ups and munchkins alike.
The restaurant, deli and café led to a lot of requests for private catering, first for christenings then corporate buffets and then wedding receptions. So as Herbs! and The Sadlers grew, we found a third branch evolving – OUTSIDE CATERING!
The Sadlers of Faringdon Caterers has developed into a full-time business in its own right, rewardingly becoming more successful with every year.
So…none of those 'cardboard' sandwiches, botched boiled eggs or uninspiring "Coronation Chicken" on our menus! Just great, colourful cuisine at competitive prices.
Tel: (01367) 240678 | Email:
Restaurant Hours: By private arrangement. Coffee Shop: Saturdays 9.30a.m. onwards. Tel: (01367) 240 678
Copyright © 2017 Nosh Limited. All rights reserved. Terms & Conditions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Eleanor Larson | GMD Media Inc.
Eleanor Julia (Poeschl) Larson, 92, passed away peacefully on Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2019.	Her last days were spent surrounded by family and the wonderful staff of The Neighbors of Dunn County.
Ellie was born on July 9, 1926, in Durand, Wis., to Ed and Julia Poeschl.
Ellie enjoyed cooking and made the best homemade pies! She will be missed by all who had the pleasure to know her.
Ellie is survived by her sister, Jeanette (Werlein); countless cousins, nieces, nephews, family, and friends that will miss her dearly.
She was preceded in death by her parents; husband Don; sister, Verna (Fansler).
A short visitation is planned from 10 to 11 a.m. on Saturday, Jan. 19, with the service immediately following at 11 a.m. Visitation and the service will be held at the Olson Funeral Home, in Menomonie.


Transitional living facility for homeless women and their children. Their mission is to transition the lives of women and children providing them with hope to live a purpose- driven, empowering life.
Are you familiar with Hannah House? Help FreeRehabCenters.org users find out answers.


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South Africa: Ruling against mining company a victory for marginalized communities across the country
22 November 2018, 18:20 UTC
In response to the North Gauteng High Court's ruling that the government cannot issue a license for proposed titanium mining in Xolobeni without the consent of indigenous communities, Executive Director of Amnesty International South Africa, Shenilla Mohamed, said:
The judgement sends a clear message that multinational mining companies cannot trample over people's rights in the pursuit of profit
Shenilla Mohamed, Executive Director of Amnesty International South Africa
"This progressive court ruling is a victory for the people of Xolobeni, who have long fought for their right to say no to mining on their ancestral land. The judgement sends a clear message that multinational mining companies cannot trample over people's rights in the pursuit of profit.
"This judgement is not only a win for this community, but for communities across the country who are fighting to protect their land, heritage and culture.
The people of Xolobeni have long fought for their right to say no to mining on their ancestral land
Shenilla Mohamed
"The government must take heed of the ruling and ensure that informed consent is sought from Indigenous peoples when granting future mining licenses."
A subsidiary of the Australian mining company MRC, Transworld Energy and Minerals (TEM), had applied for the right to mine titanium in the uMgungundlovu district on the Wild Coast in the Eastern Cape province in 2008.
Villagers of Xolobeni in Pondoland formed the Amadiba Crisis Committee (ACC) in 2007 to challenge the mining project, arguing that it constituted a deprivation of their ancestral land which threatened to take away their history and livelihood.
Human rights for human dignity
Yemen: Huthi-run court sentences 30 political opposition figures to death following sham trial
USA: Scars of survival: Gun violence and barriers to reparation in the USA


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Lindy Van Hasselt
Foundation The Lewis Foundation
Company The Lewis Foundation
Lindy holds BSc in Zoology and Psychology and a post-grad teaching diploma from UCT. She started her conservation career in 1990 as a volunteer for the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) and this soon turned into a fulltime position. The next 14 years were spent initiating and developing crane conservation programmes across sub-Saharan Africa. For this work she won 2 international awards; The Whitley Conservation Award and the Rolex Award for Enterprise. Simultaneously her artistic inclination led her to start painting on ceramics and she juggled flying crane surveys across Africa with running "Lindy Ceramics" a small business specialising in bird designs painted on dinnerware. In 2004 Lindy took a break from cranes to have a child and in 2008 returned to the conservation arena to work as the Relationship Director for the Lewis Foundation, a private foundation dedicated to funding conservation programmes. She also continues to pursue her love of ceramics and has exhibited her sculptures for the past three years. Lindy is married, has a young son, lives in Cape Town and spends 3 months of year in Prince Albert in the Karoo restoring her sanity.
Philanthropy can be broadly defined as the practice of investing in individuals or organisations who promote progressive systemic change and help transform society. At the height of apartheid, the majority of philanthropic effort were directed at human rights initiatives.
Since '94 interests have widened to include multiple causes and there is a
significant shift away from charity to a strategic focus on change and impact. To have any real chance of achieving this much needed change and impact, Foundations are going to have to actively engage and collaborate. But finding and working in effective partnerships is complex, slow, frustrating and sometimes downright messy.
By nature, private philanthropy is just that, private. It tends to operate under the radar, with many foundations functioning as lone rangers, without websites or expert advisers. That was until IPASA was formed.
For the first time in South Africa IPASA brings together local, private philanthropic foundations and philanthropists who want to develop a community of practice. It has provided us with a platform for learning and sharing where confidentiality and trust are the order of the day. It has created opportunities to collaborate and partner and debate good philanthropic practice.
Collaboration takes time and requires trust and confidence to develop a common agenda and as the network grows and matures and the members begin to develop these relationships of Trust, hubs of like-minded philanthropic organisations, with the same interests, are forming strategic partnerships to collaborate and leverage impact.
We have the benefit of attending 4 meetings a year where an array of superb speakers and experts in a particular field are invited to address the network. This provides us with insight into the wider context in which we work and exposes us to a variety of opinions, ideas and organisations that working in isolation we would not know even exist. The annual Symposium is a 2-day 'festival' of speakers, debates, discussion and networking which connect us to great resources, people and new ideas. I cannot recommend membership of
IPASA highly enough.


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What's New on Netflix the Week of July 26, 2020
Joel Cunningham
Screenshot: The Umbrella Academy/Netflix
This week's most significant new additions to Netflix give you a choice between diving into the tumultuous past and staring headlong into the present. It's hard to say which offers the more upsetting vision of the world. Just kidding, it's the latter option.
Let's get the fun, light-hearted one out of the way first: The streaming service's original superhero series The Umbrella Academy returns for its second season on Friday, July 31, with a plot that takes a sharp turn into temporal mayhem as the unusually gifted kids in the Hargreeves family travel back in time to avoid one apocalypse and encounter another. They all arrive (separately) in Dallas between the years 1960 and 1963, where they will impact the timeline of the Kennedy assassination and possibly cause a whole different end-of-the-world scenario.
A few days earlier will see the premiere of another "Netflix Original," the Polish film festival award-winner The Hater, directed by Jan Komasa. The plot follows Tomasz, a law school failure who is hired by a shady PR firm and discovers his new job involves weaponizing the internet: organizing smear campaigns, seeding fake news and generally making the world less safe for democracy. What's worse, instead of being appalled, Tomasz finds he's very good at it. It's the kind of dystopian cautionary tale I used to like, back when they were still cautionary tales and we didn't live in a dystopia.
Here's everything else new to Netflix this week, and what's leaving.
Available July 26
Shameless: Season 10
Jeopardy! Collection 6
Last Chance U: Laney — Netflix Documentary
The Hater— Netflix Film
Inside the World's Toughest Prisons: Season 4 — Netflix Original Series
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie
Transformers: War for Cybertron Trilogy — Netflix Anime
Get Even — Netflix Original Series
Latte and the Magic Waterstone — Netflix Family
Seriously Single — Netflix Film
The Speed Cubers — Netflix Documentary
Sugar Rush: Extra Sweet — Netflix Original Series
The Umbrella Academy: Season 2 — Netflix Original Series
Vis a vis: El Oasis (Locked Up) — Netflix Original Series
Available August 1
A Knight's Tale
Death at a Funeral
Iron Man Armored Adventures: Season 1-2
My Perfect Landing: Season 1
Nagi-Asu: A Lull in the Sea: Season 1
The NeverEnding Story 2: The Next Chapter
The Next Step: Season 6
Ocean's Thirteen
Ocean's Twelve
Operation Ouch: Season 1
Operation Ouch: Special
Super Monsters: The New Class — Netflix Family
Toradora!: Season 1
What Keeps You Alive
Leaving July 26
Country Strong
Can't Hardly Wait
Chernobyl Diaries
Jarhead 2: Field of Fire
Jarhead 3: The Siege
QB1: Beyond the Lights: Season 1
Resident Evil: Extinction
Romeo Must Die
Joel Cunningham is the managing editor of Lifehacker. He lives in Brooklyn and occasionally goes outside.


God has given to us eternal life; and this life is in His Son.
A course of long observance for its use.
The word son is playable in Scrabble®, no blanks required.
The word son is playable in Words With Friends™, no blanks required.


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Human rights commission to intervene in asylum seekers driving licence case
Ireland's human rights watchdog has been granted permission to act as amicus curiae in a case concerning the National Driving Licence Service's (NDLS) refusal to permit asylum seekers to exchange their foreign driving licences for Irish ones. The Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission has
IHREC: Burials law must engage with families of mother and baby homes victims
Women and families affected by mother and baby homes should play a key role in drafting a new law to provide dignified burials for victims left in mass graves, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission has said. The rights watchdog has provided an Oireachtas committee with 25 specific recommend
Legislation required before revocation of citizenship can take place again
New legislation will have to be passed by the Oireachtas before any naturalised Irish citizens can be stripped of their citizenship following a Supreme Court ruling. Having ruled last year that sections 19(2) and (3) of the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1956 are repugnant to the constitution
Assisted dying bill needs 'further safeguards'
Proposed legislation allowing for physician-assisted dying in Ireland requires "further safeguards", the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission has said. The rights watchdog today published its analysis and recommendations to the Oireachtas justice committee on the Dying with Dignity Bill 2020,
Supreme Court issues 'very significant' ruling on right of parents and children
The Supreme Court has issued a "very significant" ruling in a case focusing on the medical treatment of an 11-year-old boy who suffered life-changing neurological injuries, Ireland's human rights watchdog has said. The Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission exercised its amicus curiae function i
Disabled people 'left behind' in Covid-19 planning
Disabled people are being "left behind" and excluded from decision-making when it comes to Covid-19 planning by the State, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission has warned. The watchdog pointed to the issue of school closures and disabled students' specific educational needs as the la
Retired Air Corps captain awarded €117k in compensation for gender discrimination
A former captain in the Air Corps who suffered discrimination on the basis of her gender has been awarded €117,800 in compensation, the maximum possible. Yvonne O'Rourke was represented legally in the Workplace Relations Commission by the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission, who welcomed
Courts must balance and protect constitutional rights of children
Courts considering medical treatment for a child must balance and protect their constitutional rights as a child, with due regard to the rights of their parents, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission has reaffirmed. The human rights watchdog has published its legal submissions to the Suprem
New poll shows wide support in Ireland for human rights
The overwhelmingly majority of people in Ireland believe that human rights are important for creating a fairer society, according to new research published by the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission. The rights watchdog has published the findings of a new national Amárach poll to mark
HAP recipient wins compensation for letting agency discrimination
A man who was discriminated against by a letting agency for being a recipient of the Housing Assistance Payment (HAP) has won compensation through the Workplace Relations Commission (WRC). The 32-year-old had already viewed the property, agreed a tenancy, signed the agreement and paid a deposit when
Man with intellectual disability to challenge laws preventing marriage
A man with an intellectual disability has gone to the High Court to challenge laws preventing him from marrying. The man, known only as V, was prevented from marrying his fiancée last year following an application to the High Court to have him made a ward of court.
Call for discrimination on basis of criminal conviction to be banned
Discrimination on the ground of criminal conviction should be banned in equality legislation, the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission has said. The watchdog made the recommendations as part of its response to the government's review of the Criminal Justice (Spent Convictions and Certain Discl
Ban on over-35s becoming gardaí ruled unlawful
A ban on over-35s applying to become gardaí is discriminatory and unlawful, the Workplace Relations Commission has ruled. Two men who were refused entry to An Garda Síochána on the basis of their age challenged the relevant regulations with support from the Irish Human Rights an
IHREC becomes Ireland's National Rapporteur on Human Trafficking
The Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission (IHREC) has been designated as Ireland's independent national rapporteur on human trafficking, for the purposes of EU anti-human trafficking legislation. The role will include carrying out of assessments of trends in trafficking in human beings, t
Watchdogs press UK government over commitment to Good Friday Agreement
Human rights and equality watchdogs north and south of the border have called on the UK government to ensure the controversial Internal Market Bill does not breach the Good Friday Agreement. The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC), the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (ECNI) and


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Justia Dockets & Filings Ninth Circuit California Eastern District Reddy v. ACS Associated, Inc. et al Filing 5
Reddy v. ACS Associated, Inc. et al
ORDER signed by Senior Judge William B. Shubb on 2/13/2017 REMANDING this matter to the Superior Court of California for the County of Sacramento; ORDERING the parties to bear their own costs and attorneys' fees regarding the removal and remand. Copy of remand order sent to other court. CASE CLOSED. (Michel, G.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 LAWYERS FOR WORKPLACE FAIRNESS APC Scott Houtz (SBN 180061) 4100 West Alameda Avenue, Third Floor Burbank, California 91505 Telephone: (323) 375-5101 Attorney for Plaintiff NAITHAN REDDY LITTLER MENDELSON, P.C. Robert G. Hulteng (SBN 071293) Kelsey E. Papst (SBN 270547) 500 Capitol Mall, Suite 2000 Sacramento, CA 95814 Telephone: (916) 830-7200 Attorneys for Defendant ACS ASSOCIATED, INC. 9 10 11 12 13 14 JACKSON LEWIS P.C. Dale R. Kuykendall (SBN 148833) Nicholas D. Poper (SBN 293900) 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 1600 Sacramento, CA 95814 Telephone: (916) 341-0404 Attorneys for Defendant PREMIUM OF TENNESSEE, INC. (erroneously sued as Premium Transportation Staffing, Inc.) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SACRAMENTO DIVISION 15 16 17 18 NAITHAN REDDY, Case No.: 2:17-CV-00045-WBS-GGH 19 Plaintiff, 20 21 22 23 24 25 vs. ACS ASSOCIATED, INC., a Corporation; PREMIUM TRANSPORTATION STAFFING, INC., a Corporation; and DOES 1 through 100, inclusive, ORDER ON THE STIPULATION REGARDING AMOUNT IN CONTROVERSY AND REMAND TO THE SACRAMENTO COUNTY SUPERIOR COURT Judge: Hon. William B. Shubb Dept.: Courtroom 5 Defendants. 26 27 28 [PROPOSED] ORDER 1 The Court, having considered the Parties' Stipulation Regarding Amount in 2 Controversy and Remand to the Sacramento County Superior Court, and with good cause 3 appearing therefor, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows: 4 Based on the Stipulation Regarding Amount in Controversy and Remand to the 5 Sacramento County Superior Court of the Parties that the amount in controversy, inclusive of 6 any and all attorneys' fees and costs through the conclusion of the trial in this action, does not 7 exceed $75,000, in that Plaintiff stipulates and agrees he cannot recover any amount, whether 8 damages, restitution, disgorgement, penalties, punitive damages, attorneys' fees, costs, and 9 other relief of any kind whatsoever, through the conclusion of a trial in this action, in excess 10 of $75,000, this matter is hereby REMANDED to the Superior Court of California for the 11 County of Sacramento. The Parties shall bear their own costs and attorneys' fees regarding 12 the removal and remand. 13 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: February 13, 2017 15 16 17 18 19 4815-2126-9570, v. 2 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Page 1 [PROPOSED] ORDER


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This page is dedicated to artist entrepreneurs in the art community, people who create quality products.
Mr. Alvin Williams, creator of these recycled bottle incense burners, is a gifted therapeutic masseuse as well. He attends fairs and sells these incredible items. They are beautiful. AND there is no worry about fire because the lit ends of the incense are enclosed in the bottle which collects the ashes. Brilliant idea. Click on the headline for more information about his bottles. He does not include genies.
Calabar Imports is a retail store with imported products. The store and business is owned by Heloise Annette Oton and her daughter, Atim Annette Oton. Based in the up-and-coming revitalized neighborhood of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, we are the source for the distinct, select and unique handcrafted items. We offer stylish, eclectic and affordable fashion clothing, fashion accessories, jewelry, home decor and gifts to consumers wanting to create a unique personalized home environment and accessorize their body.
CALABAR, our name, comes from a town in south eastern Nigeria. It is a name of a place in Nigeria. It is a shipping port and a former trading post where Portuguese, Scottish and English traders sailed out of southern Nigeria with slaves and goods. We selected that name because we think of our store as a trading post and also because we lived there for a number of years. Calabar is where the Cross River meets the Atlantic Ocean. Its history is mired in the slave trade. It was a slave port. Calabar, formerly Old Calabar, is a town and port, as well as the capital of Cross River State, in the southeastern Nigeria. It lies along the Calabar River, five (5) miles (8 km) upstream from that river's entrance into the Cross River estuary. It was settled in the early 17th century by the Efik people. The town became a center for trade between white traders on the coast and Nigerians farther inland.
Beautiful soap! I've used it and it's luxurious! It's the creation of Georgia McIntosh's Blu Spirit products. It's full of oils and other organic elements that....ohhhh,,,words escape me. It made my skin feel wonderful.
Georgia creates several herbal teas, shown above, that are formulated to support and heal the body. An artist, she is creative and works to master her crafts- yes, crafts- including candle making. Hopefully, she will allow me to post a few of her art pieces.
Like Georgia's products at Blu Spirit Marketplace and Blu Spirit Bath Essentials on Facebook. Purchase Blu Spirit products at Etsy.


Melanie designs and creates contemporary and beautiful handmade jewellery. Using silver and vitreous enamels and firing each piece to 1000ºC, the designs are simple and clean in order to enhance the vibrancy and beauty of the colours. There is also a complementary range using silver and gold. Full details of stockists available on request.


MagicWig Productions, Inc. – Why Greenguard?
Why Greenguard? is a branding video that establishes what the Greenguard seal is and why customers should look for it on interior products.
For this video, we began by creating a visual pitch that involved using motion graphics to illustrate the difference between poor quality and healthier indoor air. From there, we created a script, cast a narrator, and chose music. The video was shot against a green screen using treadmills for the walking shots and camera tracking markers, so that that motion graphic elements could be added in later and move appropriately with the camera.
Shot with the Panasonic HDX-900 edited in FCP and composited in AE. 3D Animation created in Maya. This is a Silver Telly Award Winning Video for Visual Effects.


"...all deserve to be respected, and it is for these why the earth is not a inheritance from our parents but a loan from our children."
And how could I forget all the people whose only interest that moved, was and is, you who visits the park, so you can enjoy what nature offers us and make it part of you, as the river is in its flow as the tree is the land, but never forget that the land belongs to those who are in it, vegetation, rocks, animals, and also your fellows and yourself, all deserve to be respected, and it is for these why the earth is not a inheritance from our parents but a loan from our children.
Therefore, we must return it just like our parents gave it back to us and they and their parents as in previous generations.
That's why all these people while they were doing it for themselves, they were also doing it for you aside from the sense of possession, so that you feel excited and you make yours this way of sharing.
This is the honest contribution of each of these people that with their small or great effort, did it to let you know, opening the door for you to know and enjoy, and to them and WHO MAY HAVE BEEN FORGOTTEN TO MENTION, my eternal gratitude that will endure in the history of the Park Peneda-Gerês.
Please leave the following information: name, surname, contact email and phone.


3.1 Learn more about how Statista can support your business.
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text:
SCAVENGING FOR ANSWERS
Researchers solved the mystery behind lead poisoning in endangered African vultures
AP Photo/Ricardo Moraes
By Chase Purdy
March 15, 2018 This article is more than 2 years old.
Researchers in southern Africa have pieced together an explanation to the mystery of why so many endangered vultures test positive for lead poisoning.
There have been steep declines in the number of vultures across the African continent. In the last 30 years, the eight vulture species there have dropped in number by 62%, according to National Geographic. The story is even worse in India, where the number of vultures has fallen by about 99% in the last 15 years—one of the fastest declines in a species population ever. They're dying by flying into power lines, wind turbines, being hunted by witch doctors for their body parts, and by eating carcasses contaminated with pesticides—and lead.
In a study published this week (March 14) in the journal Science of the Total Environment, researchers over the course of four years tested nearly 600 critically endangered African White-backed vultures in Botswana and found that a third of them suffered from lead poisoning. "The only logical explanation for the patterns of lead poisoning we observed is if lead bullets were the source of this contamination," said Beckie Garbett, a PhD student at University of Cape Town, and lead author of the study, in a press release.
According to the paper, when hunters fire upon animals, the lead-based bullets they currently use are shattering inside the shot animals' bodies, contaminating their blood. Later on, the vultures feast on the corpses of those dead animals, then fly away with high levels of lead in their own systems.
The study supports a new initiative by conservation groups, including Raptors Botswana, to get big game hunters to change the types of bullets they use on hunting expeditions. In the past, similar efforts included a 2014 ban on hunting on government lands, which wound up having no effect on vulture lead poisoning because the scavengers simply followed hunters off public lands where they would be more likely to find carcasses. A widespread shift would be good news for all sorts of natural scavengers, not just vultures. Lead poisoning was also one of the main reasons behind a staggering dip in the California condor population between 1997 and 2011, driving that species dangerously close to extinction. In addition to impacting an individual bird's health, lead poisoning can also negatively affect reproduction, according to the research.
The loss of winged scavengers has larger implications. They are important players in the food chain because when they eat carcasses, they stop the potential spread of deadly bacterias and fungus. In India, researchers have found a link between the decline in vultures and the spread of deadly diseases such as rabies.


Four years has passed since the dawn of the outbreak. Those infected began showing convulsions, foam of the mouth, and yellow tinted eyes. Soon the infected began to dig their teeth, and claw at the flesh of the sane, quickly turning them into one of their own. The virus has no cure that anyone knows of, nor did anyone have a hope of withstanding the outbreak. However, several people were found to be unaffected by the virus, and others had the luck, and skill to bypass getting caught by one of the infected. Camstratia is one of the last remaining civilizations left on earth. Build out of a vast amount of palettes, steel slabs, and spiked wood the area around Camstratia. The town's militia patrols the area around the town every day with increased vigor. Hoping to find other survivors, as well as attempting to rid the world of the zombies surrounding their oasis.
After four years of fighting, losing all your loved ones and running you've began to doubt why you continue to stay alive. With faith failing you, and the hopes and dreams of finding other survivors near impossible you lay your last rounds in the on-come of infected that gathered around you. Closing your eyes you admit defeat to the crewel world you've known for all of twenty years and drop down to your knees. This is when you hear the rounds of a semi-automatic unload case after case of hot, molten lead into the horde surrounding you, not before an infected grabs your leg and rips a chunk out of it with his stained teeth. The pain was unbearable, much like every other time an infected had ripped off your flesh, the vision around you grey blurry, and all faded into black.
This is your journey… What you do next lays entirely up to you.


In the continued community support of one of York's largest employers, Future Cleaning Services sponsors a local football team Poppleton U19s FC. It is the latest round of Future Cleaning Services' efforts to give back to the community and show their support. This sponsorship was a follow-through from two earlier charity donations from the company.
For more information, please visit https://www.futurecleaningservices.co.uk/. For inquiries, please call 0844 225 1115 or send an email to info@futurecleaningservices.co.uk.
This press release was distributed by ResponseSource Press Release Wire on behalf of Make It Happen in the following categories: Home & Garden, Sport, Business & Finance, for more information visit https://pressreleasewire.responsesource.com/about.


Looking out of the Window is Joi Barua's new album released in 2011. The assamese songs are a blend of rock, soul, folk and worldbeat. Joi Barua is a singer, musician & lead vocalist of the band Joi. He has worked in a number of Indian films as a playback singer, vocal arranger & background singer.


Paperback, 9.75 x 8 in. / 288 pgs / 297 color / 59 bw.
Introduction by Brian Sholis. Text by Eric Rosenberg, Moyra Davey. Conversations with Ben Lerner, Élisabeth Lebovici.
From early portraits of her five sisters, to photos taken above bookshelves and under beds, and later series on the New York City subway, Moyra Davey has spent four decades developing a practice that comprises photography, film and writing. This book surveys Davey's work, bringing together her photos and film stills, and her writings on photography, memory, art and historical figures, alongside a suite of new essays and interviews. Davey examines the texture of life: defaced currency, empty whiskey bottles, the dust under a record player's needle. She also acknowledges that photos can be mementos, and for some time has printed her images as a kind of correspondence, sending them through the mail; when unfolded, they bear the creases and stamps of transit. Davey's films and essays are characterized by a similar intimacy, evinced by the artist's own peripatetic, literary mind. These are some of the figures that haunt her imagery: Walter Benjamin, Mary Wollstonecraft, Jean Genet and Chantal Ackerman. As with her photographic accumulations of fragments, Davey approaches these touchstones indirectly, drawing from their letters, journals and less celebrated works to understand how they committed to living creative lives.
Edited by Karen Kelly, Barbara Schroeder. Text by Moyra Davey. Introduction by Aveek Sen.
FORMAT: Pbk, 9.75 x 8 in. / 288 pgs / 297 color / 59 b&w.
Published by Steidl/Scotiabank Photography Award.


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Whisky Conversations: Colin Hampden-White
November 26, 2018 ·	by AmateurDrammer ·	in Interviews	· Leave a comment
Colin Hampden Whyte began working initially for the Scotsman, moving to London to work for The Times and Financial Times. During this time, he explored his love of wine and whisky, culminating in his series: the Greatest Winemakers and Greatest Whisky makers, exhibited extensively in London, including the National Portrait Gallery, and Manhattan, winning the Louis Roederer Award for Artistry along the way.
He continues to write about wine and spirits for LUX and Condé Nast and has won the Born Digital award for photography, is a Keeper of the Quaich, and is Chairman of the Circle of Wine Writers. Having been the founding editor for Whisky Quarterly magazine he is now the spirits editor at Winerist.
I caught up with Colin at the Keepers of The Quaich Autumn Banquet and we got talking about whisky, wine and future projects.
AD: Can you tell me a little about your career so far?
CHW: I only started what I really wanted to do after I turned 30. My first job after being a Quantity Surveyor was at the Scotsman, as a photographer and occasionally writing. I moved to London a couple of years later and to The Times and FT before turning freelance. I started writing about fine wine and whisky specifically in 2009 for Condé Nast, and then LUX. I also progressed into fine art photography with representation by the Rebecca Hossack gallery in London and New York, exhibiting frequently, including in the National Portrait Gallery.
In 2014 I began working for a good friend, Krzysztof Maruszewski, and became Founding Editor of Whisky quarterly. Having edited Whisky quarterly for three years I was looking for a new challenge. I had the idea of creating a TV show for consumers.
Having has the idea less than nine months ago, we are launching The Three Drinkers on the 26th of November on Amazon Prime!
AD: How did you become involved with whisky and why did it develop into such a passion?
CHW: I started to get involved in whisky at a university tasting club but didn't start to write about whisky until over fifteen years later when I moved to London. By then I had had quite a bit of practice! Like many things in life, the drinks writing came about a chance meeting. Mine was with the Editor in Chief of Condé Nast who asked me to start writing, especially in his own magazine LUX.
I also consulted for a few businesses on buying and bottling casks, and one of those companies was Stilnovisti which went on to publish Whisky quarterly magazine.
AD: Your newest venture, The Three Drinkers is due out soon. Can you tell me more about it?
CHW: It is an entertainment show on Amazon Prime of which the first series is "The Three Drinkers do Scotch". It is a travelogue style of show and whilst whisky is the centre of attention, we're on an exciting boogie around Scotland, experiencing loads of great stuff from feeding reindeer to getting out on the waters of Loch Ness. What we're about here is taking people on the journey with us, not just focusing on the intricacies of one expression or another. Our motto is: Zero pretense, 100% Entertainment.
AD: How did you become involved in the project?
CHW: I was looking for a new challenge to follow on from editing Whisky quarterly and I came up with the concept of The Three Drinkers. I had a great time at the publication, and I still do some freelance presenting work for the publisher, but I wanted to reach a bigger audience in a more personal and immediate way, so TV was the clear direction.
The initial idea was to have a TV show that spoke directly to the consumer and was entertaining, not a documentary or purely educational programme. Very soon after having the idea I asked a good friend and drinks writer for The Independent, Aidy Smith if he would like to work on it with me. He was very enthusiastic and immediately suggested another good friend of ours: Helena Nicklin. Helena is another drinks specialist and we were delighted when she agreed to come on board too. One of the things I like best about The Three Drinkers is that we're real friends, not a construct like the Spice Girls. Maybe I'm showing my age there!
AD: What were your particular highlights?
We've had an amazing time throughout the process, and filming in Speyside and Islay were particular highlights. And attempting to build a cask, visiting Macallan's new distillery, and being taught how to cut peat, were particularly fun.
AD: When (and how) will we be able to watch it?
CHW: It will be on Amazon Prime from the 26th of November (Today) in the UK, USA, Japan and Germany, and will roll out in other countries soon after that.
AD: Do you have a particular favourite distillery?
CHW: I've always had a special fondness for two and I can't distinguish my favourite; Lagavulin and Balvenie.
AD: Are there any particular whiskies that you would love to try but have never found?
CHW: Malt Mill, but I'm sure lots of people say that! I have tried a blend from the 1940's which is known to have a great deal of Malt Mill in it, and it was delicious.
AD: What bottle of whisky will your own cupboard never be without?
CHW: Johnnie Walker Black Label.
AD: Excluding whisky (and wine) what would be your drink of choice?
CHW: Armagnac.
AD: Who are the most intense, whisky geeks or wine buffs?
CHW: I'm not really sure. I think many of us in the industry have the propensity to be geeky and massively enthusiastic about our particular area but I don't think one has the march on the other. Most people have only their leisure time to explore, taste and experience the worlds of whisky and wine; not many people are lucky enough to have this kind of thing as their day job so we're bound to be passionate!
AD: Rate the following in order of personal importance: Complexity, Balance, Age, Spirit Character.
CHW: Balance, Complexity, Spirit Character, Age
AD: Ok now some quick questions, one word answers please…
Whisky or Whiskey?
CHW: Whisky.
AD: Bourbon cask or Sherry Cask?
CHW: Bourbon Cask.
AD: Red or White?
CHW: Red Wine.
AD: Malt or Grain?
CHW: Malt.
AD: Peated or Unpeated?
CHW: Unpeated.
The Amazon Prime Series, The Three Drinkers will be available on Amazon Prime from 26th November.
You can view the Trailer here.
Tags: Colin Hampden-white, interview, the three drinkers
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An extended and significant winter weather event that began last night will continue into tomorrow, but there may be a lull in the precipitation during today's mid-day and afternoon hours. Copious amounts of moisture will flow northeastward into the Mid-Atlantic region later today and snow is likely to re-develop by late in the day or early tonight after the possible lull. Snow should continue into the overnight hours and then mix with or change to sleet and freezing rain. A wintry mix on Tuesday will then change to plain rain late as winds pick up and temperatures climb above freezing. New snow and ice accumulations between this morning and early tomorrow should be on the order of 2-5 inches and road conditions could be impacted right through early Tuesday. More frozen precipitation is possible late tomorrow night for a brief time as the storm winds down.


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With more space and better aesthetics, Oyster take a top-down approach
When builders point to the greater volume of a new model over its predecessor the risk is that the increase has been achieved at the expense of looks. More volume rarely leads to better aesthetics. Yet Oyster's G6 range marks a step forward in both areas, delivering sleeker, more modern appearance while offering significantly more space above and below decks.
But the new style is much more than simply a smart exercise in creating a good-looking, voluminous boat. Since the G6 range was first announced in 2012 the project has been an ambitious one that extends from the new flagship of the fleet, the 118 that is currently in build, through seven models, to the recently announced 565 and 595s. A comprehensive new lineup that is arguably one of the boldest in the company's history. There are certain details in the G6 approach that stand out immediately.
Stepping onto the new 745 (above) most noticeable is the sleeker, lowerprofile deck with its tinted, wrap-around saloon windows. The landscapeoriented 'seascape' hull port lights are another signature of the new marque. Cleaner-looking, clutter-free decks are also part of a new style, as are sail plans that incorporate blade jibs, bowsprits, swept-back spreaders, full-width chainplates and carbon rigs.
And when you drill down into the detail on deck, the arrangement of control lines that run back discretely to cockpit-mounted rope clutches makes for an intelligently laid-out configuration that is easier to use, while relying on fewer winches than would traditionally have been the norm. Leading the jib sheets aft in this manner has also addressed the issue of keeping flogging lines away from the guest cockpit!
But this is still a long way off the full story behind the development of the G6 range. Instead, the starting point for the project was the gradual change in the size of boats that owners were happy to handle themselves and the way in which they used them. The increased volume that is a feature of the G6 range came from a different area of development.
Frequently new models are developed as owners look to move up in size and, while the G6 fleet will provide a natural progression for those looking to trade up, it was not the manner in which the new range was conceived. Rather, the development came the other way, with lessons learnt in much bigger models providing the cues for smaller boats. And the model that triggered the change was the Oyster 100.
Her length means that she has to comply with the marine and coastguard agency large yacht code (LYC) which, among other details, sets out minimum dimensions for some of the accommodation. The net result is this professionally run 100-footer has two cabins for crew and just three for guests.
Owners of, say, a 56 or 575, who have no crew to cater for and will be used to having four cabins for themselves and their guests, would be justified in questioning the appeal of a boat that is almost twice the length but has less guest accommodation.
It was this that triggered a new approach.
The starting point was to create a design that was close to, but not exceeding, the lower limit of LYC compliance, resulting in the 885. From here the designers looked at how to make full use of the voluminous hull from an accommodation point of view while at the same time using the fuller form to boost performance. In essence this came down to a subtle shift in the distribution of buoyancy to generate more righting moment and hence more power, yet without increasing wetted area.
From here a towing tank program at the Wolfson Unit in Southampton provided validation of the new hull shape. A fuller form in the after-sections also lends itself to twin-rudders which in turn offer other benefits including reduced draft, reduced drag and more efficient performance, particularly upwind. All of which was again validated in the towing tank.
When it came to the accommodation layout, the new shape and greater volume allowed some fresh thinking, starting with options for two different superstructures; this gave us scope to create a greater choice of cabin configurations and a variety of layouts to suit both professionally crewed and owner-run boats. The concept was repeated aboard the 825 and then the 745.
The central challenge of the new G6 range has been to take some of the best features and styling cues from Oyster's largest designs and then work hard to replicate them in a yacht that is more likely to be sailed without many – or often even any – full time crew
Step aboard any one of the current crop of G6 models and you will see the changes first hand. Having sailed the 745 (and being familiar with the previous generation, in particular the 56), it was easy to feel the difference with the new fuller hull and twin-rudder configuration. Upwind in 10-15kt of breeze she has a balanced feel, one key to a successful twin-rudder configuration. Downwind, with large gennaker set, she maintained the direct feel with plenty of grip, even when pushed hard.
Below decks it's again clear to see where the 745 has taken her cues. Most notably with the dual companionway forward either side of the mast. To starboard there is a guest cabin, while to port the longitudinal galley also provides a passageway forward to the crew accommodation.
Having two passageways forward was an idea that was taken from the 825 and allows crew and guests to move back and forth freely without having to pass through each other's areas. Another innovative detail is the sliding panel and door on the galley side that allow the galley and crew accommodation to be closed off completely from the guest accommodation. Particularly useful when chartering.
From the 745 evolution continued 'downward' with the development of the 675. Once again the additional hull volume plus the new style allowed designers to develop new layouts while incorporating some of the lessons learnt aboard her larger sisterships.
The latest models to join the range are also the smallest in the G6 range, the 565 and 595. Embarking on two new models, both with new and individual hulls, has been another bold call for the company. Despite being almost half the length of the former flagship that prompted the new approach, these two fifty-something footers carry the same DNA as the bigger boats in the range. They have twin-rudders, bowsprits, blade jibs and the same rig configuration as their bigger sisters, yet these boats have been specifically designed for family sailing and to be easily handled shorthanded. Indeed, when the experience from owners and crews of a growing round-the-world rally fleet was factored in, Oyster believe they have been able to bring a new level of design refinement to the whole G6 range.
The experience gleaned from these rallies suggests that owners are happy to utilise modern design and tech - nology to make boathandling easier. As such, boat sizes have grown while crew sizes have shrunk. Today it is common to sail long distances with four rather than six. Some are sailing the same-sized boats but as couples. This has freed up space below decks and allowed a different approach to the overall layout.
So while the outward appearance continues in a similar style, the interior layout sees new ideas including the option of moving the owner's cabin forward to the bow with twin guest cabins aft, plus an extended transom (left) with integral dinghy garage – all made possible by some subtle tweaks of the freeboards. A forward owner's cabin is particularly attractive for Mediterranean sailing where mooring stern-to is now the norm.
The next wave of G6 launches will follow over the coming 18 months at both ends of the range. The first 118 is expected to launch in December 2017 with handover in spring 2018. The first 565 will be launched in 2018 too, with the 595 following in April 2019. By then Oyster's G6 range will have expanded in more ways than one, yet not at the expense of good looks.
Click here for more information on Oyster Yachts »


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SIS JOURNAL 8 | SUNDAY IN SCOTLAND AN ECO-FRIENDLY CHOCOLATE MAKER
Sunday in Scotland goes green to save the environment and to ensure the well-being of the workers at the plantations and behind the entire bean-to-bar process.
Nowadays the chocolate industry is harming the planet due to its non-environmental practices in the plantations and when processing the chocolate.
How bad is chocolate's impact on the environment?
Farmers are struggling to keep pace with the rapidly rising demands of chocolate in the world. Also, cacao trees yield fewer cacao beans, especially when older. Just like coffee, cocoa has become a cash crop for farmers and producers. Therefore, to meet demands, more trees had to be grown and more chemicals to be used. Planting more trees suggests monoculture farms that also grow sugar, oil palms, and soy. For that, cocoa farmers chop tropical forests to plant more cacao trees. The conversion of the land is causing massive deforestation. Hence, fewer trees mean an increased amount of carbon dioxide into our atmosphere, causing climate changing. Also, it means the disappearance of the ecosystem that houses diverse species and animals. Growers will use chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides that will further degrade the land and ruin the biodiversity.
Needless to mention that to keep pace some farmers resort to child labour which also degrades the human conditions in plantations.
Now, chocolate has its share in affecting the environment. The ingredients used in chocolate, such as milk powder, palm oil, cocoa derivatives, and sugar, are energy-intensive. For example, one litre of milk produces significant greenhouse gas or methane emissions.
Chocolate makers such as Sunday in Scotland are healthier and environmentally friendly for they use pure ingredients and are mostly organic. Hence, when making the chocolate, chocolate makers consume less energy which means no gas emissions as they produce small batches of craft chocolate. Also, chocolate keeps its beneficial qualities.
As an eco-savvy person, I understand the seriousness of the damages the competitive chocolate market is causing. Sunday in Scotland couldn't be part of such practices. Therefore, we cross a long way to source our cocoa beans in specific plantations, and we get to know the farmers. Also, we make sure that they undergo ethical and sustainable practices that ensure workers' livelihood and the environment's protection. In the quest of saving the cocoa production, we support all initiatives that promote environmentally and socially responsible production and processing. These initiatives work hard to limit deforestation.
Packaging and recycling
To fulfil our mission and to be part of world change, Sunday in Scotland promotes recycling as a top priority. We wrap our organic crafted chocolate with thin paper as a sustainable alternative to traditional wraps and aluminium foils.
The craft paper-based package is eco-friendly and approved for food. Since the paper is recyclable then we pride ourselves in reducing waste that will end in landfills or the oceans and seas.
Although every human must save the environment as per their capacity, why not a little treat when doing so? In addition to the eco-friendly packaging, we encourage customers to return the empty cardboard chocolate box in exchange for a 15% discount when purchasing Sunday in Scotland products.
So, how do we recycle chocolate cardboard packages and wrappers?
The cardboard packages are recycled into new paper.
The cellophane is recycled into energy waste.
The small plastic bags can as well be recycled into energy waste.
The aluminium foil goes with metal waste.
The Philosophy of Sunday in Scotland One day I took the pledge to unfold the stories of chocolate and the people who worked hard to secure the perfection of that cocoa bean. Therefore, I had a mission that was to take care of what I love genuinely, chocolate.
In a world where hardships, injustice, and downfalls reign, Sunday in Scotland seeks hope and love.
I believe in balance, and that the world holds a lot of bittersweet magic. Isn't chocolate bittersweet magic too?
When I founded Sunday in Scotland, I pondered the positive addition it could bring to the world. It had to be a pure reflection of nature's wonders. Sunday in Scotland mirrors nature's marvels, it respects mother nature's blessings and cares for the environment.
AMER WAHOUD | FOUNDER
SUNDAY IN SCOTLAND JOURNAL