If you're looking to gain weight, mass gainers are a great route as they're calorie dense, are packed with a huge amount of the calories you'll need and often have additional supplements tossed in like BCAA's, Creatine Monohydrate , and even digestive enzymes! The type of gainer you choose may influence your growth, wallet, and overall health so choose wisely! It's not easy to choose the best mass gainer, because no single one is the best of them all, so pick based on which you think will suit your body type, budget and overall needs best!
I've compiled this list of protein shakes to gain weight using all the prices from Amazon.com. I tried to keep them all at the same purchase weight of 10lbs, however some were only available in select sizes. Included will be the calorie content per serving, weight, and cost to weight ratio! There will be guaranteed to be at least one or two different mass gainers that'll fit your specific needs best to help you get your body where you want it to be! Ok, now I will help you to choose the best mass gainer on the market.
So, what are the best supplements to gain weight?
Optimum Nutrition is certainly one of the most well-known names in the industry. They always sport high quality product, their flavor selection is often on-point, and overall you cannot really go wrong with them. I tend to think of them like the Apple of supplements – good, however if you're looking to fill your specific needs, I'd recommend shopping elsewhere. Still, you're guaranteed a quality product with no guesswork or confusion involved!
Each recommended serving packs in a total of 650 calories & 60 grams of protein. One of the higher protein-to-calorie ratios on the list as well as low in fats, high in carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins! Double chocolate is a safe flavor choice, and will taste great when blended with either milk or water, some bananas and other complimentary flavors additives.
There are unfortunately no BCAA's, Creatine or other instrumental muscle-building supplements packed into the Pro Gainer so I'd recommend a different product if you find those are particularly important.
The price is a little on the high side, however you get what you pay for – quality product! If you're on a budget, there are much better offerings and if you're on a specific diet or have allergies, I'd check out a different item on the list.
BSN is also a familiar name in the brand with similarly quality products. Each serving packs in 700 calories & 50 grams of protein. This is also a bit more cost effective than ON's offering so if you're really looking to add mass quickly at a lower cost, BSN's TRUE-MASS is certainly a better option.
As a rule of thumb, I almost always go with chocolate based flavors except in rare situations. I'd opt for chocolate milkshake in this regard, and likewise with the Optimum Nutrition Pro Gainer, I'd mix it with either milk or water and throw in banana, yogurt/ice cream, nuts and other fun things to make it taste better. In terms of serving size, BSN's TRUE-MASS has one of the lowest serving sizes, meaning your purchase weight will go quite a long way.
Overall, the TRUE-MASS is a fantastic gainer. While it doesn't bring anything new to the table in terms of inventiveness, it takes a proven formula and works on perfecting it instead. It's practically impossible to go wrong with this gainer!
A familiar name to some, however not quite as big as other brands. Muscle Milk is a safe pick to go with and you'll have no worries when it comes to safety. Packed in is 650 calories & 32 grams of protein for each 162 gram serving which sets it right in the middle of calorie to protein ratios. In addition to that, this gainer has a whopping 109 grams of carbohydrates per serving – perfect for an early morning shake to get the day started with plenty of energy!
Again, chocolate is a safe flavor choice however Cookies & Cream tastes very impressive and you'll certainly pack on a good amount of mass with this offering. Cost effectiveness is solid and for those on the line, this is a great choice! Good to note is if you have a gluten sensitivity or Celiac disease, this is a safe choice as Muscle Milk has ensured it's entirely gluten free.
Likewise with BSN's TRUE-MASS, Muscle Milks Gainer is a healthy all-around choice that delivers consistent results at a great price point!
A rather unknown name, NOW Sports offers the Carbo Gain – a 100% complex carbohydrates gainer powder. Per serving it features 250 calories and 0 grams of protein – however their serving size is very small compared to other listings here so a more accurate number is ~750 calories per serving. For reference, the Carbo Gains official serving size is only 63 grams while many gainers suggest servings of over double or triple that!
This weight gainer is incredibly cost effective and is completely different from the others as is contains only carbohydrates. Great if you need a lot of long-term energy or if your diet restricts what you can consume if you have sensitivities, allergies or a specific meal-plan. It's practically flavorless minus a tinge of sweetness, so I wouldn't hesitate to throw this into a smoothie, shake, milk or other.
This product is completely different from the others. Universal Nutrition is a relatively unheard yet solid name with a solid range of products to back them. They set out to create a non-steroidal mass gainer and performance enhancer without any calories or protein intake.
Arguably the most scientific-minded product of the bunch, the Animal M Stak aims to promote muscle growth and protein synthesis without introducing any hormone-containing ingredients. If you're also prone to acne or other hormonal related problems, I would lean towards the Animal M Stak.
Each packet contains a massive range of vitamins and supplements with many plant based compounds such as L-Carnitine Fumarate, Eurycoma Longifolia root extract, and Alpha-GPC. You get 21 packets which is 3 weeks supply, as you're meant to cycle this supplement for 3 weeks on, 1 week off. Take is 45 minutes before a workout or in the morning/early afternoon if on a rest day.
In essence, Universal Nutrition wanted to create the best anabolic growth package imaginable without actually being steroidal. Many people have found wonderful success with this supplement. It features no calories and no protein, as it's meant to instead help the body's natural way of protein synthesis. If you're a classic hardgainer, into bodybuilding and powerlifting, and want a powerful yet effective boost to your routine while adding raw and pure muscle, I'd go for this product. Try it, that might be the best mass gainer for you.
Naked Nutrition is a small company with one goal – to be completely open with which ingredients they you; naked if you will. Most of their products feature a number of ingredients that you can count on only one hand! Naked Mass is not an exception. Really ideal if you don't trust the mishmash of chemicals, supplements, and questionable things added to many other mass gainer powders.
Per serving, the powder has a monstrous 1,360 calories & 50 grams of protein, as well as 251g of complex carbohydrates and 11.6g of BCAAs (branch chain amino-acids). This is a super dense and tasty product. Welcome to note is the company's decision to make it GMO-free, organic, and gluten-free for those with sensitive allergies.
The price is quite a premium being the most costly per pound, however you absolutely get what you pay for and Naked Nutrition has a superb product. It's rare to see a product on the market that stresses the low-ingredient count so heavily and their non-chocolate offerings feature only three ingredients to it!
Cytosport is another smaller name in the industry. The pricing is mid-tier, rivaling the product Optimum Nutrition has. The Cyto Gainer is one of the highest protein/calorie solutions around. This is certainly one of the better choices if you're looking to pack on as much muscle as possible as well as pure mass. It contains 560 calories & 56 grams of protein per serving and stacking in healthy amounts of L-Glutamine and Creatine monohydrate which helps for muscle building! This forgoes the need to purchase either of those supplements in the future, saving you money in the end.
Flavor is just as good as the other options available and I'll again suggest chocolate for this product. Can never go wrong with chocolate!
Again one of the lowest-cost entries, MusclePharms Combat XL is good for those on a restricted budget and want to toss on mass as quickly as possible. MusclePharm is a pretty recognized name in the industry so you're certainly guaranteed a quality product. This is the best cost/calorie & protein option available packing a whopping 1,270 calories & 50 grams of protein per serving! For gaining mass as quick as possible in a short time frame while on a budget, the Combat XL gainer is definitely a really solid choice. So, can we call it the best mass gainer? I don't know.. You decide..
Beyond that, you already know which flavor choice I'm going to suggest. While the Now Sports Carbo Gain has a higher calorie content overall at a lower price, there are no proteins loaded into it, so the Combat XL is your next best bet for cheap gains while including stronger amounts of muscular growth.
MuscleTech is a rather small name in the industry; however they're no newbies in terms of making a quality product. With a hefty 830 calories & 63 grams of protein per serving, the Mass Tech has a healthy dose of the nutrients your body needs to thrive and pack on the pounds. Bundled into the Mass Tech gainer are healthy servings of L-Glutamine, Creatine Monohydrate, L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine and L-Valine. These are all instrumental supplements for powerful muscle growth and contribute to developing mass quickly.
In the end, you end up saving money with this option as those supplements are mixed into the powder itself, while remaining lean with only trace levels of fats and sugars. Flavor is certainly a strong point with this, and although I almost always opt for chocolate, all of their other available flavors are seriously top notch. While the Mass Tech gainer doesn't specialize in any single department, it's another top-notch contender for a product you really couldn't go wrong with!
Beyond the clever naming scheme, the Up Your Mass gainer also packs in a hefty amount of branch chain amino acids, vitamins, minerals and other supplements to ensure you get bursting muscle growth quickly. The gainer features 660 calories & 50 grams of protein per serving which is one of the highest grams of protein/calorie on this list. A large selling point for the Up Your Mass is the inclusion of a wide plethora of digestive enzymes to aide your digestive tract in efficiently putting what you drink right where it matters.
With attractive amounts of fiber, low-glycemic index carbohydrates, a massive amount of vitamins, minerals and supplements, this gainer truly is the jack of all trades king, especially at such a competitive price point.
This is certainly a great option if you're not reaching all your dietary needs like vitamin intake or daily fibers, and all of this at quite an attractive price point is pretty impressive!
While there is no single 'best' one, these are ten of the greatest mass gainers currently on the market today. For specific purposes and roles, each gainer listed fills a specific niche from dietary restrictions, protein to calorie ratios, low cost solutions, no-calorie mass gainers, massive calorie gainers, no protein options, and so forth!
It's recommended to find out which needs your body and situation calls for – whether you want to build huge amounts of mass quickly, are on a restricted budget or diet, or want to build powerful and lean muscle with no extra fats or sugars – there's a gainer out there for everyone! The most important rule of all – almost always choose chocolate!
When making shakes, milk always blends with gainers much better, and the addition of milk, yogurt or low-fat ice cream packs on a high amount of calories quickly. For extra protein, healthy fats and calorie additions, nuts such as walnuts, peanuts and almonds add great flavor and bonus nutrition! It's easy to turn a shake which was original 750 calories into a 1,500 calorie monster with milk instead of water, a scoop of ice cream, some nuts, fruits and yogurt tossed in!
Consume the shakes early in the day or directly after a workout to ensure your body uses the nutrients and supplements packed into the gainers most effectively. It's important to monitor your total calorie, protein, carbohydrate and fats intake to ensure you're not over-consuming too much of one thing. Hope this list of weight gainers that actually work helped and aids in you getting the physical goals you have!
Can I share This article to my private blog?


The first mini course was given by Professor Amitai Regev from Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. He visited the Atlantic Algebra Centre from September 26 to October 6, 2006. The title of the mini course was "Representation of the Symmetric Group and Related Topics of Analysis and Combinatorics". The picture below is from the last lecture of the mini course.


Anacostia Road Apartments consists of eight affordable one-bedroom apartments for formerly homeless or at risk individuals and families.
Anacostia Road Apartments represents part of the Coalition's expanded mission to help at-risk D.C. residents become self-sufficient. The tenants are fully independent and the Coalition maintains only a resident manager on site for those who may need additional support.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Understanding how the quantum information encoded into a microscopic system leads to classical features, those observed at the macroscopic scales, remains a central question in the quantum foundations. In the early days of quantum theory, the comprehension of the quantum-classical boundary relied on arguably vague notions such as wave-particle duality \cite{broglie1924xxxv}, complementarity \cite{bohr1928quantum,wootters1979complementarity} or even that of a human observer \cite{wigner1963problem}. Nowadays, the tools and concepts of quantum information offer a more well-grounded framework to address those questions.

The study of decoherence \cite{schlosshauer2007decoherence,joos2013decoherence}, for instance, shows that quantum properties, such as coherence and entanglement, are degraded due to the interaction of a quantum system with its surrounding environment, a process that becomes more noticeable the larger the quantum system is \cite{aolita2008scaling}, beautifully explaining some crucial aspects of the quantum to classical transition \cite{brune1996observing,arndt1999wave,sonnentag2007measurement}. Simply put, decoherence selects the so-called pointer states \cite{zurek2003decoherence}---natural candidates for the macroscopically observed classical states obtained after a measurement---while coherent superpositions of those are suppressed. Decoherence, however, does not solve by itself the problem of how information contained in the pointer states becomes available to different measurement apparatuses, nor how this is turned into objective information, that is, independent of observers.

That spreading of objective information is the central topic that gave rise to the idea of quantum Darwinism \cite{zurek2003decoherence,zurek2009quantum,ollivier2004objective,ollivier2005environment,blume2006quantum,korbicz2014objectivity,QD1,QD2,QD3,QD4,horodecki2015quantum,brandao2015generic,qi2021emergent,baldijao2021emergence,ccakmak2021quantum,touil2022eavesdropping}. In quantum Darwinism,  the environment---the same entity responsible for decoherence--- is also seen as a special carrier of information about the quantum system, insofar as redundantly propagating the information of the naturally selected pointer states to many external observers. Crucially, the emergence of a classical notion of objectivity is a generic feature of quantum dynamics \cite{brandao2015generic}. Irrespective of the specific modelling for the interaction with the environment, whenever the information about the pointer states is accessible to sufficiently many observers, the evolution will gradually resemble one where a specific observable is measured by all of them.

But what if other measurements, not necessarily those related to a pointer observable, are performed? In particular, if the system-environment dynamics is not known, how can one test for objectivity or, rather, the absence of it? Those are precisely the questions we address in this work.

Building on the results of \cite{brandao2015generic}, we propose a probabilistic framework to address the question of an emergent notion of objectivity. In this probabilistic setting, we associate an observer with each part of the environment (see Fig.\ \ref{fig:sys_n_envs})), and we show that the ability of each observer to encode and retrieve classical information about a quantum system translates into the emergence of an objective value for a measurement outcome. Objectivity here ought to be understood in the sense that it reflects a sort of common knowledge among the observers---\emph{a property of a quantum system is objective when it is simultaneously agreed upon by all agents}. From that, considering a particular case of two observers, we show that the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality \cite{clauser1969proposed}, a paradigmatic Bell inequality in the study of quantum non-locality \cite{brunner2014bell}, can be also be turned into a witness of non-objectivity.

More precisely, in our probabilistic setup, the violation of a CHSH inequality implies the phenomenon we name ``collective hallucination''. This collective hallucination means that several observers can mutually agree upon their outcome for the measurement of a given observable; still, that outcome can be completely uncorrelated from the property of the quantum system it should be related to. We also prove that if objectivity is demanded for all measurements performed by the observers in the CHSH scenario, then it implies true objectivity, reflecting not only agreement between observers but also to properties of the quantum system under scrutiny. Finally, we provide a proof-of-principle experimental realization of our framework. Employing birefringent plates placed inside a Sagnac interferometer, the temporal degree of freedom of photons gets entangled with their polarization, the first being the quantum system of interest while the latter acts as its environment within the quantum Darwinism scenario.

\section{Emergence of Objectivity in Quantum Darwinism}
\label{sec:darwinism}
In the following, we review the basic notions of quantum Darwinism. We give special emphasis to the standpoint of \cite{brandao2015generic}, where the authors prove that a well-defined notion of objectivity is a generic property of any quantum dynamics. We then move forward and prove our first result, a generalization of the findings of \cite{brandao2015generic} in a general probabilistic setting, that is, not necessarily relying on (but certainly including) quantum theory.

We are interested in a general scenario where $n+1$ quantum systems interact arbitrarily, being described at a certain instant of time by a density operator $\rho_{AB_1,\dots,B_n}$---at this level of generality, it is irrelevant whether we refer to a closed system or a part of a larger system. The sub-system $A$ describes the quantum system of interest, and $B_i$ stands for the different fractions of the environment. Each fraction $B_i$ interacts with $A$ and also possibly among themselves in such a way that the quantum information originally contained in $A$ can be redundantly spread over the joint system. In a quantum description of the process, this information spreading is represented by a completely positive and trace preserving (CPTP) map $\Lambda: \mathcal{D}(A) \rightarrow \mathcal{D}(B_1 \otimes \dots \otimes B_n)$ where $\mathcal{D}(A)$ is the set of density operators on the Hilbert space associated to system $A$ (similarly to the $B_i$'s). The scenario is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:sys_n_envs}

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.35\textwidth]{sys_n_envs.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{Quantum Darwinism scenario.} The figure depicts the general scenario considered in quantum Darwinism: one central system $A$ interacts with the environment described by $n$ systems $B_1,\ldots,B_n$. As a result of this interaction, part of the information contained in $A$ is transferred to the environment and replicated in each system $B_i$.}
\label{fig:sys_n_envs}
\end{figure}

Within this context, Ref. \cite{brandao2015generic} makes a distinction between two notions of objectivity, that of observables and that of outcomes. The former states that the observers should extract information about the same observable of the system by probing parts of the environment, which would be associated with the "pointer basis" selected by the system-environment interactions. The latter considers that not only should the observable be the same, but also the value of the measurement outcome should be agreed upon by the observers.

Regarding the objectivity of observables, it follows that, quite generally, the map $\Lambda$ can be well approximated by a measure-and-prepare map, such that the reduced map for most subsets of observers is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:mapm}
    \mathcal{E}_{\mathcal{B}}(\rho_A) = \sum_k \tr[\rho_A\,F_k]\,\sigma_{\mathcal{B}}^{k},
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{B}$ is the subset of observers (or degrees of freedom of the environment being observed), $\{F_k\}_k$ is a POVM which \emph{should be the same} for all subsets $\mathcal{B}$ of the same size, $\sigma_{\mathcal{B}}^{k}$ is the (joint) quantum state for the observers in $\mathcal{B}$, prepared according to the outcome $k$ of $F_k$ and $\rho_A= \mathrm{Tr}_{B_1\dots,B_n}(\rho_{A,B_1,\dots,B_n})$. More precisely, the results in \cite{brandao2015generic} $(i)$ provide an upper bound for how close a family of measure-and-prepare maps sharing the same POVM are to the true reduced evolution $\mathcal{E}_{\mathcal{B}}$ of smaller portions $\mathcal{B}$'s and $(ii)$ show that for a suitable fraction of the observers and for a large enough number of total observers, the bound gets closer to zero, meaning that all observers would agree they are obtaining information about the same property of $\rho_A$, determined by the observable described via the POVM $\{F_k\}_{k}$.

Regarding the objectivity of outcomes, Ref. \cite{brandao2015generic} introduces the guessing probability of the outcome $k$ obtained with $F_k$ for all observers in the subset $\mathcal{B}$---tacitly assuming that the dynamics for each environment's fraction of interest has exactly the form of Eq.~\eqref{eq:mapm}.
Consider a distribution $\{p_i\}$ and a set of states $\{\sigma_i\}$ for $i \in \{1,\ldots,m\}$ and
let $p_\mathrm{guess}(p_i, \sigma_i)$ be the guessing probability defined as:
\begin{equation}
   p_\mathrm{guess}(p_i, \sigma_i) = \max_{\{E_i\}} \sum_i p_i \tr(E_i \sigma_i),
   \label{eq:pguess}
\end{equation}
representing the capability of the ensemble of states $\{\sigma_i\}_{i \in [m]}$ to properly encode $m$ classical states distributed according to $\{p_i\}_{i \in [m]}$.
It follows that if there exists a positive $0 < \delta < 1$ such that for every observer $B_k$, with $k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}$,
    \begin{equation}
       \min_{\rho \in \mathcal{D}(A)} \left\lbrace  p_\mathrm{guess}\left(\tr(F_i \rho), \sigma_{B_k}^i\right)\right\rbrace \ge 1-\delta,
       \label{eq:bound_pguess_encoding}
    \end{equation}
then there exists some POVM $\{E^k_i\}$ for each $B_i$ such that
    \begin{equation}
       \min_{\rho \in \mathcal{D}(A)} \sum_i \tr(F_i \rho) \tr\left[ \left(\bigotimes_{k=1}^{n} E^k_i \right) \sigma^i_{B_1,\ldots,B_n} \right] \ge 1- 6n\delta^{1/4},
       \label{eq:bound_oout}
    \end{equation}
where $\{F_i\}$ is an appropriate POVM and $\sigma^i_{B_k}$ the density matrix relative to the party $B_k$ only. Qualitatively, Eq.~\eqref{eq:bound_pguess_encoding} combined with Eq.~\eqref{eq:bound_oout} show that if each $B_i$ is capable of properly encoding the outcomes of a measurement on the $A$ system, then one can assign an objective value to it, shared by all the $B_i$, in the sense that experimenters probing each single $B_i$ will all get the same value, with high probability.

Our first goal is to extend this notion of objectivity beyond quantum mechanical algebra machinery and instead rely on a purely probabilistic approach \footnote{A possible route to generalization of quantum Darwinism to GPTs was proposed in \cite{baldijao2022quantum}.
Unfortunately, the authors are concerned with defining what an idealized quantum Darwinism process would look like in GPTs, more precisely, a general version of a fan-out gate, and do not consider the noisy version of such a process.}. There are two main reasons for that. The first is that properties often seen as inherently quantum mechanical are, in fact,  also features of generalized probability theories, including monogamy of correlations \cite{barrett2006maximally} and the impossibility of broadcasting information \cite{barnum2007generalized}, just to cite a few. Understanding informational principles in such generalized settings often lead to deeper insights about quantum theory itself \cite{popescu1994quantum,MM16}. The other main reason for our approach is of practical relevance and relates to what is often called the device-independent approach to quantum information \cite{pironio2016focus}, the paradigmatic examples of which are Bell inequalities violations, non-contextuality inequality violations and their use in cryptographic protocols \cite{Ekert1991,pironio2010random,CabelloEtAl11}. In the device-independent setting, one can reach non-trivial conclusions about the quantum states being prepared or the measurements being performed by simply relying on the classical information obtained by measurement outcomes---without resorting to a detailed description of the experimental apparatus. In the particular case of quantum Darwinism, as we will see, it will allow us to not only define the concept of objectivity irrespective of any underlying dynamics or measurement setups, but also derive testable constraints on whether the statistics observed in the experiment can be deemed objective or not.

In our proposed setting, each agent $i$ has access to a portion $B_i$ of the environment surrounding $A$. Additionally, each agent $i$ is free to independently choose to measure one out of many possible observables $x_i \in \{x_{i}^{1},x_{i}^{2},...,x_{i}^{m_{i}}\}$, obtaining the corresponding outcome $b_i \in \{b_{i}^{1},b_{i}^{2},...,b_{i}^{o_{i}}\}$. If we focus only on the aggregated statistics involved in this process, the scenario is thus described by a joint probability distribution
\begin{equation}
p(b_1,\dots,b_n\vert x_1,\dots,x_n)=\sum_{a}p(a,b_1,\dots,b_n\vert x_1,\dots,x_n),
\end{equation}
where $a$ is the outcome one would observe if a direct measurement of the system $A$, that measurement corresponding to the pointer-state observable (assuming it exists) defined by a given dynamics, had been performed. Each $x_i$ represents the random variable parametrizing the choice of which observable the $i-$th agent having access to the portion $B_i$ of the environment measures in a given run of the experiment.

According to the Born rule, a quantum description of the same scenario is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:jointprob}
& & p(a,b_1,\dots,b_n\vert x_1,\dots,x_n)= \\ \nonumber
& & \mathrm{Tr}[(F_a\otimes E^{1,x_1}_{b_1} \dots  \otimes E^{n,x_n}_{b_n})\,\rho_{A,B_1,\dots,B_n}],
\end{eqnarray}
where $\rho_{A,B_1,\dots,B_n}$ is the density operator representing the quantum state shared by all the environments $B_{i}$'s plus the central system $A$, and where $\{E_{b_{i}}^{i,x_{i}}\}_{b_i}$ is the POVM representing a possible choice of measurement that the $i-$th agent can realize on her fraction of the environment. It is exactly Eq.~\eqref{eq:jointprob} that motivates a general probabilistic description where the joint distribution $ p(a,b_1,\dots,b_n\vert x_1,\dots,x_n)$ has to fulfil three natural assumptions.

The first, called \emph{no-superdeterminism} states that
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:nsdcondition}
  p(a\vert x_1,\dots,x_n)=p(a),
\end{equation}
for every $i \in [n],$ and  for every $ x_{i} \in \{x_{i}^{1},x_{i}^{2},...,x_{i}^{m_{i}}\}$.
In other words, the choices of which observable to measure can be made by each agent independently of how the $A$ system has been prepared or which are the pointer observables defined by a given dynamics. This is reminiscent of the measurement independence (also called ''free-will'' assumption) in Bell's theorem \cite{hall2016significance,chaves2021causal}.

The second assumption, named \emph{no-signalling}, states that
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:nscondition}
    p(b_i \vert a,x_1,\dots,x_n)=p(b_i \vert a,x_i),
\end{equation}
for all $i \in [n]$ and for all $b_{i} \in \{b_{i}^{1},b_{i}^{2},...,b_{i}^{o_{i}}\}$. This is analogous to the no-signalling condition in Bell's theorem and implies that the choice of observables made by a given observer should not have any direct causal effect on the statistics of all other observers.

Our  final assumption, which we name \emph{$\delta$-objectivity}, is structured as follows. Let $\delta > 0$ represent an error parameter. For each agent $i$, denote $x^{*}_i$ their choice of measurement corresponding to the case where their outcome should be correlated with the outcome $a$. In a quantum description, that would precisely correspond to the pointer-state observable on system $A$, that is, corresponding to a POVM $\{E_k\}_{k}$ reproducing as reliably as possible the observable $\{F_k\}_{k}$ emerging in the effective measure-and-prepare dynamics in Eq. \eqref{eq:mapm}.
The outcome $b_i$ is $\delta$-objective, if for each observer, we have that
\begin{equation}
\sum_a p(a)\,p(b_i=a | a, x_i^*) \geq 1-\delta.
\label{eq:objcondition}
\end{equation}
The fact that this assumption brings a clearer notion of objectivity will become justified after our first result below.
For now, notice that as there is always a POVM attaining the optimal value for the guessing probability, we can create a parallel involving Eq.\eqref{eq:jointprob}, the equation defining  $p_\mathrm{guess}$, and the quantity in Eq.\eqref{eq:bound_oout} as shown below:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{align}
    p_\mathrm{guess}(\tr(F_i \rho_A), \sigma_i) = \max_{\{E_i\}} \sum_i \tr(F_i \rho_A) \tr(E_i \sigma_i)
    &\longleftrightarrow
    \sum_a p(a)p(b_i=a | a, x^*)
    \\
    \min_{\rho_{A}} \sum_i \tr(F_i \rho_{A}) \tr\left( \bigotimes_k E^k_i \sigma_i^{1,\ldots,n} \right)
    &\longleftrightarrow
    \sum_a p(a)p(b_1=b_2=\cdots=b_n=a | a, x_1^*,\ldots,x_n^*)
\end{align}
\end{widetext}
With that, we can state our first result, proven in Appendix~\ref{sec:app_proof1}, justifying our $\delta$-objectivity assumption.
\begin{result}
    If there exists a positive $\delta \le 1$ such that for every $k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}$:
    \begin{equation}
        \sum_a p(a)p(b_k=a | a, x_k^*) \ge 1-\delta.
    \end{equation}
    Then we have
    \begin{eqnarray}
        & \sum_a p(a)p(b_1=b_2=\cdots=b_n=a |a, x_1^*&,\ldots,x_n^*) \nonumber \\ \nonumber & & \ge 1-n\delta
    \label{eq:bound_oout_friends}
    \end{eqnarray}
\end{result}

\textbf{Remark:} Result 1 says that a result analogous to Eq. \eqref{eq:bound_oout} continues to hold, even in a fully probabilistic setting. Put another way, the inequality $\sum_a p(a)p(b_1 = b_2 = ... = b_n = a|x_{1}^{*},...,x_{n}^{*}) \geq 1 -n \delta$ expresses the possibility of assigning an objective nature to the outcome obtained by each observer. Recall that objectivity here means that regardless of the outcome obtained by each agent, that outcome is agreed upon among all the $B_i$'s, that is, $p(b_1=b_2=\cdots=b_n|x_1^*,\ldots,x_n^*)=1$. What is more, it also  reflects a property related to an observable described by a POVM $\{F_k\}_k$ acting on the subsystem $A$. In particular, when there is a perfect local agreement
(i.e., when $\delta=0$, implying $\sum_a p(b_k=a|x_k^*)=1$ for every agent), Result 1 guarantees that $\sum_a p(b_1=b_2=\cdots=b_n=a|x_1^*,\ldots,x_n^*)=1$. One can read this implication as saying that perfect local agreement implies perfect global agreement.

\section{Bell-like inequalities witnessing non-objectivity}

The conditions of no-superdetermism, no-signalling and $\delta$-objectivity, eqs. \eqref{eq:nsdcondition}, \eqref{eq:nscondition} and \eqref{eq:objcondition} respectively, clearly define a notion for objectivity of outcomes in the probabilistic setting. Notwithstanding, note that those conditions involve the outcome $a$ that by assumption is not directly observable, as any information about it can only be obtained indirectly, by correlations of it with the outcomes $b_i$'s. Thus, similarly to Bell's theorem, $a$ plays the role of a latent or hidden variable. However, the conjunction of assumptions \eqref{eq:nsdcondition}, \eqref{eq:nscondition} and \eqref{eq:objcondition} do imply testable constraints for the observed correlations among the outcomes $b_i$. We approach those testable constraints in this section.

For doing so, we consider the particular case of only two observers ($n=2$). Each observer has two possible measurements available to them. After each measurement, a single value, out of a list of two, is flashed out. Put another way, $x_1,x_2,b_1,b_2 \in \{0,1\}$. Moreover, we specify $x_1^*$ as $x_1=0$ and $x_2^*$ as $x_2=0$---recall that each $x_i^{\ast}$ corresponds to the special case where the outcome should be correlated with the outcome $a$. We can then state our second result.

\begin{result}
Any observed correlation $p(b_1,b_2 \vert x_1,x_2)$ compatible with the conditions \eqref{eq:nsdcondition}, \eqref{eq:nscondition} and \eqref{eq:objcondition}, fulfills the inequality
\begin{multline}
\label{eq:CHSHdelta}
\mathrm{CHSH}_{\delta,\epsilon}=\mean{B^0_1B^0_2} + \mean{B^0_1B^1_2} \\- \mean{B^1_1B^0_2} + \mean{B^1_1B^1_2} \leq 2 + 4\delta-2\epsilon,
\end{multline}
with $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1-2\epsilon$ where $\mean{B^{x_1}_1B^{x_2}_2}=\sum_{}(-1)^{b_1+b_2}p(b_1,b_2\vert x_1,x_2)$ is the expectation value of the observables corresponding to inputs $x_1$ and $x_2$.
\end{result}

Notice that Eq.\eqref{eq:CHSHdelta} is a relaxed version of the CHSH inequality \cite{clauser1969proposed} with one additional constraint. In Eq.~\eqref{eq:CHSHdelta} we impose that $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1-2\epsilon$
to mean that both observers are in agreement (up to a discordance factor of $2\epsilon$) whenever they decide to measure the special inputs $x_1^*=0$ and $x_2^*=0$ respectively.

Notice that our Result 1 implies that $\delta \ge \epsilon/2$ while $\delta=\epsilon/2$ corresponds to the "darwinistic" case where the disagreement $\delta$ between the observers and the latent observable follows directly from the observable disagreement $\epsilon$ between the observers themselves. Thus, any observed value $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon} > 2$ implies that $\delta > \epsilon/2$, witnessing non-objectivity even in the case of non-perfect agreement between the observers ($\epsilon >0$).

Considering the case where $\delta=0$ and $\epsilon=0$, our next result shows that quantum theory can violate the $\CHSH_{0,0}$ inequality while respecting $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1$. That is, the observers agree among themselves but their outcomes do not reflect a property of the system $A$ to which they assume to be fully correlated with---a phenomenon we call ''collective hallucination''.
\begin{result}
\label{result3}
Quantum theory allows a violation of $\CHSH_{0,0}$ up to the value $5/2$ while respecting $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1$. In particular, the maximal violation, allows to self-test a maximally two-qubit entangled state, which at the same time certifies one bit of randomness and also implies a monogamy relation. That is, even though the observers agree among themselves, the outcome of each one of them is completely uncorrelated from system A.
\end{result}

In the following, we will discuss in more depth the consequences of these results while a detailed proof is presented in the Appendix \ref{Appendix: self-test}. Notice that the violation $\CHSH_{0,0}=5/2$ is achieved considering state
\begin{equation}
    \ket{\psi}_{B_1 B_2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{00} + \ket{11}),
    \label{eq:q_realization_state}
\end{equation}
and choosing $B_j^0 = \sigma_z$ for $j=1,2$ and
\begin{align}
    B_1^1 &= -\frac{\sigma_z}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \sigma_x\\
    B_2^1 &= \frac{\sigma_z}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \sigma_x \;,
    \label{eq:q_realization_measurements}
\end{align}
As detailed in the Appendix \ref{Appendix: self-test}, the proof that $\CHSH_{0,0}=5/2$ is the maximum quantum violation relies on the idea that together with the agreement condition $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1$, it allows to self-test the maximally entangled state. Recall that the possibility of performing a self-test is a sufficient condition to ensure that the quantum probability distribution achieving $\CHSH_{0,0}=5/2$ is unique, as discussed in ref. \cite{Supic2020}. Combining that uniqueness with the convex nature of the set of quantum correlations, it thus follows that $\CHSH_{0,0}=5/2$ is the maximal possible violation. Otherwise, if there was a distribution leading to a higher violation, there would be different manners to mix it with other probability distributions  (say the ones leading to maximal violation of other symmetries of this inequality) in order to obtain two different correlations reaching $\CHSH_{0,0}=5/2$, a situation that would forbid the possibility of self-testing.

Furthermore, following the arguments of Ref.~\cite{Masanes2006}, we can state that being an extreme point of the set of quantum behaviors assures that any third part event is uncorrelated with the outcomes of the observers, i.e. it holds that any realization $a$ of some third variable $A$ is such that $p(a,b_1,b_2|x_1,x_2) = p(b_1,b_2|x_1,x_2)p(a)$. Finally, because the $\CHSH_{0,0}$ inequality is invariant under the transformation $b_1' = (b_1 + 1) \bmod 2$ (the same holds for a similar transformation of $b_2$), and the behavior leading to its maximal violation is unique, we can certify a bit of randomness \cite{Dhara2013}, either $b_1$ or $b_2$. In particular, the certification of a random bit and the fact that any third party is uncorrelated implies that the probability of guessing the outcome of one of the participants is always $1/2$.

\begin{figure*}[t!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig_CHSH_Eps.pdf}
    \caption{\textbf{a, b) Minimal values possible for $\delta$} as a function of $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon}$ value corresponding to the observable distribution $p(b_1,b_2|x_1,x_2)$. Results were obtained using the third level of NPA hierarchy \cite{NPA_2007}. Different curves correspond to different values for outcome agreement between observers, given by the constraint $\sum_{b_1} p(b_1=b_2|x_1=x^*,\,x_2=x^*) = 1 - \epsilon$, or equivalently $\mean{B^{0}_1B^{0}_2} = 1 - 2\epsilon$. A change in the behavior for the maximal violation of CHSH can be seen between values $\mean{B^{0}_1B^{0}_2} \leq 1/\sqrt{2}$ (shown in panel a), and values $\mean{B^{0}_1B^{0}_2} \geq 1/\sqrt{2}$ (panel b), where the former increases with increasing $\epsilon$, while the latter decreases with increasing $\epsilon$. At the same time, the restriction $\delta \geq \epsilon/2$ from Eq.\ \eqref{eq:bound_oout_friends} can be observed throughout the graphics, with saturation occurring in all cases for $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon}=2$. It also can be seen that a sharp rise in $\delta$ occurs near maximal violation for each $\epsilon$, which leads to numerical instabilities in these regions. For this reason, no curve reaches $\delta=0.5$ and terminal points are different for each curve. \textbf{c) Optimal values for the violation of CHSH inequality} with the constraint $\mean{B^{0}_1B^{0}_2} = 1 - 2\epsilon$, with explicit quantum realizations found numerically. The points achieve the self-testing criterion of \cite{Wang2016}, satisfying $\mathrm{asin}(\mean{B^{0}_1B^{0}_2}) + \mathrm{asin}(\mean{B^{0}_1B^{1}_2}) + \mathrm{asin}(\mean{B^{1}_1B^{0}_2}) - \mathrm{asin}(\mean{B^{1}_1B^{1}_2}) = \pi$, together with the constraints $\mean{B^{0}_1B^{1}_2} = \mean{B^{1}_1B^{0}_2} = -\mean{B^{1}_1B^{1}_2}$. The analytical curve is obtained by combining the equations, resulting in $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon} = 1 - 2\epsilon + 3\sin(\frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{1}{3}\mathrm{asin}(1-2\epsilon))$.
    }
    \label{fig:Delta_CHSH}
\end{figure*}

It is worth noting that seen from Bell's theorem perspective, Result 3 also has interesting consequences for randomness certification. Differently from the usual setup that requires a violation of $\CHSH_{0,0}=2\sqrt{2}$ to certify one bit of randomness, the agreement condition $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1$ permits the same to reach with a smaller CHSH inequality violation. Furthermore, the standard scenario with $\CHSH_{0,0}=2\sqrt{2}$ requires that a third input is measured by either of the parties if one wishes to directly establish a common secret bit between them. This follows from the fact that in this case, $ \mean{B^{0}_1B^{0}_2}=\mean{B^{0}_1B^{1}_2}=-\mean{B^{1}_1B^{0}_2}=\mean{B^{1}_1B^{1}_2} =1/\sqrt{2}$, that is, the measurement outcomes are not completely correlated. In turn, in our case, the condition $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1$ already guarantees the perfectly correlated secret bit.

Moving beyond the case of the maximal violation $\CHSH_{0,0}=5/2$, we can also probe via a semi-definite program detailed in Appendix \ref{app:sdp}, the minimum value of $\delta$ required to explain a given value of $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon}$, with the results shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Delta_CHSH}.
There we also consider the effect of imperfections on the agreement between the observers, that is, we allow $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1-2\epsilon$, a condition of relevance for experimental tests of our witness. Interestingly, we observe that for any value of $\epsilon$ there is always a quantum violation of the $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon}$ inequality leading to $\delta =1/2$, that is, the outcomes of the observers are completely uncorrelated from the outcome $a$ of the central system they are supposedly probing. Between the range $0 \leq \epsilon \leq \frac{1}{2}(1-1/\sqrt{2})$, as we increase the $\epsilon$ we also increase the maximum quantum violation of $\CHSH_{0,0}$. From this point on, that corresponds to $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon}=2\sqrt{2}$ and $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1/\sqrt{2}$ we see the opposite behavior, since the maximum possible violation of $\CHSH_{\delta,\epsilon}$ decreases as we increase $\epsilon$ in the range $ \frac{1}{2}(1-1/\sqrt{2}) \leq \epsilon \leq 1/2$.

Generalizing our scenario, we can now consider the case where system $A$ has not only one but actually, two properties, corresponding to the outcomes $a_0$ and $a_1$, that we assume to be correlated with the outcomes of measurements performed by the two observers. In this case, the conditions \eqref{eq:nsdcondition}, \eqref{eq:nscondition} and \eqref{eq:objcondition} now assume a joint probability distribution $p(a_0,a_1,b_1,b_2|x_1,x_2)$ and in particular, assuming $\delta=0$ for simplicity, the objectivity condition implies that
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \label{eq:objcondition2}
    \left\{\begin{array}{ll}
         p(a_i=b_1|x_1 = i, x_2)& = 1\\
         p(a_i=b_2|x_1, x_2 = i)& = 1
    \end{array}\right.
    \end{eqnarray}
Put differently, if $x_i=0$ then the outcome $b_i$ should be correlated with $a_{0}$; if $x_i=1$ then the outcome $b_i$ should be correlated with $a_{1}$. Similarly to the previous case, it follows that $\CHSH_{\delta,0}$ constraints the correlations compatible with this scenario. However, as stated in our next result, proven in the Appendix \ref{app:result4}, differently from the previous case, if we impose a stronger notion of agreement of the observers for both possible measurements, that is, $p(b_1=b_2|x_1=x_2)$, then there are no quantum violations of $\CHSH_{\delta,0}$.
\begin{result}
\label{result 4}
If we impose that $p(b_1=b_2|x_1=x_2) = 1$ for all $x_1$ and $x_2$, then all quantum correlations are compatible with the assumptions \eqref{eq:nsdcondition}, \eqref{eq:nscondition} and \eqref{eq:objcondition2}.
\end{result}

This shows that if the observers agree on the outcomes of all measurements being performed, necessarily then, the observed correlations are compatible with an underlying statistics where the observed outcomes are correlated with the property of the system they are probing, represented by the probability distribution $p(a)$.

It is worth remarking here the fact that such non-objectivity bounds can also serve as witnesses of post-quantum correlations. Differently from Result 4 for quantum correlations, no-signalling correlations, those respecting eqs. \eqref{eq:nsdcondition} and \eqref{eq:nscondition}, a set of correlations that includes the quantum set, do allow for violations even in the case where the observers agree on the outcomes of all measurements being performed. To illustrate this, it is enough to consider the paradigmatic PR-box \cite{popescu1994quantum}, given by
\begin{equation}
    p(b_1,b_2\vert x_1,x_2 )=\frac{1}{2}\delta_{b_1\oplus b_2, x_1 \bar{x_2}} \; .
\end{equation}
The PR-box is such that the observers agree on the outcomes of both possible measurement inputs but at the same time can violate the CHSH inequality up to its algebraic maximum of $\CHSH_{0,0}=4$. In general, via our Result 4, the violation of the CHSH inequality under the constraint of concordance between the observers implies directly the post-quantum nature of the correlations.

\section{Proof-of-principle experiment: setup}
\label{sec:setup}
In the same spirit of Bell's theorem, the constraints we want to test do not depend on any specific dynamics and do not need to assume any precise physical theory.
In the following we describe a proof-of-principle photonic experiment realizing a physical interaction dynamics whose output state can be naturally mapped into the quantum Darwinism scenario.

The quantum mechanical description of the scheme and the interaction between the involved photonic degrees of freedom provide only an intuitive picture, and we stress that the conclusions drawn from the experimental data are fully device-independent and the dynamics could in principle be unknown.

In our scheme, we consider the temporal degree of freedom of photons as the observed system $A$, while the polarization of two photons represents a pair of observer systems $B_1$ and $B_2$, as the environment (see  Fig.~\ref{fig:piatte}a). To simplify the presentation we consider a model where the temporal modes of the photons are treated separately, for a more in-depth analysis the reader can refer to Appendix~\ref{sec:mapping}. More specifically, two photons interact with a birefringent crystal, thus coupling the polarization and the temporal delay. Both the generation and the interaction occur within a Sagnac interferometer, after which the photons are spatially separated and their (possibly) entangled polarization carries information on the temporal delay, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:piatte}b.
The action $\hat{T}$ of the birefringent plate on a single photon with state $\ket{\Psi} = \alpha \ket{H}+\beta \ket{V}$ is to introduce a delay between the $\ket{H}$ and $\ket{V}$ polarization states, coupling them with a temporal wavefunction $\Phi(t)$, such that
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\label{eq:timeent}
\hat{T}\ket{\Psi} = \hat{T} [ (\alpha \ket{H}  +\beta \ket{V} )\, \ket{\Phi(t)}]= \\
= \alpha \ket{H} \ket{\Phi(t+\Delta t_H)} +\beta \ket{V}  \ket{\Phi(t)} \; ,
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta t_H$ is the temporal delay, induced by the birefringent plate, on the horizontal polarization with respect to the vertical polarization.
Notice that this operation realizes a dephasing channel, a paradigmatic model to formalize decoherence in realistic physical situations, among which measurements are particular cases \cite{preskill1998lecture}. Indeed, a complex interaction involving many degrees of freedom with discrete or continuous spectrum (all realistic measurements involve several degrees of freedom of different nature) can be modeled as a unitary operation involving the considered qubit states, in our case the polarizations, and an external state corresponding to the system $A$, that in our case corresponds to the joint temporal degree of freedom.

More specifically, the state of the qubit interacting with the birefringent plate, modeled as the dephasing channel involving time as the system $A$, can be described by the following  evolution:
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\label{eq:dephasing}
 &\ket{H} \otimes \ket{0}_A \xrightarrow{\hat{T}}
\Delta\ket{H} \otimes \ket{0}_A +\sqrt{1-|\Delta|^2} \ket{H} \otimes \ket{1}_A \; ,\\
&\ket{V} \otimes \ket{0}_A \xrightarrow{\hat{T}}
\ket{V} \otimes \ket{0}_A  \;,
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta$ is the dephasing parameter related to the overlap between, respectively, the two-photon joint temporal wavefunction where the horizontal polarization is retarded with respect to the vertical polarization and the wavefunction without retardation.  The retarded states $\ket{0}_A$ and $\ket{1}_A$  are orthonormal  states of the observed system $_A\braket{i}{j}_A=\delta_{ij}$, with $i,j=0,1$ (here, $\delta$ is the Kronecker delta) corresponding to non-overlapping terms of the photonic temporal wavefunction (see Appendix~\ref{sec:mapping}).

Consider the scheme in Fig. \ref{fig:piatte}. A nonlinear crystal is placed within the interferometer and a laser pump beam enters the interferometer along an input of a dual-wavelength polarizing beam splitter (DPBS) and its interaction with the crystal generates pairs of photons in the state $\ket{HV}$. The pump passes through the interferometer along a clockwise and a counter-clockwise direction, and the relative amplitude of these contributions depends on the polarization state of the pump beam at the input of the DPBS. Note that this represents a common scheme for the generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs \cite{fedrizzi2007wavelength}. Then, a birefringent plate is inserted in a Sagnac interferometer after (seen from the anti-clockwise path) the crystal. The pump is unaffected by the plate, which induces only a negligible phase shift of the pump field, since it has a coherence time much larger than the introduced delay. On the other hand, the anti-clockwise generated $\ket{HV}$ state is affected by the dephasing channel as in \eqref{eq:dephasing}, while the clockwise term is unaffected since it does not pass through the plate. Hence, for the counter-clockwise generation, the state is given by
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\label{eq:unitaryt}
 &\ket{H} \ket{V} \otimes \ket{0}_A \ket{0}_A \xrightarrow{\hat{T}}
\Delta \ket{H}\ket{V}  \otimes \ket{0}_A \ket{0}_A +  \\
&+\sqrt{1-|\Delta|^2} \ket{H} \ket{V}\otimes \ket{1}_A \ket{0}_A \;.
\end{split}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
\begin{subfigure}[t]{.47\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{concept_scheme.pdf}
\caption{Conceptual scheme.}
\label{fig:exp_conept}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}[t]{.47\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{exp_scheme.pdf}
\caption{Experimental setup}
\label{fig:exp_setup}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{\textbf{ Proof-of-principle experimental setup.}
a) Conceptual scheme of the experiment, where the polarization of photons represents the environments  while the temporal delay in the joint wavefunction represents the quantum system of interest.
b) Experimental setup.
A Sagnac-based polarization entangled photon source generates pairs of degenerate photons at $808$nm. Inside the Sagnac interferometer, the interaction of the photons generated in the anti-clockwise direction interacts with the birefringent plates which couple the polarizations with the temporal degree of freedom. The strength of the interaction is parametrized by $\Delta$ indicating the overlap between the temporal wavefunctions of the horizontal and vertical polarizations and is varied by changing the thickness of the birefringent plates. Finally, the photons are collected and detected by single photon detectors. In detail, M = mirror; PBS = polarizing beam splitter; HWP= half-waveplate; QWP = quarter-waveplate; DM = dichroic mirror; DHWP = dual-wavelength half-waveplate; APDs = avalanche photo-diode detectors.
}
\label{fig:piatte}
\end{figure*}

Considering a pump beam in a diagonal polarization state, the (non-normalized) final state  after the DPBS of the Sagnac interferometer will be:
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\label{eq:unitaryt2}
 &\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} [
\Delta \ket{H}\ket{V}  \ket{0}_A \ket{0}_A +\\
&+\sqrt{1-|\Delta|^2} \ket{H} \ket{V}\otimes \ket{1}_A \ket{0}_A-\ket{V} \ket{H}\otimes \ket{0}_A \ket{0}_A] \;.
\end{split}
\end{equation}

Tracing out the time degree of freedom, that nonetheless encodes its information in the polarization state of the photons, the final state of the two observer systems is given by
\begin{align}
\label{eq:finalstate}
\rho_\mathrm{f}= |\Delta|^2 \ket{\Psi^-}\bra{\Psi^-}+ (1-|\Delta|^2) \rho_{\mathrm{mix}} \; ,
\end{align}
where $\ket{\Psi^-}$ is the singlet polarization state, and $\rho_{\mathrm{mix}}$ is the mixed state $\rho_{\mathrm{mix}} = (\ket{HV}\bra{HV} + \ket{VH}\bra{VH})/2$.

In this way, an interaction occurs between the polarization of the two photons and their time degree of freedom by means of the same birefringent plate. After such an interaction, the polarization of the photons, i.e. the environment systems $B_1$ and $B_2$, carry information about the time degree of freedom defined as the observed system $A$ (see Appendix~\ref{sec:mapping} for a detailed description of the mapping between the quantum Darwinism scenario and the experimental realization).
The strength of this interaction can be tuned by changing the thickness of the birefringent plates. To illustrate this, we describe two extremal conditions. When no birefringent plate is present no interaction occurs, thus the temporal state of the photons is uncorrelated with respect to the polarization. In this case, $\Delta=1$ and, from Eq.\eqref{eq:finalstate}, the final polarization state of the photons, is a maximally entangled state $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}( \ket{HV}- \ket{VH})$.

Conversely, when the thickness of the birefringent plate introduces a temporal delay greater than the coherence time of the photons, $\Delta=0$ and then the global state, from Eq. \eqref{eq:unitaryt2}, will be $(\ket{H} \ket{V}\otimes \ket{1}_A \ket{0}_A
- \ket{V} \ket{H} \otimes \ket{0}_A \ket{0}_A)/\sqrt{2}$.
From Eq. \eqref{eq:finalstate}, tracing out the time degree of freedom, the polarization state will be the mixed state $(\ket{HV}\bra{HV}+ \ket{VH} \bra{VH})/2$.

To resume, considering the state of the photonic polarizations in Eq.\eqref{eq:finalstate}, we have that, when there is maximum coupling ($\Delta=0$) the polarization values of the two photons effectively correspond to the presence ($\ket{H}$ for the first photon and $\ket{V}$ for the second one) or absence ($\ket{V}$ for the first photon and $\ket{H}$ for the second one) of a temporal delay of the wavefunction. Conversely, when no coupling is present, no information on the presence of temporal delay is stored in the polarization of the photons. From a Quantum Darwinism perspective, polarization plays the role of an environment, mediating the interactions between the (indirectly) observed system, here the temporal delay, and the measurement apparatus.

\begin{figure*}[ht!]
\includegraphics[width=.8\textwidth]{darwin_plot.pdf}
\caption{\textbf{ Experimental data.} Optimal values of the experimental CHSH parameter as a function of the constraint $\braket{B^0_1}{B^0_2}=1-2 \epsilon$ for different values of temporal overlap $\Delta$ between the wavefunctions of the two polarizations. The dashed lines represent the optimal values calculated from the theoretical model of the experimental state. Moreover, for $\Delta=1$ and $\Delta=0.91$, there are also reported results obtained using the ab-initio approach and are indicated with the black and blue points, respectively. The error bars are calculated by assuming Poissonian statistics.
}
\label{fig:data}
\end{figure*}

\section{Experimental results}
We performed the measurements using four different delays between the two polarizations due to the birefringent plates. For each delay, there is a correspondent strength of the interaction, parameterized by the overlap $\Delta_i$, with $i=1,2,3,4$, from Eq. \eqref{eq:unitaryt}.

Once the overlap $\Delta_i$ is fixed, the measurements are performed by varying the agreement $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2} = 1 - 2\epsilon$ between the measurements of the two observers. For each agreement, the violation of the CHSH inequality is optimized, using the information from a quantum state tomography \cite{james2005measurement}.
More specifically, from the tomography, we extract the values of the rotation angles of the measurement waveplates able to reach, within experimental errors, the desired agreement and the corresponding maximum CHSH parameter achievable by the generated state.

The results are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:data}.
For the case with maximum interaction, $\Delta = 0$, the polarization of the two photons became maximally entangled with the time degree of freedom and so, from the monogamy of entanglement \cite{osborne2006general}, no entanglement is possible between the polarizations. Thus, no violation of the CHSH inequality is observed  (see green points in Fig.  \ref{fig:data}). In this case, one can argue the emergence of objectivity, since the observers measuring the polarization of the two photons, not only agree among themselves but their measurement outcomes can indeed correspond to an objective property, in our proof-of-principle experiment represented by the time degree of freedom of the photons.

Conversely, when the interaction is absent ($\Delta =1$), the experimental entangled state is able to violate the CHSH inequality up to a value $S^{exp}=2.475 \pm 0.008$ with an observed agreement $\braket{B^0_1}{B^0_2}=1-2 \epsilon=0.956 \pm0.002$, that is $\epsilon=0.022 \pm 0.001$. Using the $\CHSH_{\delta. \epsilon}$ inequality \eqref{eq:CHSHdelta}, valid for general no-signalling correlations, we see that this corresponds to  $\delta \geq 0.124 \pm 0.002$. The effect becomes more pronounced when assuming the validity of quantum theory for all systems involved. A numerical computation approximating the quantum set by a superset of allowed distributions \cite{NPA_2007} returns $\delta = 0.49 \pm 0.01$, revealing that the observed variables should be almost completely uncorrelated to any candidate for the system $A$ property. We thus obtain solid experimental evidence of the (noisy) "collective hallucination", where the two observers, even if they have an agreement on the supposedly measured value, the latter cannot correspond to an objective property of the quantum system of interest.

In order to bring  our experimental evidence for non-objectivity closer to the spirit of the device-independent paradigm, we also perform measurements using the ab-initio approach introduced in \cite{poderini2022ab}, where experimental violations of classical constraints are found and optimized in a fully black-box scenario, without any knowledge the generated state and the measurement apparatuses.

More specifically, while usually in an experiment one tries to violate some inequality using precise knowledge of the employed  experimental apparatus, in an ab-initio approach one does not assume any prior information and, based only on the (noisy) output statistics, adaptively learns the optimal values of some controllable parameters, in order to optimize a given cost function, such as the violation of a Bell-like inequality.

In our experiment there are $8$ parameters to be optimized by the algorithm, corresponding to the values of the angles of pairs of waveplates (one pair for each measurements station) for each of the $4$ measurements needed to evaluate the CHSH parameter. In particular, the optimization firstly reaches the target value of the agreement $\mean{B^0_1B^0_2}=1-2\epsilon$ tuning the $4$ involved waveplate parameters, and then it reaches a global optimum for the CHSH value tuning the other $4$ parameters associated with the remaining CHSH measurements $\{B^1_1,B^1_2\}$. Details on the ab-initio optimization protocol can be found in Appendix \ref{sec:abinitio}. For each run of the protocol, the algorithm performs $350$ iterations, i.e. number of points sampled in a pair of $4$-dimensional parameters space associated to the CHSH measurements $\{\{B^0_1,B^0_2\},\{B^1_1,B^1_2\}\}$. The first four parameters are related to the measurements $\{B^0_1,B^0_2\}$, fixing a value for the agreement between the observers; the other parameters are related to the remaining operators $\{B^1_1,B^1_2\}$. The results on the values of the CHSH experimentally achieved with the ab-initio approach are shown in Fig.\ref{fig:data}.

The experimental points collected with the ab-initio approach can reach values higher than the ones achieved using quantum state tomography information. This is possible because within an ab-initio framework errors in the characterization of the optical setup, such as the optical axes of waveplates, can be compensated automatically by the optimization process. For all the curves with $\Delta \ne 0$, for each value of the observed agreement, the CHSH is violated, consequently witnessing a degree of non-objectivity in a device-independent way.

\section{Discussion}
Comprehending how microscopic quantum features give rise to the observed macroscopic properties is a central goal of decoherence theory and in particular of quantum Darwinism. Importantly, the emergence of objectivity, that is, the fact that different observers agree on the properties of a quantum system under observation, can be seen as a generic aspect as long as the information of the quantum system is successfully outspread to the environment it is interacting with. It is unclear, however, how to witness the presence or rather the absence of such objectivity in practice. Can we witness non-objectivity by simply probing the environment, without any knowledge of the underlying dynamics?

To answer in positive to this question, we establish a probabilistic framework to cast objectivity through operational lens, building up on the results of \cite{brandao2015generic}. Within this setting, we propose three properties defining what is to be expected from a generic objective behaviour: no-superdeterminism, no-signalling and the $\delta$-objectivity, the latter stating that
$p(b_i=a | x_i^*) \geq 1-\delta$, where $x_i^*$ denotes the measurement for which the observer should try to recover as best as possible the information about the system $A$ as encoded in the probability $p(a)$. Those conditions play a role similar to what the concept of local realism implies for Bell's theorem \cite{brunner2014bell}. In particular, the notion of $\delta$-objectivity is justified by our first result stating that the local agreement between a given observer and the quantum system of interest, translates into a global notion of agreement between all observers having access to some part of the environment.

We then showed that a generalization of the seminal CHSH inequality \cite{clauser1969proposed} constraints the set of possible correlations compatible with the three aforementioned assumptions. Furthermore, the violation of this inequality offers a device-independent witness of the non-objectivity of the underlying process, at the same time that it naturally quantifies how much one should give up objectivity in order to explain the observed correlations. Further, we proved that quantum mechanics allow for violations of this inequality and, in particular, leads to a monogamy relation implying that even though the observers agree among themselves, their outcomes are completely uncorrelated from the system they supposedly should be correlated with. A phenomenon we name "collective hallucination" and that we have experimentally probed using a photonic setup where the quantum property of interest is encoded in the temporal degree of freedom of photons, the polarization of which plays the role of the environment to which the information should redundantly proliferate.

For scenarios where the probed system has more than one property of interest, we demonstrated that if the observers have to agree on measurement outcomes of all performed measurements, then quantum correlations are compatible with the assumptions no-superdeterminism, no-signalling and objectivity, that is, they cannot violate any Bell-like inequality. A result that can be violated by correlations beyond those allowed by quantum theory and that thus can be employed as a test for post-quantumness.

To our knowledge, this is the first connection between quantum Darwinism, and the notion of objectivity it entails, with Bell inequalities and  device-independent quantum information processing, a bridge that deserves further investigation. For instance, it would be interesting to generalize our results to a larger number of observers and consider measurements with more outcomes. At the same time, one should understand paradigmatic dynamics considered in the literature of quantum Darwinism \cite{ollivier2004objective,ollivier2005environment,blume2006quantum,korbicz2014objectivity,QD1,QD2,QD3,QD4} under this new perspective. It is worth remarking also that our approach could lead to substantial refinements in recent tests for the emergence of objectivity \cite{ciampini2018experimental,chen2019emergence,unden2019}. That said, we should also note that another bridge connecting quantum Darwinism, Spekkens contextuality and quantum information has also been recently erected. Adapting the prepare-and-measure scenario into the usual environment as a witness framework, in Ref.~\cite{baldijao2021emergence}, the authors managed to prove that Spekkens non-contextuality for each observer follows through whenever the environment proliferates the information about the central system appropriately. Their notion of classicality differs from ours, insofar as here we consider mutual agreement rather than non-contextuality as a signature of classicality---and our connection with foundations of quantum mechanics is via Bell scenarios. Additionally, our work goes a step further, as we investigate our theoretical findings with a proof-of-principle experiment.

Finally, we notice that the $\delta$-objectivity constraint we consider here is mathematically very similar to the notion of absoluteness of events employed to analyze a generalization of the Wigner's friend experiment \cite{bong2020strong,Moreno2021,wiseman2022thoughtful} in the foundations of quantum theory. Apprehending further the connections between quantum Darwinism/objectivity and Wigner's friend experiment/absoluteness of events is another relevant research direction that we hope our results might trigger.

\section{Acknowledgements}
This work was supported by the Serrapilheira Institute (Grant No. Serra-1708-15763), by the Simons Foundation (Grant Number 884966, AF), the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) via the National Institute for Science and Technology on Quantum Information (INCT-IQ) and Grants No. 406574/2018-9 and 307295/2020-6 This research was also supported by the Fetzer Franklin Fund of the John E.\ Fetzer Memorial Trust and by grant number FQXi-RFP-IPW-1905 from the Foundational Questions Institute and Fetzer Franklin Fund, a donor advised fund of Silicon Valley Community Foundation.
We acknowledge support from the Templeton Foundation, The Quantum Information Structure of Spacetime (QISS) Project (qiss.fr) (the opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation)  Grant Agreement No.  61466.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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What's a girl to pack: My Can't Travel Without list.
I've been packing today. As I fly tomorrow, I've left it late as usual, although in my defence, I have been planning for it all week. As always, I created a list on my iPhone (using the Shopshop app, a great little easy todo list app) and adding things to it as they come into my head. As a seive-brain, I find this is a minimal-stress way to prepare myself. Otherwise I'm bound to forget something.
Now recently I saw this great article on Nomadic Matt's blog on little niknaks ladies shouldn't forget to pack. And I added a few things to my list as I went. But now that I'm packed for the trip, which kicks off tomorrow incidentally, I got thinking about the stuff that I can add to that list. The What I Can't Travel Without list.
Ok this is personal, but I'm a diver. I can get to any country, to any dive spot, and no matter which piece of kit I've forgotten, there's the likelihood that I can hire/borrow/buy it there. Contacts, on the other hand, are the once piece of dive kit that, if I leave them at home, I'm stuffed. Knackered, utterly f*cked basically. I can't see a bloody thing without them, and I sure as he'll can't fit a dive mask over my specs. Contacts go in the bag first.
Again, a bit specialised, but if, like me, you're a travelling pharmacologist and your bag sets the airport drugs dogs off into a frenzy, a simple plastic pill box can be a great little helper. Yes, it's what old people use, but decanting my 4 daily pills into one easy 7-stage container is makes life simpler. Add travel probiotics and malaria tablets into the mix and I'm starting to need an iPhone app to tell me which ones I've taken. Now if they made two-week pill boxes, I'd get even more excited.
Oh hang on, they do. Ooooh.
No brainer for a dive gal. It gets messy.
Ok, so it's a bit wanky. But it's my kindle, my games machine, my magazine, my photo viewer and my dive log all in one. Oh, and my blogging machine of course. My luggage is noticeably lighter from lack of books, dive mags, and other things that I'd usually take to keep me busy. I can add emails of people I meet to my contacts list immediately, and if i could afford roaming charges, I could Facebook-add them i mediately too.
And the dive log thing is awesome. I'll blog about that at some point too.
Now technically I could buy any old flip flops when I get where I'm going. But these bad boys are the dogs balls. After about two wears they mould to your feet, never skip off and essentially, you can walk anywhere in them. Ok, probably not through a jungle or anything, but you get what I mean.
And I think that's about it. My Can't Travel Without list. But I'm sure when I get to Egypt in the morning i'll probably realise there's at least one more. Just as long as it's not my bloody contact lenses.


text:
Information about Trivandrum
Trivandrum or Thiruvananthapuram is situated at the southernmost tip of India. Trivandrum is the modern capital city of Kerala. It is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, Tamil Nadu and wooded highlands of the Western Ghats on the east and northeast. Trivandrum covers an area of 2192 square kms and situated at sea level. The city is built across seven hill and still retains its regal ambience with a number of colonial and traditional buildings. Trivandrum is enriched with a long shoreline with internationally renowned beaches, historic monuments, backwater stretches and a rich cultural heritage. Today, Thiruvananthapuram is home to many educational, cultural and scientific institutions. Trivandrum was earlier a part of the former princely state of Travancore. The climate in Trivandrum is tropical. The temperature here ranges from 18 to 36 degree Celsius.
Tourist attractions in Trivandrum
The main tourist attractions in Trivandrum are the beaches, temples, backwater areas and museums. The main beaches in Trivandrum are Shanghumukham Beach, Kovalam Beach and Varkala Beach. The Shanghumukham Beach is a favourite place for the sunset viewers. The main attractions of this beach are an indoor recreation club, the Matsya Kanyaka (a gigantic, 35 m long sculpture of a mermaid) and a restaurant shaped like a starfish. The main backwater areas of Trivandrum are Veli Tourist village and Akkulam Tourist village. The most famous temple of Trivandrum is the beautiful Sree Padmanabha Swami temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu. This temple is perfect blend of Kerala and Dravidian styles of sculpture and architecture. The other main place of tourist interest is the Museum complex. More....
Hill stations in Trivandrum
Ponmudi is the only hill station which is located about 61 kms. from Trivandrum. It is an idyllic hill resort with narrow, winding pathways and cool, green wooded environs. Ponmudi is well known for its beautiful mountain flowers, exotic butterflies, rivulets, springs and trekking trails.
Kerala is also known for its traditional crafts, the most notable being intricately crafted ivory products, carved wooden containers and furniture, handwoven textiles, bronzes, masks of the characters from the classical dances, coir products etc. Cashews, spices, tea and coffee produced in the State are also some of the most important items on the shopping list of the visitors. M.G. Road extending from East Fort to Palayam, Chalia Bazar, Connemara Market and Palayam are some of the important shopping areas of the city.
Trivandrum is well connected by air to various major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and various other cities of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The Trivandrum international airport receives and as well as operates international flights to Colombo, Maldives, Dubai, Sharjah, Kuwait, Bahrain and Singapore.
There are direct trains from Trivandrum to all the major towns of Kerala and various other cities in India like Mumbai, Bangalore, Guwahati, Kanyakumari, Chennai, Cochin and Delhi, etc.
By Sea:
One of the most attractive aspects of Trivandrum is the predominance of rivers, backwaters and lakes. You can travel at a vast distance by water, at a leisurely pace and through beautiful lush scenery, a unique experience.
To know the distances from Trivandrum click here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Course ID: FORS 4650/6650. 4 hours.
Description: The forestry field camp is an off-campus field practicum for students majoring in forestry. Field skills will be demonstrated, practiced, and honed in the forest environment in the areas of applied silviculture, harvesting, and forest inventory. In addition, a series of visits to forest products manufacturing and utilization facilities will provide first-hand knowledge of pulp, paper, solid wood, and engineered forest products and the resources required for their manufacture.
Nontraditional Format: The course will be offered over three weeks during the Maymester of summer session. It will meet eight hours per day from Monday-Friday. The course will be held in a field/forest location. There will be one hour of lecture per day (five hours per week) and six hours of field work per day (thirty per week).
Prescribe even-aged and uneven-aged regeneration harvests.
timber stand improvement cuts, and release.
Measure and quantify site index.
Measure and quantify stand density measures.
prescribe treatments to  mitigate them.
Design and mark a timber harvest.
raw materials required in each process.
Conduct fixed are plot timber cruise.
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Syllabus: Select Faculty/Instructor Greene, W.


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text:
Ficus microtrivia — вымерший вид рода Фикус семейства Тутовые, известный из раннемиоценовых и среднемиоценовых отложений Китайской Народной Республики.

Этимология
Видовое название является отсылкой к схожему современному Ficus trivia и намекает на то, что Ficus microtrivia был несколько меньше него.

Описание
Лист с коротким черешком. Вершина острая. Жилкование эвкамптодромное, становится брохидодромным дистально. Базальными вторичными признаками являются выпуклости, напоминающие акродромное жилкование. Межрёберная третичная вена простирается от основания к вершине. Четвертичные и пятеричные вены нерегулярно сетчатые, образуют плотные сетки. Свободно оканчивающихся жилок 4 или более, они дихотомически ветвятся, иногда образуя грандулярные узлы прожилок.

История изучения
В 2018 году были найдены отпечатки листьев ранее неизвестного вида рода Фикус в формации Хуажиге неподалёку от деревни Дашидонг, Вэньшань-Чжуан-Мяоский автономный округ, провинция Юньнань, юго-запад КНР. В том же году Цзянь Хуанг, Лин-Джиа, Тао Су и Чжэ-Кун Чжоу описали новый вид. Голотипом был назначен образец DMS-4438, а в качестве паратипов авторы указали образцы DMS-1225; DMS-3936; DMS-4401; DMS-4421.

Этот вид, как и некоторые другие, указывает на то ,что открытая кустарниковая растительность, аналогичная той, что в том же регионе Китая сегодня, уже существовала в раннем и среднем миоцене.

Примечания

†
Вымершие цветковые
Флора миоцена
Фоссилии, описанные в 2018 году

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We are looking for some volunteers to become USA Swimming Meet Officials. Chris Wyatt, a Cyclone dad, volunteers at most of our meets. Chris says "Best part of being an official is you always can get the best seat in the house during the meet. Plus you get to wear a spiffy uniform." Our Cyclones Booster Club will provide some financial support to volunteers completing the program.
The following is a list of meets or special arranged clinics. Chris Wyatt will be attending the EAJ meet if you would like to find out more about this rewarding volunteer position.


Located in ´Carabeo 2´ this first floor one bed apartment set amongst attractive gardens and communal pool is ideally situated close to all the amenities of Nerja including the beach at Carabeo and just a 5 mins walk to the Balcon de Europe.
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This apartment has good rental history. Sale includes furniture.


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text:
AFRICA GEARS FOR EXODUS FROM ICC
South Africa's decision to quit the International Criminal Court (ICC) has sent a reminder to the world that Africa is determined to leave the world's only permanent war crimes tribunal.
Uganda, which was the first country to take a case to The Hague-based ICC, is arguing that in January, when African leaders gather for a continental summit in Ethiopia, many countries will announce their decision to leave the Court which they accuse of being biased against Africa.
"Uganda will pronounce its position (withdrawing from ICC) during the next African Union (AU) summit (in January 2017) in Addis Ababa. We expect other countries to do so. We need all the African countries to leave ICC in unison," Okello Oryem, Uganda's state minister for international affairs said in a recent interview with Xinhua.
At an AU summit held in Rwanda in July, African leaders voted by a huge margin in favour of a proposal for its member states to withdraw from the ICC jurisdiction. Following this decision, South Africa, the continent's economic powerhouse, notified the UN of its decision to leave. Gambia and Burundi have also said they are leaving although they have not yet followed the required legal procedures to quit.
African states played a critical role in ratifying the Rome Statute, which was the founding treaty of the ICC. Back then, they saw the initiative as critical in punishing perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the world.
As a sign of belief in the Court, Uganda, in 2002 was the first country to take a case to the court seeking redress regarding top commanders of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels who were accused of committing heinous crimes in the northern part of this East African country.
Since then, several warlords, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), have appeared before the Court. When the Court started looking at African leaders, for instance, issuance of summons to Sudanese leader Omar al-Bashir, Kenya's President Uhuru Kenyatta's appearance before the Court, sent chills among the leaders.
Many leaders started seeing it as being biased against Africa, arguing that the ICC is turning a blind eye to heinous crimes committed elsewhere in the world.
"We have been telling ICC to listen to the concerns of African leaders but they chose to ignore. If ICC had listened, this situation (withdrawals) would have not happened. They chose to listen and push the agenda of our former colonial masters," said Oryem, Uganda's Minister for International Affairs.
"We have no problem with any legal framework and body that monitors human rights abuses, violations, war crimes and genocide. But it has to be fair to Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia and Americas. ICC is not that body. It is basically targeting Africans."
Not all African countries are pro-withdrawal. Senegal and Botswana have criticized South Africa's move to quit the Court.
Experts argue that Africa's withdrawal from ICC would render the Court toothless in providing accountability for war crimes and crimes against humanity. They also caution that the move would have an effect of condoning impunity on the continent since those in power would not be answerable to anyone.
"This is particularly true given that there is no regional mechanism to step in when domestic courts in Africa, many of which are too weak to challenge political elites and those in power, fail to do so," Alex Fielding, a political analyst at Max Security Solutions, a geopolitical risk consulting firm, told Xinhua.
Phil Clark, an international relations lecturer at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies, told Xinhua that those in power may have intentions of protecting themselves from international scrutiny and the domestic pressure that can be exerted through being a signatory to the Rome Statute.
The ICC argues that the world should stay united in fighting against impunity, which often causes massive violations of human rights.
"The international community must remain united to face the enormous challenge of preventing the commission of such crimes, prosecuting the alleged perpetrators, whoever they are and wherever they are, to ensure peace, stability and security of our States," said Sidiki Kaba, the President of the Assembly of State Parties to the Rome Statute in an Oct 22 statement.
He said the ICC needs the strong support of the international community and the cooperation of member states to ensure its effectiveness and strengthen its credibility.
Fielding argues that during the 15th annual session of the ICC Assembly of States Parties, scheduled for Nov 16 to 24 in the Netherlands, Kaba and his regional allies should lead a diplomatic offensive to find a consensus and slow the withdrawal movement.
"As to the ICC itself, it should continue to focus on the victims and work to ensure that the message is being delivered by more African non-governmental organizations, lawyers, regional organizations, activists, and government officials, rather than from The Hague," he said.
He said the ICC's public diplomacy and outreach should be improved, to better deliver the message that the Court is an impartial entity that seeks to ensure justice for victims.
Source: NAM NEWS NETWORK.
500+ Convene in Côte d'Ivoire for Focus on Sustainability at World Cocoa Foundation Partnership Meeting
YPO Global Pulse: Business confidence in Africa edges up in the third quarter of 2016


This little search engine allows you to find whitin the whole site, actually more than 4,500 WEB pages, those which mention the word(s) you'll write in the box.
It will give you a list of all the internal addresses with a description. Then, you'll just need to clic on the one you wish to reach.


9am to 4pm exams shouldn't exist…EVER!
Well…we'll see if I can guess and pray my way to a passing grade. >_< I'm hoping that since I know about 50% of the information, and I'm a good guesser (by deductive reasoning skills and speaking Latin languages), I can get maybe a 75%?


Thanks Derek, I saw #0Z34 in the list that it was allocated but wondered if it may have been changed with the multiple locos present!
JDM5767 wrote: Thanks Derek, I saw #0Z34 in the list that it was allocated but wondered if it may have been changed with the multiple locos present!
Got it from a list on Northern railgen recently posted.
OK, fair enough. Not showing on Railcams and I added the locos.


text:
Milk from spuds in US
A potato milk product from the US was arguably one of the most unusual products on display at this year's show.
Vance's DariFree is suitable for people who are gluten, soya and dairy intolerant. High in calcium, it is marketed as a cholesterol and fat-free alternative to milk. The powder product is packed in cartons and each carton - which retails for £9.75 - can make up to six litres. The powder has a four-year shelf life and, once mixed, lasts up to 12 days in a fridge.
DariFree is handled by VancesFoods Europe, run by Mariel and Eamon Cotter, who found it while looking for products for their daughter's dietary needs.
Profits crash at Robert Wiseman as milk price war takes toll
Interim profits at Robert Wiseman have been cut in half, as the dairy giant bears the brunt of the price war raging between the supermarkets over milk.
Flavoured milk scores Welsh rugby deal
Welsh organic flavoured milk brand Daioni has struck a three-year deal to become the Wales Rugby League s official community partner.
Asda's milk premium to farmers cut by 20%
Asda cut the premium paid to its liquid milk supply group by 20% despite insisting the milk price war would not come at the expense of its dairy farmers, The Grocer can reveal. One week before it slashed its retail milk prices, Asda...


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Witness the power of the social media model.
Gigi Hadid, a woman who models covetable clothes on the runway and streets, will now be designing them with Tommy Hilfiger, the New York Times reports. "We're creating a line called Gigi by Tommy Hilfiger, using her style, her sense, her social media presence as the top supermodel in the world today," the designer said. The idea came after Gigi walked in his February 2015 show—Hilfiger was impressed at Hadid's use of social media (she has over 10 million followers on Instagram) to earn her top model status.
"I ended up staying an extra five hours the first day," Hadid said of her time in Hilfiger's studio. "I think they were surprised I was that into it." She also admitted that modeling is "not the hardest job in the world." Maybe designing will offer more of a challenge.
The collection will be out in the fall. Expect sportswear, footwear, and accessories. Hadid will also front campaigns for Tommy Hilfiger's main, footwear, and watches lines then, and be the face of an upcoming fragrance.


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It is a big misconception that one must live in the San Joaquin Valley to be a member of the San Joaquin Power Employees Credit Union. Membership in San Joaquin Power Employees Credit Union is open to ALL PG&E Employees and Retirees, regardless of what county or state you reside in. Call and join today.


- Where did you find the awesome desk? ... love the Asian waterfall leg!
The desk is by Woodbridge Furniture.
The sofa is a sleeper model, which comes in handy since the study doubles as a guest room. The streamlined desk contains subtle gold detailing on its base.Desk: Thomas, Woodbridge; desk chair: Cross Effect Icon, SlighRead more about this roomMoreHow to Refresh Your Living Room on Any BudgetHow Much Does It Cost to Hire an Interior Designer?
Window has woven shade and big full,white curtains with dramatic trim.
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Our Founder and CEO, Tom is a 20-year executive with leadership experience in several high growth consumer products companies, two of which led to successful exits. An entrepreneur, published author, and award-winning game designer; Tom has led the commercialization of the deck-of-dice patent in both the retail and casino markets. Tom's career has spanned strategy, M&A, sales, marketing, global sourcing and logistics.
Our Chief Technology Officer, Adam is a seasoned technology and development executive in the world of interactive entertainment. He has a proven, 20-year track record, and he has accumulated broad experience designing & developing award-winning software products on all major platforms. From Atari to Activision to Electronic Arts to Games.com to Sorrent (now Glu Mobile), Adam is one of entertainment software's original pioneers. Adam helped create milestone titles such as Ghostbusters, Little Computer People, Murder on the Mississippi, PGA Tour, and Tiger Woods Golf.
Our Chief Creative Officer and Game Designer, Steve is a legendary video game designer. He was one of the original Activision game designers credited with such hits as Barnstorming, Megamania, Seaquest and Hacker – and has since gone on to publish 50+ products accounting for over $500M in worldwide revenue. During an 8-year run at Electronic Arts, he designed and produced all Tiger Woods Golf products and created EA's first on-line game site. Steve has also designed successful games for Glu Mobile, Rockyou, and more.
There are 54 total surfaces in our set of dice: just right for a full deck of 52 playing cards plus 2 jokers.
The card faces are arranged in a patented design so players can roll all of the key hands for poker, rummy, blackjack, and more. Every possible 4-of-a-kind, straight flush and royal flush can be rolled!
These dice represent the heart of our company's opportunity – we will use them to create a family of proprietary games.
The idea for this deck of dice struck Carmelyn Calvert late one night. An idea so simple and obvious that she was sure it must have been done before. But then why had she never seen it? Was it possible or not for the cards to be arranged to make the winning hands for popular card games? After all, a deck of dice would be worthless if it couldn't! She was determined to find out. She solved the puzzle in just one night of inspired ambition. To her surprise, she later found that she was the first to have ever done so. Carmelyn's patent issued in 2011.
Sadly, Carmelyn passed away in September 2015. She had lived to see her invention selling as the Square Shooters® board game on the shelves of major retailers. She was eager to see her deck of dice graduate into the huge market for casino games. We miss our friend but her legacy lives on, and we are inspired to continue to bring her vision to life.
A New Family of Games!
Winner of six consumer awards with 250,000+ games sold.
Get the Square Shooters® game set.
The dice are like cards. Play dozens of freestyle games or make you own.
Dice are available to buy now!
Our team of superstars has deep experience in casual and casino gaming from companies like Atari, Activision, EA, Glu Mobile, gloops, Nexon, RockYou, IGT, and more. We know how to make fun games!
Want to do business? Need more information? Introduce yourself, we'll get right back to you!


Mayoral candidate and former councillor Gord Steeves made his latest campaign promise on Friday, promising to close down and develop four city golf courses with the hopes of turning a $100 million profit, which would be plowed into infrastructure repairs.
"This redevelopment plan will be specifically sensitive to the areas in which they exist and will actually create a net gain of 60 acres of free, public green space for Winnipeg residents," said Steeves.
"Through the divestment and redevelopment of these assets, The City of Winnipeg would immediately generate approximately $100 million specifically for road and infrastructure repairs, alongside ongoing newly generated TIF revenue.
Steeves also took a swing at candidate Brian Bowman, saying selling the golf courses was a better idea than Bowman's idea of toll roads.