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Ya Kumba Jaiteh (geb. 19. Juli 1988 in Dippa Kunda) ist eine gambische Rechtsanwältin und Politikerin.

Leben
Ya Kumba Jaiteh studierte Jura in Gambia und Großbritannien. Sie absolvierte ihr Studium an der Anglia Ruskin University mit Auszeichnung.

Nach den Parlamentswahlen 2017 wurde Jaiteh vom Präsidenten Adama Barrow als eine von fünf zusätzlichen ernannten Mitgliedern des Parlaments bestimmt. Für den Präsidenten repräsentierte sie, als eine junge Aktivistin, die Jugend und ihre juristische Ausbildung wird der Nationalversammlung zugutekommen. Als Mitglied des Parlaments ist sie im Ausschuss für auswärtige Angelegenheiten und Regionalregierung und Land (). Jaiteh ist auch Mitglied in der Female Lawyers Association of The Gambia (FLAG).

Am 25. Februar 2019 wurde ihre Nominierung ins Parlament von Barrow widerrufen, was Kontroversen darüber auslöste, inwiefern die Verfassung ihm diese Möglichkeit gebe. Der Widerruf soll im Zusammenhang mit einer Rede gestanden haben, in der sie Barrows Politik kritisiert habe. Am 4. März wurde Foday Gassama als Nachfolger nominiert. Ya Kumba Jaiteh klagte vor dem Supreme Court gegen diese Entscheidung, der am 28. Januar 2020 feststellte, dass der Widerruf der Ernennung verfassungswidrig und damit nichtig sei. Gleiches gelte für die Ernennung Gassamas. Die gambische Regierung bedauerte das Urteil, kündigte aber die sofortige Umsetzung an. Ende Februar 2020 legte die Regierung Berufung ein.

Im Oktober 2020 wurde sie beschuldigt, einen Polizeibeamten bei einem Einsatz angegriffen zu haben.

Jaiteh ist Mitglied der Female Lawyers Association Gambia und der United Democratic Party.

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der National Assembly (Gambia)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der United Democratic Party (Gambia)
Gambier
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Frau


Event planners are challenged now more than ever to #bringbacknetworking and make it great again! If this sounds like a campaign, that's probably because it is. Networking has received a bad rep over the past few years and this could be because its purpose isn't always clear, and guests genuinely do not know how to network effectively, but event experts can change all that. Here are our tips to boost networking at your events.
Remember our blog on unconventional venues and how we unpacked the influence event spaces have on the level of engagement at your event? This largely applies for events that are centred around networking. The common practice event planners lean towards, is booking a conference room with breakaway rooms allocated for networking. However, if you're looking for interesting ways to boost networking it is important to consider innovative approaches convenient for guests. Planning your setup around forgotten environments like an elevator or stairs can add an interesting element to your event. Divert from the classroom style setup and use cocktail tables with no surrounding chairs to keep your guests moving. If you must have guests seated, mix up your guests list and ensure that people who have joint reserved seats do not sit next to one another.
It's pretty obvious that technology has made it easier for us to connect, more so for businesses and customers and how much more for events and attendees? Technology helps us connect instantly and promises longevity in our connection, so it's a no brainer that this is on our list. Apps like LinkedIn make it easy to network with a click of a button outside of a formal event setting, so think about how effective it would be in a space with intentional networking strategies in place? Setting up gadgets with Social Media access (for professional Apps like Brella, BumbleBizz) in your venue automatically invites guests to make use of the gadgets – don't be afraid to add this to your comms strategy so guests know for sure that these devices are available help them connect quicker.
These days it is frowned upon to have an event without Wi-Fi – it should be on your list of Event Must-Haves. Why not use it to make the most of your networking strategy?
Think about adding a social media wall to your event where live feeds are visible to all attendees. In this way, attendees can see each other's posts and choose to engage on posted topics or meet with each other to further explore perspectives. The wall is also great for attendees to refer to after the event to see any conversations they may have missed, as well as guests they may not have had the chance to talk to.
Some people might argue that technology lessens face-to-face interaction at events but, when it's done right, tech can boost networking beyond the event experience.
Speed Dating: If your event is restricted by time, a speed dating format will be perfect for networking.
Human Bingo: Make a list of the various topics of interest according to your event theme and encourage guests to form groups according to their response to the topics.
Name Tag Swop: Swop your attendees name tags during the registration process to initiate conversation between guest.
The term 'less is more' is popularly used in the event industry to describe décor style or a speakers' keynote address, but we found it fitting to use for our next tip for boosting networking at events. Content makes up about 70 – 80 percent of our events and while the focus is to share information with guests, we've found that people take away more from events when they fully participate and engage in conversation. Now this can be tricky because you need to have control of the desired outcome of your event but if the purpose of your event is to have people network, then prioritise the engagement aspect by structuring your event so that less time is spent on sharing content and more time given to engagement. You can do this by controlling the agenda and how much time is given to speakers versus the announcements that need to be shared. It's important however to say that cutting down communication time means, once you put out your message, it is communicated effectively.
An obstacle that often goes un-noticed with event networking is the number of attendees present and the time allocated for the exercise. Most events often include guest interaction as an extra activity on the agenda and therefore it's given a limited time and is often left to play out without structure. Depending on how flexible your event is and based on its purpose and objectives, question whether it is beneficial to create a large pool of people to network within a limited period of time or whether it is better to control the number of guests so that those attending can fully benefit from the session? This should help guests get the most out of your networking activity.
When planning a networking event make sure you're planning with the guests and the event objective in mind from start to finish. Make it count.


Take a trip to Tankardstown for their delightful Afternoon Tea.
Observance of the custom of Afternoon Tea originated amongst the wealthy classes in England in the 1840's. By the late 19th century, afternoon tea developed to its current form and was observed by both upper and middle classes and now in the 21st century has become very popular, particularly in Ireland.
The only class we observe at Tankardstown is first class, and we do feel an entitlement to share our passion for Afternoon Tea with our guests, but ours is a more relaxed affair. The Tea Garden, is a quaint lopsided building which in fact was once a milking parlour, so no pomp and circumstance, but an invitation to partake in an old fashioned tradition in old fashioned surroundings with friends.
Little cakes baked in readiness from our own bakery, Slane Bake are served with scones & sweet sticky jam, cream and a selection of seasonal open sandwiches all displayed on a tiered stand for you to enjoy, worthy of any nobility. Plus 2 glasses of Sparkling Prosecco.
With Summer on our mind, Sparkling Afternoon Tea can be enjoyed on the West Facing Terrace when the weather is clement.
Upgrade to Tattinger Afternoon Tea for 2 – Pay an extra €15 to Tankardstown on the day.


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Tag Archives: Joseph Ruben
The Ottoman Lieutenant (2017)
Ben Kingsley, Christians, Drama, Hera Hilmar, Hospital, Joseph Ruben, Josh Hartnett, Michiel Huisman, Muslims, Review, Romance, Turkey, World War I
D: Joseph Ruben / 110m
Cast: Michiel Huisman, Hera Hilmar, Josh Hartnett, Ben Kingsley, Haluk Bilginer, Affif Ben Badra, Paul Barrett, Jessica Turner
It's 1914, and in Philadelphia, Lillie Rowe (Hilmar), the daughter of well-to-do society parents is trying to make her way in the world as a nurse. It's not easy, what with class and racial prejudice making it more and more difficult to treat those needing treatment, so when she meets Dr Jude Gresham (Hartnett) at one of her parents' soirées, and learns he works at a hospital in a remote part of Turkey that offers medical aid to anyone who needs it, Christian or Muslim, she decides to take a truck full of medical supplies there all by herself. Needing a military escort, Lillie is guided to the hospital by Lieutenant Ismail Veli (Huisman), who is stationed at a nearby garrison. They develop romantic feelings for each other, despite the difference in their faiths, and despite the objections of Gresham (who loves Lillie himself), and the advice of the hospital's founder, Dr Garrett Woodruff (Kingsley). When World War I breaks out, their romance is put under further pressure thanks to the political upheavals the war brings, and the difficulty in keeping the hospital a neutral place for all…
Despite the tumultuous events that occurred during the period it covers, The Ottoman Lieutenant is largely unconcerned with such minor details as the Armenian genocide that began in 1915, or in exploring too closely the religious, political, ethnic and historical realities of the time. Instead, it sidesteps these issues (for the most part) in order to focus on one of the most excruciatingly bland three-way romances seen in quite some time. If you're expecting the movie to be a grand, sweeping romantic drama set against a turbulent backdrop, and full of passion and fire, then be prepared: it's not that kind of movie, and the combination of Jeff Stockwell's anodyne screenplay, Joseph Ruben's pedestrian direction, and three tired-from-the-word-go performances by Huisman, Hilmar and Hartnett, ensure that the movie never gets out of the starting gate. And that's without Geoff Zanelli's by-the-numbers score, and cinematography by Daniel Aranyó that only seems to fizz when depicting the beautiful Turkish countryside; any interiors appear drab and unappealingly flat in their presentation. Apparently, the movie was given a limited release in December 2016 to allow it to qualify for Oscar consideration. If so, the obvious question is: why?
All round, it's a woeful lump of a movie, uninspired, straining for momentum and merit, and unable to raise any interest especially when its lacklustre love story is pushed to the forefront. It's hard to care about Veli and Lillie when their love affair is played out with all the perfunctory flair of a dismal soap opera, and it's worse that neither Huisman or Hilmar seem interested in doing anything more than going through the (e)motions (there's certainly no chemistry between them). Hartnett is no better, which means that, performance-wise, it's only Kingsley who appears to be putting any effort in. Making more out of his character, and some truly awful dialogue, than his three co-stars put together, Kingsley is the movie's sole saving grace; without him it would be even more tortuous. Even when the movie throws in a couple of action sequences, the viewer's pulse is unlikely to quicken, and any tension is dismissed early on when it becomes obvious that, one character aside, no one is in any real danger from the Turks, the Russians, or anyone else – though the viewer is at risk of succumbing to terminal lethargy. Best advice: if you have to make one trip to Turkey this year, make sure it isn't this one.
Rating: 3/10 – what was probably intended to be a good old-fashioned romantic adventure yarn with a plucky heroine and a dashing suitor, is instead the opposite: trite, run-of-the-mill, and poorly executed; when it's not addressing the issues of the period (which is most of its running time), The Ottoman Lieutenant remains firmly in dramatic limbo, unable to rouse itself beyond the mundane and the banal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ennovent provided intensive and individualised support that enabled three investee companies from the SIDBI portfolio to effectively scale their impact and profits. The support provided included mentoring by experts to address specific challenge areas identified for each company. The objective of the pilot was to develop a sustainable model wherein the capacity building process could be institutionalised and offered to all of SIDBI's portfolio companies.


This is a wonderful custom built home that offers 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and 1,550 sq. ft. The upgraded interior features include a Lopi wood stove, new carpet throughout, recently remodeled master bathroom and an updated guest bathroom. The exterior offers an array of fantastic features including a 0.26 acres, a 20x30 ft. shop with commercial roll up doors, RV parking, a screened in 20x20 ft. patio, large covered front porch, new exterior paint, an 8 year old roof, 2 storage sheds, a fenced 20x40 ft. garden area and chicken coop/run and last but not least, mature peach tree, lemon bush, grape vine, new blueberry bushes and raised garden boxes for winter gardening. The leased solar has dramatically reduced electricity costs. This home is a steal in a great community!
Listed by Ryan Gulbrandsen of The Stogan Group. Listing data last updated 4/26/2019 at 6:56 AM PDT.
Based on information from California Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. as of 4/3/2019 3:08 PM. This information is for your personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties you may be interested in purchasing. Display of MLS data is usually deemed reliable but is NOT guaranteed accurate by the MLS. Buyers are responsible for verifying the accuracy of all information and should investigate the data themselves or retain appropriate professionals. Information from sources other than the Listing Agent may have been included in the MLS data. Unless otherwise specified in writing, Broker/Agent has not and will not verify any information obtained from other sources. The Broker/Agent providing the information contained herein may or may not have been the Listing and/or Selling Agent.
I am interested 5233 Church Street, Richvale, CA 95974, and would like to request a showing. Thank You.


Donald Trump is very bad at his Jesus con.
At Baby's First National Prayer Breakfast, Trump urged attendees to pray—for Arnold Schwarzenegger. Specifically, he sought the blessings of the Lord upon Arnold Schwarzenegger's Apprentice ratings. How generous! How noble! How good and pleasant it is for brothers to dwell together in unity!
Trump became our first orange highlighter-in-chief because 46 percent of the country actually believed he loves Jesus or would at least allow real Jesus-lovers to run the country. The latter is still probably true. Trump returned to his campaign canard, the Johnson Amendment, this morning—he vowed to "totally destroy" it, allowing tax-exempt religious organizations to endorse political candidates. That is what the evangelical leaders in the audience were listening for, and as long as they get what they want they will continue to simper politely while Trump abuses their religion like he's a cut-rate Norman Vincent Peale. Contrast this to their reaction to former President Obama when he mentioned slavery and the Crusades—gasp!—at 2015's event.
But faith has never really been what the National Prayer Breakfast is about. As historian Kevin Kruse noted on Twitter today (and in his book, One Nation Under God) the event is rooted in a long-standing campaign to marry fiscal conservatism to religion.
Trump can't profane something that's always been profane. All he's done is pull back the veil.


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Outsideleft at SXSW - Woodlands Dark and Days Bewitched: A History of Folk Horror - Review
Lake ventures deep into the woods on the trail of the deeper roots of folk horror.
by Lake, Editor, London
There's a recurring riff on the trope of something having been built on "an ancient burial ground"
Woodlands Dark and Days Bewitched: A History of Folk Horror (starstarstarstarstar)
directed by Kier-La Janisse
With its unwieldy title, fittingly sounding like a private-press psych-folk album of grail like scarcity, Woodlands Dark and Days Bewitched is a monumental documentary for which the online format of this year's SXSW was perfect. It runs more than three hours and is not so much a feature film as a reference work. Made to be paused and considered, made to be split into chapters and referenced, impossible to watch without a pen and paper on hand to make notes for future viewing.
Director Kier-La Janisse, author of the excellent book, with similarly stretched titling, House of Psychotic Women: An Autobiographical Topography of Female Neurosis in Horror and Exploitation Films, structures the film like an essay tackling the subject in a format which gives scope to switch emphasis thematically, often via place, rather than be bound by any strict chronology. There are talking heads and there are movie-clips, lots of movie clips, but for those outside the academy of folk horror studies these will be fresh faces and new perspectives from a broad range of experts including authors, film makers and researchers whose frames of reference include hauntology, psychogeography, colonialism and folk history alongside the regulation horror and genre film studies.
The reductive notion that the The Wicker Man, Blood on Satan's Claw and Witchfinder General are the beginning and the end of folk horror is quickly dispensed with. This "unholy trinity" are covered in a kind of Folk Horror 101 right at the start but the name and form of this particular mode of filmmaking is traced right back to far deeper roots. There are more than 200 films referenced here, a viewing list that flits through time from Haxan (1922) to Midsommar (2019) and ranges from Angel Heart to Zeder. And as certain as this comprehensive overview is to provide viewers with additions to their "watch lists" even familiar films are interrogated to the point where they merit a rewatch.
The documentary is especially strong when it moves its focus away from Britain into the colonial hinterlands and to the traditions of indigenous people around the world. There's a recurring riff on the trope of something having been built on "an ancient burial ground". And a section on Australian folk horror is particularly fascinating. The documentary spreads its cloak wide including illuminating diversions into backwoods horror, second wave feminism and the southern gothic.
At its heart, folk horror seems to be a means of investigating the clash of tradition and progress, of the dangers of both wholly embracing and wholly rejecting "The Old Ways". Folk horror film can act as a warning, as the L P Hartley quote has it 'The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there.'
Late on the documentary addresses something that has been stalking the subject from the beginning and that's the idea of creeping nationalism and neo-fascism that has frequently seeped into the inherently similar world of new weird-folk and the seemingly burgeoning right wing element that is staking a claim to what passes for the "new age" of now. This is something the filmmakers themselves have referred to as "the muddy politics of folk nostalgia."
And so, a study like this seems particularly timely. Elements that constitute the nebulous genre 'folk horror' do seem to be increasingly prevalent in mainstream culture from the back-to-the-earth cardigan covered whimsy of Taylor Swift's folklore to the triumphalism of emboldened nationalists embracing their own peculiarly fictionalized "traditions". And is it too much of a stretch to suggest that the revival of tradition even at the ubiquitously benign craft-beer-and-sourdough-bread end of things somehow echoes the late 1960s early 70s back-to-nature neo-primitivism that was mirrored by a boom in the occult and triggered the initial wave of modern folk horror movies. Woodlands Dark and Days Bewitched makes a strong case for folk horror to be seen as an ever present yet often hidden genre. Now could be the perfect time for it to move into the open.
Editor, London
Kirk Lake is a writer, musician and filmmaker. His published books include Mickey The Mimic (2015) and The Last Night of the Leamington Licker (2018). His films include the feature films Piercing Brightness (2014) and The World We Knew (2020) and a number of award winning shorts.
about Lake »»
John Robinson's Momus Book
Outsideleft contributor, John Robinson's Momus book is available in the autumn, you can pre-order it now from your favorite bookstore.
Beyonce Speaks Out
Beyonce. Dan Breen collects her thoughts
Blood Relationships
It's Philip A. Oldfield week in Outsideleft and, Oh Man! Can Phil write. We're starting off with an excerpt from his critically acclaimed nazis and net curtains novel Blood Relationships
Hubert Selby, Jr., in Hell
Hubert Selby, Jr. speaks to OUTSIDELEFT's Kirk Lake
Outsideleft Films of the Year 2021
Lake recalls the good stuff from SxSW and films featuring hairdressers
300 Words From London: Bruce Nauman
"I Just Got Back From Nauman"
Incubus Succubus Redux


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Monthly Forecasts December 1, 2020 January 1, 2021
Message for December 2020 As we prepare to step from one year to the next, there is a sense of a plethora of chaotic energies, thoughts, ideas and beliefs all crashing into each other causing explosions and implosions on every level of our souls. On one hand we continue to shed layers of clutter and detritus, things that we no longer need, but on the other hand we are aware of a deepening of wisdom and knowledge; a sense we are actually becoming more, not less, as a result. As we seek out peace in a fractured and factious world,
November 2020 Forecast
Monthly Forecasts November 1, 2020 January 1, 2021
Message for November 2020 2020 has so far certainly been a year unlike any other; almost surreal and dreamlike, but with the waves of reality crashing in on the shoreline to the soul with vigour and determination. It's almost like being here but not here at the same time – like seeing the waves crashing in, but not feeling the spray or feeling the energy of the waves. Yet, confusingly, being soaked through at the same time. It's as though we are shifting between layers of consciousness, shedding detritus and releasing so much along the way. We only have to
Monthly Forecasts October 1, 2020 November 1, 2020
Message for October 2020 As we continue to turn towards the depths of our souls in order to yield to a deeper sense of connection, there is a sense of fracture and chaos around us as the world twists and turns with uncertainty. Yet, at the same time, there is a growing sense of peace and clarity surfacing as more of us are allowing our deepening spiritual connection to grow exponentially. The words to describe or define this spiritual connection are still surfacing as it feels slightly nebulous as the more we try to make sense of this period of
September 2020 Forecast
Monthly Forecasts September 1, 2020 November 1, 2020
Message for September 2020 As we continue to re-write the rule books of our lives, there is a sense that we are beginning to think about the bigger picture, from the paths we walk, to the people we interact with, everything is under the microscope for re-evaluation and re-assessment. It's as though we have reached a time of inner reckoning to declare to the universe what's important and what isn't, it's a time to let go of the clutter and distractions in order to focus on the things that truly matter. For so long we have been lost in a
August 2020 Forecast
Monthly Forecasts August 1, 2020 September 1, 2020
Message for August 2020 Life is full of instructions, guidelines, rules and regulations. There are things we must do, mustn't do, really shouldn't do and really should do. On the whole, these are designed to make things run more smoothly as we bumble along through life, for the good of us all. Whilst many of these rules are created by society, it seems we create far more of our own as we try to live the best life possible. As we try to 'fit', blend in or become a bigger part of the whole, we often bend and flex, creating
Monthly Forecasts July 1, 2020 August 1, 2020
Message for July 2020 There is quite a profound sense of discord and discombobulation at the current time as many of us are still reaching deeply into the quieter moments, but many more are pulling hard in the other direction, trying to return to the normal we used to have. Energies are fraught and chaotic for many as they push against the system, staking their claims to 'normal'. Yet, a great many more of us remain in the quieter moments, not yet ready (or indeed willing) to charge back out into life once again. In many ways, this is to
Inspirational June 11, 2020 June 11, 2020
Life is shaped and defined by the storms we endure, as well as by the quieter moments of peace and reflection that we unearth amongst the chaos. The seasons always change, the balmy days of summer turn to the autumn dank; the clouds gather and the cold then comes, but then the shoots emerge and the days grow longer once again. We have days when it all feels like too much and we just want to retreat and close the curtains to the world, yet we also have days where everything seems to come together when the planets align and
June 2020 Forecast
Monthly Forecasts June 1, 2020 July 1, 2020
Message for June 2020 As we continue to seek out truth and balance in our lives, there is a sense that many of us have reached deeply into the quieter moments in order to become more 'at one' with ourselves, each other and the world in which we live. Life has been on something of a pause lately and this unexpected breathing space has given each of us a chance to reset the balance of our lives. As life slowly starts to return to normal, many of us are questioning what kind of normal we now want to see as
May 2020 Forecast
Monthly Forecasts May 1, 2020 July 1, 2020
Message for May 2020 It's inherently human to fill life up with things to do, people to see, places to go and goals to achieve. We can become overly focused on busy-ness as we feel it gives our lives shape, structure and definition. As a result, there can be a distinct uneasiness and discomfort when it comes to consciously stepping into the quieter moments and making peace with stillness. In many ways, the more we do, the less in-tune we become with ourselves as we start to lose touch with our essence and sense of self; we become cluttered with
April 2020 Forecast
Monthly Forecasts April 1, 2020 May 1, 2020
Message for April 2020 It would be extremely challenging to write anything about the month ahead without acknowledging the current global pandemic. It would feel a little like I'm burying my head in the sand! It's a time of great uncertainty for so many, a time of great loss and there's a huge tsunami of fear and angst as the life we're all used to living is upturned on its head – almost overnight. Everything we once took for granted now feels like a privilege, perhaps an important reminder for many of us as to just how lucky we truly


1. [Product Style] Women's Clutch.
2. [Commodity size]: 28 cm long, 16 cm high, 4 cm thick, shoulder strap (chain) 120 cm long.
3. [Structure and capacity]: 2 banknotes, 6 card slots, regular money clips, compartment zipper bags; can put banknotes, bank cards, mobile phones, wallets, cosmetics and other daily necessities.
1. Product Name: Fashion lady's hand with a slung shoulder bag.
4. Lining texture: polyester cotton.
6. Bag shape: horizontal section square.
8. Back lift: hand, shoulder, crossbody.
9. Bag fashion style: envelope bag.
10. Applicable occasions: leisure, banquet, shopping.


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Healthy Homemade Trail Mix Recipe
/ Snacks
Trail mix is the perfect energizer for long-distance hikes, or it's a delicious snack to enjoy when you're hungry at home. But why buy trail mix from the store when you can prepare your own trail mix recipe at home?
Packed full of nuts and dried fruits, it's easy to prepare healthy, homemade trail mix just the way you like it. Throw in some pecans, add some extra almonds, or mix in some chocolate chips for a little sweetness!
Keep reading, and find out how to make your own trail mix that's healthy and simple to prepare.
What's in Trail Mix?
Designed to be eaten on the go, trail mix has been a favored snack for hikers for well over a century. Trail mix is a mixture of nuts, fruits, and seeds that can be complemented with seasonings, candy, chocolate, and other ingredients that have a high energy content.
Trail mix recipes really do vary, but they are all designed to be easily portable and to provide you with lots of energy for outdoor activities. They are also long-lasting and easy to store, being primarily composed of dried or preserved ingredients. Here's a breakdown of the most common ingredients that you'll find in trail mix recipes.
You can't have a real trail mix without the nuts because nuts are an excellent source of protein, fiber, and energy (and they are delicious).
Most trail mixes have at least one variety of nuts, but many more include multiple types of nuts in the recipe. Popular trail mix nuts include the likes of almonds and cashews, but you can also try out pecans, walnuts, and of course, peanuts!
Dried fruit trail mix is the best, and you can include everything from dried raisins and apricots to dried banana, dried mango, or even a few goji berries.
Dried fruit is a fantastic source of flavor and energy, giving you a healthy yet sweet addition to the trail mix. If you are planning on eating the trail mix the same day, you could even opt for a few pieces of fresh fruit, to mix things up a little.
There are all kinds of different seeds that work well in a trail mix, providing extra nutrition such as fiber and omega-3 while also adding to the flavor.
Excellent seed choices for a healthy trail mix include the likes of flax seeds and chia seeds. You can also go for sunflower seeds or pepitas.
Sweet and savory toppings
If you're making your own trail mix, you can get creative. In addition to the standard nuts, fruit, and seeds, it's great to add either a sweet or savory element to the mix.
Sweet toppings such as chocolate or candy are the perfect energy and morale boosters on a long day hike, while savory toppings such as roasted lentils or chickpeas are excellent sources of protein.
Extra seasoning works well too. For added sweetness, try a sprinkling of cinnamon or chocolate powder, or mix things up with some chili powder!
Why Make Trail Mix at Home?
There are plenty of good reasons to prepare your own trail mix at home rather than purchasing ready-made trail mix from the store. Of course, making your own trail mix takes a little thought and planning (you need to make sure you pick up the right ingredients), but we firmly believe that the benefits outweigh the extra effort involved.
For starters, once you have your ingredients, it's really not difficult to make trail mix. All you do is mix the ingredients together in a bowl. Make the process efficient, too, by preparing trail mix in bulk; that way, you can mix up a huge batch and have a healthy trail mix ready to go, all of the time. Trail mix lasts for at least for 2 weeks, so this is a great option for anyone interested in seeing the benefits of meal prepping first hand!
Perhaps most importantly of all, trail mix allows you to select the exact ingredients you like best or that are needed to suit your dietary requirements. If you're keto, then you can ensure you make a low carb trail mix, or if you're working out, put together a high protein trail mix with lots of added beans and nuts.
Equally, while nuts are one of the most common trail mix ingredients, if you have allergies, then it's also possible to prepare a nut free trail mix recipe. A trail mix recipe without nuts can instead include added fruits, extra seeds, or lots of dried legumes.
And is it cheaper to make trail mix at home? This depends on the ingredients you buy and the number of ingredients you buy at once. Purchasing trail mix ingredients in bulk is going to help you to cut down on costs, so if you're a big fan of trail mix, then preparing a large amount at once can certainly help you to save money in the long run.
Quality, though, is more important. While some ready-made trail mixes are super cheap to buy at the store, they never contain the best ingredients. Selecting your own nuts and dried fruits, and preparing your own recipes, is the best way to ensure that the quality of your trail mix is the best it can be.
Is Trail Mix Healthy?
Homemade trail mix can be as healthy as you want it to be. Selecting your own ingredients and combinations of nuts, fruit, and seeds allows you to be as healthy (or unhealthy) as you want to be. If you're counting the calories, then leave out the chocolate, or if you need more protein, add in extra chickpeas.
As a snack, trail mix is much healthier than other options you could be eating. It's far better than opening a packet of chips or making a grilled cheese sandwich when you're hungry. Trail mix can become a great source of energy, as well as an excellent way to include important nutrients and vitamins in your diet!
But don't forget, trail mix is designed for the trail. While the benefits of trail mix are great, it's also high in calories and, in many cases, has high sugar content. That's fine if you're out hiking all day, but when you're just snacking at home, those calories add up if they aren't being burned off.
If your trail mix is for home consumption, then leave out the sweet and sugary elements. Go for savory ingredients instead!
How to Make Trail Mix at Home
It's super simple to customize your own easy trail mix recipe, so we've put together 3 different combinations of nuts, sweets, and dried fruit that you can try out at home. Feel free to add in extra ingredients or combine the recipes.
Each of the ingredient lists below will yield around 2 ½ cups worth of DIY trail mix. You can scale this up, though, if you've got a long hike ahead of you! To actually make the trail mix, you select your ingredients, and then you mix them together in a bowl. Store the trail mix in mason jars, resealable containers, or zip lock bags. Here's how to build your own trail mix!
Cherry and chocolate trail mix
⅔ cup of dried cherries
¼ cup of chocolate chips
¼ cup of almonds
¼ cup of pecans
¼ cup of walnuts
¼ cup of pepitas
Peanut and chocolate candy trail mix
1 cup of peanuts
⅔ cup of raisins
¼ cup of your favorite candy (chunks of chocolate bars or M&Ms work well!)
½ cup of almonds
½ cup of cashews
½ cup of pecans
½ cup of raisins
½ cup of dried cranberries
How to Store Homemade Trail Mix
Trail mix is easy to store and transport, as it doesn't need to be refrigerated. Using dried fruit and other preserved ingredients ensures that homemade trail mix can last for 2 weeks. That's great if you want to make trail mix in bulk or if you've got a long-distance hike that you need fuel for.
If you're at home snacking on your healthy trail mix while you work or watch TV, then you can store trail mix in large mason jars. If you're out hiking, you need something a little lighter. We suggest Ziploc bags, but don't throw them away when they are empty – reuse them next time!
Last Word: Homemade Trail Mix Recipe
Healthy trail mix is easy to prepare at home. It's simply a matter of selecting your favorite nuts and dried fruits (and chocolate or candy!) and mixing them all together. Homemade trail mix recipes can be customized and prepared exactly how you like them, and when made in bulk, it offers a much better value than buying pre-made products at the store.
Why not bookmark our homemade trail mix recipes, and prepare tasty trail mix just the way you like it?
Tofu Spring Rolls With Spicy Lime-Peanut Dipping Sauce
Instead of takeout spring rolls with sugary dip, try our recipe for tofu spring rolls with fresh herbs and a tangy lime-peanut sauce.
Tofu Cream Cheese Recipe: The Best Non-Dairy Bagel Spread!
Vegans don't have to give up this creamy spread - our simple tofu cream cheese version can be sweet, salty, or everything in-between!
Vegan Teriyaki Sauce Recipe: Lightening up an Asian Classic
Salty, sweet, and just a little bit sticky - we love this Japanese sauce! Try our healthier vegan teriyaki sauce in under 20 minutes.


text:
Q: I don't understand the "0" in [0].selectedIndex Can someone explain what the [0] represents in the following code?
$('#cars')[0].selectedIndex=0;

Thanks in advance.

A: jQuery Selector returns an array of elements/nodes every time.
So $(".example") will return an array containing elements matching that selector.
In your case there may be only one element having that class name but the jQuery operates on array of elements under the hood so it will return an array containing an element on index 0.
So in javascript you can access an element from an array using index. (in your case the 0 index)

A: You can use the $ function to select multiple elements. For example, $(".example") will select all of the elements that have the example class.
Using [0] will return the first element as a DOM node (not as a jQuery object).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ташино () — село в Березанском районе Николаевской области Украины.

Основано в 1793 году. Население по переписи 2001 года составляло 467 человек. Почтовый индекс — 57430. Телефонный код — 5153. Занимает площадь 1,52 км².

Местный совет
57430, Николаевская обл., Березанский р-н, с. Ташино, ул. Ленина, 47

Ссылки
 Учётная карточка населённого пункта — Ташино на сайте Верховной рады

Населённые пункты Березанского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home»Blogs»rabbigoldberg's blog
Vayikra/Shabbat Zachor 5779: Fighting Amalek Today
"Remember what Amalek did to you on your journey, after you left Egypt—how, undeterred by fear of God, he surprised you on the march, when you were famished and weary, and cut down all the stragglers in your rear. Therefore, when the LORD your God grants you safety from all your enemies around you, in the land that the LORD your God is giving you as a hereditary portion, you shall blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven. Do not forget!"
We read these words this morning as part of the special maftir for this Shabbat, the Shabbat of memory before Purim. These words are a sobering prelude to the frivolity of Purim. Over these days we tell three chapters of a still-unfinished story. The first is the attack of Amalek on our people just as we emerged from Egyptian slavery. The second was today's Haftarah, which tells of the war between King Saul and the Amalekites, fulfilling this commandment to avenge that earlier attack. And the third is the story of Purim, the story of the foiled plot of Haman, considered to be a descendent, literally and metaphorically, of Amalek.
Amalek is a particular people in the Bible, but it is also a particular quality, a particular way of going about in the world. Our sages over the generations have made very clear that we cannot know today who, if anyone, the descendants of Amalek are. So we cannot literally fulfill the commandment to blot them out even if we wanted to. But the spirit of Amalek, I would suggest, nonetheless remains with us today.
What is that spirit? Don Isaac Abarbanel, the rabbi and Jewish political leader who lived through the expulsion from Spain in 1492, identified four characteristics of Amalek, four reasons why the Torah considers their behavior to be especially odious.
The first is that their attack on the people Israel was baseless. Israel was not passing through their territory and was not trying to conquer their territory. Nor did Israel in any way attack them. Amalek had no legitimate reason to engage in battle.
The second is that Amalek did not warn the Israelites of the upcoming attack, as, Don Isaac claims, it is customary for kings to do. Instead, they attacked by surprise, on the way, giving Israel no opportunity to prepare to defend themselves. All the more so, the people had just left slavery and were in no way prepared to engage in war.
The third is that Amalek did not confront Israel head on, but attacked them in the rear, where the weakest people were straggling along. Furthermore, their attack came when the people were weak and weary and in no way able to defend themselves. So Amalek's attack was an act of cowardice.
The fourth is that Amalek had no reverence for God. They did not respect any power other than their own destructive power. This led them to think nothing of attacking a fearful people in a vulnerable moment for no reason. Amalek sinned both against the people Israel and against God.
So we get the picture. Amalek represents the cruel impulse to attack the weak and the vulnerable, disdain for the normal rules about how to resolve conflicts, and a callous disregard for human life and its sanctity.
This spirit of Amalek remains very much with us. Sometimes it is directed against Jews, as we saw in Pittsburgh last year. In that attack it was precisely the most vulnerable members of the Jewish community—the elderly and people with disabilities—who were murdered, along with those who gave their own lives to try to save others. It was an attack for no legitimate reason, but simply an expression of that hateful, destructive, and cruel impulse.
Pittsburgh was on my mind on Friday morning when I woke up to the news from New Zealand, of 49 Muslims gunned down at prayer. Yet another senseless mass shooting inspired by hate. Yet another cowardly act of violence against innocent, defenseless people. Yet another manifestation of how easily hatred of minorities can spread and metastasize online.
I remembered how much it meant after Pittsburgh when non-Jews of all kinds reached out to express their solidarity. I remembered that the Muslim communities in Pittsburgh were among the first to provide help. So I reached out: first through Pastor O'Hanlon to his contacts at a mosque in Chappaqua.
Then I found that there is a mosque that meets in a space in the Galleria Mall in White Plains. So I sent them the following message: "After the horrific attack overnight in New Zealand, I wanted, on behalf of my community, to send my condolences and solidarity. This attack, reminiscent of the attack on a synagogue in Pittsburgh last October, reminds of us the need to work together to fight hatred, intolerance and conspiratorial suspicion of minorities. Sending you love, peace and blessings. Please let me know if there is anything I can do to support you."
A short time later, one of their leaders responded to me: "To the Congregation Kneses Tifereth Israel. In this midst of the gloom and sadness of the news today, your message has come as a ray of hope for us as a community. We truly appreciate and are very grateful for this kind gesture. We also reaffirm our resolve to respond to this act of hate and ignorance by love and education. Knowledge that all our faiths are intertwined offshoots of the same Truth. Whether the attack is on a Church, a Synagogue, a Masjid or any House of Worship; our hearts bleed together, our tears flow together. We stand united as one and will continue to strive together to fight this hatred and intolerance."
They also invited me to come visit them anytime. So I did. Daniel and I rode over and arrived as Friday prayers were occurring. I held a simple sign: "Your Jewish family loves you."
I could tell that it meant a great deal to the people there that we came. Many of them shook our hands as they left and thanked us for coming. A few took pictures to send to others. Their leaders invited us in and thanked us once more. Just as we felt after Pittsburgh, it was comforting to know that someone outside of your own community cares, notices, and wants to reach out in a fearful moment. Later I saw that other rabbis across the country had similarly showed up as a sign of solidarity and support. If there is one thing that Jews know how to do, it's how to make a shiva call, how to show up for people in mourning.
How do we fight Amalek today? If Amalek is all about cruelty, senseless hatred, and suspicion of difference, well, we fight Amalek by doing the opposite. By having relationships with people who are not like us. By showing up when we are needed with a kind word or gesture. By loving instead of hating.
It's a scary time we are living in, particularly as Jews. The need to fight Amalek is more acute than ever. Purim, with its frivolity, teaches us that joy and laughter can be anecdotes to fear and hate. May our celebration help us erase the spirit of Amalek from the face of the earth.
rabbigoldberg's blog
Celebrating new beginnings
Pinchas 5778: Transitioning Well
Mattot Mas'ei 5778: Triggers


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Revolt Motors RV400, RV300 Electric Motorcycles Launched in India: Subscription Price, Specifications Revealed
Anindita Ghosh | August 29, 2019 | Gadgets | No Comments
Revolt Motors has launched the RV300 and RV400
RV400 has a 3KW motor and a 3.24KWh battery
RV300 has a 1.5KW motor and a 2.7KWh battery
The RV400 has a top speed of 85Kmph
Micromax Co-Founder Rahul Sharma's Revolt Intellicorp has officially launched the RV400 electric motorcycle in India alongside the RV300. The company claims that it is India's first fully-electric AI-enabled motorcycle. Revolt Intellicorp had started bookings in July where interested people could book the electric bike by paying Rs. 1,000 as a token. What is interesting is that it is offered as a subscription service and you cannot purchase it outright. Revolt refers to this as a MaaS (Motorcycle as a Service) model, and prices start at Rs. 2,999 a month.
Revolt RV400, RV300 price in India
As we mentioned, the Revolt motorcycles don't have a full price but are offered as a subscription-based service. The Revolt RV300 is offered at a price of Rs. 2.999 per month. On the other hand, the RV400 has two pricing options, the base model starts at Rs. 3,499 per month, while the premium model is priced at Rs. 3,999. There is no need for down payment or lease plan and the bikes are available only through the aforementioned My Revolt Plan. The plan is for 37 months so you will end up spending 1.1 lakhs for the RV300, as for the RV400, you'll spend 1.29 lakhs for the base version and Rs. 1.47 lakhs for the premium version. Bookings will open from August 29.
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November 18th! Vol. 8, No. 11 November 2013 issue has been published online!
Previous paper:November 1st! Vol. 8, No. 10 October 2013 issue has been published online!
Next paper:January 2nd 2014! Vol. 8, No. 12 December 2013 issue has been published online!


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With 4-3 week, Central volleyball starts to put it together for conference play
It is starting to come together for the Central volleyball team, as the Warriors went 4-3 last week and are progressing as a unit heading into conference play.
The Warriors started in a triangular at Starmont on Sept. 8, dropping both sets to the host team by scores of 25-13 and 25-17.
Lizzie Royer accounted for all 13 assists, and Lexi Loan led the team with six kills, followed by Katelyn Scherf with three.
The defense came up with four blocks, including two from Loan, and totaled 49 digs. Three players finished with double-digit digs: Tori Sylvester with 12 and Loan and Aly Feickert each with 10.
From the service line, Central hit four aces—two from both Feickert and Sylvester—and finished with a 93.5 percent serve efficiency.
The outcome was a bit different in the next match against Cedar Valley Christian, but the Warriors had to fight hard to achieve the victory. Central won the first set 26-24, lost the second 25-22, but pulled out the win with a 15-6 third set victory.
The Warriors accumulated 26 kills, led by Loan with seven and Sylvester with four. Gracie Cummer, Scherf, Feickert and Alivia Wiley each tallied three. Royer had 25 of the team's 26 assists.
The defense had no blocks in the match, but came up with 46 digs. Twelve were from Feickert, eight from Loan and Sylvester and five from Royer and Scherf.
Central also compiled a season-high 12 ace serves, with Loan hitting three and Sylvester, Royer, Scherf and Feickert earning two apiece.
The Warriors rode that win into the tournament at Jesup on Sept. 10, where they played a total of five games.
Before the tournament, coach Kelly Erickson made a point to assemble a rotation that would work well together as the season continues. Overall, the Warriors finished the tournament 3-2, and Erickson was "happy with how the girls played."
The Warriors started against a tough North Linn team, losing both sets 21-11 and 21-7.
The stats were down from the win over Cedar Valley, as Royer finished with just four assists and the team had only four kills, three of them from Loan.
The defense netted two blocks and 29 digs, with Loan getting one block and eight digs. Feickert picked up seven digs and Royer added five.
The service line was unkind to the Warriors, as they hit just one ace from Royer and finished with 76.5 percent efficiency.
"Even though we didn't win, the girls were passing the ball better. The one thing we will continue to work on is our offense and becoming more efficient in our offense," Erickson said.
Central started well in the next match against Jesup, winning the first set 21-14, but dropped the next two 21-14 and 15-4.
Stepping in to play in the tournament was junior Brooklyn Amsden on offense and freshman Oakley Armstrong on defense. Amsden finished with four kills and two digs, while Armstrong ended with two digs.
As for the rest of the lineup, Royer had 15 of the team's 16 assists and Loan had a team-high six kills, followed by Sylvester with four.
Defensively, the Warriors managed two blocks, one by Cummer and another from Sylvester, and totaled 45 digs. Sylvester was responsible for 13 and Loan had 12.
Loan also had both aces, as the Warriors finished with an 82.1 percent serve efficiency.
After the Jesup game, the Warriors took on South Winneshiek.
"We came out ready to play and won in two," Erickson said. "We did miss more serves in that game than I would like us to, but we also had five aces in the two sets."
Royer finished with five of the six total assists. The team compiled six kills, led by Amsden with three.
The defense came away with two blocks, one by Cummer and one by Feickert. The team also had 48 digs, led by Sylvester with 14 and Loan with 10.
The five aces were hit by four players, Loan, Sylvester, Feickert and Royer, who finished with two. Central had an overall serve efficiency of 87.2 percent.
In the next match against West Central, sophomore Kirstin Farmer stepped in and finished with a team-high eight assists and two kills, helping lead the Warriors to victory by scores of 22-20 and 21-16.
"In the West Central match, Sylvester did a great job serving for us, serving 16 for 16 with two aces. Our passing was much better this match as well. Farmer was also 8 for 8 and freshman Armstrong was 5 for 5 with one ace," Erickson said. "Both sets were very close, but we did a great job of staying positive and working hard together as a team."
Additionally, Cummer finished with two assists, as she and Farmer filled in for Royer, and the Warriors netted 11 kills. Cummer and Feickert had three each.
The defense stepped up with five blocks, including two from Cummer and Sylvester. They compiled 48 digs as well, led by Loan with 12, Sylvester with 11 and Feickert with nine.
Along with Farmer and Armstrong, Sylvester hit two aces and went 16-16 from the service line, while the team finished with a 95.2 percent efficiency.
The Warriors finished the tournament against Alburnett, who Erickson said was "a team that we knew we could beat."
Central lost a close first set 21-18, before settling in and winning the next two, 21-16 and 15-10.
Farmer led the team with 11 assists, after stepping into the setter position in the last two matches of the day. The team also finished with 12 kills, led by Loan with four and Amsden and Feickert with three apiece.
Cummer accounted for two of Central's three blocks, and Sylvester added one. The team collected 36 digs, with Sylvester and Feickert both snagging 11.
Armstrong did a great job serving, going a perfect 11 for 11 with two aces, while Cummer was 10 for 10 and Feickert was also 10 for 10 with one ace. Farmer was 8 for 8 with two aces.
The Warriors had just two service errors in all three sets, for 96 percent efficiency, which was a huge improvement.
"The girls never gave up and worked really hard to come away with this win," Erickson said. "We continue to work on what group of girls work best together on the floor. I think, this weekend, we came up with a rotation that worked well for us. We do have some girls who have to be gone from practice/tournaments/matches at various times, and we have had some girls who have really stepped up to help out and play really well in those positions."
As the Warriors move into conference play with an overall record of 6-15, Erickson remains confident in the team's ability and chances to win the conference.
"I know that, if the girls play like they can play, we can compete with any team in our conference," she said. "I know we have also played a lot more than any team in our conference. We have already had three tournaments and played 46 sets, [and] I think this gives us the upper hand against teams who are still trying to work out the kinks in their rotations. I think they are realizing they can play with anyone if they continue to work hard and not give up."
The Warriors started conference play Sept. 13, at West Central. They'll then host Clayton Ridge on Thursday, Sept. 15.


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Ez a szócikk az 1986-os évben elhunyt nevezetes személyeket sorolja fel.

Ismeretlen hónap

December

November

Október

Szeptember

Augusztus

Július

Június

Május

Április

Március

Február

Január

Jegyzetek

1986
Halálozások évek szerint
Személyek listái


Takada Castle (高田城) is the ruins of castle located Joetsu, NIigata. It was built in 1614 by Matsudaira Tadateru, the 6th son of Ieyasu. There is moat and reconstructed Yagura, three stories keep, today. It is also famous for Yo-Sakura, the night Sakura.
Takada Castle was a large-scale castle with 750,000 goku of early modern times which was built by Matsudaira Tadateru, 6th son of Ieyasu mainly in Bodaiga-hara of Takada in 1614. Honmaru was enclosed by an inner moat and a base. At present, its width is 40-50m, average water depth is about 5m, the height of base is 10m or so and the whole length is about 1,000m, which is an enclosing ground base including2 Uchi-masugatamon, or 2 inner box style gates and 1 inner key style gate.
The current keep of Takada Castle was reconstructed on the grounds of the south-east rim of Honmaru, or the central part of the castle This had been called "Gosankai Yagura" or Three stories Keep symbolizing the castle instead of "Tenshukaku" or a the 19th year of the Meiji era.


When a single prior art reference which discloses a genus encompassing the claimed species or subgenus but does not expressly disclose the particular claimed species or subgenus, Office personnel should attempt to find additional prior art to show that the differences between the prior art primary reference and the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious. Where such additional prior art is not found, Office personnel should consider the factors discussed below to determine whether a single reference 35 U.S.C. 103 rejection would be appropriate.
The patentability of a claim to a specific compound, species, or subgenus embraced by a prior art genus should be analyzed no differently than any other claim for purposes of 35 U.S.C. 103. "The section 103 requirement of unobviousness is no different in chemical cases than with respect to other categories of patentable inventions." In re Papesch, 315 F.2d 381, 385, 137 USPQ 43, 47 (CCPA 1963). A determination of patentability under 35 U.S.C. 103 should be made upon the facts of the particular case in view of the totality of the circumstances. See, e.g., In re Dillon, 919 F.2d 688, 692-93, 16 USPQ2d 1897, 1901 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (en banc). Use of per se rules by Office personnel is improper for determining whether claimed subject matter would have been obvious under 35 U.S.C. 103. See, e.g., In re Brouwer, 77 F.3d 422, 425, 37 USPQ2d 1663, 1666 (Fed. Cir. 1996); In re Ochiai, 71 F.3d 1565, 1572, 37 USPQ2d 1127, 1133 (Fed. Cir. 1995); In re Baird, 16 F.3d 380, 382, 29 USPQ2d 1550, 1552 (Fed. Cir. 1994). The fact that a claimed species or subgenus is encompassed by a prior art genus is not sufficient by itself to establish a prima facie case of obviousness. In re Baird, 16 F.3d 380, 382, 29 USPQ2d 1550, 1552 (Fed. Cir. 1994) ("The fact that a claimed compound may be encompassed by a disclosed generic formula does not by itself render that compound obvious."); In re Jones, 958 F.2d 347, 350, 21 USPQ2d 1941, 1943 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (Federal Circuit has "decline[d] to extract from Merck [& Co. v. Biocraft Laboratories Inc., 874 F.2d 804, 10 USPQ2d 1843 (Fed. Cir. 1989)] the rule that... regardless of how broad, a disclosure of a chemical genus renders obvious any species that happens to fall within it.").
(D) evaluate any evidence of secondary considerations.
If a prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to applicant to come forward with rebuttal evidence or argument to overcome the prima facie case. See, e.g., Bell, 991 F.2d at 783-84, 26 USPQ2d at 1531; Rijckaert, 9 F.3d at 1532, 28 USPQ2d at 1956; Oetiker, 977 F.2d at 1445, 24 USPQ2d at 1444. Finally, Office personnel should evaluate the totality of the facts and all of the evidence to determine whether they still support a conclusion that the claimed invention would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was made. Graham, at 17-18, 148 USPQ at 467.
As an initial matter, Office personnel should determine the scope and content of the relevant prior art. Each reference must qualify as prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102 (e.g., Panduit Corp. v. Dennison Mfg. Co., 810 F.2d 1561, 1568, 1 USPQ2d 1593, 1597 (Fed. Cir. 1987) ("Before answering Graham's 'content' inquiry, it must be known whether a patent or publication is in the prior art under 35 U.S.C. § 102.")) and should be analogous art. See MPEP § 2141.01(a).
(D) the number of species encompassed by the genus taking into consideration all of the variables possible.
Once the structure of the disclosed prior art genus and that of any expressly described species or subgenus within the genus are identified, Office personnel should compare it to the claimed species or subgenus to determine the differences. Through this comparison, the closest disclosed species or subgenus in the prior art reference should be identified and compared to that claimed. Office personnel should make explicit findings on the similarities and differences between the closest disclosed prior art species or subgenus of record and the claimed species or subgenus including findings relating to similarity of structure, properties and utilities. In Stratoflex, Inc. v. Aeroquip Corp., 713 F.2d 1530, 1537, 218 USPQ 871, 877 (Fed. Cir. 1983), the court noted that "the question under 35 U.S.C. § 103 is not whether the differences [between the claimed invention and the prior art] would have been obvious" but "whether the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious." (emphasis in original).
Office personnel should evaluate the prior art from the standpoint of the hypothetical person having ordinary skill in the art at the time the claimed invention was made. See, Ryko Mfg. Co. v. Nu-Star Inc., 950 F.2d 714, 718, 21 USPQ2d 1053, 1057 (Fed. Cir. 1991) ("The importance of resolving the level of ordinary skill in the art lies in the necessity of maintaining objectivity in the obviousness inquiry."); Uniroyal Inc. v. Rudkin-Wiley Corp., 837 F.2d 1044, 1050, 5 USPQ2d 1434, 1438 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (evidence must be viewed from position of ordinary skill, not of an expert). In most cases, the only facts of record pertaining to the level of skill in the art will be found within the prior art reference. However, any additional evidence presented by applicant should be evaluated.
In light of the findings made relating to the three Graham factors, Office personnel should determine whether it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art to make the claimed invention as a whole, i.e., to select the claimed species or subgenus from the disclosed prior art genus. To address this key issue, Office personnel should consider all relevant prior art teachings, focusing on the following, where present.
A simple calculation will show that, excluding isomerism within certain of the R groups, the limited class we find in Karrer contains only 20 compounds. However, we wish to point out that it is not the mere number of compounds in this limited class which is significant here but, rather, the total circumstances involved, including such factors as the limited number of variations for R, only two alternatives for Y and Z, no alternatives for the other ring positions, and a large unchanging parent structural nucleus. With these circumstances in mind, it is our opinion that Karrer has described to those with ordinary skill in this art each of the various permutations here involved as fully as if he had drawn each structural formula or had written each name.
Id. (emphasis in original). Accord In re Schaumann, 572 F.2d 312, 316, 197 USPQ 5, 9 (CCPA 1978) (prior art genus encompassing claimed species which disclosed preference for lower alkyl secondary amines and properties possessed by the claimed compound constituted description of claimed compound for purposes of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b) ). C.f., In re Ruschig, 343 F.2d 965, 974, 145 USPQ 274, 282 (CCPA 1965) (Rejection of claimed compound in light of prior art genus based on Petering is not appropriate where the prior art does not disclose a small recognizable class of compounds with common properties.).
If the prior art reference expressly teaches a particular reason to select the claimed species or subgenus, Office personnel should point out the express disclosure and explain why it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art to select the claimed invention. An express teaching may be based on a statement in the prior art reference such as an art recognized equivalence. For example, see Merck & Co. v. Biocraft Labs., 874 F.2d 804, 807, 10 USPQ2d 1843, 1846 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (holding claims directed to diuretic compositions comprising a specific mixture of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide were obvious over a prior art reference expressly teaching that amiloride was a pyrazinoylguanidine which could be coadministered with potassium excreting diuretic agents, including hydrochlorothiazide which was a named example, to produce a diuretic with desirable sodium and potassium eliminating properties). See also, In re Kemps, 97 F.3d 1427, 1430, 40 USPQ2d 1309, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (holding it would have been obvious to combine teachings of prior art to achieve claimed invention where one reference specifically refers to the other).
Consider any teachings of a "typical," "preferred," or "optimum" species or subgenus within the disclosed genus. If such a prior art species or subgenus is structurally similar to that claimed, its disclosure may provide a reason for one of ordinary skill in the art to choose the claimed species or subgenus from the genus, based on the reasonable expectation that structurally similar species usually have similar properties. See, e.g., Dillon, 919 F.2d at 693, 696, 16 USPQ2d at 1901, 1904. See also Deuel, 51 F.3d at 1558, 34 USPQ2d at 1214 ("Structural relationships may provide the requisite motivation or suggestion to modify known compounds to obtain new compounds. For example, a prior art compound may suggest its homologs because homologs often have similar properties and therefore chemists of ordinary skill would ordinarily contemplate making them to try to obtain compounds with improved properties.").
In making an obviousness determination, Office personnel should consider the number of variables which must be selected or modified, and the nature and significance of the differences between the prior art and the claimed invention. See, e.g., In re Jones, 958 F.2d 347, 350, 21 USPQ2d 1941, 1943 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (reversing obviousness rejection of novel dicamba salt with acyclic structure over broad prior art genus encompassing claimed salt, where disclosed examples of genus were dissimilar in structure, lacking an ether linkage or being cyclic); In re Susi, 440 F.2d 442, 445, 169 USPQ 423, 425 (CCPA 1971) (the difference from the particularly preferred subgenus of the prior art was a hydroxyl group, a difference conceded by applicant "to be of little importance"). In the area of biotechnology, an exemplified species may differ from a claimed species by a conservative substitution ("the replacement in a protein of one amino acid by another, chemically similar, amino acid... [which] is generally expected to lead to either no change or only a small change in the properties of the protein." Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 97 (John Wiley & Sons, 2d ed. 1989)). The effect of a conservative substitution on protein function depends on the nature of the substitution and its location in the chain. Although at some locations a conservative substitution may be benign, in some proteins only one amino acid is allowed at a given position. For example, the gain or loss of even one methyl group can destabilize the structure if close packing is required in the interior of domains. James Darnell et al., Molecular Cell Biology 51 (2d ed. 1990).
The closer the physical and/or chemical similarities between the claimed species or subgenus and any exemplary species or subgenus disclosed in the prior art, the greater the expectation that the claimed subject matter will function in an equivalent manner to the genus. See, e.g., Dillon, 919 F.2d at 696, 16 USPQ2d at 1904 (and cases cited therein). Cf. Baird, 16 F.3d at 382-83, 29 USPQ2d at 1552 (disclosure of dissimilar species can provide teaching away).
Similarly, consider any teaching or suggestion in the reference of a preferred species or subgenus that is significantly different in structure from the claimed species or subgenus. Such a teaching may weigh against selecting the claimed species or subgenus and thus against a determination of obviousness. Baird, 16 F.3d at 382-83, 29 USPQ2d at 1552 (reversing obviousness rejection of species in view of large size of genus and disclosed "optimum" species which differed greatly from and were more complex than the claimed species); Jones, 958 F.2d at 350, 21 USPQ2d at 1943 (reversing obviousness rejection of novel dicamba salt with acyclic structure over broad prior art genus encompassing claimed salt, where disclosed examples of genus were dissimilar in structure, lacking an ether linkage or being cyclic). For example, teachings of preferred species of a complex nature within a disclosed genus may motivate an artisan of ordinary skill to make similar complex species and thus teach away from making simple species within the genus. Baird, 16 F.3d at 382, 29 USPQ2d at 1552. See also Jones, 958 F.2d at 350, 21 USPQ2d at 1943 (disclosed salts of genus held not sufficiently similar in structure to render claimed species prima facie obvious).
Concepts used to analyze the structural similarity of chemical compounds in other types of chemical cases are equally useful in analyzing genus-species cases. For example, a claimed tetra-orthoester fuel composition was held to be obvious in light of a prior art tri-orthoester fuel composition based on their structural and chemical similarity and similar use as fuel additives. Dillon, 919 F.2d at 692-93, 16 USPQ2d at 1900-02. Likewise, claims to amitriptyline used as an antidepressant were held obvious in light of the structural similarity to imipramine, a known antidepressant prior art compound, where both compounds were tricyclic dibenzo compounds and differed structurally only in the replacement of the unsaturated carbon atom in the center ring of amitriptyline with a nitrogen atom in imipramine. In re Merck & Co., 800 F.2d 1091, 1096-97, 231 USPQ 375, 378-79 (Fed. Cir. 1986). Other structural similarities have been found to support a prima facie case of obviousness. See, e.g., In re May, 574 F.2d 1082, 1093-95, 197 USPQ 601, 610-11 (CCPA 1978) (stereoisomers); In re Wilder, 563 F.2d 457, 460, 195 USPQ 426, 429 (CCPA 1977) (adjacent homologs and structural isomers); In re Hoch, 428 F.2d 1341, 1344, 166 USPQ 406, 409 (CCPA 1970) (acid and ethyl ester); In re Druey, 319 F.2d 237, 240, 138 USPQ 39, 41 (CCPA 1963) (omission of methyl group from pyrazole ring). Generally, some teaching of a structural similarity will be necessary to suggest selection of the claimed species or subgenus. Id.
Consider the properties and utilities of the structurally similar prior art species or subgenus. It is the properties and utilities that provide real world motivation for a person of ordinary skill to make species structurally similar to those in the prior art. Dillon, 919 F.2d at 697, 16 USPQ2d at 1905; In re Stemniski, 444 F.2d 581, 586, 170 USPQ 343, 348 (CCPA 1971). Conversely, lack of any known useful properties weighs against a finding of motivation to make or select a species or subgenus. In re Albrecht, 514 F.2d 1389, 1392, 1395-96, 185 USPQ 585, 587, 590 (CCPA 1975) (The prior art compound so irritated the skin that it could not be regarded as useful for the disclosed anesthetic purpose, and therefore a person skilled in the art would not have been motivated to make related compounds.); Stemniski, 444 F.2d at 586, 170 USPQ at 348 (close structural similarity alone is not sufficient to create a prima facie case of obviousness when the reference compounds lack utility, and thus there is no motivation to make related compounds.). However, the prior art need not disclose a newly discovered property in order for there to be a prima facie case of obviousness. Dillon, 919 F.2d at 697, 16 USPQ2d at 1904-05 (and cases cited therein). If the claimed invention and the structurally similar prior art species share any useful property, that will generally be sufficient to motivate an artisan of ordinary skill to make the claimed species, e.g., id. For example, based on a finding that a tri-orthoester and a tetra-orthoester behave similarly in certain chemical reactions, it has been held that one of ordinary skill in the relevant art would have been motivated to select either structure. 919 F.2d at 692, 16 USPQ2d at 1900-01. In fact, similar properties may normally be presumed when compounds are very close in structure. Dillon, 919 F.2d at 693, 696, 16 USPQ2d at 1901, 1904. See also In re Grabiak, 769 F.2d 729, 731, 226 USPQ 870, 871 (Fed. Cir. 1985) ("When chemical compounds have 'very close' structural similarities and similar utilities, without more a prima facie case may be made."). Thus, evidence of similar properties or evidence of any useful properties disclosed in the prior art that would be expected to be shared by the claimed invention weighs in favor of a conclusion that the claimed invention would have been obvious. Dillon, 919 F.2d at 697-98, 16 USPQ2d at 1905; In re Wilder, 563 F.2d 457, 461, 195 USPQ 426, 430 (CCPA 1977); In re Lintner, 458 F.2d 1013, 1016, 173 USPQ 560, 562 (CCPA 1972).
Consider the predictability of the technology. See, e.g., Dillon, 919 F.2d at 692-97, 16 USPQ2d at 1901-05; In re Grabiak, 769 F.2d 729, 732-33, 226 USPQ 870, 872 (Fed. Cir. 1985). If the technology is unpredictable, it is less likely that structurally similar species will render a claimed species obvious because it may not be reasonable to infer that they would share similar properties. See, e.g., In re May, 574 F.2d 1082, 1094, 197 USPQ 601, 611 (CCPA 1978) (prima facie obviousness of claimed analgesic compound based on structurally similar prior art isomer was rebutted with evidence demonstrating that analgesia and addiction properties could not be reliably predicted on the basis of chemical structure); In re Schechter, 205 F.2d 185, 191, 98 USPQ 144, 150 (CCPA 1953) (unpredictability in the insecticide field, with homologs, isomers and analogs of known effective insecticides having proven ineffective as insecticides, was considered as a factor weighing against a conclusion of obviousness of the claimed compounds). However, obviousness does not require absolute predictability, only a reasonable expectation of success, i.e., a reasonable expectation of obtaining similar properties. See, e.g., In re O'Farrell, 853 F.2d 894, 903, 7 USPQ2d 1673, 1681 (Fed. Cir. 1988).
The categories of relevant teachings enumerated above are those most frequently encountered in a genus-species case, but they are not exclusive. Office personnel should consider the totality of the evidence in each case. In unusual cases, there may be other relevant teachings sufficient to support the selection of the species or subgenus and, therefore, a conclusion of obviousness.
Based on the evidence as a whole (In re Bell, 991 F.2d 781,784, 26 USPQ2d 1529, 1531 (Fed. Cir. 1993); In re Kulling, 897 F.2d 1147, 1149, 14 USPQ2d 1056, 1057 (Fed. Cir. 1990)), Office personnel should make express fact-findings relating to the Graham factors, focusing primarily on the prior art teachings discussed above. The fact-findings should specifically articulate what teachings or suggestions in the prior art would have motivated one of ordinary skill in the art to select the claimed species or subgenus. Kulling, 897 F.2d at 1149, 14 USPQ2d at 1058; Panduit Corp. v. Dennison Mfg. Co., 810 F.2d 1561, 1579 n.42, 1 USQP2d 1593, 1606 n.42 (Fed. Cir. 1987). Thereafter, it should be determined whether these findings, considered as a whole, support a prima facie case that the claimed invention would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art at the time the invention was made.


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