text:
Gaming To-Go Part 3: Self-Reliance
Given the low price point for both games and hardware, massive amount of ports, and obvious room in the market for clones, portables were not hard to find. It wasn't until the late 90s that they actually found their voice, though, starting with weak license translations and resulting in full-blown solid titles developed solely for portable platforms. At the same time, many developers would revert back to ports now that they could make long RPGs of yesteryear and games from last gen run in your hand.
Game.com – Released: 1997
Pronounced "game com" and not "game dot com", this newest handheld from Tiger Electronics was a clear attempt to make a cartridge-based handheld version of the games they popularized in the late 80s. Much like those old school handhelds, the games shared popular licenses of the time and similarities in gameplay, but for the most part were unique creations. Think of a company that only does book adaptations to film – the concept remains the same and the characters are familiar, but it's essentially something new. This sounds like a good idea, but for some reason Tiger always seemed to miss the point of portable games and Game.com is no exception.
At first glance the Game.com seems pretty innovative and has similar features to a primitive DS. Boasting a larger dot matrix display of 200×160, it also supported limited online functionality, a touch screen and on-board ROM with a phone book, calendar, solitaire and gaming functions. While it initially required 4 AAs for near-Gameboy battery life, a pocket version would only require 2 AAs and remain consistent with battery life. The touch screen wasn't even as responsive as a Palm, making it a rather frustrating feature to the console. To get this guy online required you to purchase a Tiger modem, connect it via serial cable and have an available ISP to bridge the connection to the Internet. From there you could upload scores and if you had the online cartridge (sold separately) you could browse e-mail and web in a text-only format. Of course this was assuming you could figure out how to make everything work as instructions online and in the manual gave incorrect directions. Aside from all that, portability was out if you planned to get online in the least and there were so few players that the leaderboard was pointless.
As for game library, Tiger decided to produce titles internally, opting for license agreements over external development and dev kits were near impossible to get. As a result, the game library was both limited and lacked innovation. Furthermore most members of the gaming press didn't cover the console or games so there were few resources to validate the purchase of anything that came out. Eventually the console died an undocumented death only to be "revived" by the Internet in the form of independent development and a recent emulator. Given that it sold just over 250,000 units, working consoles are harder to find and cost a bit too much (>$50) online, not to mention the rarity and cost of most titles.
List of Game.com games
Gameboy Color – Launch Price: $79.99 – Released: 1998
Many gamers think that the Gameboy Color is just a Gameboy with a color LCD. While aesthetically that may make sense, and keeping all the Gameboys straight at that time was impossible, there's a lot more going on under the hood. It still sported the Z80 8-bit processor, but at twice the speed (8 mhz over 4 mhz) and had four times the RAM size (32 KB system, 16 KB graphics). The Gameboy Color had the same resolution as its predecessor and was fully backward compatible with Gameboy titles and lasted 30+ hours on just 2 AAs. Developers had been clamoring for a new Gameboy since the old one's hardware was nearly a decade old, but they were probably hoping for a little more of a boost than they got with the Gameboy Color. Still, it did help to spawn a large number of unique titles and interesting ports as well as adding four color shades to regular Gameboy titles.
As you can imagine, Nintendo was responsible for some of the strongest titles – Zelda fans really got a treat with Link's Awakening DX, which added color to the Gameboy title, and both Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons released at the same time were completely different games with intermixing storylines. The Pokemon series continued with Pokemon Gold & Silver, Pokemon Yellow, and Pokemon Crystal. Warioland 2 and Warioland 3 also continued to take the reins given up by the Super Mario Land series with impressive results. Third party developers took an early shot with Lufia: The Legend Returns from Natsume, Metal Gear Solid: Ghost Babel from Konami and Resident Evil Gaiden by Capcom. In terms of ports, however, the portable was adorned with both great and terrible recreations. Donkey Kong Country actually got ported and looked like a splotchy mess of the original. The original Super Mario Bros came out in a "DX" form that added a few bonuses and the original Mario Bros on the cart, but was the beginning of a long trend of Nintendo reselling us classics. Enix released both a Dragon Warrior I & II compilation and Dragon Warrior III ports that not only featured mild graphical changes but had a new translation that ditched the Elizabethan-style text and changed names and words to be closer to the Japanese version (Dragon Quest). Near PC-port perfect versions of Grand Theft Auto and Grand Theft Auto II released from Take-Two's Tarantula studios. Plenty of other arcade and console ports made their way, including the "DX" versions of several Gameboy games. It may not have been the improvement everyone wanted, but Gameboy Color was definitely a step in the right direction.
List of Gameboy Color reviews
Neo Geo Pocket Color – Launch Price: $69.95 – Released: 1999
It would seem that the Neo Geo Pocket Color was designed specifically as a Gameboy Color killer, which is somewhat true, but this was actually a scramble by SNK to release an update to the Neo Geo Pocket released in Japan the year before. Sold exclusively by eToys in the US before hitting major US retailers around 2000, this portable gave Gameboy Color a technological run for its money. It was a portable 16-bit console with a separate Z80 8-bit processor for sound, resulting in the much cleaner soundtracks of Neo Geo Pocket Color titles. It also lasted 40+ hours on just 2 AAs, making it one of the most energy efficient portables ever released in the US.
Unfortunately SNK did a horrible job with 3rd party developers so the console is mostly made up of portable versions of Neo Geo titles. While Neo Geo Pocket Color didn't have the graphical superiority of its console brethren, the low price and strong availability was a great opportunity for regular consumers to expose themselves to a solid library. Portable installments of Fatal Fury, King of the Fighters, Magical Drop, Metal Slug, Samurai Showdown and SNK vs. Capcom all had ports, making this the essential portable for fans of 90s fighters. It even had support for linking consoles to play these fighters against each other. The only other notable title for the console was Sonic the Hedgehog Pocket Adventure, which also allowed you to hook your Pocket Color to the Dreamcast and unlock content in Sonic Adventure. SNK suffered a collapse and folded, ending the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 2001, which most likely wouldn't have gone on to produce much given poor third-party support. Either way, it was a decent and fitting end to the Neo Geo era.
List of Neo Geo Pocket Color reviews
Gameboy Advance – Launch Price: $149.99 – Released: 2001
Gameboy was clearly the portable form of the NES and Gameboy Advance (GBA) was clearly the portable SNES. Ironically, from an internal component standpoint, the GBA and SNES are quite different from one another although the heavy sprite-based library made the distinction visually difficult. An ARM processor provided a strong portable 32-bit central unit while a Z80 allowed for sound co-processing and complete backwards compatibility with the Gameboy/Gameboy color library. Additional onboard memory also allowed the Gameboy Advance to do basic 3D modeling and scaling as opposed to the Mode 7 "fake 3D" provided by the SNES. Having said all that, it was basically responsible for a heaping handful of SNES ports and thus appropriately dubbed a portable SNES.
Like the Gameboy before it, the GBA required lots of direct light to be seen and even had an anti-glare screen for direct sunlight play. This made playing under artificial light somewhat difficult without additional accessories, mostly unlicensed by Nintendo. Early Advance titles included the many remakes of Mario games in the Super Mario Advance series (don't even bother trying to figure out the numbering system). Castlevania open-map games, dubbed "MetroidVania" by fans, started with Cirle of the Moon and continued with the much more impressive and balanced Harmony of Dissonance and Aria of Sorrow. Advance Wars provided the first outing in the strategy RPG series in the US, which was addictive then as it ever was for Japanese gamers. Zelda received its next portable iteration, Minish Cap, which used the cartoonish Link and reduced the difficulty, thus splitting some fans of the series. Mario Kart Super Circuit gave gamers a portable version of the racer and returned from the roots abandoned in the N64 outing. Metroid Fusion was the next installment in the series, giving fans the first new outing in almost a decade. Of course Pokemon got two installments with Pokemon Ruby and Sapphire. This was also the console that started the WarioWare series, which I still love in every portable iteration.
It's important to note that this was an interesting time for video game development. Many studios that were responsible for some of 2D gaming's best titles were really sinking with the 3D gaming trend that had gone mainstream in the late 90s. With the PS2 on the horizon and no end to 3D in sight, most of these developers were working on re-released collections at budget prices. In addition the RPG, especially the Japanese RPG, was taking new shape and the traditional style just wasn't selling, especially at $50 price tags. These developers found a new safe home on the Gameboy Advance. Treasure released a sequel to Genesis great Gunstar Heroes with Gunstar Super Heroes, just about every Final Fantasy was re-released with new translations and graphics, including Final Fantasy Tactics, Klonoa Heroes, Lufia: Ruins of Lore continued on portables and Sonic got a new side scrolling series with Sonic Advance. Tons of ports also made their way with 30 NES classics coming to the console as well as a remake of Kirby's Adventure renamed Nightmare in Dream Land. Donkey Kong Country 1, 2, & 3, Final Fantasy Advance IV, Final Fantasy Advance VI, Final Fight One, Mortal Kombat Advance, Phantasy Star Collection, R-Type III, Shining Force, Sonic The Hedgehog Genesis, Super Ghouls & Ghosts, Super Mario World, and Yoshi's Island plus plenty I'm sure I'm forgetting were all 16-bit console ports from the SNES and Genesis. Ports of more recent games were given limited versions like Metal Slug Advance, Max Payne, Tomb Raider, and Jet Grind Radio. Capcom also begun the way-too-large Megaman Battle Network series, which had 11 different titles (not all unique) on the console and also continued the Zero plotline from Megaman X in Megaman Zero 1-4. Despite its strong third-party support and faithful portable ports, not to mention more than 80 million units sold worldwide and even a redesign that added a backlit display (that it desperately needed), the Gameboy Advance was phased out by Nintendo in 2004 with the introduction of the DS. Needless to say, there was a lot of quality damage done in those three short years and GBA titles still sell for some high prices today.
List of Gameboy Advance reviews
Nokia N-Gage – Launch Price: $299.99 – Released: 2003
A hybrid between a portable gaming console and a cell phone, the N-Gage wasn't good at either. Jokingly called the "taco phone" because you had to hold it that way during a call, no one purchased this as a cell phone. Costing nearly twice the price of a Gameboy Advance and having internal components not much different from the competitor. Sure, it was a smartphone, but given that it was more expensive than most smart phones and no one wanted to be caught talking on it, that fact was hardly a selling feature. Even worse, the cartridge slot required you to partially disassemble the console.
So few games were released on the N-Gage that it was thought of as a gimmick rather than a portable. Ports of Rayman, Splinter Cell, Tomb Raider, Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, Super Monkey Ball and Bomberman all cost more than the used version of the same game on consoles. No one in 2003 wanted the original Tomb Raider for $30 when they could get it used for $5. The N-Gage also had a vertical orientation more drastic than 4:3 so games looked distorted on the console. A few original titles were released, like the first person shooter Ashen, and thanks to horrendous reviews made it to the junk pile before ever being bought. I'm fairly certain that even Gamestop, EB Games, and several other used game retailers decided not to purchase or sell used copies of these games. It was a sad entry into the console gaming market and begun a trend of portable console/cell phone failures that continues today. Somehow Nokia ended up moving more than 3 million phones and kept the N-Gage on the market until 2008, but how that is possible remains a mystery to me.
List of N-Gage games
Gizmondo – Launch Price: $400 (w/o "Smart Adds") or $229.99 (with "Smart Adds") – Released: 2005
Probably the most controversial and forward thinking device, the Gizmondo promised to be so many things at once and ended up being nothing but the worst selling portable in history. With less than 30,000 units distributed worldwide it took manufacturer/distributor Tiger Telematics (not to be mistaken with Tiger Electronics, mentioned above) less than a year to go bankrupt (March 2005-February 2006). The device was available in several ways, but in the United States it was mostly limited to mall kiosks and the official website. Furthermore there was extremely slim advertising – I never even saw any – and only 14 games released over here and those were hard to find in stock. In fact, the largest exposure the device got was when Tiger Telematics executive Stefan Eriksson was discovered to be the leader of the Uppsala mafia, a crime syndicate.
As a portable gaming device the Gizmodo actually featured some decent hardware and built-in software. A 400 mhz ARM processor by Samsung ran the device with 64 mb RAM, an nVidia GoForce 128-bit 3D accelerator, and 320×240 color display capable of over 65,000 colors. It featured an SD slot for storage and was capable of playing MP3, MP4, Windows Media Player 9, GPS and GPRS for location and mapping, bluetooth wireless communication, SIM card for GSM cellular technology and a digital camera, because "why not?", right? The device featured "Smart Adds", which was a misspelled way of delivering location-based (via GPS) advertisements to the home screen of the device, which reduced the purchase price. If you had money to burn and didn't care for ads on your home screen, you could purchase Gizmondo without "Smart Adds" for nearly twice the price. In truth, you should have gone with the "Smart Adds" version because they were only online for around 10 months. A huge number of games were slated to release on the console but only a handful did – although I've heard that an SD card and a quick torrent search can net you the entire library of games, both released and unreleased. Of these games, I've heard none of them are really worth mentioning save for Colors, an unreleased GTA-style game that is most notable because you can get out of prison by performing sexual acts on a prisoner. For those thinking they can grab an SD card and a Gizmondo cheap, good luck – I rarely see the system for sale and when I do it's either broken or more than $200.
List of Gizmondo games
That wraps up our coverage on the history of portable gaming. Sure, the DS and PSP released quite some time ago, but given that there's nearly no library for the 3DS combined with the Playstation Vita's uncertain future – it hasn't released yet – both the DS and PSP are still considered "current generation" in my eyes.
Posted in Gaming To Go, Lessons
Tagged with color, eriksson, game.com, gameboy, gameboy advance, gameboy color, genesis, gizmondo, n gage, neo geo, nokia, pocket, port, snes, stefan eriksson, tiger, tiger electronics, tiger telematics
« Gaming To-Go Part 2: Gameboy and beyond
Day 1 »


Eden Hazard has denied reports that he will join Real Madrid this summer.
The 25-year-old Chelsea playmaker has reportedly agreed personal terms over his move to the Bernabeu.
But he said: "Have I signed for Real? No, that's not true, I do not know who said that. For now, I am at Chelsea.
"I have a season to finish, and my contract ends in four years. For now, I'm here, and I am, and I want to get back on the field with Chelsea."
Wales boss Chris Coleman admits he wants Gareth Bale to stay at Real Madrid amid rumours Manchester United are eyeing the £86m forward.
"I'd prefer to see Gareth stay in Spain with Real Madrid — purely for selfish reasons," said Coleman.
"It is a physically demanding league. It's a fantastic competition and up there with the best leagues in the world."
Kieran Gibbs and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain are determined to fight for their Arsenal futures.
Arsene Wenger is reportedly set to axe several first-team names this summer.
But the Evening Standard claim that English duo Gibbs and Oxlade-Chamberlain are reluctant to leave.
It is understood that both will hold talks over their respective roles at the club and future chances this summer.


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Few styles rival the sweet look of fringed magnificence paired with a relaxed beach wave.
Paired to perfection, the ombre and beach wave duo provides impeccable color and edge with a light, Southern California girl sensibility.
Since we're all about love this month, we're taking a look at a quintessentially romantic look--the beach wave.
Kim.Loves.Beauty shows us how she blends her lace front with a middle part.
Learn how to get this super cool, laid back look.
We sometimes really miss the 80s. Make up and fashion was the opposite of natural and subdued.
Wigs are a great way to experiment with color without any commitment and damage to your own hair. Check out these two very different long blond looks.


I am a proud University of Toledo graduate and you can often find me at football games and women's basketball games! I love singing, dancing, and celebrating my faith. I also instruct color guard and indoor guard for St. John's Jesuit High School in Toledo and Van Buren High School near Findlay. Being able to work at my alma mater being surrounded by so many wonderful people is and has been a joy! Go Eagles!


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Lauragh water supply removed from EPA's Remedial Action List
6 February 2018 Go back to News
This supply was on the list due to elevated levels of trihalomethanes (THMs)
Irish Water is pleased to confirm that an additional 60 customers in Co Kerry have been removed from the EPA's Remedial Action List following the completion of upgrade work on the water treatment plant in Lauragh.
This work involved commissioning a new borehole to replace the old source, thereby addressing issues with trihalomethanes (THMs) in the supply.
A total of 11 water supply schemes in Kerry remain on the RAL, the largest of which is the Lough Guitane Water Supply Scheme. Irish Water is currently developing a new €30 million water treatment plant in Lough Guitane to serve over 62,000 people in the mid-Kerry region. This project is due to be completed later this year.
In addition to this, we are investing €4.5m to upgrade the water treatment plant in Kenmare while also progressing with upgrades to the water supplies of Kilgarvan and Mountain Stage.
Removal of schemes from RAL
A contractor has also been approved for the upgrade of filtration at Caherdaniel, Castlecove and Caragh Lake water treatment plants. Works are due to be completed this year which should facilitate the removal of these schemes from the RAL.
Speaking about the RAL and the ongoing work in Kerry, Ian O'Mahony, Irish Water's Operations Lead for the county, said "We are pleased to confirm that the Lauragh Water Supply Scheme, serving approximately 60 people, has now been removed from the RAL. This supply was on the list due to elevated levels of THMs. In order to address this, the old supply was replaced with a new borehole source which provides a better quality of raw water.
As a single utility Irish Water is able to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of Ireland's drinking water treatment plants and where serious compliance challenges are found they can be tackled more effectively and efficiently. The investment of €30m in the Kerry Central Regional Water Supply Scheme and Irish Water's other investments in the county is proof of our commitment to addressing these challenges."
Reducing the number of schemes on the RAL to zero
The Remedial Action List is updated quarterly by the EPA. Irish Water has a prioritised programme of investment for all schemes on the list and the current updated RAL which showed a reduction from 85 to 77 schemes is a reflection of this progress. By 2021 we plan to reduce the number of schemes on the RAL to zero.
For more information about Irish Water's ongoing projects across the country, please visit our Projects and Plans page.
Works get underway on College Road, Castleisland
New wastewater treatment plant in Castlemaine
Works underway on Racecourse Road, Tralee to improve water quality


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We want to inspire, equip, and support you to live in God's purpose and for you to do the same for others. We will see women ignited for purpose and we will cover the world with His glory! Let's live with passion and fulfill our God-given purpose and potential!
mobilized in their God-given purposes; women ignited for purpose!
When we work together in community and with the Holy Spirit, we go forth with purpose and power.
We impact lives, make a difference eternally, and grow the kingdom of God.
When we pray, heaven comes to earth and transforms our lives and circumstances to reflect His will.
When we give, we spread the message that everyone is here for a purpose.
We make a powerful and effective difference together!
Seek God for your purpose in this season of life; discover resources to inspire, equip and support you in this process.
God has designed us for relationships. Utilize your purpose by leading or connecting with a group. Community is where we thrive.
God desires relationship with us. Pray for everyone to be in relationship with Him and ignited for His purposes.
*Read and declare ignited declarations and prayer.
Invest in women through Vision Partnerships. When you give, you are spreading the message of hope, freedom, and the power of God.
Become a Vision Partner by giving online.
Join the movement of women, ignited for His Purpose! We are doing this together for His glory!
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Virgil van Dijk's perfect response to "bad weather" question over Fulham error
The Liverpool defender's uncharacteristic mistake allowed Ryan Babel in for Fulham's equaliser on Sunday, but there was to be a late twist
Liverpool will spend the international break on top of the Premier League table, but there were a few minutes on Sunday when that looked as though it wasn't going to be the case.
Leading through Sadio Mane's first half strike, the Reds contrived to concede a mess of an equalising goal to former Liverpool man Ryan Babel.
First James Milner sliced and skewed the ball backwards, forcing Virgil van Dijk to try and nod it into the path of goalkeeper Alisson, only to get involved in a mix-up with the Brazilian and allow Babel in to score the most unlikely of equaliser for a Fulham side who had barely threatened.
Van Dijk's header back didn't find Alisson (Image: Getty Images)
What Virgil Van Dijk will tell Ryan Babel on Holland duty after Liverpool error
Liverpool rectified that though, and ended up winning the game thanks to a James Milner penalty after Fulham goalkeeper Sergio Rico had felled Mane in the box.
And so when speaking to Sky Sports after the match, Van Dijk and Milner were obviously very relieved.
And Babel nipped in to score (Image: EMPICS Sport)
"The gaffer told me to come on and calm it down and the first thing I do is slice it and put Virgil under pressure which wasn't ideal," Milner joked.
With heavy rain and sleet hammering down at times during the match, it was then put to Van Dijk that the bad weather could have been responsible for his mistake.
Reds boss Jurgen Klopp was criticised recently for blaming the weather, in part, for his side's performance during their goalless draw at Everton , but Van Dijk wasn't having it.
James Milner and Virgil van Dijk after the game (Image: Twitter/SkySportsPL)
Jurgen Klopp suggests James Milner OWED Liverpool a goal prior to Fulham penalty
"I am not giving excuses, it is what it is. I should have handled it better," he said.
"They scored but so did we and we have three points and move back to the top of the table."
Reds fans hailed the honesty from the Dutchman, with some saying that the reply was "perfect".
Ryan Babel


Most of reconstruction algorithms for the calculation of temperature distributions in CT (computed tomography)-TDLAS (tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy) are based upon two-line thermometry method. This method gives unstable calculation convergence due to signal noise, bias error, and signal mis-matches. In this study, a new reconstruction algorithm based on cross-correlation for temperature calculation is proposed. The patterns of the optical signals at all wave lengths were used to reconstruct the temperature distribution. Numerical test has been made using phantom temperature distributions. Using these phantom temperature data, absorption spectra for all wave lengths were constructed, and these spectra were regarded as the signals that would be obtained in an actual experiments. Using these virtually generated experimental signals, temperature distribution was once again reconstructed, and was compared with those of the original phantom data. Calculation errors obtained by the newly proposed algorithm were slightly large at high temperatures with small errors at low temperature.
Y. Deguchi, Industrial applications of Laser Diagnostics, CRS Press, Taylor & Francis, 2011.
M. Yamakage, K. Muta, Y. Deguchi, S. Fukada, T. Iwase, T. Yoshida, "Development of direct and fast response exhaust gas measurement," SAE Paper 20081298, 2008.


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Eavesdropping on Hell
Chapter 1: Background
The Context of European and Nazi Anti-Semitism
Anti-Semitism has been part of European history perhaps as early as Alexander's Empire in the 4th Century B.C.E. What has varied over the centuries since then has been the intensity of the animosity towards Jews, as well as the basis for it, whether it was grounded in political, religious, cultural, or ethnic differences. The early Roman emperors generally had a difficult relationship with Jews in the Empire. There was a major problem over the ritual of emperor worship, which Jews refused to perform. Imperial adjudication was required to settle disputes between Jewish and Gentile communities in such cities as Alexandria and Rome. After Constantine's reign (337 C.E.), the Christian emperors and church leaders placed administrative and legal restrictions on the Jewish population of the Roman Empire, although, for religious reasons, Jews were tolerated.1
In early Medieval Europe there was popular hostility against Jews, but it was unsystematic and was charged with a clearly religious tone — more anti-Judaic than anti-Semitic. This attitude changed, though, in the 11th and 12th centuries when the zeal and intolerance of the Crusades spawned more virulent and violent anti-Semitic atrocities. During the First Crusade in 1096, Jewish communities, mostly in the Rhineland, were plundered and their inhabitants sometimes massacred by crusader armies on their way to the Holy Land. The following two centuries saw the growth of official policies that established ghettoes, discriminatory laws, and financial victimization. In 1215 the Catholic Church's Fourth Lateran Council prescribed absolute ghettoization for urban Jewish communities and decreed that Jews wear a yellow label as a sign of their pariah status.2
The religious wars of the reformation only brought more massacres and mistreatment for the Jews, especially in Germany. It was not until the Enlightenment and the French Revolution that conditions ameliorated somewhat when civil rights and citizenship were granted Jews. But in the latter part of the nineteenth century, anti-Semitism resurged throughout Europe. The centuries-old religiously based anti-Semitism continued to attract adherents. This old version was joined by a new strain that grew out the nationalistic fervor that dominated European politics well into the twentieth century. It was based on pseudo-scientific social and biological theories of racial differences that emphasized cultural, ethnic, and stereotyped physical differences. In some nationalist lexicons, Jews were now classified as members of the Semite "race."
The racial core of Nazi ideology was obvious from the earliest days of the movement in Munich. Early proponents of Nazism also hinted at the future destruction of Jewry. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, some anti-Semitic measures were adapted, but the initial policy was relatively unstructured. This changed in September 1935, when Hitler announced the passage of the Nuremberg Laws that, among others, prohibited relations and marriages between Jews and other Germans, forbade Jews to fly the German flag, and deprived them of citizenship. In later years during the war, American intercepts of German consular radio and cable traffic recorded how the effect of these laws was extended to overseas German Jews. These intercepts reported incidents in which individuals as far away as Argentina and China were deprived of German citizenship because their Jewish parentage or denied state pensions unless a Jewish spouse was divorced.3
In the first years of the Nazi regime, the principal method for removing Jews from Germany was emigration. To "encourage" Jews to leave, the Nazis instituted a number of discriminatory measures that included the "aryanization" of the German economy, and, after the Anschluss with Austria, the placement of the mandatory "J" stamp in German passports held by Jews. By the beginning of the war, more than half of German and Austrian Jews had emigrated abroad. Some aspects of the early Jewish emigration from Germany appeared in the occasional Japanese diplomatic message from Berlin intercepted by the United States.4
In 1939, for European Jewry, two important events occurred that pushed their fate in the direction of the "Final Solution." The first was in January 1939, when the control of anti-Semitic policy in Germany was delegated to the SS (Schutz Staffel). Operational control was placed specifically in the SS's Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt or RSHA) under SS General Reinhard Heydrich. Heydrich controlled all Reich security services, including the Security Service (Sicherstheitsdienst or SD) and the Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei or Secret State Police). Later, Adolf Eichmann was placed in charge of Department IVA4b of the RSHA, which was responsible for administering the "Jewish problem."
The second occurred in September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. England and France, honoring a defense pact with Poland, declared war on Nazi Germany. With these actions, the Second World War began, and the fate of European Jewry was changed for the worse. The war ended Germany's original plan to rid itself of its Jewish population through emigration and expulsion. As more countries fell under its sway, the number of Jews under Nazi control grew dramatically. The early policy of enforced expulsion was useless; there was nowhere to send them, even to the colonies of the nations they had conquered as with the bizarre scheme to create a Jewish reservation on the French-held island of Madagascar off the Southeast African coast.
When exactly the mass murder of the Jews was ordered as policy is not absolutely certain. In late July 1941 Reich Marshall Herman Goering signed the order that Heydrich had drafted calling for a "final solution" (Endloesung) to the Jewish presence in German-occupied Europe. Two things about this order are significant. First, it was signed after massacres of Jews and other groups in Russia had begun in the wake of the German invasion. Second, this order also needs to be understood as part of Hitler's position regarding Jews and their association with Bolshevism. In January 1939 Hitler had threatened the Jews with annihilation, but he made this threat within the context of a potential war, and then as part of the struggle against the "Bolshevikization [sic] of the earth."5 In whatever terms or context it was stated, though, the destruction of Europe's Jews was a prime Nazi goal during the war.6 During the final phases of the planning for the invasion of the Soviet Union, the SS and the German General Staff approved plans for killing Jews as part of the policy to liquidate all "undesirables," which included Soviet political, military, and security officials.7 Following on the heels of the victorious Wehrmacht, Einsatzgruppen, along with numerous German Police battalions and SS units, massacred almost three-quarters of a million Soviet Jews in the first ten months of the invasion.
In late 1941 and into early 1942, the decisions and the first steps to exterminate all other European Jews were taken. In January 1942 Heydrich met with senior officials from the SS, the Police, the Foreign Office, the Nazi Party, and Reich Chancellery and Ministry of Justice in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to map out the campaign of mass murder. As a guide to future plans, Heydrich referred to the earlier order from Goering for the Final Solution he claimed he had drafted. Like the earlier order signed by Goering, the decision at the conference to exterminate Europe's Jews was taken after several actions already had begun. These included the operations of the first death camp at Chelmo in western Poland that had started already in December 1941. A month earlier, in Kovno, Lithuania, police units began murdering German Jews who had been deported there. And the construction of Auschwitz-Birkenau, begun in December 1941, was accelerated. The time of "night and fog" (Nacht und Nebel) over Nazi-occupied Europe had arrived.
The Holocaust differed in two significant ways from other examples of twentieth-century genocide. First of all, the Nazis did not simply indulge themselves in an orgy of massacres and other atrocities. Instead, to facilitate their policy of extermination, the Nazis borrowed from the panoply of twentieth century science and technology. They adopted techniques, equipment, and processes from engineering and basic sciences such as chemistry. They also adapted modern business methods, technology, and techniques from the fields of accounting, administration, transport, and bureaucratic organization. The Nazi and SS hierarchy took an avid interest in the progress of the extermination and demanded constant reports from subordinates, units in the field, and the death camps. While not always consistent and efficient, the Nazi machine was organized along methods that allowed for measurements of progress and any necessary "improvements" to the existing system.
Secondly, the Nazis moved to eliminate Jews from countries they had overrun during the war. The extranational nature of the Holocaust was the aspect that most differentiated it from other examples of genocide in the twentieth century, such as that perpetrated on ethnic Armenians by the Ottoman Turks in 1915-16 and the Khmer Rouge depredations in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. As the Germans conquered Europe, they immediately established the administrative and enforcement machinery to seize and kill Jews living in the occupied countries. In this task various collaborationist regimes and local fascist organizations sympathetic to the Nazis helped the Germans in a number of ways. Some of these regimes murdered their own Jews or shipped them to the concentration camps in Eastern Europe. Other countries expelled non-national Jews and ethnic groups acquired through territorial acquisition, as happened in Bulgaria, or rounded up foreign Jews and shipped them to their deaths in the east as did France. The continental scope and bureaucratic nature of the extermination program compelled the Nazi apparatus to coordinate its efforts over an extensive region, from the Atlantic to the steppes of the western Soviet Union.
Both of these aspects of the Final Solution forced the Nazis to rely on modern communications to facilitate their efforts — both to satisfy the SS command in Berlin for progress reports and to coordinate their far-flung efforts over the European continent. Where underground cable systems existed, the Nazi authorities made use of them for their communications. The Allies could not monitor the ground cable system in continental Europe. However, the cable system's reach was limited. Where the local system had been destroyed during combat operations or had not yet been constructed, and this was common in most of the regions of the western USSR, the command in Berlin had to rely on radio communications to control the particular missions of the dispersed police units and Einsatzgruppen, as well as receive reports on their "progress." Meanwhile, diplomatic missions and nongovernmental organizations around Europe reported on the roundups and massacres they witnessed or about which they had received information. These communications also made it possible for Allied signals intelligence agencies to intercept, exploit, and disseminate information to their leadership about the Holocaust.
Previous Histories and Articles
For nearly thirty years after World War II, the United States and Great Britain generally succeeded in keeping completely secret from the public the story of the exploitation of the German Enigma and many other Axis codes and ciphers.8 This success was largely possible because of the willingness of the tens of thousands of wartime employees of the Western cryptologic services to keep silent about the secret. However, there were a few tears in the shroud over this period.
In 1967 a Polish historian, Wladyslaw Kozaczuk, published an account of the Polish breakthrough against Enigma, Bitwa o tajemnice (The Secret Battle).9 Kozaczuk was the first to state that the Poles had solved the German Enigma. This book, though, received little attention outside of Poland. In 1973 Gustave Bertrand, the former chief of the French Army's radio intelligence branch, published his memoirs, Enigma: Ou la Plus Grande Enigme de la Guerre, 1939-1945 (Enigma: Or the Greatest Mystery of the War), which revealed some more about the early Allied exploitation of Enigma. 10 Bertrand had played a minor, if not unimportant role in the Polish breakthrough against Enigma. He had developed a contact in the German Ministry of War who turned over to him technical information and keying material for the Enigma. Bertrand, whose own country's code-breaking capability had deteriorated in the years after the First World War, passed the material to the Polish Cipher Bureau. Like Kozaczuk's work, Bertrand's book made little impression. German historians, who had reviewed Kozazcuk's book, tended to dismiss the claims that the Poles or any of the Allies had broken Enigma. The secret still stood into the 1970s.
Therefore, outside of intelligence circles, only a handful of people, mostly scholars, knew about the Allied cryptanalytic success against Enigma when, in 1974, F.W. Winterbotham's book The Ultra Secret was published.11 Winterbotham was a Royal Air Force officer who formed the Special Liaison Units that distributed Ultra to military commands. But he was not involved in actual codebreaking and other cryptologic activities. Winterbotham's book created a shock wave in the intelligence and historical communities. The British government contemplated legal action against him, but finally declined to prosecute him. The Ultra Secret went on to become a best seller. Many historians scrambled, perhaps prematurely, to incorporate Winterbotham's revelations into the narrative of World War II. Winterbotham's book, though, was full of errors, distortions, and omissions. Among other things, he attributed the solution to the Enigma to a spy who smuggled a complete machine out of Germany. This ignored the Polish contribution. He also claimed that the British won the Battle of Britain solely because of Ultra's contribution. This claim ignored the far more critical roles played by Britain's early warning radar network and Fighter Command's centralized command and control system.
There was no mention in Winterbotham's book about what information there might have been about the Holocaust from Ultra sources. Interestingly, prior to the publication of The Ultra Secret, there was some information already available about codebreaking and the Holocaust. The first inkling of what SIGINT records might hold about the Holocaust had appeared in Gustave Bertrand's Enigma. In the course of describing the operations of a small, multinational, Allied covert communications monitoring site in southern France, Bertrand revealed that this site had intercepted and decrypted German Police messages that contained information about massacres in the western Soviet Union. Bertrand stated that the site, over the course of a little more than two years, had intercepted over three thousand German Police messages. He related the substance of a police message from 21 August 1941 that reported that 5,130 Jews had been shot by SS and police units.12 Most of Bertrand's story was repeated in Wladyslaw Kozaczuk's Enigma, published in Polish in 1979.13 The information about the German Police decrypts in the books from France and Poland largely went unnoticed. This was probably because the works were slow to be translated into English, and the rather meager information they contained about the massacres was subsumed within the interest generated by the much broader revelations about the effect of the exploitation of Enigma on the course of the war. Another problem was that Bertrand's reference to the police decrypts was based largely on his recollections and personal notes. There were no copies of the intercepts or decrypts available.
The first account in English that discussed Ultra information in connection with the Holocaust was Walter Laqueur's The Terrible Secret, first published in 1980. This book tracked the knowledge of the Holocaust among various groups such as German civilians, international Jewish organizations, officials of the major Allied and neutral countries, the leaders of the Jewish communities in Europe and America, and nongovernment organizations such as the International Red Cross. His account carried some additional details over the previous histories that had referred to the decrypts of the German Police messages. He also mentioned that the British were reading the Enigma messages of the German railway service, and, as a result, this suggested that the British had the capability to track the movement of trains throughout occupied Europe, which would have included the trains transporting Jews to the death camps in the east. It appears that Laqueur had some access or knowledge of British code-breaking efforts against the German Police, SS, and railway Enigma ciphers. He refers to some specific details from the police decrypts, but it is not clear if he had seen specific documents from GC&CS because they had not been released to the public.14 Laqueur also interviewed Peter Calvocoressi, an important figure in the operations of one of the analytic centers at Bletchley Park. He also may have been a source of Laqueur's information.
In the same year as Laqueur's book, Calvocoressi published his wartime memoir, Top Secret Ultra.15 Calvocoressi had a more detailed knowledge of the British code-breaking effort than Winterbotham. In this book, he painted a more detailed and technically accurate picture of the operations of the GC&CS' center at Bletchley Park. Calavocoressi also added a gruesome detail that tied in Engima cryptanalysis with the Holocaust. He claimed that German cryptographers used the numbers of the slave labor population from the daily SS concentration camp reports, encrypted in a "medium grade cipher," to set the keys (wheel settings) for their Enigma machines.16 But like the previous works, Calvocoressi used no source documents. They remained classified.
The publication that provided the first detailed description of what allied communications intelligence knew of the Holocaust was Sir Harry Hinsley's five-volume series, British Intelligence in the Second World War, published between 1979 and 1990. Volume II, published in 1981, contained an appendix on the police decodes which described the operations of the Einsatzgruppen and police units on the Eastern Front and the SS messages about the death and labor camps.17 Hinsley, who had worked on the German naval intelligence section at Bletchley Park during the war, and his editorial and writing staff had been given access to GC&CS records, decrypts, and translations of intercepted Axis messages for the purpose of writing the history. Again, the material, while cited in the work, itself remained classified and inaccessible to the public and would remain so some fifteen years after the first volume of Hinsley's history had been published.
Hinsley's work also was based partly on a multivolume history of wartime activities produced by the GC&CS in the years immediately after the war. Volume XIII of the Air and Military History series concentrated on the exploitation of the communications and encrypted messages of the German Police and other Reich security organizations. It contained a short description of intelligence derived from concentration camps and an appendix that listed individual massacres on the Eastern Front contained in selected decrypted police messages.18 Many of these volumes would be released to the British archives in the 1990s.
In 1984 a monograph was published in the Journal of Historical Review that reviewed the published literature of wartime intelligence, including the Police decrypts, which carried information about the massacres and the concentration camps.19 The article called into question what the intelligence actually revealed about the Nazi's ultimate plan for the elimination of Europe's Jews. Unfortunately, the journal in which this article appeared was a well-known forum for that faction of scholars and researchers associated with a movement known as "Holocaust denial."20 Rather than discuss the intelligence about the Holocaust and how Allied officials differed over its meaning, or review the Nazi program of silence and obfuscation about the Final Solution, the author claimed that the gaps in Allied intelligence suggested that many aspects of the Holocaust, such as the gassings at Auschwitz, were a fiction. However, the amassed evidence from captured records and the testimony of Holocaust victims and perpetrators overwhelms the article's contention. Later releases of Police decrypts to the PRO would illustrate how the missing intelligence was attributable to greater German security measures and the limitations in the communications intelligence system.
Two shorter pieces that dealt with the German Police and the Holocaust appeared in the mid-1990s. The first was a monograph, SIGINT and the Holocaust, by Robert L. Benson, a senior researcher at the National Security Agency, known for his major role behind the release of the NKVD espionage messages referred to as VENONA. The other was a short piece in the New York Times Magazine, "The Holocaust Was No Secret," by William J. Vanden Heuvel. The article in the Times probably was published in the wake of news stories, featured initially in early November 1996 in the Washington Post, about the discovery of decrypts of German Police messages in the NSA Record Group 457 at NARA.21 Both Vanden Heuvel's and Benson's articles focused on the revelations contained in the decrypts of the German Police and SS messages about the massacres in Russia. Both authors also grappled with the question of why Allied leaders, especially the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, who knew of the atrocities, did not do anything to publicize, impede, or stop them? As the two authors pointed out, there was really nothing that the Allies could have done to stop or appreciably retard the slaughter except to totally defeat the Nazis as soon as possible.22
As has been seen above, the critical element absent from all of these early works was the source material itself — in this case, the collection of decrypts of the German Police and SS messages. It also has been mentioned that an incomplete set of these decrypts had been discovered in RG 457 by American University history professor Richard Breitman in June 1996. This set of police decrypts was part of a larger 1996 NSA release of wartime records to the National Archives that numbered some 1.3 million pages. The set of German Police messages had been obtained by NSA from GCHQ in the mid-1980s and had been incorporated into the large release. The set that NSA had acquired was only a small portion of a much larger set of German Police messages that were still classified and resided in British archives. (See Chapter 3, page 62, about the background to the acquisition of these messages by NSA.) The publicity around the discovery of the police messages in the U.S. National Archives helped generate sufficient public pressure for the release to the public of the complete set of police decrypts by the Public Record Office in May 1997.
It should be pointed out, though, that since the early to mid 1980s, translations of Axis and Vichy diplomatic messages that contained limited information about the Holocaust had been available at the National Archives in the United States. These documents were located in the NSA Record Group 457. Beginning in 1979, NSA had turned over "redacted" (that is, copies of documents with the still-classified portions blacked out) copies of translations of Axis and Vichy diplomatic messages to the National Archives. Unfortunately, there was no topical index for the collections, which totaled almost 150,000 pages. Those individual translations that were relevant to the Holocaust lay buried away in their archival boxes and remained largely untouched by researchers for years.23
The first full use of any of these records in a historical study of the Holocaust did not occur until 1998 with the publication of Official Secrets by the same Professor Richard Breitman of American University in Washington, DC. The book contained a description of how the police messages were collected and processed by GC&CS. The largest part of Professor Breitman's work looked at the response of the Allied governments to the course of the Holocaust, especially in light of information available from intelligence sources including the decrypts of the German Police and SS units. Using these, he was able, among other insights, to accord a far more significant role to the police units in the Holocaust, as well as reaffirm the importance of the Nazi policies of secrecy and deception that disguised the nature and scope of the Holocaust.24 His book also detailed the information contained in the SS concentration camp reports mentioned earlier by Calvocoressi.
It took nearly twenty-five years from the publication of Winterbotham's book about the Ultra secret for many of the official records of the American and British wartime cryptologic agencies to be released to the public. Among the records were the collections of decrypts of translations of Axis and neutral messages, primarily German, which dealt with the Holocaust. The delayed release of the communications intelligence records did not impede scholarly research and understanding of the overall Holocaust phenomenon. Mountains of records had been available that documented Nazi planning and execution of the Final Solution. At worst, the lack of cryptologic material probably affected Holocaust scholarship of specific incidents. For example, the lack of police decrypts and translations may have contributed to scholars underestimating for decades the major role of the German Police in the massacres and other atrocities committed in the western USSR.25
Michael Grant, The Jews in the Roman World. (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1973), 284-7.
Norman Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), 365-7. Richard Fletcher, The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1997), 292, 317-8.
See Berlin (Auswaertig) to Buenos Aires, 13 January 1943, SIS # 78845, NARA RG 457, Historical Cryptographic Collection, Box 359; Berlin (Auswaertig) to Tientsin, 4 August 1944, SIS # 135165, NARA, RG 457 HHC, Box 429; and Berlin (Auswaertig) to Tientsin, 15 December 1944, H-158178, RG 457, HHC, Box 456.
Multinational Diplomatic (MND) Translation, Washington to Tokyo, 17 January 1939, SIS #3494, NARA RG 457 Records of the National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS), Historical Cryptologic Collection (HCC), Box 286.
Raoul Hillberg. The Destruction of European Jews. 3 Volumes (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985. the Revised and Definitive Edition), 393.
Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 95-6, 191-2.
Richard Breitman. Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned. What the British and Americans Knew (New York: Hill and Wang), 36-7.
News of the American exploitation of the Japanese diplomatic cipher known as Purple had been revealed in part in the immediate postwar period during a bipartisan U.S. Senate committee investigation of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. As part of the hearings, the important diplomatic translations, including the famous fourteen-part message, were released in their entirety. Subsequently, a number of histories of the attack utilized the information to propound a number of interpretations about the attack. Interestingly, during these hearings, a reference was made to the British helping the Americans to "decode German messages." This brief allusion to reading German cryptographic systems was published in a Time magazine article on 17 December 1945.
Wladyslaw Kozaczuk, Bitwa o tajemnice: Sluzby wywiadowcze Polski I Rzeszy Niemieckiej 1922-1939 (The Secret Battle: The Intelligence Services of Poland and the German Reich, 1922-1939) (Warsaw: Ksiazka I Wiedza, 1967).
Gustave Bertrand. Enigma: Ou la Plus Grande Enigme de la Guerre, 1939-1945 (Paris: Plon, 1973).
F. W. Winterbotham. The Ultra Secret (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974).
Bertrand, 117-8.
Wladyslaw Kozaczuk. Wkregu Enigmy (Warsaw: Ksiazka I Wiedza, 1979) Kozaczuk's Bitwa o tajmnice predated Bertrand's and Winterbotham's narratives. It has been suggested that The Secret Battle was the predecessor to Enigma. If so, then it might have contained the earliest reference to the interception of the police messages about the massacres in Russia. The source in Enigma about the police messages (p. 139) is quite similar to that in Bertrand's book (117-8). However, this author was unable to settle whether The Secret War contains such a reference to the police messages.
Walter Lacqueur. The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth about Hitler's Final Solution (New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1998), 84 — 6.
Peter Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980).
Ibid., 15. This author is unable to determine conclusively whether this claim is true or mistaken in whole or in part. German concentration camp slave labor population reports were marked "ZIP" by the British. This indicated that the messages had been encrypted in a high-level system like Enigma, not a so-called "medium-grade cipher," as Calvocoressi reported, which would have been marked "PEARL." Also, the highest setting for any of the 3 wheels of an Enigma was "26." So the highest number available was "262626." A German code clerk conceivably could have selected a six-figure number (or a set of two or three-figure numbers) from a concentration camp report by which to set the wheels. Whether the Germans used this on a regular basis (or at all) cannot be determined.
F. H. Hinsley, et alia. British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, Volume II (London: Her Majesty's Stationery office, 1981), Appendix 5, 669-73.
E. D. Phillips. GC&CS Air and Military History. Volume XIII. The German Police (London need publisher and date), 81-86, 234-6.
K. C. Gleason, "The Holocaust and the Failure of Allied and Jewish Responses." Journal of Historical Review (Vol. 5, Nos. 2, 3, 4; Winter 1984), 215. Gleason correctly reports that, early in the war, many Allied intelligence organizations lacked conclusive information about the scope and nature of German plans for the Jews and other groups. He is also correct that some Allied intelligence analysts were not aware of the extent of Nazi atrocities. As an example of this ignorance, Gleason states that photo interpreters of the United States Army Air Force could not determine the nature of the activities at the Birkenau complex. They were not aware of the camp's primary role as a death camp. Later photo interpretation specialists from the Central Intelligence Agency could not discover any large group of victims at Birkenau, though one photo from 25 August 1944 showed about 1,500 people being processed near the gas chambers.
There are several problems, though, with Gleason's explanation. For one, he fails to mention that the technical capabilities of Allied photo interpreters were limited compared to current technology. They would have been hard pressed to find even large groups of victims with the optical analysis equipment available in 1944. Also, he does not mention that there were only a limited number of aerial photography missions, perhaps five, flown between the initial one in early April 1944 and the last when Birkenau was dismantled in November 1944. Such aerial missions could take only "instant" snap shots. They did not linger for several passes or extended overflights. The first flight in early April occurred before the flood of Hungarian Jews arrived as part of SS operations to eliminate that country's Jews commanded by Adolf Eichmann. Interestingly, this April mission did photograph a new rail spur that, unknown to the photo interpreters, was part of the upgrade of Birkenau's facilities to handle the anticipated influx of Hungarian Jews. The next mission was flown on 26 June near the end of the first phase of the German deportations. Many of the deported Hungarian Jews had already passed through the gas chambers and the crematoria. For a full description, see Dino A. Brigioni and Robert G. Piorer, "The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex. (Studies in Intelligence, 45th Special Anniversary Edition, Fall 2000), 87-106.
The JHR is the publication of the Institute for Historical review, which is a loosely organized scholarly association ostensibly dedicated to revisionism of conventional historical interpretations. However, in its content, the JHR carries a heavy emphasis of articles pressing a revisionist or denial viewpoint about the Holocaust. For more on the history and purpose of the Journal and the IHR, see Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why They Say It? (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2000), 43-46, 73-80, etc.
"Decoded Cables Revise History of Holocaust." Washington Post, 10 November 1996, Vol. 119, No. 341, A1
Robert L. Benson. "SIGINT and the Holocaust." Cryptologic Quarterly (Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring 1995) 71-76; William J. Vanden Heuvel. "The Holocaust Was No Secret." New York Times Magazine (December 22, 1996) 30-31.
In the early 1980s, the National Security Agency released a number of sets of translations of Axis and Vichy messages and special research papers to the National Archives. These records actually were copies of the original translations and research papers. Information in the translations still considered classified had been redacted, or blacked out, from the originals. These redacted versions of the records are distinguished by the prefixed digraph "SR" in the series notation, e.g., "SRDJ" for Japanese diplomatic translations, or "SRA" for translations of Japanese military attaché messages. The diplomatic translations of interest were Japanese, or SRDJ; German, or SRDG; Vichy, or SRDV. Another set of diplomatic translations, categorized as "multinational," or all countries, to include Axis and Vichy, was released in 1996 as part of the so-called Historical Cryptographic Collection (HCC), which the 1.3 million pages were labeled. The diplomatic translations in the HCC were not redacted.
Breitman, 67-8.
Ibid., 5-7.


text:
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/nodeGame/shelf.js.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/shakty/shelf.js)

Shelf.js is a unified api to write safely key-value pairs to a persistent storage either in the browser or in Node.js environment.

The api abstract from the actual storage medium, and gracefully degrades to the next one available.

## Technologies

Shelf.js is a mesh-up of `amplify.store` and the `cookies` library

 - http://amplifyjs.com/
 - http://code.google.com/p/cookies/

It combines the best of the two and adds some extra features in order to offer persistent storage capabilities in the browser.

Morever, if Douglas Crockford's  `JSON-js cycle.js` library is available, also cyclic objects can be serialized.

- https://github.com/douglascrockford/JSON-js

### amplify.store

amplify.store is a wrapper for various persistent client-side storage systems. amplify.store supports IE 5+, Firefox 2+, Safari 4+, Chrome, Opera 10.5+, iPhone 2+, Android 2+ and provides a consistent API to handle storage cross-browser.

amplify.store is meant to allow you to utilize all the latest storage technologies for those browsers that have them, while gracefully degrading for those without support.

### cookies library

This is a Javascript library for accessing and manipulating HTTP cookies in the web browser. You can get one or a list of cookies, set cookies, delete cookies, test if the browser accepts cookies. When JSON support is available, any JS value can be set to a cookie--it will be automatically serialized before being written to the cookie.

### file system support

Native file system writing and reading support is offered through Node.js (v.6 and v.8) fs api.

## Build

Create your customized build of Shelf.js  using the make file in the `bin` directory

```javascript
node make.js build // Standard build, about 7Kb minified
node make.js build -a -o shelf-full // full build, about 18Kb minified
node make.js build -l amplify,cookie // manually select libraries
```

### Help

```javascript
node make.js --help
```

## Usage

### Basic

```javascript

  // Store something on the first shelf available
  store('foo', {foo: 'bar'}, {});

  // Grab something from the shelf
  store('foo');
  // {foo: 'bar'}

  // Storing something on a specific shelf
  store.cookie(foo2, {foo2: 'bar2'});

```

### Checkings and configuration

```javascript

  // Check whether the browser offers persistent storage
  if (!store.isPersistent()) {
    alert('Browser storage and cookies are currently disabled');
  }

  // Check / set verbosity level
  store.verbosity = 1;

  // Check / set default shelf
  store.type = 'memory';

```

### On Quota Error

In modern browsers you can catch the error generated by exceeding the quota limit by overriding the method `store.onquotaerror`.

```javascript

   store.onquotaerror = function() {
    alert("Hey, your localStorage quota is finished!");
    // Clean up the mess code
  };

```

## License

[MIT](LICENSE)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Fantasia shag area rug is a cloud for your feet! Enjoy the modern colors in any interior decor space and give your feet the memory foam experience with our high quality thick shag rug. Easy to clean and maintain with short dense fibers.


The Rampage Stone Stairs set allow you to make rampage compatible stairs in conjunction with rampage floor tiles.
20 June 2017 – Small Mesh repairs to E-A-RPG-StoneStairs-V1.6.
Are you planning to add 1-tile wide (5-foot) versions of these stairs?


The Nitnaa Agreement was a contract between Kumnaa the president of the United Kingdom and Nithraldur the president of Ireland signed on the 18th of June 2009.
The agreement outlined the execution of a training war that was to be disguised to the public as a real war to generate some activity in two quiet countries. The body of the agreement is pasted here (along with the message to keep the agreement quiet to anybody who stumnled on to it).
This is a contract for a one off training battle between the UK and Ireland to be signed by the Presidents of both countries.
The UK (Bank of England) will donate 140G to the Irish government (Banc Ceannais) on Thursday 18th of June 2009, minutes before 12:00 erepublik time.
The President of the UK will then attack the Irish region called 'The Shannon' on Thursday 18th of June 2009 at 12:00 erepublik time.
Between the 22nd and 23rd hour (10:00 and 11:00 erep time on Friday 19th of June 2009) of the attacking period, the UK will withdraw, leaving the region in Irish possesion.
If the retreat is called in time and the region not conquered. The 140G will be donated back from the Irish government (Banc Ceannais) to the UK government (Bank of England).
If the retreat is not called in time and the region is conquered by the UK the Irish government will keep the 140G and a new battle will be started for the same region and the UK will immediately retreat.
Any constructions destroyed in this process will be paid for by the attacking side.
This page was last edited on 22 June 2009, at 12:53.


text:
Man jailed for for inflicting blunt force trauma to dog and cat
Henry Smedley pleaded guilty to charges of inflicting injury and failing to provide veterinary care and is banned from keeping animals for life
Geoffrey Bennett
Bristol Magistrates' Court (Image: Michael Lloyd Photography)
Magistrates jailed a man who admitted being cruel to animals.
Henry Alexander Vincent Smedley, of Victoria Bridge Road in Bath, initially denied wrongdoing when he appeared at Bristol Crown Court on December 7.
But the 26-year-old changed his pleas of not guilty to guilty regarding several charges.
They included that between August 1 last year and January 17, at Wellow Lane in Peasedown St John, he caused unnecessary suffering to a miniature Jack Russell terrier named Lola by repeated infliction of physical abuse including blunt force trauma.
Smedley also admitted that, between August 1 November 28 last year, at Wellow Lane, he caused unnecessary suffering to a female tortoiseshell coloured cat named Maisy by the repeated infliction of physical abuse including blunt force trauma.
In a third charge, between December 12 last year and January 17, he admitted causing unnecessary suffering to miniature Jack Russell terrier Lola by failing to provide adequate or effective professional veterinary care and attention for the signs and symptoms of multiple rib fractures.
And in a fourth charge, between August 1 and November 28 last year, he admitted causing unnecessary suffering to female tortoiseshell coloured cat Maisy by failing to provide adequate or effective professional veterinary care and attention for the signs and symptoms of multiple rib and vertebral fractures.
Magistrates jailed him for 23 weeks and ordered him to pay a £122 victim surcharge.
They also made a lifetime order, under Section 34 Animal Welfare Act 2006, disqualifying Smedley from owning all animals, keeping them, participating in keeping them and being party to an arrangement under which he has control or influence of the way they are kept.


text:
A shareholder has the right to request a matter to be included on the agenda of the AGM. Submit matters for consideration to the AGM 2021 of Ponsse Plc here.
Decisions made at the Ponsse Plc Annual General Meeting 2020
Ponsse Plc's Annual General Meeting was held in Vieremä today on 27 May 2020.
At the AGM, the financial statements of the parent company and the Group were approved and members of the Board of Directors and the President and CEO were discharged from liability for the 2019 financial period.
It was decided that EUR 0.30 per share be paid in dividends for 2019. The dividend shall be paid to all shareholders who are listed in the shareholder register maintained by Euroclear Finland Ltd as a company shareholder on the record date, 29 May 2020. The dividend shall be paid on 5 June 2020.
The company's remuneration policy
The AGM approved the company's remuneration policy.
It was decided that the Board of Directors consists of seven (7) members. Mammu Kaario, Matti Kylävainio, Juha Vanhainen, Janne Vidgrén, Juha Vidgrén and Jukka Vidgrén were re-elected as members of the Board of Directors, and Jarmo Vidgrén was elected as a new member.
Jarmo Vidgrén (44, Commercial College Graduate in Marketing) has extensive experience in international business and working in the Management Team. He has worked in Ponsse Group as Sales and Marketing Director and the President and CEO's deputy and chaired the Boards of Directors of Ponsse Group's subsidiaries since 2008. Jarmo Vidgrén started at Ponsse in 1997 and has been a member of Ponsse Plc's Management Team since 2001. Previously, Vidgrén worked as Vice President in charge of Northern Europe, Sales Director and District Sales Manager in Finland, as well as Warranty Clerk and District Sales Manager for trade-in machines at Ponsse AB in Sweden.
A more detailed presentation of the members of the Board of Directors is available on the company's website.
The AGM decided that the annual fee of the Chairman of the Board is EUR 48,000, that of the Vice Chairman of the Board is EUR 45,000 and that of the other members of the Board is EUR 38,000.
At its organisation meeting held after the Annual General Meeting, the Board of Directors elected Jarmo Vidgrén as the Chairman and Mammu Kaario as the Vice Chairman.
Auditing firm KPMG Oy Ab was elected as the company's auditor and Ari Eskelinen, authorised public accountant, was elected as the principal auditor. It was decided that the auditors will be paid a fee in accordance with a reasonable invoice addressed to the company.
Authorisation given to the Board of Directors to decide on the acquisition of treasury shares
The Annual General Meeting authorised the Board of Directors to decide on the acquisition of treasury shares so that a maximum of 250,000 shares can be acquired in one or several tranches. The maximum amount corresponds to approximately 0.89% of the company's total shares and votes.
The shares will be acquired in public trading organised by Nasdaq Helsinki ("the Stock Exchange"). Furthermore, they will be acquired and paid for according to the rules of the Stock Exchange and Euroclear Finland Ltd.
The Board may, pursuant to the authorisation, only decide upon the acquisition of treasury shares using the company's unrestricted shareholders' equity.
The authorisation is required to support the company's growth strategy and for use in the company's potential corporate acquisitions or other arrangements. In addition, shares can be distributed to the company's current shareholders, used for increasing the shareholders' ownership value by invalidating shares after their acquisition or used in personnel incentive systems. The authorisation includes the right of the Board to decide upon all other terms and conditions for the acquisition of treasury shares.
The authorisation is proposed to be valid until the next Annual General Meeting; however, no later than 30 June 2021. The previous authorisations are cancelled.
Authorisation given to the Board of Directors to decide on share issues by assigning treasury shares
The Annual General Meeting authorised the Board of Directors to decide on the assignment of treasury shares held by the company in one or more tranches for payment or without payment so that a maximum of 250,000 shares will be issued on the basis of the authorisation. The maximum amount corresponds to approximately 0.89% of the company's total shares and votes.
The authorisation includes the right of the Board to decide upon all other terms and conditions of the share issue. Thus, the authorisation includes the right to organise a special issue in deviation of the shareholders' subscription rights under the conditions prescribed by law.
The authorisation is proposed for use in supporting the company's growth strategy in the company's potential corporate acquisitions or other arrangements. In addition, the shares can be issued to the company's current shareholders, sold through public trading or used in personnel incentive systems. A directed issue may only be free of charge if there is a particularly weighty economic reason for this considering the company, taking into account the interests of the company and all of its shareholders.
Authorisation given to the Board of Directors to decide on a share issue
The Annual General Meeting authorised the Board of Directors to decide on a directed share issue and to issue special rights entitling to shares as referred to in Section 10(1) of the Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act, in one or more tranches, for payment or without a payment.
Based on the authorisation, a maximum of 200,000 shares can be issued, which is approximately 0.7% of the current total number of shares in the company. Shares can be issued as part of the company's share-based incentive plans. The Board of Directors will decide on all the terms and conditions for the granting of special rights entitling to shares in the share issue. Based on the authorisation, a derogation from the pre-emptive subscription right of shareholders (directed issue) may be granted for the special rights entitling to shares. A directed issue may only be free of charge if there is a particularly weighty economic reason for this considering the company, taking into account the interests of the company and all of its shareholders.
The authorisation is valid until the next Annual General Meeting; however, no later than 30 June 2021.
Personnel profit bonus
The Annual General Meeting decided that a profit bonus of at most EUR 100 per person per working month be paid for 2019 to the personnel employed by the Group.
The minutes of the meeting will be available to shareholders in Ponsse Plc's customer service centre (Ponssentie 22, Vieremä) and on the company's website at www.ponsse.com/agm, starting from 10 June 2020.
Vieremä, 27 May 2020
Petri Härkönen, CFO, tel. +358 (0)20 768 800 or +350 (0)50 409 8362
Registration documents:
Registration form (Supported browsers: Chrome 30 or later IE 8 or later Firefox 27 or later)
Notice of AGM and Remuneration policy (pdf)
The power of attorney


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One aspect that has become more and more apparent for me is the real lack of deadlines for the most part in Chinese work culture. Of course if there is a meeting on the 24th then it's happening on the 24th but as for research and projects a lot of aspects are just worked on until done and not really given deadlines. For example we are working with a communications system and I meet frequently with the French ambassador's wife who runs the company to complete work together. She is creating the new English website for the company since the CEO wants a more international look as he intends to expand globally. She is also working on the presentation slides the company will give to companies when introducing the company in a meeting or e-mail. She has asked frequently if our company will like certain aspects completed by a certain time and no real time has ever been given just the expectation that it will get done in a timely matter. U.S. work culture runs around deadlines for most aspects of work, which isn't really seen in China unless it is absolutely necessary. I've learned I really prefer to juggle tasks and be constantly busy as it keeps my mind flowing throughout the workday. I also like to organize my tasks in order of importance keeping myself in check as I complete research, analysis, and other tasks. While I do like to work by myself, I also enjoy tackling tasks with others to work through all aspects of the projects faster and more efficiently. My time here has been very interesting and insightful and I have enjoyed my work experience in China. About halfway through my internship I was offered a position out of college if I was interested in returning to China for a couple years before moving to Silicon Valley for the companies' new branch in the U.S. It was a surreal moment and one I will have to consider strongly going into the future. My approach has been much more independent and hardworking to make up for the lack of communication that happens occasionally. For example some supervisors will give me specific enough tasks such as "Research company X find the key financials, investment attractiveness, and also research its key competitors and find if they can enter its potential future market". This is very straightforward but I will also have a supervisor ask me "Find and research private SAAS companies" which is very broad and upon asking which companies he will like I will be given an answer such as "As many as you can find". This has taught me to adapt to different boss styles and also to different personalities. My work is different for each supervisor since they each have their own expectations and styles thus requiring me to adapt my work to the supervisor. Overall a very insightful experience.
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INDO is at the forefront of the market with its impressive range of LED Direct Drive® gear tray retrofit solutions. Available in a wide range of lumen outputs, each unit is cost-effective and simple to fit and boasts technologically advanced features to deliver exceptional energy saving and reliability, as well as significantly reduced maintenance and whole-life costs.
With INDO's square tapered range, retrofitting Direct Drive® LED gear trays into decorative lanterns like the Windsor Street, Urbis Abbey and CU Phosco P514 is a breeze! Our customised, lantern-specific units are unique in being IP66 rated without the use of old seals. As a single component solution with no driver space needed plus our ingenious built-in photocell, these gear trays solve a multitude of engineers' problems. In addition, the neat design of each unit, which uses existing features and clamping arrangements from the lantern's housing, makes installation quick, easy and secure.


The summer job market for teens in both Massachusetts and the U.S. over the past five years has been quite depressed, with record low summer employment rates for the nation's teens being set in the past three years (2010-2012).1 The teen summer employment rate in Massachusetts fell from 67% in 1999 to only 36% in 2012, a decline of 31 percentage points (Chart 1). Black and Hispanic teens, especially those residing in low income families and from high poverty neighborhoods, have experienced the greatest difficulties in finding employment in the summer. Lack of job opportunities reduces teens' exposure to the world of work and their ability to acquire both basic employability skills (attendance, team work, communicating with other workers and customers) and occupational skills. Being jobless all summer also increases their risk of social isolation (staying at home), hanging out on the street, and exposure to or participation in urban violence and delinquent behavior.
Copyright 2013 by Center for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University. All rights reserved.


Make decorating your home a pleasure with this Christmas stocking hanging decoration from Newbridge. It is silver plated with clear and colourful crystal set stones and a festive hanging ribbon. It is intricately crafted to the highest standards and would make an amazing gift to give or receive in its Newbridge silverware Christmas collection pouch. Making memories in style this Christmas only from Newbridge.


Home New Music MALKA – Ratatatat.
Alt-pop songstress MALKA returns with her 2nd album, Ratatatat.
Whilst the Scottish songstress is releasing her 2nd album under the MALKA moniker, it is in fact her 8th album overall, having released solo albums under her actual name Tamara Schlesinger, as well as fronting the the acclaimed alt-folk outfit 6 Day Riot.
Her voice would be familiar to many, thanks to her prodigious output, and to high-profile syncs, including Skins, Scream 4, 127 Hours, and more recently Degrassi Next Class and MTV's Catfish. The new album has received support from Lauren Laverne and Chris Hawkins at 6Music, as well as gathered critical acclaim from the likes of The Independent, Drowned In Sound, Line Of Best Fit, and more.
Out now via Tantrum Records, Ratatatat follows on from her 2015 release Marching to Another Beat. Both albums were funded by PledgeMusic campaigns, and provides refreshing proof that a pop artist can be successful without needing to become part of the major label production line.
Musically, Ratatatat does not vary a great deal from a common structure; tribal rhythms, pop synths, and multiple layers of vocals providing much of the melody. There seems to be a deliberate repetition of music, allowing the vocals to become the main focus, which are fittingly high in the mix. The lyrical message is at the forefront, a considered choice as this is Schlesinger's most political release to date.
'Freedom' is as close as the album gets to a folk song, it is quieter, more refined, the often contrasting rhythms that is a feature of this album toned down. 'Gold' shows promise of a far wider range of influence, whilst album closer 'Circles' further showcases the singers' ability to use her voice as the main instrument, adding layer after layer of vocal melody to build the song towards a fade out to finish the album. "What goes around comes around" offers a glimmer of hope, or perhaps retribution, on an album that is often looking at the world around us with a level of despair. It is political and social commentary, albeit with pop melodies.
Various influence can be heard throughout the record, including Vampire Weekend, M.I.A, and probably most notably tUnE-yArDs. The diversity in this record is subtle, with clashing rhythms and varied instrumentation not always evident at first listen. Ratatatat is an obvious next step from her 2015 debut, and shows enough progression in songwriting from the alt-pop songstress that we wait with anticipation to see what she brings us next.
Ratatatat from MALKA is available now via the artists website, on Spotify, and through iTunes. Stay up to date via the MALKA Website, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube channel.


/Company Departments /Discussion Groups /Projects & Tasks /Manage Modules & Settings /How Can I Merge Teams in Mangoapps?
What will happen if the module in the merged team is not enabled in the destination team?
What will happen to the task module when I merge it into a group or department?
What will happen to the Home Page during conversion?
What will happen to the title and description of the merged team?
Where can I check who has merged which teams?
What will happen to content that has the same name in both the teams?
In order to merge two teams together, you need to be the admin of both teams.
Click the more icon on your team's page. You'll see a merge option.
After clicking merge, the following popup will appear.
The merge team name is already selected. As you enter text into the Merge Into box, the teams which you are an admin of will appear and you can select the team that you want to merge.
Enter MERGE in the text box to confirm. Read about what merge does and click "Yes, Merge" when you're ready. A processing message will show and a feed is posted in the destination team.
After the two teams are merged, the admins become admins of both teams and member rights remain applicable.
When a team is merged all its content is imported to the destination team and no content is lost. If the module is not enabled in the destination team, then the content from the merged team will appear as soon as the module is enabled in the destination team.
The project tasks will be seen in a task interface in the group or the department. Also, the user will be able to complete the task life cycle, but the user cannot create additional tasks in the group or department.
The homepage of the merged team will appear in the destination team with a time stamp.
They will be lost. The destination team's description and title will remain.
We have made an entry in the audit log with the member name of who has merged the team.
We will attach the team name to the content of the merged team while merging it in the destination team.


024: *  estimates for the solution.
030: *          The order of the matrix A.  N >= 0.
034: *          of the matrix B.  NRHS >= 0.
037: *          The n diagonal elements of the tridiagonal matrix A.
040: *          The (n-1) subdiagonal elements of the tridiagonal matrix A.
044: *          factorization computed by SPTTRF.
048: *          L from the factorization computed by SPTTRF.
051: *          The right hand side matrix B.
054: *          The leading dimension of the array B.  LDB >= max(1,N).
057: *          On entry, the solution matrix X, as computed by SPTTRS.
058: *          On exit, the improved solution matrix X.
061: *          The leading dimension of the array X.  LDX >= max(1,N).
065: *          X(j) (the j-th column of the solution matrix X).
069: *          largest element in X(j).
074: *          any element of A or B that makes X(j) an exact solution).
085: *  ITMAX is the maximum number of steps of iterative refinement.
089: *     .. Parameters ..
101: *     .. Local Scalars ..
106: *     .. External Subroutines ..
109: *     .. Intrinsic Functions ..
112: *     .. External Functions ..
117: *     .. Executable Statements ..
119: *     Test the input parameters.
162: *        Loop until stopping criterion is satisfied.
165: *        abs(A)*abs(x) + abs(b) for use in the backward error bound.
200: *        numerator and denominator before dividing.
217: *           3) At most ITMAX iterations tried.
219:          IF( BERR( J ).GT.EPS .AND. TWO*BERR( J ).LE.LSTRES .AND.
222: *           Update solution and try again.
247: *        abs(A)*abs(X) + abs(B) is less than SAFE2.
259: *        Estimate the norm of inv(A).
266: *        and e = [ 1, 1, ..., 1 ]'.  Note M(A) = M(L)*D*M(L)'.
268: *        Solve M(L) * x = e.
275: *        Solve D * M(L)' * x = b.
282: *        Compute norm(inv(A)) = max(x(i)), 1<=i<=n.


A rustic still used in the mountain villages of Flores to produce "arrack".
Jangada, Olivier's catamaran is continuing its family cruise around the world. They are still discovering the incredible Indonesian archipelago which is made up of more than 17,000 islands!
Create a notification for "Indian ocean"
Just after breakfast we approached the bay. Clear blue zones indicated where the shallows were. We slalomed between the reefs and dropped anchor in the lee of a rocky outcrop which stuck out a few dozen meters from the shoreline. The children that were playing on the beach had stopped their games to watch this unknown boat that was mooring in their waters. I checked out the situation through the binoculars and decided to go on land and do a recce. The kids had their heads in their schoolbooks onboard… On the beach, everyone was staring at me. I greeted the children and joked with them, which is the best way to get the parents on your side. "Hello Mister, hello Mister!". All Indonesian children have learned this greeting. However, the further one gets from Bali, the less English there is spoken. I responded with "Selamat Pagi! Selamat Pagi!" which means "hello" in the morning, but which changes as the day advances. Once my fan club had been able to confirm that I wasn't an alien, they helped me drag the dinghy onto dry land, and we were off on an exploration of the village. It was certainly no Maurole or Mausembi, which are situated a bit further west around the bay! We could only communicate through gestures. The houses were simple, no real comfort, just the bare minimum. This is deepest Indonesia, a long way from the tourist spots of Labuan Bajo, Lombok or Bali.


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text:
EWoodruff.us
EWSoftware Image Map Controls
EWSoftware Personal Data Interchange (PDI) Library
EWSoftware Windows Forms List Controls
Sandcastle Help File Builder
Visual Studio Spell Checker
Code Project Articles
Serial Communication Under Win32
CVMEditor Class Library
Turbo Vision Stuff
Eric Woodruff
16719 Lakeside Drive
Medical Lake WA 99022
E-Mail: Eric@EWoodruff.us Home Page: http://www.EWoodruff.us
Status I am not seeking employment or contract work at this time.
Profile Over 32 years of successful programming experience on a wide variety of applications. Skills (current as of 11/23/2021):
Design and development of Microsoft Windows desktop applications, services, DLLs, controls, client/server, and web-based applications.
C#, VB.NET, ASP.NET (.NET 1.1 through .NET 4.8 with some .NET Core and .NET Standard experience)
Transact-SQL (Microsoft SQL Server versions 6.0, 7.0, and 2005 through 2019)
HTML, ASP, JavaScript, XML, XSL
Microsoft Access, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
Prior experience with C/C++, MFC, COM, ATL, 80x86 assembler, FoxPro, and UNIX
Jan 2001 - Present Analyst/Programmer
Sept 1998 - Jan 2001 Senior Programmer
Spokane County Information Systems Department, Spokane, WA
Primary responsibility is the design, development, and documentation of a variety of applications for Spokane County using Microsoft .NET and SQL Server. Projects include case management systems for the County Prosecutor's Office, Public Defender's Office, Superior Court, Pretrial Services, District Court Probation, a Jury Management System for Superior Court, an employee scheduling system for the jail, and various other applications for other county departments.
Jan 1996 - Sept 1998 Programmer/Analyst
Egghead Computer (Egghead.com), Liberty Lake, WA
Programmer for the Windows NT based Point of Sale system. Developed back office applications in C++ for reporting and database maintenance, cash register communication, data transfer to/from hand-held devices, FTP file transfers, DLLs for ODBC database access, and DLLs for report generation. Developed an application to pass incoming credit authorizations from a UNIX web server via TCP/IP to an AS/400 via SNA. Also maintained the code for the existing OS/2 based Point of Sale system.
May 1990 - Dec 1995 Systems Integration Programmer
Key Tronic Corporation, Spokane, WA
Designed, coded, documented, and maintained software in C, C++, and FoxPro used to interact with data collection devices and manage information for process tracking and reporting in a manufacturing environment. Also performed PC troubleshooting, hardware/software technical support, and some UNIX system administration.
Oct 1989 - Feb 1990 Programmer/Analyst I
Public School District #81, Spokane, WA
Four month contract. Main task was design and coding of programs in FoxBase for the KSPS Tape Library and Scheduling System used by the KSPS television station. Did some hardware and software installation.
1988 - 1989, Spokane Technical Institute, Spokane, WA
Associate of Applied Science Degree - Computer Programming with Business Management Applications
1988, Spokane Area Vocational Skills Center
Computer Programming for Business
Developer of the Sandcastle Help File Builder, a popular open source project used to develop and compile help files for .NET assemblies using Microsoft's Sandcastle documentation tools. Support for the Sandcastle tools was officially taken over from Microsoft in October 2012.
Developer of the Visual Studio Spell Checker, an open source Visual Studio editor extension that checks the spelling of comments, strings, and plain text as you type or interactively with a tool window.
Also the developer of various other former shareware projects that have since been open sourced: PDI Library, List Control Library, and Image Map Control Library.
Author of several articles published at The Code Project.
ASP.NET Common Web Page Class Library - Part 1 was voted best article for December 2003 in the ASP.NET article category. Also nominated, part 4 took 2nd place and part 3 tied for 3rd place.
The Sandcastle Help File Builder article was nominated for best article in the C# category in September 2006 and took 3rd place.
C/C++ Users Journal, July 1997
Wrote the article Serial Communication Under Win32 published in that issue.
Member of Team Borland (Nov 1994-June 1997)
Provided volunteer technical and programming support for Borland International on CompuServe.
Last Updated 11/23/2021 Send mail to Eric@EWoodruff.us


text:
April 13, 2021 April 13, 2021 by Braxton Parmer
A Series for the Ages: Wetumpka set to tangle with arch-rival Stanhope for Area 5 crown this week
AHSAA, Alabama, Area Championship, baseball, Baseball Season, crown, disdain, hatred, historic, history, home, impact, Indians, memories, Millbrook, Mustangs, passion, player, purpose, rivalry, series, stadium, success, title, Wetumpka
It's no secret that these two schools that will face off in game one of a potential three-game series don't like each other. The history between these two schools —regardless of the sport — dates back further than most people can remember.
But the rivalry, oh how it's grown over recent years. In some ways you could say Wetumpka High School and Stanhope Elmore High School — arguably the top two baseball teams in the River Region — have not only the history that would constitute a rivalry, but they also have one of, if not the biggest rivalry in the River Region.
The two squads will collide for the first time in 2021 Tuesday at Furlow Field in Millbrook, Alabama, home of the Mustangs for one game scheduled to begin at 4:30pm.
The finale of the series will commence at Bazemore Field in Wetumpka, Alabama on Thursday. This series is without a doubt going to be a fight tooth-and-nail. Runs won't come easy. After all when it comes to these two bitter rivals, nothing comes easy.
This is about more than bragging rights, it's about more than a bat and a ball, it's two schools that down-right despise each other facing off, colliding head-to-head in one series for an Area crown. Who wants it more?
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