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dd49a05d-78da-41f2-9747-68f17e34680a
Pitt v Holt – English Supreme Court narrows Hastings-Bass rule
Author: Jarrod Walker
First published in Taxation Today, July 2013.
The rule in Hastings-Bass allowed trustees to apply to a court to set aside actions which had unforeseen consequences. The rule has been read down by the English Supreme Court in a recent decision in two joined cases, Pitt v HMRC and Futter v HRMC. In this article we examine the decision and its relevance in the New Zealand context.
Background - the rule in Hastings-Bass
Re Hastings-Bass is a 1975 English Court of Appeal case. It has stood for the proposition that a Court can set aside a trustee's decision if that decision would not have been made had the trustee taken into account all relevant factors (a common example being the tax consequences of the chosen course of action) or if the trustee had taken into account irrelevant factors. It is often referred to as a "get out of jail free" card for trustees.
The rule was summarised in the English High Court in Sieff v Fox [2005] 1 WLR 3811 as follows:
Where trustees act under a discretion given to them by the terms of the trust, but the effect of the exercise is different from that which they intended, the court will interfere with their action if it is clear that they would not have acted as they did had they not failed to take into account considerations which they ought to have taken into account, or taken into account considerations which they ought not to have taken into account.
Although there are no New Zealand decisions specifically applying the Hastings-Bass rule, it was noted in the Court of Appeal decision in Kain v Hutton [2007] 3 NZLR 349 and in the High Court decision Wrightson Ltd v Fletcher Challenge Nominees Ltd (1998)1 NZSC 40,388. It was also referred to in the Law Commission's review of trusts law in New Zealand (Court Jurisdiction, Trading Trusts and Other Issues: Review of the Law of Trusts - Fifth Issues Paper (December 2011)). Given the relatively widespread adoption in other Commonwealth countries, it is likely to have been followed in New Zealand if a case on suitable facts arose.
The facts in Pitt and Futter
The English Supreme Court took the opportunity to revisit the Hastings-Bass rule in the joined decision of two cases, Pitt and Futter. Pitt involved the exercise of a fiduciary power following the receipt of professional advice. Mr Pitt suffered serious head injuries in a traffic accident, leaving him mentally incapacitated. His wife was appointed his receiver and was the sole beneficiary of his estate. Mrs Pitt was advised by her solicitors and financial advisors that the damages awarded to Mr Pitt following the accident should be settled on a discretionary trust.
While income tax and capital gains tax consequences of the settlement were considered, her advisers did not consider inheritance tax. The settlement gave rise to a significant inheritance tax liability. Professional negligence proceedings were commenced as well as proceedings seeking to have the new trust settlement set aside under the rule in Hastings-Bass or on the grounds of mistake.
In Futter, incorrecttax advice was given to trustees by their solicitors in relation to certain settlements. Dispositions were made in the belief that gains in the trust would be absorbed by losses available to beneficiaries, with no tax liability resulting. Capital gains tax was in fact payable. The trustees applied to the court to have the dispositions declared void, on the basis that their decision to proceed was based on incorrect tax advice.
In the lower courts (the cases being heard separately at that point) both applicants were successful in their applications to set aside the relevant dispositions of property, on the basis of the Hastings-Bass rule. The Commissioners of HM Revenue and Customs (the Revenue), who were joined to the proceedings, appealed to the Court of Appeal.
Court of Appeal decision
In early 2011 the Court of Appeal overturned the lower court decisions, agreeing with the Revenue on each of the cases ([2011] 2 All ER 450). The judgment is significant. Interestingly, the Court included Lloyd LJ, the judge in Sieff v Fox (referred to above). Lloyd LJ took the opportunity reconsider the scope of the rule, noting that in Sieff v Fox he was constrained by the rules of judicial precedent as a Judge sitting in the High Court.
In his judgment, Lloyd LJ undertook a comprehensive analysis of the history and application of the Hastings-Bass rule. In short, he held that the rule was not a correct statement of the law. In his concurring judgment, Longmore LJ stated (at 510):
I am entirely persuaded by Lloyd LJ's remarkable judgment that these appeals provide examples of that comparatively rare instance of the law taking a seriously wrong turn, of that wrong turn being not infrequently acted on over a twenty year period but this court being able to reverse that error and put the law back on the right course.
In framing his restatement of the Hastings-Bass principle, Lloyd LJ defined the cases to which he thought the rule could apply as those concerning acts which were within the powers of a trustee but which are said to be vitiated by the failure of the trustee to take into account a relevant factor (which he noted was often the tax consequences of an act) or by taking into account an irrelevant factor. He distinguished cases where a trustee's act was said to be void because it was not authorised by the power under which the trustee purported to act (the rule was never concerned with the consequences of or remedies for such a breach of trust).
He also clarified that where the rule did apply, the act in question would be voidable, not void from the outset. This has practical importance as any suit of an interested party (usually a beneficiary) to have an act set aside would be subject to equitable defences and to the court's general discretion.
Lloyd LJ's view was that, correctly applied, the rule would only render a trustee's act voidable if it could be shown that the act had been done in breach of fiduciary duty on the part of the trustee. He explained that the trustees' duty to take relevant matters into account is a fiduciary duty, so an act done as a result of a breach of that duty is voidable. Tax considerations, he noted, will often be among the relevant matters which ought to be taken into account. He continued (at 487):
However, if the trustees seek advice (in general or in specific terms) from apparently competent advisers as to the implications of the course they are considering taking, and follow the advice so obtained, then, in the absence of any other basis for a challenge, I would hold that the trustees are not in breach of their fiduciary duty for failure to have regard to relevant matters if the failure occurs because it turns out that the advice given to them was materially wrong. Accordingly, in such a case I would not regard the trustees' act, done in reliance on that advice, as being vitiated by the error and therefore voidable.
Lloyd LJ noted that this approach made an act done by a trustee in the absence of advice potentially more vulnerable to challenge than an act done by a trustee on the basis of wrong advice (the point being that from a beneficiary's perspective the distinction was not significant – in either case the beneficiary was disadvantaged by the error). He noted also that although a claim against the adviser for provision of incorrect advice might not be possible, depending on the circumstances of the beneficiary ("different loss may be suffered by different people, not all of whom may have a claim against the advisers", at 487). Lloyd LJ continued:
Recognising those points, nevertheless I see no anomaly in the distinction that I have drawn. It arises from the need to find a breach of trust in order to set aside an act of the trustees which is within their powers ...
Not one to shy away from an awkward topic, he noted (at 488):
If the principle had been applied which I have set out above, then it seems likely that a number of the cases decided at first instance would have been decided differently. ... But it is not a useful exercise for present purposes to re-examine the earlier cases generally, and I will say no more on that subject.
His Lordship noted that the practical consequence of his restatement of the rule would be that (at 488):
One practical consequence, if I am right, is that if in future it is desired to challenge an exercise by trustees of a discretionary power on this basis, it will be necessary for one or more beneficiaries to grasp the nettle of alleging and proving a breach of fiduciary duty on the part of the trustees.
Lloyd LJ noted (at 489) that the presentation of the facts and case in Futter was "entirely orthodox in terms of the Hastings-Bass rule" (at least, before his own restatement of that rule). On the facts before him, he denied relief (and upheld the Revenue's appeal) on the basis of that the trustees had taken the necessary advice as required of them. "The problem" he stated (at 489) " was the advice was wrong". It followed, he noted (at 490) that the acts in questions "are not only not void, because they were within the relevant powers of the trustees, but they are also not voidable, because no breach of fiduciary duty was committed in the process of making them".
Lloyd LJ noted (at 493) that the facts of Pitt also presented at trial a "straightforward case under the Hastings-Bass rule". However, he noted that Mrs Pitt (the fiduciary) had sought advice (despite that advice not raising the necessary issue). She had fulfilled her duty as a fiduciary, and on that basis no relief was available under the (restated) Hastings-Bass rule. On that ground, Lloyd LJ allowed the Revenue's appeal.
Mrs Pitt had sought to have the disposition in her case set aside on the alternative grounds of the equitable doctrine of mistake. Lloyd LJ considered the history of that doctrine in detail and stated (at 506) that for a disposition to be set aside on the ground of mistake, three things needed to be shown. Firstly, there must be a mistake. Secondly, it must be shown that the mistake was of the relevant type (a mistake to the legal effect of the transaction, or as to an existing fact which is basic to the transaction). Finally, the mistake must be of sufficient gravity to satisfy what he referred to as the "Ogilvie v Littleboy test" - a reference to an 1897 case ((1897) 13 TLR 399) in which the judge had stated, when considering whether a gift could be reversed:
In the absence of all circumstances of suspicion a donor can only obtain back property which he has given away by showing that he was under some mistake of so serious a character as to render it unjust on the part of the donee to retain the property given to him.
Lloyd LJ found that Mrs Pitt was under a mistake, of a sufficient gravity so as to satisfy that test. That said, Lloyd LJ held that it was not a mistake of the relevant type – the fact that the transaction gave rise to an unforeseen tax liabilities was a consequence, not an effect of the transaction. As such, the equitable ground of mistake could not be invoked, and the Revenue's appeal on this ground was allowed.
On appeal to the Supreme Court
Both cases were appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court agreed with the Court of Appeal in its reading down of the Hastings-Bass rule. Like the Court of Appeal before it, it took the opportunity to undertake its own substantial review of the Hastings-Bass rule, including various cases in which it had been applied.
The Court largely adopted the reasoning of Lloyd LJ in the Court of Appeal decision in relation to the scope, and limits, of the Hastings-Bass rule itself. It dismissed the Futter appeal and, to the extent that it turned on the rule in Hastings-Bass, the appeal in Pitt also. In agreeing with Lloyd LJ's analysis, the Court endorsed his comments in relation to trustee expectations. The Court said (at paragraph 69):
It is a striking feature of the development of the Hastings-Bass rule that it has led to trustees asserting and relying on their own failings, or those of their advisers, in seeking the assistance of the court. ... There may be cases in which there is for practical purposes no other suitable person to bring the matter before the court, but I agree with Lloyd LJ's observation (para 130) that in general it would be inappropriate for trustees to take the initiative in commencing proceedings of this nature. They should not regard them as uncontroversial proceedings in which they can confidently expect to recover their costs out of the trust fund.
Interestingly, the Pitt and Futter cases appeared to be the first English cases applying the Hastings-Bass rule in which the Revenue was joined as a party. Given that it would often be the only party adversely affected by an order declaring a trustee's act void, and the number of cases applying the rule (as cited in the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court decisions in this case) it is surprising that it had not taken issue with the development of the rule at an earlier stage.
Much of the Supreme Court decision in Pitt and Futter, in relation to the appeal on Hastings-Bass grounds, is focussed on the question of what will, in fact, constitute a breach of trustee duty (particularly important given the restatement of the Hastings-Bass rule in the Court of Appeal). The Court confirmed that trustees may be liable, notwithstanding that they may have obtained competent professional advice, if they act outside the scope of their powers. However the Court noted (at paragraph 80) that:
... it would be contrary to principle and authority to impose a form of strict liability on trustees who conscientiously obtain and follow, in making a decision which is in the scope of their powers, apparently competent professional advice which turns out to be wrong.
Leaving the analysis somewhat (but necessarily) open, the Court stated (at paragraph 85) that a detailed fact-finding exercise would need to be undertaken by the first instance judge to determine whether a particular act (or omission) amounted to a breach of a trustee's duty. A trustee's duty, the Court noted (at paragraph 88) "does not extend to being right ... on every occasion".
Having disposed of the Hastings-Bass arguments in both cases, the Supreme Court allowed Mrs Pitt's appeal on the grounds of mistake. The Supreme Court discussed the inconsistencies present in the doctrine, concentrating on the "effect" and "consequence" distinction evident in the Court of Appeal's decision. The Supreme Court considered this test rendered the law in this area uncertain. It favoured the approach that all that must be shown is a causative mistake of sufficient gravity. Generally, this test will be satisfied only when there is a mistake either to the legal character or nature of the transaction, or as to some matter of fact or law that is basic to the transaction. Consequences, including tax consequences, will be relevant to the gravity of the mistake.
Promoting an "instance-specific evaluation of conduct" the Court noted (at paragraph 126):
The gravity of the mistake must be assessed by a close examination of the facts, whether or not they are tested by cross-examination, including the circumstances of the mistake and its consequences for the person who made the vitiated disposition. ...
The injustice (or unfairness or unconscionableness) of leaving a mistaken disposition uncorrected must be evaluated objectively, but with an intense focus ... on the facts of the particular case.
The Court considered that the mistake in Mrs Pitt's case was sufficiently serious to warrant remedy, and set aside the disposition she had made.
The New Zealand context
As mentioned above, there does not appear to have been any case in New Zealand specifically applying the Hastings-Bass rule, as it stood before the Court of Appeal decision in the Pitt and Futter proceedings. Should the matter come before a New Zealand court, it would most likely be decided in the grounds of the rule as read down by the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court in Pitt and Futter.
This is the approach suggested by the Law Commission in its recent review of trusts. Referring to the Court of Appeal decision, the Law Commission noted (Court Jurisdiction, Trading Trusts and Other Issues: Review of the Law of Trusts - Fifth Issues Paper December 2011, at paragraph 1.19):
In a recent decision the English Court of Appeal undertook a full review of case-law developments from Hastings-Bass. It has clarified that a trustee's failure to consider relevant factors, or his or her consideration of irrelevant factors, will only provide a basis for interfering with an exercise of powers if it can be shown that the trustee in doing so acted in breach of his or her fiduciary duty. This approach is also likely to now be taken in New Zealand.
Nevertheless, the Supreme Court's decision in Pitt in relation to mistake may provide an avenue of redress for beneficiaries disadvantaged by a trustee's actions, at least as an alternative to a potential action against the trustee or (if applicable) professional advisor.
Trusts, asset and estate planning


After some misses, Harbhajan connects and hits the six over long on. They obviously now move into pole position to qualify. The leg spinner from Ashwin to an offie, who does not read what is essentially the doosra. Doubt whether it's with choice. Star is the official broadcaster of the Indian Premier League. The Afghan off-spinner will be brought back if he is declared fit for this upcoming match against the Chennai Super Kings. Chennai Super Kings finish on 193 for the loss 5 wickets.
Note: If you know the scoring pattern, then you can easily guess what score a team can make and which team will win. Mohit kept his nerves and stuck to his plan in the final over with his wide yorkers and despite conceding a boundary, managed to contain a rampaging Dhoni. He waited for Bravo to bowl a length ball and gets his boundary. Most of them preferred Chennai Super Kings will win the toss. Dhoni is still hitting the big shots but they aren't coming regularly enough. For Chennai, Shardul Thakur and Imran Tahir scalped two wicket each.
Sunrisers Hyderabad, Chennai Super Kings, Kolkata Knight Riders and Rajasthan Royals have qualified. Dhoni finishes with a six. It has been a story of individual brilliance for Punjab who have failed to click as a team. The match can be seen live on the Star Sports network and live streaming will be available on hotstar. A good seam movement for Rajpoot. He goes for a wild swipe but misses and is hit right in front of the sticks.
Not a bad ball by Mohit Sharma but du Plessis checks his drive. He has been terrific with the ball. Another big over for Chennai as Dhoni and Rayudu hit Ashwin for a four each. He's bowling well and getting the ball to move away from the batsmen and manages to get an edge from du Plessis. This has made him more happy than a Test wicket, I think. The ball kisses the outside edge and goes into the mitts of Rahul who throws it up and appeals and the umpire agrees with him.
The South African pace bowler grabbed the opportunity with both hands and returned impressive figures of 2-14 from his three overs. Not a good shot to play in the first ball. A good over for Punjab. After opening their campaign with a stunning win over Mumbai Indians in the tournament opener, Chennai Super Kings pulled off yet another thrilling chase to beat Kolkata Knight Riders. Make sure to read all the details to get 100% benefit.
The sky will be clear and there is no sign of rain. Playing 13 innings, Rayudu has 585 runs while the Australian all-rounder has gathered 438 runs. Third wicket for Lungi Ngidi, dismissed Ashwin for a duck. They should have cruised through. My arms are good enough to do the job.
They fell short by meer 3 runs in the end, but will be happy with the performance. We like to do the process right because that's what gives you the result. Bravo is getting hammered by Karun Nair. Raina takes a stunning catch. It will be a flat wicket which will support the batsmen.
© Cricbuzz January 2 — Safe Travels I get to the Bengaluru airport early. Key Players Lokesh Rahul is going through an incredible form and is the current orange cap holder with six half-centuries to his name. We are going to be a team that thinks maybe we could have stuck to the basics Chris Gayle is the Man of the Match. What a shot by Nair. Scores are level now as 22 runs come off that over. Odds4cricket prediction based on betting, current form and last match performance.
The cricket fans and fantasy users will get a complete game. Punjab on the other hand also needs a win desperately. Rayudu falls one short off a 50. Another veteran Yuvraj Singh played some sparkling shots before he got out. Andrew Tye got rid of Ravindra Jadeja 19. Moreover, since three of the last four matches played at this venue have been won by the side that has bowled first, the team that wins the toss in this match is more likely to bowl first.


text:
// Copyright (c) 2009 Imageshack Corp.
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// THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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#import "MessageUploader.h"
#import "MGTwitterEngine.h"
#import "TweetterAppDelegate.h"

@implementation MessageUploader

@synthesize _body;
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@synthesize _connection;
@synthesize _delegate;
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	self._imageData = nil;
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{
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- (BOOL)canceled
{
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-(void)postMessage
{
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			[self._delegate MessageUploadFinished:NO sender:self];
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	[self retain];
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//			[uploader postJPEGData:_imageData delegate:self userData:nil];//this method does not scale image
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/*
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- (void)requestFailed:(NSString *)connectionIdentifier withError:(NSError *)error
{
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{
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Industrial design head at Nokia.
Stefan Pannenbecker is the Vice President for Industrial Design at Nokia, where his job consists mostly of trying out a variety of crazy new ideas in search of the one or two that would help Nokia maintain its edge in design. The company's fiercely loyal fanbase has grown at least in part due to some iconic designs (remember the 8110?) and a consistently excellent build quality in its phones. Those are the hardware design department's chief competencies and the things Pannenbecker has been entrusted to maintain. Keep reading for our full interview below, including a guest visit from Kevin Shields, who just wanted to tell us that everything at Nokia is presently, has always been, and will forever continue to be awesome.


text:
Win Galatasaray SK Emblem and Jersey
February 25, 2016 April 8, 2016 Administrator 30 comments
I just prepared another great contest for you so don't miss this great chance to win the emblem and jersey of Galatasaray.
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This time we are offering the emblem replica and jersey replica of Galatasaray SK who's one of the biggest club if not the biggest club from Turkey and of course the most popular Turkish club around the world.
If you want to win these amazing rewards is very simple and the only thing you have to do is to register with just a simple comment with your Facebook profile link (or ID).
The winner of the contest will be announced on Saturday during the day but also don't forget to check our page these days because we will have a very big contest just for you where you can win a lot of items.
Good luck to everyone and don't forget as always to share this contest with your best friends!
The winner is: https://www.facebook.com/seif.vulcan (Mohammed Seif)
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U-21 | Suggestion
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Is it necessary to have a Facebook ID to participate in the contest ??.
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Hey Deepak, kinda because we need to have you on our friend list in order to sent the items.
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Destan says:
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pavithran says:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


UDP umpires have been making the rounds around the world, participating in World League events and test matches before the start of the European Club season.
Violeta Eismayer, Ana Faias & Claire Druijts were seen in action at the World League Round 2 in Dublin.
Jonas van 't Hek was umpiring at the World League Round 2 in Cape Town South Africa. Jonas umpired the final (China v France) with colleague Sherif Elamari from Egypt.


In the spring of 2005, the two of us gave our first Ajax talk together. The subject of the talk was DHTML, but Jesse James Garrett had just coined "Ajax" a few days previous, so we sprinkled the term throughout the slide deck. We needed a place to put some source code that accompanied the talk–an RSS reader was called "RSS Bling". Ajaxian.com was born.
Because the Ajax space was moving so quickly, we wanted a place to track the fun hacks, great libraries, and fantastic showcases that were coming out daily, so we started using Ajaxian to post Ajax news and very occasionally, an editorial. It's fun to think back to those early times; the web world was drunk with new possibilities and no one was really quite sure how the draw the boundaries.
After a few months, things were moving so fast we thought it would be great to get the emerging Ajax community together. With help from Jay Zimmerman of No Fluff Just Stuff and Chris Haven, we put together the first Ajax Experience show in San Francisco. It was incredibly fun seeing so many of the folks in person we'd been covering on the site, and sharing with the broader developer community what was now possible.
Our little Ajaxian blog grew over time–we still remember with awe when someone compared the traffic Ajaxian sent them to Slashdot–and we've gone on to co-produce several more Ajax Experience shows. It's been a thrilling ride.
Now, years later, it's time for us to formally hang up our Ajaxian hats. We've always juggled the site with our full-time jobs (various start-ups, Google for Dion, Mozilla, Palm, and now HP), and posting daily while balancing families and work can wear on you after a while–we can't do it all anymore. TechTarget (the company that has owned Ajaxian.com for some time) will take on editorial ownership of the site. We will still carry on posting every so often–it's in our blood–but it won't be on a regular schedule.
Thanks for being there for us over the years. We look forward to the next series of adventures. With HTML5 continuing to build steam and browser innovation hotter than ever, it is going to be a great time for us Web folk.
As always, you can keep up with us on Twitter: Ben and Dion.
both your work is legendary, sure you'll do well.
Thank you for pushing the open web forward!
Congrats to both of you, that's quite the only interesting site i know for web development today.
Thank you so much for keeping this site going, I check it every morning when I get in to work. I'm already going through withdrawal! I hope that somehow this site will be able to live on. Good luck at HP.
Thanks for Ben and Dion for your excellent work. At the same time, it is wonder who will be the new editors?
well good luck for both of you guys.. thanks for the great site. And don;t forget, What does the X in Ajax stand for?
This site got me into web, thanks guys! Best of luck with your future endeavours.
When the new editors will update this site?
Well, thank you both for all the time you spent helping us developers all around the world. Thank you from Italy and best of luck!!!!!
Good luck to both u… When can we expect an introduction of the new owners ?
I have only been here a few months but I this is one of the sites I check regularly for little Web development gems. thanks for all you hard work and thank to TechTarget for keeping the site up and running!
Thanks for all the personal time you guys poured into this site. You'll be missed!
Thanks for all those years of hard work and all the best for your future projects.
Thanks guys, i've had your daily post in my RSS feed reader – keeping me in the know for years. I've pretty much read every article with interest and been inspired to write my own.
Many thanks for all your effort and contributions to the web.
Thank you both! You've done an amazing job and I hope you know it!


Injured owners of a company not bound by the section 311 notice requirement.
Section 311 of the Workers Compensation Act provides that notice must be given to an employer within 120 days after an accident. I wrote a previous blog on the notice requirement under this section of the Act. An interesting twist on the notice requirement exists when the injured person is the owner/principal of a business. In other words, when the injured worker is actually the employer.
In order for notice to be adequate under the provisions of Section 311 of the Act, notice must be provided to one whose position justifies that authority has been delegated to that person by the employer as its representative to receive a report or notice of such accidental injury. When the owner/principal of a business is the one who is injured, logic would dictate that the owner/principal can provide notice to themselves. This is one instance where logic and case law are compatible.
Courts have explained that the purpose of the notice requirement is to protect the employer from stale claims for accidents of which it would have no knowledge if made after the opportunity has passed for a full and complete investigation of the circumstances surrounding the accident. Courts have further consistently held that Section 311 of the Act does not require notice to the workmen's compensation insurance carrier within 120 days of the accident when the claimant is also the employer. Section 311 does not require notice to an insurance company; instead, the mandate under this section of the Act is simply for notice from an employee to an employer.


text:
de Volkskrant är en rikstäckande nederländsk dagstidning. Tidningen grundades 1919 i Den Bosch, och 1921 började den komma ut varje dag. Från början var den starkt knuten till den katolska arbetarrörelsen. Den tyska ockupationsmakten tvingade 1941 chefredaktören att avgå. Tidningen upphörde då eftersom man inte ville acceptera en chefredaktör som tillhörde den nederländska nationalsocialistiska rörelsen NSB. Den återuppstod den 8 maj 1945 och detta år flyttade man huvudkontoret till Amsterdam. Sedan 1960-talet vänder den sig till välutbildade läsare till vänster om den politiska mitten.

Sedan 2006 ger man ut en gratisversion av tidningen i tabloidformat, kallad Volkskrant Banen. Denna kommer ut en gång i veckan och fokuserar på karriär. Volkskrant Banen har en egen redaktion.

Externa länkar
 Officiell webbplats

Nederländska företag
Nederländska dagstidningar
Nederländskspråkiga dagstidningar
Dagstidningar startade 1919

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How to watch Queen In-hyun's Man: Season 1 (2012) on Netflix France!
Sorry, Queen In-hyun's Man: Season 1 is not available on French Netflix, but you can unlock it right now in France and start watching! With a few simple steps you can change your Netflix region to a country like Japan and start watching Japanese Netflix, which includes Queen In-hyun's Man: Season 1.
We'll keep checking Netflix France for Queen In-hyun's Man: Season 1, and this page will be updated with any changes.
Queen In-hyun's Man: Season 1 is not available in France BUT it can be unlocked and viewed!
Season 1 of Queen In-hyun's Man has 16 episodes. Because different Netflix countries have different availability for episodes, you'll need to check the episode listing below to see which are available in France.


At some point in the life an ascetic, he/she will feel an urging to live closer to the Creator. This feeling is what guides them to choose a life of monasticism. In fact, every person on this planet has a calling. Whatever urging interest or passion a person feels, in order to accomplish a dream or leap a hurdle, is in essence a calling. The calling is just the beginning to a journey down one of life's many pathways.
Take a moment to assess what your calling may be. Sometimes this can be a hidden passion, or even a small task that you enjoy. The most important part in every person's calling is the values that are present in each person already. What kind of person do you want to be as you grow up? Would you be a kind person to strangers, maybe you would care for the sick, or counsel people with their problems? In recognizing these values within yourself what types of professions could attach themselves to these values?


text:
Weyhausen is een gemeente in de Duitse deelstaat Nedersaksen. De gemeente maakt deel uit van de Samtgemeinde Boldecker Land in het Landkreis Gifhorn. Weyhausen telt  inwoners.

Gemeente in Nedersaksen


text:
School of Rock Musical Immersive Bus Stop Is The Coolest
By ARN Radio
Have you seen this TOTALLY RAD interactive bus stop on Adelaide Street in Brisbane's CBD?
Well, it's all about SCHOOL OF ROCK!!!
Musical theatre legend Andrew Lloyd Webber is BACK with a ROCKIN' new musical based on the iconic early 2000's film of the same name, starring Jack Black and featuring some of the most iconic one-liners of 2003, like above – duh!
In case you never saw the movie, it follows Dewey Finn, a failed, wannabe rock star who is forced to get a job… any job. This leads to him working as a substitute teacher at a prestigious prep school. A literal school of rock ensues, as the title suggests!
Featuring an incredible Aussie cast, where the kids play the instruments live on stage!
Catch the crazy School of Rock classroom bus stop on Adelaide Street or buy tickets now at QPAC in the Lyric Theatre, from July 12 for a strictly limited season!


Football is, as they say, about opinions and as I know well from personal experience some of the strongest tend to be about how the game is refereed, but the game is evolving and so too is the role of the match official.
Over time, changes in the laws of the game have always determined how football is refereed and played and that process of evolution continues. There was a time when if you asked me if I was in favour of the introduction of technology to my job, I probably would have said 'no' based on my 'traditionalist' view on how the game should be refereed.
Having had the opportunity to experience the benefit it can have on the game, however, my perspective has shifted somewhat and I would say I can currently see both outright positives as well as potential for improvements to the changes being considered but the process is, I think, an ongoing one with lessons being learned as we go.
And it's worth remembering that we have already come a long way. In recent years, there have been increased calls for the introduction of technology to the game with some giving the impression they think it can right all of football's wrongs, so to speak. Until recently, the people who make the decisions were reluctant but that changed when football's lawmakers approved the introduction of 'Goal Line' technology.
It didn't happen overnight. It went through many years of development, trials, testing and protocol before it arrived in the form we see now. Genuine concerns were raised and discussed; about time delays, for example, and how it would impact the natural flow of the game.
But we now have a game where, through technology, the referee has an immediate answer as to whether the ball has crossed the line or not. Has it had a detrimental effect on the flow of the game? No. Has it had an impact on the game in general, though? I would say yes; it has in that it has taken away the debate of 'did it or did it not cross the line?' The decision is factual and not one of opinion.
This brings us onto the current topic of whether 'video replay' would have a similarly positive impact on the game.
Opinions differ and I can both sides of the argument.
The International Football Association Board (IFAB) has recently given its approval to the development of a protocol for 'video replay'. Again, it has gone through the various phases of development, trialing and testing in a number of countries.
I have been fortunate enough to be involved in its development here in the US. Towards the end of 2016, history was created in a United Soccer League (USL, essentially a second tier league here in the US, below MLS) game in New York, where the first Video Assistant Referee (Var) was used in a live game. It was subsequently used in three other USL games before the completion of the season. It has also been tested in other countries such as the Netherlands (in the Dutch Cup) and at the 2016 FIFA World Club Cup in Japan. In eight games, there were two decisions that required on field reviews.
Vars are currently used to review goals, penalty kicks, red cards and mistaken identity scenarios. Following those games and their subsequent findings, IFAB has continued to work on developing its protocol for how best the introduction of the Var role will impact the game in a positive way.
As I have sat through our various training and development sessions, I have wondered how the role of the Var would have assisted me in the past with some big game decision that were, on reflection, incorrect. A couple immediately spring to mind and based on the technology currently in use and the protocol that we are following, those decisions could have been corrected in approximately 10 seconds. As play was stopped at those times, the games' natural flow would have been unaffected.
Having said that, there is the potential for some decisions to take a little longer to finalise. One of the decisions reviewed in Japan in December took close to two minutes to review from the time the incident occurred to a decision being given. On that occasion, clearly, the natural game flow was interrupted.
The Var is always watching and checking various different camera angles, behind the scenes so to speak, but will only interject and inform the referee if a 'clear and obvious error' has occurred with any of the situations mentioned above.
Throughout our training we have been instructed to referee the game the same way and not to use the Var as a 'safety net'. This is vital and is in tune with keeping the games natural flow in mind. It's important to note that this is still a trial and very much a work in progress.
Work will continue behind the scenes to ensure that when the Var is introduced to the professional game, it will be done with the best interests of the game in mind, maintaining and protecting football's natural flow with 'minimum interference but maximum benefit'. Football has evolved over the course of time, but make no mistake about it, when video replay is introduced to the game, it will be the single biggest change to affect the game we know and love.
Having been lucky enough to be involved in this process and to be exposed to what technology can add to the game, I've learned to embrace it and look at the positives, of which there are many.
We have seen from other sports, though, that it is not perfect; it has, at times, proven to be inconclusive or even incorrect and however much fine tuning is done there will inevitably be occasions when people differ over whether the right call was made.
*Alan Kelly, from Cork, is a former League of Ireland referee who served on both the Uefa and Fifa panels for a number of years. Having moved to the United States in 2014 he has been voted the MLS's Referee of the Year for the last two seasons.


text:
Books To Look For
by Charles de Lint
Novellas are such awkward beasts. Too short to be a novel, too long to be a story, they inhabit the gray borderland between the two, their only company, their non-quite so disenfranchised cousin, the novelet. Novellas are a hard sell in commercial terms, taking up too much space in anthologies and magazines, yet (at least in the eyes of many publishers) unable to be published on their own unless they have some other selling point attached to them, which usually means a Big Name author. But for a writer, novellas can often be the perfect length. Some stories simply come to us at that length and the good author will go ahead and write it anyway, following their muse, if not the market. Because there are benefits to be found.
You're not as confined as you are with a short story; you're allowed asides and to lay a larger banquet of character and story; and you don't need to pad the story to plump it up into a sellable novel either. Novellas can be the perfect length for readers, too, allowing them a better sample of an author's ability to carry a longer story, without having to invest in a full, often very fat, novel. Or trilogy. Or series. They can be easily read in an evening, or an afternoon, and there's something to be said for reading a story (often with many of the complexities and much of the scope of a novel) all in one sitting--a luxury most of us can't afford with novels.
But as I touched on above, they're awkward beasts to find homes for.
Enter, yet again, the small presses.
I know in this column I tend to espouse the small or specialty press houses with more enthusiasm than some might feel they deserve. And I certainly don't feel that there shouldn't be larger publishing houses. The larger houses get the job done: the big books, the popular books, the Kings and Koontzes, and they publish them in quantities that make sure everyone has a chance to acquire one.
But there are niche markets that simply aren't viable for a larger publishing house to attempt to address: Out-of-print classics by authors no longer quite so much in favor with the general reading public. Short story collections by midlist authors who couldn't hope to sell thousands of copies of what are often excellent books, but can certainly sell a thousand or so. A writer's older, less-polished work. Books that are experimental in subject matter or approach. Books of awkward lengths, or profusely illustrated, or . . . well the list goes on.
Frankly, and especially in fantasy and sf, I consider the smaller presses to be almost the life-blood of our field. They keep our history alive and point a way to the future. Sometimes they simply publish fine books that, for one reason or another, wouldn't find a home otherwise. And sometimes, when the press (usually a one- or two/three-man operation) or its editor have vision, they actually generate work we wouldn't see otherwise.
As is the case with Peter Crowther's ongoing novella series with PS Publishing. Crowther actively commissions these novellas--no doubt awaking great excitement in the authors approached. Not only can they finally write that story of awkward length, but somebody actually wants to go to contract on it.
Previous books in the series have included work by Graham Joyce, Michael Marshall Smith, Paul J. McAuley, and other worthy authors. Today we're going to discuss . . .
*���� *���� *
A Writer's Life - Eric Brown
PS Publishing, 2001; 78pp; $40.00, $18.00 pb
Hardcover; ISBN 1-902880-21-8
Pb: ISBN 1-902880-20-X
Eric Brown is a new writer for me, a popular sf writer who turns here to an almost old-fashioned style of storytelling as he introduces us to a midlist writer who becomes entranced with the forgotten work of an older author who vanished under mysterious circumstances. I'm not sure why stories about authors are so popular, or if they even are. One might consider it laziness on the author's part--after all, there's no research involved. Or perhaps it's them following the hoary axiom of "write what you know," and this is what they know. What I know is that I enjoy them, probably for the same reason that, in a magazine, I'll turn first to the interview with an author, an artist, a musician. I'm fascinated by the creative process, whether it's a true account of how the creator goes about his or her job, or a fictionalized account. I'm not looking for how-to tips, though even such writing can be illuminating (particularly when it's discussing a medium in which I have no experience). I'm simply intrigued by how anyone manages to snare the ephemeral impulses dancing about in their heads and give it some sort of physical form.
Brown explores this, along the way creating a dialogue in regards to the finished work--how something that so appeals to one, can leave another cold. He also tells a rousing good story, with a mystery that didn't let this reader down, introduces us to characters we can care about, and brings his English countryside setting to affectionate life with just the right amount of telling detail. The voice of his protagonist always ring true, as do the snippets of quoted work, reviews, and such that he uses as chapter epigraphs.
In short, I was greatly taken with the book, Brown's writing, and the presentation of both, bound behind the simple yet evocative cover photograph/collage by Julian Flynn that graces the book jacket. My only complaint with the book is that the introduction by Paul Di Filippo, excellent while it is, should have been an afterword as I felt it gave away a bit too much of the story. But that's a small point, and if you haven't read the book yet yourself, you've now been forewarned and can hold off looking at it until you've read the story first.
Also released at the same time was Nearly People a Dystopian novel by Conrad Williams with an introduction by Michael Marshall Smith and a cover by Wieslaw Walkuski.
These hardcovers are limited and signed by the contributors, but there are also less expensive trade paperbacks available. If your local bookstore can't find them for you, you can get ordering information directly from Crowther at crowth1@attglobal.net.
T2: Infiltrator - S. M. Stirling
HarperCollins, 2001; 389pp; $25.00
Hardcover; ISBN 0-380-97791-5
S. M. Stirling's continuation of the story James Cameron has been telling in his Terminator films picks up right at the end of the second movie and carries on from there, full steam ahead. Everything we need for a strong sequel is here. Sterling keeps the action moving, stays true to the characters and their past histories, asks the right questions (and answers them as well), and adds more than a few of his own twists to keep everything fresh and readers on their toes.
One of the best of those twists is how he has the Connors meet up with a retired anti-terrorist agent who just happens to be the human blueprint for the Terminators that Skynet will create in the future. Franchise novels aren't necessarily Deep Think books, but they can be fun, especially if you're a fan of the original source material. I'm being hazy on the details of this novel because if you didn't care for the movies, the book won't change your mind. If you did enjoy them, I think you'll be happy with where Stirling has taken the story and will enjoy the surprises.
Stirling's own books are always entertaining and this excursion of his into franchise-land proves he's just as capable of delivering the goods when playing with somebody else's toys.
Doghouse Roses - Steve Earle
Houghton Mifflin, 2001; 207pp; $22.00
With this collection, musician Steve Earle proves to be as gripping and evocative a storyteller in prose as he is when he's writing songs. While some of the material is obviously drawn from Earle's own eventful life (the addictions and self-destruction running rampant in the title story, the life of a songwriter in Nashville in "Billy the Kid," the exploration of a state-sanctioned execution in "The Witness"), he also delves into less familiar waters.
"Jaguar Hunter" is a fable of magical realism set against the trade in drugs and illegal aliens along the Mexican/American border. "The Reunion" is set in Ho Chi Minh City and begins with two Vietnam vets from opposite sides of the conflict at odds once more in present time. There are stories set in Paris, in the Appalachians, in Everytown U.S.A., and elsewhere. And unlike what one finds in much contemporary fiction, the voices of the characters here are individual; their lives have meat and depth.
One of the more intriguing pieces for a longtime lover of Earle's music as I am, is the prose version of the song "Taneytown" from his CD El Corazón, adding a new layer of understanding to what was already a remarkable story.
To be honest, I was a little wary approaching this book at first. Too many pros in one field fall flat on their faces when they start to dabble in another. But Earle has the talent to pull it off. He's obviously as committed to his prose as he is to his songwriting, and the result is a book that any lover of good storytelling will appreciate.
Material to be considered for review in this column should be sent to Charles de Lint, P.O. Box 9480, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 3V2.


text:
RORY T. WHITE AND ROMAINE L. WHITE INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THEIR MINOR CHILD, RICHARD WHITE Vs. NEW ORLEANS CENTER FOR THE CREATIVE ARTS
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This lawsuit arises from the reporting of an alleged sexual assault of a
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White ("R... More... $0 (01-26-2020 - LA)
MICHAEL GREENE Vs. TOWN OF LAKE ARTHUR
Need help finding a lawyer for representation concerning challenging a Medical Director's approval of employee/claimant's surgery prior to Employer being able to obtain a scheduled second medical opinion in Louisiana?
Michael Greene, claimant, was injured in a work-related acc... More... $0 (01-26-2020 - LA)
Courtney B. Mathews v. State of Tennessee
Need help finding a lawyer for representation concerning post conviction relief in Tennessee?
In June 1996, a Montgomery County jury convicted the Petitioner of four counts first-degree felony murder and one count of especially aggravated robbery. The Petitioner's conviction... More... $0 (01-15-2020 - TN)
State of Tennessee v. Chriteris Allen
Need help finding a lawyer for representation concerning aggravated robbery, aggravated sexual battery, aggravated burglary and especially aggravated kidnapping in Tennessee?
On November 10th, 2017 at approximately 2:00 PM, [L.E.] and her two small children arrived at her ho... More... $0 (01-15-2020 - TN)
United States of America v. Katherine Prosper
Bangor, ME - The United States of America charged Katherine Prosper with social security fraud.
A Clinton woman pleaded guilty on Friday in federal court in Bangor to Social Security fraud and making false statements, U.S. Attorney Halsey B. Frank announced.
According to court records, from about August 2006 through March 2019, Katherine Prosper, 61, a recipient of Supplemental S... More... $0 (01-13-2020 - ME)
Countryclub Homes, LLC and Valley Oaks Real Estate, LLC vs. Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Clean Water Commission, Lone Jack Neighbors for Responsible Agriculture, Powell Gardens, Inc., Elizabeth Deich, Ryan Deich and The Robert M. Chamness Trust, Collectively Know as the Powell Parties
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On December 19, 2017, David Ward submitted an application to the DNR for a
proposed Class IB CAFO, comprised of approximately 6,999 head of cattle, to be
located on property in Joh... More... $0 (01-03-2020 - MO)
Donald J. Trump, Donald J. Trump, Jr., Eric Trump, Ivanka Trump, et al. v. Deutsche Bank, AG
This appeal raises an important issue concerning the investigative authority
of two committees of the United States House of Representatives and the
protection of privacy due the President of the United States suing in his individual,
not official, capacity with respect to financial records. The specific issue is the
lawfulness of three subpoenas issued by the House Committee on Fi... More... $0 (12-04-2019 - NY)
State of Oklahoma v. Dianna Teresi Demry
Tulsa, OK - The State of Oklahoma charged Dianna Teresi Demry with abuse by caretaker in violation of 21 O.S. 843.1, which provides:
A. 1. No caretaker or other person shall abuse, commit financial neglect, neglect, commit sexual abuse, or exploit any person entrusted to the care of such caretaker or other person in a nursing facility or other setting, or knowingly cause, secure... More... $0 (11-19-2019 - OK)
Zulma Unzueta v. Asmik Akopyan
Zulma Unzueta appeals from a judgment entered after a
jury trial in favor of defendant Asmik Akopyan, M.D., on
Unzueta's action for medical malpractice. Dr. Akopyan served as
the anesthesiologist during the birth of Unzueta's child, after
which Unzueta's right leg was permanently paralyzed. The jury
found Dr. Akopyan breached the duty of care she owed Unzueta,
but the breac... More... $0 (11-19-2019 - CA)
United States of America v. Louisiana Department of Health
Baton Rouge, LA - The Louisiana Department of Health has agreed to resolve allegations that it submitted false and inflated Medicaid claims for long-term nursing home and hospice care, the Department of Justice announced today. Under the settlement agreement, the state agency has agreed to pay $13,422,550.
"Today's settlement demonstrates that we will take whatever steps are appropriate... More... $0 (11-14-2019 - LA)
THE ESTATE OF JORDYN DOTY, by and Through Its Duly Appointed Special Administrator Kimberly Doty, and KIMBERLY DOTY, Heir at Law of Jordyn Doty v. MICHAEL A. DORSCH, P.A., RODNEY S. DILL, M.D., GREAT PLAINS HEALTH ALLIANCE, INC., and RAWLINS COUNTY HEALTH CENTER,
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Before delving into the facts of this case an introduction of the various parties involved is helpful. Kimberly brought this action both as the administrator of Jordyn's estate and as Jordyn's heir at law (collectively referred to as the Estate).
RCHC is a ... More... $0 (11-13-2019 - KS)
Kathleen Hurley v. Five Star Quality Care-NE, LLC
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Lincoln, NE - Kathleen Hurley, by and through her Special Administrator, Jeanne Horseman, sue... More... $0 (10-27-2019 - NE)
Blakely Mchugh v. Protective Life Insurance
This appeal raises one fundamental issue: whether Insurance Code sections
10113.71 and 10113.721 ("the statutes"), which came into effect on January 1, 2013,
apply to term life insurance policies issued before the statutes' effective date. In 2005,
Protective Life Insurance Company (Protective Life) issued William Patrick McHugh a
60-year term life policy (the policy) that provided... More... $0 (10-13-2019 - CA)
STATE OF OKLAHOMA, Plaintiff, v. CHERYLLE LYNN BURTON, A/K/A CHERYLLE LYNN WEST, A/K/A SUSAN FRAZIER, Defendant.
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Tulsa, OK - The State of Oklahoma charged Cherylle Lynn Burton, a/k/a Cherylle Lynn West, a/k/a Susan Frazier with:
Count # 1. Count as Filed: FFP, FALSELY PERS... More... $0 (10-08-2019 - OK)
STATE OF OHIO v. SHAUN D. HILL
Call 888-354-4529 if you need a Criminal Defense Attorney in Ohio.
On March 2, 2017, Hill was indicted on two counts of felonious assault and
one count of having weapons wh... More... $0 (10-08-2019 - OH)
James Earl Tobias, Jr. and Tiffany Tobias v. University of Mississippi Medical Center
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On October 30, 2013, James Tobias was injured at work when a two-ton fo... More... $0 (10-02-2019 - MS)
United States of America v. Myrtha Nicolas
Newark, NJ - Hudson County Public Official Admits Accepting Bribes for Patient Referrals
A Jersey City woman employed by the Hudson County Office of Aging admitted accepting bribes for referring patients in need of home health care aides.
Myrtha Nicolas, 61, of Jers... More... $0 (10-02-2019 - NJ)
Albert Schaw v. Habitat for Humanity of Citrus County, Inc.
Albert Schaw, a quadriplegic, applied for a home with Habitat for Humanity of Citrus County. Because his annual social-security-disability income didn't meet Case: 17-13960 Date Filed: 09/18/2019 Page: 1 of 31
Habitat's minim... More... $0 (09-21-2019 - FL)
Abdulmouti Alaama v. Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital, Inc.
Business and Professions Code section 809.11 requires a
hospital peer review board to give a physician notice and the
right to request a hearing when the hospital revokes or
terminates the physician's membership, staff privileges, or
employment for a "medical disciplinary cause or reason." In 2016
Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital, Inc., doing business as
PIH Health Hosp... More... $0 (09-19-2019 - CA)
United States of America v. Diandra Bankhead
Atlanta, GA - Home health care owner pleads guilty to defrauding Georgia Medicaid
Diandra Bankhead, the owner and operator of Elite Homecare ("Elite"), an Atlanta-based home healthcare provider, pleaded guilty to def... More... $0 (09-11-2019 - GA)
Jasmine Lopez v. Bartlett Care Center, LLC
Irene Lopez (Irene),a dependent adult within the meaning of Welfare and
Institutions Code section 15610.23, was admitted to defendant Bartlett Care Center,
doing business as French Park Care Center (the Facility), on October 5, 2016, with a
medical history of diabetes, dementia, end-stage renal disease, generalized muscle
weakness, and other debilitating conditions. At the end of O... More... $0 (09-01-2019 - CA)
Robbie Emery Burke v. Vic Regaldo and Stanley Glanz
The Tulsa County Sheriff's Office ("TCSO") runs the Tulsa County Jail ("the
jail"). In 2011, Elliott Williams was jailed there. Shortly after his booking, he severely
injured his neck, causing lower body paralysis. No one treated his injury. Despite his
frequ... More... $0 (08-22-2019 - OK)
Brian Ipock v. Manor Care of Tulsa, OK, LLC
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United States of America v. Roland Vaughn
Denver, CO - Man Pays VA Employee $1 Million in Illegal Gratuities
Roland Vaughn, age 58, of Clearwater, Florida, pled guilty to paying illegal gratuities of more than a million dollars to an employee with the Department of Veterans Affairs ("VA"). In exchange, Vaughn... More... $0 (08-08-2019 - CO)
Roy Valentine, Individually and as Administrator v. Plum Healthcare Group, LLC
A. Signing the arbitration agreements
Defendants Plum Healthcare Group, LLC, and White Fir Holdings, LLC, own and
operate Midtown Oaks Post-Acute (Midtown), a skilled nursing facility. On January 13,
2014, Lila Valentine was admitted to Midtown for "rehab" after she fell and broke her
right shoulder. The admission records identified Lila's daughter, Darleen Valentine, as
Lila's... More... $0 (07-25-2019 - CA)


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► The expected but missing denomination
The expected but missing denomination
Started by <k>, August 19, 2017, 02:30:00 PM
Re: The expected but missing denomination
July 12, 2020, 06:02:59 PM Last Edit: August 12, 2022, 09:00:56 PM by <k>
The UK decimal coin series was introduced in 1971. However, for many years it lacked a circulating denomination between the 10 and 50 pence coins. In 1982 a 20 pence coin was introduced.
Interestingly, commemorative non-circulating 25 pence coins were issued occasionally. The final one issued was in 1981, to commemorate the wedding of Charles and Diana. The government decided that it was no longer economical to issue commemorative coins with such a low face value. In 1982 the 20 pence coin was introduced, so a 20 pence coin and a 25 pence coin never co-existed. In 1986 a non-circulating commemorative 2 pound coin was issued to celebrate the Commonwealth Games. The commemorative 2 pound coin then became standard, replacing the 25 pence coin.
I find it curious that India lacked a 1 anna coin for a considerable period (from at least the start of the unified EIC coinage in 1835 until the cupro-nickel 1 anna of Edward VII in 1903). There was also no half-anna from the demise of the large copper piece in the 1870s until the small square half-anna was introduced in the 1940s.
So, from 1877 to 1903, the available coins were twelfth, eighth and quarter anna, then 2 annas and upwards.
Structurally, this is the equivalent of a £sd coinage lacking both a sixpence and a shilling (though I realise the value of the anna was considerably less than a shilling). It's also unusual I think to lack the 1 denomination of a basic unit when smaller denominations are still being made.
That is a very strange case, and one I had never noticed.
Also, the concurrent use for ages of the twelfth anna and the half pice (eighth anna) perplexes me. There was never a coin worth half a pie, or 1/24th anna, but the half pice was worth 1½ pies. I struggle to see how change was made in some circumstances.
Looking at India some more, there's rather a big gap during George V's reign between the largest silver denomination (1 rupee) and the smallest (actually only, AFAIK) gold one, the mohur of 15 rupees (which appears to have been equivalent to the sovereign - at any rate, they weigh the same and have the same fineness). So, in £sd terms, no coin between 1s 4d and £1. (Though I imagine that if sovereigns were usable in India, then so would half-sovs have been, at a face value of 7 rupees 8 annas.)
Earlier British Indian coinages had gold 10 and 5 rupee coins alongside the mohur, but during Edward VII's reign apparently no gold was struck at all.
Quote from: Finn235 on August 21, 2017, 07:33:32 PM
Never could figure out why the Netherlands stopped producing 1/2 gulden coins in the 30s and never resumed?
In the last pre-decimal series, there was a half gulden (X stuivers). It was a relatively recent denomination, which may have been the reason it was unpopular. At some point, the half gulden was minted for the Netherlands Indies only. They could circulate in the homeland, but rarely did.
Its last hurrah was in late 1939 and early 1940. Submarines and raiders closed the sea connection between the Netherlands and its colonies. Coins containing silver disappeared from circulation as the war threat rose. The Dutch government disposed of a large shipment of halves that couldn't be sent by circulating them in the Netherlands. They were hoarded also, of course. After the second world war, an uprising started in the Netherlands Indies that ended in an independent Indonesia, so that there was no reason to mint halves any more.
Also, I figure this probably is outside of the scope of this topic, but the economies based on the "cash" have always fascinated me, namely because almost none had successfully introduced multiple denominations. The result is an economy where you have to pay a money-counter to tie together a "string" of 1,000 coins.
I don't pretend to know if it was the decisive issue, but the Chinese emperors were traditionally against multiple cash coins. Somewhere in Peng Xinwei is a quote from a letter quoting the emperor, explaining that the cash were shamefully underweight and multiple cash would be underweight even more. Nevertheless, from Wang Mang onwards, multiple cash were issued regularly, though most in limited numbers. Double cash look like standard cash coins, but are somewhat heavier and relatively common. More important, silver ingots (sycee, traditionally rated at around a string of cash per ounce of silver) and mulberry paper notes denominated in cash or strings saw circulation, especially when the Qing were weakening.
South Korea lacks a 25 won coin.
October 05, 2020, 11:41:19 PM Last Edit: August 12, 2022, 09:01:16 PM by <k>
Equatorial Guinea set, 1969. There was no 10 pesetas coin.
Spain lacked a 10 pesetas coin until 1983.
The current Romanian set lacks a 25 bani coin.
Cyprus lacked a 10 mils coin in the 1950s.
3 mils. Stylised flying-fish.
5 mils. Bronze age man carrying copper bar.
25 mils. Head of bull.
50 mils. Fern leaves.
100 mils. Merchant ship, circa 6th century B.C.
October 06, 2020, 12:00:46 AM Last Edit: August 25, 2022, 08:14:41 PM by <k>
And in the 1960s too.
Don't see a "lack" there (Romania, South Korea). They simply decided that a 20 – or 25 if you prefer – coin is not necessary. Coming from a country that did just fine with a similar gap, I do not have any problems with that. In the Federal Republic of Germany, before the euro, it was actually a little odd since we had a 0.02 coin and a 2.00 coin but not a 0.20 coin.
What you never have, you never miss, so they say. It's all subjective, of course, but to me it stands out as a lack.
Guinea-Bissau, 1977. A missing 10 always stands out more than a missing 20 (pesos), I think.


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Founded in 1997, coming into its 20 years, Plus Architecture has established a reputation for delivering a broad range of architectural projects, from master planning through to residential and mixed-use developments.
Now with offices in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Christchurch and Auckland, Plus Architecture employs over 100 staff in Australasia. And rather than resting on its laurels, the practice plans to open other offices in Asia going forward. Each city comes with its opportunities.
Brisbane, for example, has a strong culture for leisure and hospitality venues, while Christchurch lends the opportunity to rebuild a city affected by earthquakes. Auckland is also now experiencing a move to inner-city living, something that has taken hold in Australian cities since the early naughties.
While Plus Architecture has established a reputation for high-quality residential/mixed-use developments in the inner city, the practice is starting to gain recognition for designing well-considered housing for retirees scaling down from the family home, and for those requiring care in their latter years.
Whether it's designing for people requiring greater medical support or for those still wanting to live independently, Plus Architecture firmly believes in providing a quality environment.
There has to be a sense of community, a place that allows for social interaction. Isolation is one of the greatest health issues facing people who live alone.
Plus Director Ian Briggs
Those people downsizing from the family home into smaller apartments, are also looking for community amenities. "They might be keen to move into something that's smaller and more manageable, but there needs to be attention to features such as adequate storage so they can bring with them their past lives," says Ian Briggs, Director of Plus Architecture.
"The idea is to create the sense of a village," adds Briggs, who sees features such as placing lounge areas at the base of a lift core as one way of strengthening community relations. "Well-placed courtyard-style gardens are another means."
Plus Architecture is using these criteria in a number of aged care and independent housing schemes across Australia. And rather than seeing the interiors as 'beige' or 'vanilla', as Briggs says, the approach is to create contemporary and joyous spaces that all ages would enjoy.
"Many of these older residents have children living in contemporary apartments. They appreciate contemporary design each time they visit their children," says Briggs.
As well as contributing to an important sector of the community, Plus Architecture appreciates the value and importance of developers working on these projects. "There's a long-term view given to the importance of housing older people, given our ageing demographics," says Briggs. Also on the radar, at the other end of the age spectrum, is the need to ensure there are high-quality residential projects that will entice international students coming to our shores.
There is a cross-pollination that occurs when you're working on such a diverse range of projects. Each one has the ability to inform another.
There have also been certain milestone projects that have excited local communities, such as Christchurch, as much as Plus Architecture itself. The recent completion of the community centre in Christchurch, replacing the one that was destroyed in the earthquake, has been well timed and received.
The low-rise brick building, partially constructed using recycled bricks from the surrounding area, is deliberately understated. Akin to a house, with its series of pitched roofs, this new centre is an important addition to the city's healing process.
Hotels have also become an important arm of Plus Architecture's portfolio, with hotels planned for Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, the Sunshine Coast and Christchurch. From high-end bespoke boutique hotels to those servicing the business sector wanting comfortable nights on the road, this market offers an opportunity to create memorable stays away from home.
A significant site in Sydney's CBD is earmarked for one such hotel, a rarity given the desirability and competition for architects, both local and worldwide, to design in this highly coveted precinct. And from the inner city to the outskirts of town, Plus Architecture is planning a 'city' in Merrifield, north of Craigieburn, on the outskirts of Melbourne.
"This development is designed to promote healthy living, based on a series of sustainable principles," says Briggs, pointing out the five and six-story apartment buildings, rather than an endless track of detached housing that increases the city's never ending suburban sprawl.
For Briggs, and the rest of the Plus Architecture team, diversification, combined with learning from each project within each field, allows the practice to continually grow, both in terms of numbers and, as importantly, in knowledge and skills.


You should feel a distinct change in the atmosphere this week. One that offers a cathartic liberation from feeling doldrum and melancholy. For all the ups and downs, these past few months have been very wisening which has greatly expanded your capacity to handle contradiction and paradox.
The feeling of emerging into a new paradigm, much less naive, is beautifully expressed by the opening track on Radiohead's 1997 album, OK Computer. Through a surreal cinematic soundscape, the opening song Airbag tells the story of surviving a car crash. This near-death experience forces a confrontation with the fact that "safety" is an illusion at best. These potent feelings of helplessness push so hard against the human psyche that fear eventually dissolves into revelation.
Airbag is a song about how the journey of life is an illusory vehicle that lies between death and rebirth.
Since January 7th, Jupiter has been in retrograde and has intermittently been squaring Saturn in Sagittarius. This Jupiter retrograde period has offered a magnifying glass with which to study the contents of your character. Agonizing though it may have been, in order to taste the fruits of wisdom, you must acknowledge your most petty flaws and transmute them into strengths of character. Because these planetary motions have anchored much of your energy into this intense self-analysis, your sense of good luck and optimism in the external world may have felt hindered.
But this week will bring a great resuscitation of your spirits! The Moon will be waxing, which naturally builds up the momentum needed to realize more of your ambitions and attract more support for your work. But the Moon's energy is only a small part of the benevolence afforded to you this week.
On Monday, after a four month retrograde, Jupiter will station direct at 13° Virgo. The universe may feel especially intelligent, as though it is listening intently to your thoughts. With an air of divine purpose, you may feel uplifted by the knowing that all the disasters and near-death experiences you have endured are what lead you towards gnosis.
And in an interstellar burst, you are born again!
Monday/Tuesday: I Am Back to Save the Universe!
On Monday, Jupiter goes direct at the same time that Mercury retrograde conjuncts the Sun in Taurus, which also forms an exact trine with the North Node in Virgo. This should be a day full vision and a sense of destiny!
Also, Venus in Taurus will be sextiling Neptune in Pisces, an aspect that makes a musical harmony between sensual love and philanthropy, between sexuality and spirituality.
On Tuesday, Venus trines the newly direct Jupiter bringing even more expansion and buoyancy an already stellar week! Venus/Jupiter aspects are as wonderful as it gets, since they offer the blessings of love, abundance, friendship, luxury, and wisdom. In an Earth trine, these two planets will provide you with much easier routes to finding the money and social connections to breathe life into your dreams and bring them into reality.
Wednesday/Thursday: I am Born Again!
On Thursday, Mercury retrograde in Taurus will trine Pluto in Capricorn, offering an opportunity to think more deeply or study something more closely. Pluto's influence will take the patient mental processes of Mercury in Taurus into more mystical territories of the psyche, exploring many catacombs of consciousness within.
This trine will occur a total of three times this season, the first one was on April 17th and the next one will occur on May 30th. At the end of this month, you may reflect upon this sequence of Mercury/Pluto trines to discover their deeper purpose in aiding you to uncover mysterious knowledge.
Since this week has so many overtones of good fortune and enjoyment, this trine should feel like a very safe time to study and interpret your dreams, to remember something long forgotten from childhood, or to have intimate and penetrating conversations with close friends or relatives.
Friday/ Saturday/Sunday: I'm Amazed that I Survived!
On Friday, there will be a conjunction between Venus and Mercury retrograde in Taurus, which creates a glistening sense of gratitude for the simple pleasures of life. This should create a rosy mood that is yielding and receptive to other people's needs.
This aspect typically makes for much easier communication of feelings, so expect relationships that need healing to improve under this influence. Because Mercury is in retrograde, this may be a perfect moment to forgive and forget some grievances which have been holding you back from progressing in life. Forgiveness always frees up a great deal of energy that you can use to give and receive more love.
Also, opportunities to find more more gainful employment, establish stable love relationships, cultivate wonderful friendships, make beautiful art, etc…will abound! The Earth trine between Mercury/Venus, Jupiter and Pluto, will enable you to develop whatever you're working on with such focus that you will feel destined for success.
On Sunday, Venus will be trined the North Node in Virgo, creating a supportive aspect between all things lovely and sensual with a magnetic point of destiny! Examine your relationship with all that Venus embodies (love, sensuality, luxury) and imagine this as a moment to embrace the Venusian gifts that are most needed in your life.
What is most challenging about this aspect is that it asks that you have faith, meaning that rather than taking action or meeting your challenges with force, Venus asks that you learn to yield to the slowness and heaviness of time. Envision your wishes coming true even when there is no empirical evidence to support that vision. Venus trined the North Node will allow your desires to be born from your open heart, rather than your frenzied mind.
Relax into this feeling and become born again.
If you would like a personal reading, BOOK HERE!
My birthday was on april 17th. Does that mean anything?


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The Ultimate Defense Against Hackers May Be Just a Few Atoms Thick
NYU Tandon Researchers Discover Big Cryptographic Potential in Nanomaterial
(a) At monolayer thickness, this material has the optical properties of a semiconductor that emits light. At multilayer, the properties change and the material doesn't emit light. (b) Varying the thickness of each layer results in a thin film speckled with randomly occurring regions that alternately emit or block light. (c) Upon exposure to light, this pattern can be translated into a one-of-a-kind authentication key that could secure hardware components at minimal cost.
BROOKLYN, New York – The next generation of electronic hardware security may be at hand as researchers at New York University Tandon School of Engineering introduce a new class of unclonable cybersecurity security primitives made of a low-cost nanomaterial with the highest possible level of structural randomness. Randomness is highly desirable for constructing the security primitives that encrypt and thereby secure computer hardware and data physically, rather than by programming.
In a paper published in the journal ACS Nano, Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Davood Shahrjerdi and his NYU Tandon team offer the first proof of complete spatial randomness in atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The researchers grew the nanomaterial in layers, each roughly one million times thinner than a human hair. By varying the thickness of each layer, Shahrjerdi explained, they tuned the size and type of energy band structure, which in turn affects the properties of the material.
"At monolayer thickness, this material has the optical properties of a semiconductor that emits light, but at multilayer, the properties change, and the material no longer emits light. This property is unique to this material," he said. By tuning the material growth process, the resulting thin film is speckled with randomly occurring regions that alternately emit or do not emit light. When exposed to light, this pattern translates into a one-of-a-kind authentication key that could secure hardware components at minimal cost.
Shahrjerdi said his team was pondering potential applications for what he described as the beautiful random light patterns of MoS2 when he realized it would be highly valuable as a cryptographic primitive.
This represents the first physically unclonable security primitive created using this nanomaterial. Typically embedded in integrated circuits, physically unclonable security primitives protect or authenticate hardware or digital information. They interact with a stimulus — in this case, light — to produce a unique response that can serve as a cryptographic key or means of authentication.
The research team envisions a future in which similar nanomaterial-based security primitives can be inexpensively produced at scale and applied to a chip or other hardware component, much like a postage stamp to a letter. "No metal contacts are required, and production could take place independently of the chip fabrication process," Shahrjerdi said. "It's maximum security with minimal investment."
The paper, "Physically Unclonable Cryptographic Primitives by Chemical Vapor Deposition of Layered MoS2" appears in the journal ACS Nano at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.7b07568. Co-authors include NYU Tandon doctoral candidate Abdullah Alharbi and graduate students Darren Armstrong and Somayah Alharbi. The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Army Research Office supported the research.
The NYU Tandon School of Engineering dates to 1854, the founding date for both the New York University School of Civil Engineering and Architecture and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute (widely known as Brooklyn Poly). A January 2014 merger created a comprehensive school of education and research in engineering and applied sciences, rooted in a tradition of invention and entrepreneurship and dedicated to furthering technology in service to society. In addition to its main location in Brooklyn, NYU Tandon collaborates with other schools within NYU, the country's largest private research university, and is closely connected to engineering programs at NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai. It operates Future Labs focused on start-up businesses in downtown Manhattan and Brooklyn and an award-winning online graduate program. For more information, visit engineering.nyu.edu.
Tandon in the News
Sharing on Facebook seems harmless. But leaked documents show how it may help spread misinformation.
TIAA boosts cybersecurity talent strategy with university partnership
A former facebook executive pushes to open social media's 'Black Boxes'


Scott Douglas Allen, Managing Principal at S|D|A Architects, P.C., has accepted to serve on the board of directors at the Boys & Girls Clubs of Northeastern Pennsylvania. Responsibilities include: serving on two committees; fundraising and development; establishing Club policies; and continuing the Club's mission. Other professional affiliations include, American Institute of Architects, National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) and International Code Council (ICC). Allen resides in Ransom Township with his wife, Stephanie, and their two children, Zachary and Isabella.


Sony's E3 2018 press conference remains divisive days after the event. Their opening with The Last of Us Part II still has people talking, but the intermission section is a sore spot. That said, it seems PlayStation has their full slate of games out in the wild in some form or fashion. However, according to Shuhei Yoshida, President of Worldwide Studios, the publisher has more tricks up its sleeve. There are PS4 exclusives that remain under wraps.
During an interview with Jagat Review, the interviewer asks Yoshida if all forthcoming PS4 exclusives are a known quantity. His response, while cryptic to a degree, reveals that there is more on the horizon. "In terms of if there are any unannounced PS4 titles in development, yes, there are," Yoshida says. The interviewer emphasizes their point, again asking if PS4 exclusives are still in the works. Yoshida responds with another affirmative, but notes that he cannot divulge when Sony will reveal these titles.
With recent reports suggesting PlayStation 5 launches in 2020, additional PS4 exclusives certainly makes sense. Bluepoint Games, the studio behind remakes and remasters for Shadow of the Colossus and Uncharted, is hard at work on a new project. Despite their latest lacking confirmation of platform exclusivity, the probability of a PlayStation-centric title from them is high. Yoshida's statement could also speak to second-party exclusives; perhaps the coveted Bloodborne sequel acts as PS4's swan song.
A few big shows, such as Gamescom, Paris Games Week, and PlayStation Experience, will round out the year. An announcement from one or all of these shows does not sound too far-fetched.