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American Mental Health Foundation
A Century of Excellence in Mental Health Research
The Challenge to Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
Mental Health and the Law, Part 2
The Facts and the Future
The law is a 'seamless web'. If law in the 1960s had decided that the only legitimate justification for involuntary confinement was dangerousness, it followed that the psychiatrist's primary clinical responsibility was the prediction and control of violence. During the 1960s, ethicists began to discuss psychiatrists using the metaphor of the double agent. The psychiatrist was both the agent of the patient, as therapist, and the agent of the state obliged to protect the public against the patient as policeman. Although ethical analysis emphasized the psychiatrist's primary obligation to the patient as therapist, the law began to emphasize the police function. The California Supreme Court, in the landmark Tarasoff case, ruled that private psychiatrists had a duty to protect the public from their dangerous patients. This duty applied, at first, only to psychotherapists. Subsequent cases extended the duty to all mental health professionals. The decision to interview a patient or client is sufficiently special to impose a duty to protect society and impose civil liability if we are negligent in this duty to identify violent patients and protect the public from them. Negligence in law is always a retrospective determination and expert testimony is necessary to prove that a mental health practitioner has been negligent in making predictions of violence. It used to be said that there was a conspiracy of silence protecting physicians against malpractice. That conspiracy no longer exists. Psychiatrists, psychologists and other doctors are now organized in prospering corporations and group practices to provide expert witnesses for either side on any case. Where once professional etiquette had made doctors reluctant to testify, the new spirit of professional entrepreneurship has psychiatrists, psychologists and other experts competing to testify. Nor are many of these experts deterred from testifying about the negligence of their colleagues by the consensus of the empirical evidence that psychiatrists cannot predict dangerousness (Monahan 1981). During the 1980s and beyond, clinicians will increasingly be sued for the negligent performance of their police function. There are already law suits of this sort all over the country. A lawsuit against John Hinckley's psychiatrist for failing to warn potential victims was brought on behalf of three of Hinckley's victims by the Washington Foundation, a public interest group concerned about the rights of victims. That law suit failed, but other suits demonstrate that lawyers believe they can build on Tarasoff and the law's definition of the psychiatrist's police responsibility to make the pool of psychiatric malpractice insurance into a victim compensation fund. And, of course, if Hinckley's victims can sue, why not Hinckley? The violent patient could claim, for example, that the psychiatrist was negligent in failing to diagnose the potential violence and take more appropriate treatment measures. One woman recently sued her psychiatrist for negligently permitting her to kill her husband. She lost only because she had been convicted of murder and in law could not profit from her own crime. Hinckley, on the other hand, was found not guilty by reason of insanity—he had committed no crime.
If the new theory of law is that the only valid justification for involuntary psychiatric care is the protection of the public, legislatures must be made to confront the fact that the mental health system is now ill equipped to serve this social function. Public psychiatry has changed from long-term care on locked wards to short-term care with revolving doors. Private psychiatry is geared to lengths of stay determined by third-party payment of health insurance. This new approach to mental health care was designed to minimize hospital stays for sick patients, not to protect the public from dangerous persons. The police goals imposed by the legal system and the therapeutic goals of the mental health system could not be more contradictory. In the foreseeable future psychiatrists and hospitals will bear the burden of this systematic contradiction in the form of malpractice suits. This conflict between legal policy and mental health policy will surely get worse as the costs of hospitalization increase, and malpractice litigation will not make it better. I believe that the vast majority of psychiatrists and psychologists in private practice do not want to be responsible for violent patients. Creating new legal liabilities will not create greater responsibility. It may, instead, result in more therapists avoiding potentially violent patients. And in the public sector where dangerous patients cannot be avoided, there is no scientific basis for making the predictions the law now demands.
Systemic legislative reform to deal with this problem poses serious difficulties for civil libertarians. After the Hinckley verdict I testified before Congress and told the Senate and the House sub-committees that if they were really concerned about protecting the public, it was not the insanity defense that needed to be changed but the laws dealing with the subsequent confinement of persons like Hinckley. I pointed out that under laws designed to protect alleged patients from the repressive powers of psychiatry, Hinckley would be entitled to a due process hearing every six months for as long as he was confined. At each of these hearings the court would have to rule that he was still insane and dangerous. The courts would require psychiatric predictions of dangerousness that have no scientific validity. The scales of justice are tilted in favor of release, given the burdens of proof and the concern about the liberty interest of the person confined. The fact is that the laws protecting patients from psychiatrists also sacrifice the protection of the public (Stone 1985). Revolving-door psychiatry adds to this loss of public protection. Neither the republican chairman of the Senate sub-committee nor the democratic chairman of the House sub-committee seemed willing to address these painful realities, for to do so would be to risk being seen as insensitive to civil liberties. In fact, early legislation drafted by the House in response to the outrage over the Hinckley decision would have made it even more difficult to safeguard the public. This legislation was eventually rejected and laws tilting the scales of justice toward public protection were enacted. But in other areas oflaw an ironic legal formula remains in place.
Civil libertarians have argued that psychiatric predictions are so unreliable that involuntary confinement should require a past act. This is the maxim that 'every dog is entitled to one bite'. Furthermore, civil libertarians would now bar psychiatrists from testifying about future dangerousness in court because such testimony is unreliable. At the same time, the law wants to hold psychiatrists liable in malpractice for the first bite their patients take because they failed to predict dangerousness. Furthermore, the dangerous patient's confinement in most states is to be determined by proof beyond a reasonable doubt (in a few states by clear and convincing evidence), whereas the psychiatrist's liability for not predicting violence will be decided by the lesser standard of preponderance of the evidence. In short, it could happen that a psychiatrist would be liable for the violence of a patient whom a judge would have refused to commit. This is not just a hypothetical scenario. Psychiatrists have been found negligent in Tarasoff-type law suits in cases where they made good-faith judgments that the patient was not committable. I understand the supposedly compelling legal reasons for this strange result but I think it is a symptom of an incoherent policy. Tarasoff-type law suits will plague the private practitioner but the impact on public and private psychiatric inpatient facilities will be greater. Psychiatric inpatient facilities will be pressed on the one side by due process and utilization review committee to discharge patients rapidly and on the other side by fear of liability for negligent release of violent patients, without the wisdom needed to resolve the dilemma: accurate prediction.
Liability for patients who commit violence against third parties is only one aspect of what may well be a mounting tide of malpractice litigation against psychiatrists. Considering the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (Munetz, Roth and Comes 1982), the number of malpractice claims to date are minuscule. There is a potential gold mine for contingency-fee lawyers who are now free to advertise for clients. Damage awards in the few tardive dyskinesia cases that have been tried are in the millions. Given the growing number of psychiatrists who earn a good share of their professional income as expert witnesses, the picture ahead is bleak. One can image such experts drumming up business by lecturing trial lawyers on the possibilities of such litigation.
The growing economic crisis in the medical profession will have important consequences for law and psychiatry in the future. There is now general recognition that there is an over-supply of physicians. Because psychologists and social workers compete with psychiatrists there is an even greater over-supply of 'therapists'. Biological psychiatrists have important economic incentives to distinguish themselves from psychiatric therapists. Third-party insurance favors biological treatment and disfavors psychodynamic treatment. The significance of such favoritism is likely to grow as the health industry becomes more cost conscious and competitive. The tension between biological and psychoanalytic practitioners now has a growing economic as well as ideological elements. Biological psychiatrists have broken ranks to challenge the efficacy of psychodynamic therapy and to question reimbursement for such therapy under third-party payment. Biological psychiatrists may be prepared to testify in malpractice cases that psychodynamic treatment of serious mental illness, when not given together with appropriate medication, amounts to negligence (Stone 1984). Such a case has recently been litigated. Furthermore, in a recent case attesting their dedication to the traditional medical model, a biological psychiatrist testified that psychiatrists who do not perform physical examinations are medically negligent. How can psychiatry deal with these legal problems in the future? We must do several contradictory things. All of them require us to acknowledge our limitations. First, we should consistently admit our inability to predict dangerousness when asked to testify in court. There are psychiatrists who genuinely believe they have the clinical ability to make such predictions, and some of them are clinicians I admire. But the weight of the empirical evidence is against them. We must also acknowledge that we cannot cure violence, except in those rare cases when violence is a symptom of a 'treatable mental disorder'. Second, while accepting the reality of judicial authority and due process, we must try to change the substantive standards of the law. New laws should make clear that the primary responsibility of the mental health system and the psychiatrist is treatment. We should insist that the criminal justice system and not the mental health system has the responsibility to protect society and that mental hospitals should not be used for preventive detention. Third, and this may sound contradictory, we must give greater emphasis to training and research in the diagnosis, treatment and management of dangerous patients. Every teaching psychiatric hospital should have a number of secure beds where violent patients can be evaluated and where those with treatable disorders can be treated. As a condition for approval, residency programs should be required to give psychiatric residents experience in evaluating and treating violent patients. Fourth, we should lobby in the state legislature for adequate victim compensation funds and for laws that narrow the liability under Tarasoff to cases in which the therapist or the institution released a patient in wanton disregard of clear evidence of imminent violence. Fifth, public sector psychiatrists should demand that state employers indemnify them against liability for good-faith decisions regarding the potential
violence of patients. Sixth, although a conspiracy of silence is no longer acceptable, psychiatrists who testify in court must acknowledge the limitations of their expertise and also acknowledge that there are different schools of thought in psychiatric treatment. If the factionalism within psychiatry finds a battlefield in the courts and in the hearings where third-party reimbursement is decided, the future of psychiatry as we now know it is bleak indeed.
Judicial intervention
What effect will the class action suits of the 1970s have on psychiatry in the future? In answering this question we should realize that psychiatry is only a bit actor in a large political drama involving tensions between the three branches of government and between federal and state authority. The protagonists in this drama are the federal judiciary and not psychiatry.
On one political side are judicial activists willing to find new substantive rights in the constitution, even if implementing those rights means huge expenditures of public dollars and further expansion of the role of courts in society. On the other side are advocates of judicial restraint who are determined that the courts should pull in their horns and leave these matters to the legislature. Both sides cite the constitution in defense of their policies and politics. Judicial intervention by the federal courts now touches on many institutions and state agencies: schools, prisons, jails, juvenile facilities, institutions for the criminally insane, mental hospitals, institutions for the mentally retarded, detention centers for illegal immigrants, departments of social service, welfare departments, and so forth. Each new judicial intervention creates a new layer of bureaucracy and an expansion of the existing bureaucracy. Judicial activism and interventionism offends state and local officials not only because the court imposes its fiscal priorities and takes politically unpopular actions but also because litigation is, by nature, muckraking and mars the public image of the local political bureaucracy. Class actions intrude on the power of the legislature and alter the balance of its power over the state agencies.
Political liberals on the Supreme Court, like Justices Brennan and Marshall, tend to be activists; political conservatives, like Chief Justice Burger and Justice Rehnquist, tend to favor judicial restraint. During Justice Burger's tenure as Chief Justice the court began to tilt in favor of judicial restraint. Chief Justice Burger's retirement and his replacement by Justice Rehnquist means that a more powerful intellectual will lead the court on its conservative course. The new member of the court, Justice Scalia, is also generally considered a powerful legal intellect and a conservative. Thus conservatives now seem to be firmly in control of the court. The Justice Department, once a participant in many of the class action suits on behalf of the mentally ill and mentally retarded, now seems dominated by the credo of non-interventionism. But it is not clear that the Supreme Court or the Justice Department can control all of the federal judiciary. Activist judges appointed for life can risk marching to their own drummer, subject only to reversal by a higher court. Each month brings new intervention by these federal judges and more willingness to exert their authority over the public mental health system, even to the extent of holding state officials in contempt when they fail to carry out the judicial decree. These activist judges do all this knowing that the Chief Justice, at least, and a majority of the Supreme Court may well overrule their interventionist decisions. And now, as the federal courts are increasingly dominated by conservative judges, legal activists are turning to the state courts with some success.
When judicial activism and intervention first reached into mental institutions, the psychiatric establishment became understandably anxious. There was an impulse to rally around fellow professionals in the face of judges telling psychiatrists what to do. In reality these activist judges were often telling state officials and legislatures what to do, namely provide better care and more resources to patients. The psychiatric establishment, by failing to recognize this, allowed itself to become identified as opponents of their patients' rights. Organized psychology and the other non-medical mental health professions seized the opportunity created by this litigation and aligned themselves with the patients' rights movements. Although class action right to treatment and right to the least restrictive alternative contributed to the problem of the homeless mentally ill, their goal was to improve the lot of the mentally disabled. The psychiatric establishment was on the wrong side and this, no doubt, has contributed to the deteriorating public image of the psychiatric profession—a problem which may well continue in the future. The American Psychological Association and other non-medical mental health professions, sensing their advantage, also favored the class actions brought on behalf of patients' right to refuse antipsychotic medication. The right to refuse antipsychotic medication has put barriers in the way of efficacious treatment, but in the struggle to capture public opinion once again, psychiatrists were identified as against patients' rights.
In the future it will be unnecessary for psychiatrists to rally around their public sector colleagues; psychiatrists will no longer have control or authority over mental health systems or public mental institutions. Furthermore, I believe it is crucial for psychiatry to recognize that the federal courts are the forum of last resort for the powerless. Of course, psychiatrists must resist judicial intervention which defeats the purpose of hospitalization and frustrates our ethical responsibilities to patients—such as in cases making it impossible to confine and treat grossly psychotic patients. But we should remember that the federal courts have intervened only after decades of failure to provide humane treatment for the most politically helpless members of society, those with serious mental illness and severe mental retardation. I think a growing number of psychiatrists now recognize this. The courts will make mistakes and the future will find us grappling with those mistakes. But the isolated large state hospital was a mistake and the great design of community mental health meant as a remedy made mistakes. The widespread use and abuse of antipsychotic drugs was a mistake, as was the failure to appreciate the risks of tardive dyskinesia. Those psychiatrists opposed to judicial activism need to be reminded that the federal courts, due process and equal protection may be one of psychiatry's most important allies in the future. My concern is that judges will begin to back away from activism and intervention that seeks to meet patients' needs as well as their rights. The Burger court, in its opinions indicating opposition to class action right to treatment litigation, repeatedly said that judges were not competent to decide medical and psychiatric matters which should be left to the professional experts. The former Chief Justice's opinions may have flattered our narcissism but he
bowed to us not because he respected psychiatry more than Justice Brennan, Marshall or others. His deference to psychiatry was merely a pose which he assumed to support his long-standing opposition to judicial intervention to meet the substantive needs of the mentally ill, the mentally retarded or other disadvantaged groups. Justice Burger, of course, believes that these are problems to be solved by legislatures, even though history makes clear that state legislatures have rarely provided the resources necessary to solve these problems. Thus while the Supreme Court now, in some situations, defers to our professional discretion, those who work in the public sector are left to exercise that discretion without the resources to meet the needs of their patients.
The practice of medicine in general, and psychiatry in particular, is now regulated by state and federal law, by state and federal agencies, by independent accrediting entities and, perhaps, most importantly, by the health insurance industry—including Medicaid and Medicare. Most important, all of medicine is being pressured by economic constraints. State and federal government must act to control the inflationary trends in the health industry. Even the Reagan administration, once embraced by the medical establishment, saw no alternative but to impose prospective payment and 'diagnostic related groups under Medicare. Prospective payment may well be the wave of the future even in psychiatry although at this writing it still is exempt' (Stone 1976). There will be more regulatory churning and, as other medical specialities concerned about their own economic situation exert their considerable political pressure, there is reason to be concerned that financing of psychiatric care will be further restricted. If this scenario comes to pass, I have a hunch that it will be the psychiatric profession who will beat a path to the court house door to invoke due process, equal protection and ask for intervention by the federal courts. We have already seen the federal courts in New York state take such a step and correct discrimination against psychiatry by the Medicaid bureaucracy and there may well come a time when the federal courts are the psychiatrists' last resort.
The United States has an obsession with law but it is an obsession which psychiatry cannot ignore or deny. Freud said that the outcome of an obsession is 'interminable self torture and eventually there follows a systematic torturing of the object, insofar as it is within reach'. Psychiatry is well within the reach of the law's obsession and we must choose between masochistic surrender or identification with the aggressor.
If one looks to the past three decades of mental health and law for hopeful signs for the future, what stands out from my perspective is the remarkable strides made in the field of mental retardation. There have been no great scientific breakthroughs in treatment, nothing comparable to the antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of serious mental disorders. Yet the quality of care now available to the mentally retarded has been substantially improved. Here litigation and legislation have clearly helped and deinstitutionalization has not produced a new generation of the homeless mentally retarded. The key ingredients in this relatively successful development seem to be as follows. First was the political activism of the families of the mentally retarded who constantly lobbied for more resources. Second, despite the ideology of normalization, no one ever believed that significant mental retardation was a myth and that the need for care would disappear if the mentally retarded were 'liberated'. Third, it was clear from the start that mental retardation required long-term treatment programs and community-based support systems and not a quick fix at the community mental health center. Fourth, family activism led to more family involvement and participation in the class action litigation. Families helped to shape that litigation and they knew that needs were as important as rights.
Finally, as the families of the mentally retarded demanded more from the courts and legislatures, they also gave more themselves to the care of the mentally retarded. The basic attitude and sense of responsibility of the family for the mentally retarded was transformed. There are beginning signs of similar developments among families of the mentally ill and they may playa role in future legislation and litigation that could produce positive results. But one cannot deny that this will be an uphill struggle. The Congress of the United States has recognized the continuing institutional abuses and failures of the mental health system in providing care for the chronically mentally ill. But rather than provide the resources to improve the system of care in 1986, they passed legislation which will force the states to institute advocacy systems for the mentally disabled. These advocates can monitor every discretionary decision of mental health professionals but they cannot force a mental health system without adequate resources and competent professionals to provide better care. These advocates can 'institutionalize' the legal bureaucracy that now has become a shadow administration of the mental health system. But if these advocates can be made to recognize that they must be advocates for more and better care and not just adversaries of the present mental health system, the law may yet help the mentally disabled in the future.
American Bar Association (1983) Criminal Justice Mental Health Standards. Tentative Draft.
American Psychiatric Association (1983) Statement on the Insanity Defense.
Bazelon (1974) 'The perils of wizardry'. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 1317-1322.
Burt, R.A. (1979) Taking Care of Strangers: The Rule of Law in Doctor-Patient Relations. New York: Free Press.
Capron, A. (1982) President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical Research; Making Health Care Decisions, Volume One. Washington: US Government Printing Office.
Ennis, B. et al. (eds) (1973) Health Law Project: Legal Rights of the Mentally Handicapped. New York: Practicing Law Institute.
Frank, J. (1970) Law and the Modern Mind. Magnolia, MA: Peter Smith.
Goldstein, A. (1980) The Insanity Defense. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Goldstein, J. et al. (1984) Beyond the Best Interests of the Child. New York: Free Press.
Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health (196 I) Action for Mental Health. New York: Basic Books.
Karz, J., Goldstein, J. and Dershowitz, A. (eds) (1967) Psychoanalysis, Psychiatry and Law. New York: Free Press.
Monahan, J. (1981) Predicting Violent Behavior: An Assessment of Clinical Techniques. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Moore, M. (1985) Law and Psychiatry: Rethinking the Relationship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Munetz, Roth and Comes (1982) 'Tardive dyskinesia and informed consent; myths and realities'. Bulletin of the American Association of Psychiatry and Law, 10, 77.
Rothman, D.J. (1971) Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic. Boston: Little Brown.
Stone, A.A. (1976) Mental Health and Law: A System in Transition. New York: Jason Aronson.
Stone, A.A. (1984) Law, Psychiatry and Morality. Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
Stone, A.A. (1984) 'The new paradox of psychiatric malpractice'. New England Journal of Medicine, 311, 1384-1387.
Stone, A.A. (1985) 'Book review of L. Caplan's "The insanity defense and the trial of John Hinckley"'. Harvard Civil Rights/Civil Liberties Law Review, 20, 527-536.
Szaz, T. (1968) Law, Liberty and Psychiatry. New York: MacMillan.
Szaz, T. (1977) The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health movement. New York: Harper & Row.
Szaz, T. (1984) The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundation of a Theory of Personal Conduct. New York: Harper & Row.
Vladeck, B. (1980) Unloving Care: The Nursing Home Tragedy. New York: Basic Books.
Two Different Roads—Two Different Books
Great Britain, Part 1
France, Part 1
Germany and Austria, Part 1
The Future of Psychotherapy, Part 1
The Future of Individual Psychotherapy, Part 1
The Future Role of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic-Oriented Therapy, Part 1
Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry
Psychoanalysis, Part 1
Psychotherapies, Part 1
Intrapsychic, Interpersonal, Psychostructural Frames of Reference in Psychotherapy
Issues in Research in the Psychoanalytic Process, Part 1
The Convenience of Convenient Assumptions, Part 1
The Foundations of Psychodynamic Group Therapy, Part 1
Intensive, Extended Analytic Group Therapy, Part 1
Light Hypnotic Trance in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Part 1
Light Hypnotic Trance in Pyschoanalytic Psychotherapy, Part 2
The Future of Symptom Removal
Healthcare Policy and Opportunities for Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis
The Role of Mental Health Organizations and Agencies, Part 1
The Future of Public Mental Health Centers, Part 1
▶ Mental Health and the Law, Part 2
128 2 Pl Brooklyn NY 11231-4102
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© 2020 American Mental Health Foundation
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Secret Treasure of Oak Island
The Amazing True Story of a Centuries-Old Treasure Hunt, Updated Edition
D'Arcy O'Connor
It started on a summer afternoon in 1795 when a young man named Daniel McGinnis found what appeared to be an old site on an island off the Acadian coast, a coastline fabled for the skullduggery of pirates. The notorious Captain Kidd was rumored to have left part of his treasure somewhere along here, and as McGinnis and two friends started to dig, they found what turned out to be an elaborately engineered shaft constructed of oak logs, nonindigenous coconut mats, and landfill that came to be known as the Money Pit.
Ever since that summer day in 1795, the possibility of what might be hidden in the depths of a small island off the south coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, has made it the site of the world's longest, most expensive, and most perplexing treasure hunt. Author D'Arcy O'Connor recounts the fascinating stories and amazing discoveries of past and current treasure seekers who have sought Oak Island's fabled treasure for over two hundred years. It has baffled scientists and madmen, scholars and idiots, millionaires and get-rich-quick schemers, psychics, engineers, charlatans, and even a former president of the United States. The island has consumed the fortunes-and in some cases, the lives-of those who have obsessively set out to unlock its secret. Despite all their efforts, the mystery remains unsolved, and not a single dime of treasure has ever been recovered.
The present-day search is an archaeological dig exceeding anything ever done anywhere for similar purposes, and it may well result in the discovery of one of the world's richest and most historically significant treasures. But this is also the story of individuals who have dedicated years of their lives to discover what was buried long ago beneath this strange island. They are driven by a lust for gold, by archaeological curiosity, and by their determination to outwit the engineer who was responsible for the Oak Island enigma.
Globe Pequot / Lyons Press
Pages: 312 • Trim: 6 x 9
978-1-4930-3700-1 • Paperback • August 2018 • $18.95 • (£12.95)
978-1-4930-3916-6 • eBook • August 2018 • $18.00 • (£11.95)
Subjects: History / Maritime History & Piracy, History / General, History / Canada / General, Travel / Canada / General, Travel / Canada / Atlantic Provinces (NB, NL, NS, PE)
D'Arcy O'Connor, a former feature writer for The Wall Street Journal, is a round-the-world sailor, and a continuing freelancer and documentary film-maker. Apart from the Journal, he has contributed to publications such as People, National Geographic, and Yachting magazines. He now lives in Montreal.
"Staggering."--Kirkus Reviews
"Exhaustive and intriguing."--Publishers Weekly
"A splendid reportorial job."--Business Week
"A highly readable volume . . . the story builds from the first page to the last."--Christian Science Monitor
The Secret Treasure of Oak Island is a testament to D'Arcy's continuing passion and commitment towards revealing the truths of the Oak Island mystery. A great read.
— Rick Lagina, co-host of the popular TV show "The Curse of Oak Island"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
5,56 × 45 mm NATO je standardní puškový náboj s bezokrajovou nábojnicí lahvovitého tvaru a středního balistického výkonu používaný silami NATO. Vyvinut byl koncem 70. let v Belgii firmou FN Herstal. Skládá se z patron s označením SS109, SS110 a SS111. Dne 28. října 1980 byl v rámci STANAG 4172 standardizován jako druhý standardní náboj pro služební pušky sil NATO i mnoho zemí, které členy NATO nejsou. Ačkoli nejsou úplně identické, byla řada nábojů 5,56 × 45 mm NATO odvozena od náboje .223 Remington, navrženého společností Remington Arms na počátku 60. let, kterému je rozměrově podobná.

Historie

Předchozím standardním nábojem NATO (dnes ale stále existuje) byl 7,62 × 51 mm NATO (ten byl odvozen od .300 Savage a měl nahradit náboj americké armády .30-06 Springfield). 7,62 × 51 mm NATO byl kritizován pro svůj příliš velký výkon pro moderní útočné pušky, v kombinaci s těmito zbraněmi totiž působil obrovský zpětný ráz. Proti menším nábojům také hmotnost tohoto náboje znamenala menší počet kusů, které unese jeden voják.

Na konci 50. let 20. st. firma Armalite a jiní američtí výrobci zbraní začali experimentovat se svými vlastními zbraněmi pro náboj malé ráže, ale vysoké úsťové rychlosti. Většinou používali náboj .222 Remington. Časem začalo být jasné, že do tohoto náboje není možné dát dostatečné množství střelného prachu, aby splnil normu amerického velitelství pozemních sil na míru penetrace střely. Armalite se spojil s firmou Remington, aby vyrobila podobný náboj, ale s delším tělem a kratším krčkem. Tak vznikl náboj .222 Remington Special. Ve stejnou dobu si zbrojovka Springfield Armory nechala u Remingtonu vyrobit ještě delší náboj, nazvaný .224 Springfield, který byl později uvolněn na trh jako lovecký náboj .222 Remington Magnum. Aby se nepletly všechny ty náboje označené jako .222, .222 Remington Special byl přejmenován na .223 Remington. Vzhledem k tomu, že americká armáda začala používat zbraně Armalite AR-15 a pušku M-16 v roce 1963, .223 Remington byl standardizován jako 5,56 × 45 mm. .223 Remington byl uvolněn na trh až v roce 1964.

V průběhu 70. let 20. st. členové NATO podepsali dohodu, ve které se zavázali vybrat druhý, menší a lehčí náboj, který měl nahradit 7,62 x 51 mm NATO. 5,56 mm byl úspěšný, ale ne s laborací, kterou dosud používala americká armáda. Místo toho byla vybrána laborace belgické zbrojovky FN. Ta používala těžší střelu a nižší úsťovou rychlost pro zvýšení výkonu zejména na delší vzdálenosti, aby splnila požadavek na prostřelení jedné strany ocelové helmy na vzdálenost 600 m.

Výkon

Náboj se standardní střelou (NATO: SS109; U.S.: M855) prostřelí přibližně 380 mm až 500 mm měkkých tkání za ideálních podmínek.

Se střelou typu U.S.: M855 prostřelí až 3 mm oceli. S průbojnou střelou (Armor-Piercing, viz projektil) prostřelí až 6 mm oceli.

Někteří kritizují jeho nízkou schopnost zabití jedním výstřelem. To je ale kompenzováno nižší hmotností (a tím větším počtem střel) a menším zpětným rázem – což byly důvody, proč byl tento náboj zkonstruován (viz výše).

Rozdíl oproti .223 Remington
Hlavním rozdílem oproti ráži .223 Remington je, že 5,56 x 45 mm NATO je laborován na vyšší výstřelový tlak a vyšší úsťovou rychlost. S nábojem .223 Remington se může střílet i ze zbraně komorované na 5,56 x 45 mm NATO, ale opačné použití by mohlo být nebezpečné.

Srovnání náboje 5,56 × 45 mm NATO s nábojem 7,62 × 51 mm NATO

Varianty tohoto náboje používané americkou armádou

 Cartridge, Ball, L2A1 (Velká Británie): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Tracer, L1A1 (Velká Británie): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M193 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm náboj se střelou o hmotnosti 55 grainů.
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Grenade, M195 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, M196 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm náboj o hmotnosti 54 grainů se stopovkou.
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M202 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm 58-grainový náboj.
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, XM287 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm 68-grainová střela.
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, XM288 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Grenade, M755 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, XM777 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, XM778 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Ball, M855 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, M856 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Armor Piercing, M995 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Tracer, XM996 (Spojené státy americké): 5.56x45 mm
 Cartridge, Caliber 5.56 mm, Special Ball, Long Range, Mk 262 Mod 0/1
 Cartridge, 5.64 mm, Ball, MLU-26/P

Použití

Používá ho mnoho zemí. Jak členové NATO, tak i nečlenové. Například:

 Česká republika - útočná puška CZ 805 BREN, útočná puška CZ BREN2, kulomet FN Minimi
 Austrálie - útočná puška F88 Austeyr a kulomet F89 Minimi
 Rakousko - útočná puška Steyr AUG
 Belgie - útočné pušky FN CAL, FN FNC, FN SCAR-L a FN F2000 assault rifles a kulomet FN Minimi
 Velká Británie SA80
 Čína - QBZ-97
 Kanada - Diemaco C7
 Francie - FAMAS
 Německo HK416, G36, HK33
 Indie - útočná puška INSAS
 Írán - Khaybar KH2002
 Izrael - útočné pušky Galil a Tavor, kulomet IMI Negev
 Itálie - Beretta ARX 160
 Japonsko - Howa Type 89
 Mexiko - útočná puška FX-05 Xiuhcoatl
 Filipíny - odstřelovačská puška MSSR
 Polsko - útočné pušky Beryl wz. 96 a Grot
 Rusko - AK-101, AK-102, AK-108 a KBP A-91
 Singapur - útočné pušky SR-88 a SAR-21 a kulomet Ultimax 100
 Švýcarsko - útočná puška SIG SG 550
 Jižní Korea - útočné pušky K1, K2 a kulomet K3
 USA - řada útočných pušek M16 a karabina M4A1

Z pušek pro nevojenské použití používají tento náboj například:

 Remington Model 7615 Police Patrol Rifle
 Remington Model 700 opakovací puška
 Winchester Model 70 opakovací puška
 Steyr Scout opakovací puška
 Ruger Mini-14 poloautomatická puška

Specifikace
 Průměrná hmotnost střely: 3,95–5,18 g
 Průměrná úsťová rychlost: 772-930 m/s
 Průměrná úsťová energie: 1 700–1 830 J
 Průměr střely: 	0.224" (5,69 mm)
 Celková délka náboje: 2.26" (57,4 mm)
 Typ zápalky: Boxer ( středový zápal)

Odkazy

Související články
 Seznam nábojů do ručních zbraní
 Seznam nábojů do pušek
 Typy střel
 Palná zbraň

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Brochure on 5.56mm F1 ball ammunition to NATO STANAG 4172

Pistolové a puškové střelivo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ghost Hunters International (GHI) Scott Tepperman Releases Books and Discusses Film Roles
Scott Tepperman of Ghost Hunters International- author. | Source
The Cast of Ghost Hunters International- Paul Bradford, Barry Fitzgerald, Kris Williams, Scott Tepperman, Joe Chin, and Susan Slaughter
Scott Tepperman in action on the scene of GHI | Source
Update: Ghost Hunter Turned Actor!
It has been an exciting year for Scott Tepperman, Investigator on Syfy's Ghost Hunters International. Tepperman has just released his latest book, "Fire, Walk With Me," in which he chronicles the adventures of being a ghost hunter and paranormal scientist in chilling detail. Tepperman's third book is part autobiography which unfolds mysteriously as the author takes his reader along during his paranormal investigations.
In addition to his literary achievements, Tepperman has turned his focus to horror movies. Tepperman will star in "Night of the Living Dead," a "re imagining" of the industry classic slated to be released this year. Tepperman will also appear in the horror movie "The Hospital" along with horror movie star John Dugan of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre movies and hailed to be "Saw meets Hostel, meets Paranormal Activity, meets Texas Chainsaw Massacre." These movies are long awaited by horror enthusiasts everywhere.
If these projects weren't ambitious enough, Tepperman is set to release his first rap album entitled "Own Worst Enemy" by his band named "White Devil." The first release from this album will be "One Man Army." As an avid karoke singer and friend to the Insane Clown Posse, this album promises to rock!
His Exciting Follow Up to "Chasing Winter"
You may recognize Scott Tepperman as a star of Syfy's Ghost Hunters International, but like many of the cast members on the show, he is a man of many talents. Tepperman is a published poet, actor, online radio host, karaoke star, and a certified chef and horror movie actor.
I had the honor of interviewing Scott Tepperman regarding his haunting new book: "Chasing Winter" ~ Journal Poems From Across the Globe. He joined me via Skype proudly wearing his "New England Patriot's" Jersey.
A native of Queens, N.Y., Tepperman first became involved with the paranormal after visiting the original "Amityville Horror" house in Long Island. Intrigued with the case at a very young age, he immersed himself in all aspects of the supernatural and has since become a die-hard horror movie enthusiast.
After four years of being lead investigator for a local amateur ghost team, Tepperman formed the Association for Locating Paranormal and Haunted Activity (ALPHA), a professional paranormal research organization based out of North Florida. He is also the co-creator and co-host of the hugely successful online radio show, Dead Serious .
Tepperman joined the cast of Ghost Hunters International in 2010 after being discovered in an open call for applicants. His passion for the field, his chemistry with other cast members and his experience in Paranormal Investigating won him the position of Investigator.
Scott Tepperman Shares on How He Became Involved With Ghost Hunters International
Tepperman's Inspiration for Writing Chasing Winter and Silent Morning
"Chasing Winter" is a powerfully written, lucid journal capturing the excitement, dangers, and sometimes harsh realities of being a real life ghost hunter and world traveler. As a new crew member of Ghost Hunters International, Tepperman takes us with him on each step of his amazing journey as he discovers new cultures, inspiring societies, and a new perception on the world and the United States.
A Haunting Excerpt from "Chasing Winter"
"Honduras and Nicaragua was perhaps one of the most unforgettable trips to me. People were truly living in squalor. One particular instance has forever etched itself into my memory: the sight of a naked, dirty toddler crawling out from a large pile of refuse wandering up to the curb of a busy road. No one seemed to notice. No one seemed to care..."
Curled up tightly on the side of the road,
Blanketed by yesterday's discarded refuse
A bent, ripped, stained cardboard blanket
Envelops the soul of a used up man
Weathered not by the outside elements,
But of the days themselves
As passerby fails to notice their own lives minus the
misfortune.
Beneath their own reality there exists a deeper truth:
One of plain & simple survival
And yet no one reaches out
to help one of their own
Lying still on the ground in the corner
So very much like garbage
pushed aside by time
~ Scott Brandon Tepperman
Tepperman Discusses Chasing Winter and Silent Morning and What Men Can Learn From Ghosts
Upcoming Projects by Scott Tepperman
A second book, Silent Morning , is due out this January and will be available for purchase at Lulu.com.
Scott Tepperman is currently traveling the world filming with the rest of the GHI team.
Tepperman will make his feature film acting debut in the Night of the Living Dead remake later this year. Several other film projects are also in the works.
In addition to "ghost hunting", Scott is an avid fan of horror movies, karaoke, the '80s TV classic 'Knight Rider' , the New England Patriots, and the underground rap group Insane Clown Posse. He hopes to be celebrating a Patriot's win at this year's Superbowl!
GHI Ghost Hunter International's Scott Tepperman and contender for next year's Sexiest Man of the Year. Stay tuned! | Source
Scott Tepperman Discusses His Upcoming Projects
Fan of Ghost Hunters International and Scott Tepperman?
The cast members of the Ghost Hunter's conglamurate are cherished by fans world wide for thier kindness and generous love for their fans. Scott Tepperman is very fond of his fans. Feel free to share your fan mail for Scott Tepperman and his poetry. If you have any questions for Scott regarding his books, projects, or ghosts, you may leave those as well.
Join Scott Tepperman:
on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/scottghi
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7 years ago from North Carolina
Thanks Anil and Honey. Scott has got lots of horror movie projects coming out soon!
7 years ago from Kerala
Interesting hub, especially videos are Nice thanks.
Thanks moonlake! I have watched these shows from the very beginning. If you follow Grant on Facebook you can see his new projects. He has just launched a board game company. I think he left because he is a family man, but I am not sure. Scott just published a new book this week about the best forgotten horror movies. It is sure to be a big success.
I always watch Ghost Hunters International's and Ghost Hunters. What a great interview. Enjoyed reading your hub. I wonder why Grant left the show. I liked him.
Thanks so much Billybuc. These Ghost Hunters are very talented people!
Fantastic hub and great interview! You did a wonderful job of constructing this hub and the writing is first rate as always.
Thanks Lord! :)
Joseph De Cross
7 years ago from New York
Sorry, haven't seen the show, but I see Scott's magentism and commitment. A picture can tell you so many things. He is on the right path as we see. Thanks for the introduction/
Thanks for your comment Cclitgirl. He writes some phenomenal poetry. Thanks for reading!
Cynthia Calhoun
7 years ago from Western NC
Very interesting read! Kudos to you! When that book comes out, I bet traffic to this hub will skyrocket!! Awesome job! How lucky you are to talk with him!
Marcy Goodfleisch
7 years ago from Planet Earth
I enjoy reading this type of inside look at someone who is doing interesting things! Thanks for sharing this visit with us!
Thanks AliciaC. He is a great Ghost Hunter and Poet.. and a really nice guy. Thanks for reading!
7 years ago from British Columbia, Canada
What a fascinating hub! I loved the poem and the videos. Thank you for sharing the interviews. There's a lot for me to think about in this hub.
Thank you Sabrani44,
I hope you enjoy both books. They are both excellent! Thanks for reading!
sabrani44
Great hub, thanks for sharing! Really looking forward to reading his book.
Thank you Eddy! I appreciate the read!
Eiddwen
8 years ago from Wales
Brilliant Tammy and I award my up up and away here.
Take care;
Eddy.
Thank you Alocsin!I appreciate that very much!
Aurelio Locsin
8 years ago from Orange County, CA
As I've said before here -- an excellent, original hub that involves actual effort in getting someone to interview. He is a man of many talents. Voting this Up and Interesting.
Thank you Vincent/ Saddleridder 1,
Thank you so much Vincent. He is an outstanding seeker of many things like you and I. I am facsinated with this since I too had some terrifying experiences. Poets like Scott, You, and myself are like sponges trying to soak up as much as we can before we leave this world. Thank you for your visit and for your inspiring words!
Vincent Moore
Scott is a magnetic personality on that show, I love that he pursues the paranormal. I to am fascinated by it and until I actually saw an apparition on a road next to a cemetary in Kentucky I was never a believer. I wrote about this in my series of My Lost Kentucky Love. Scott is a very versatile guy and writing books as well as playing his part on that t.v. show is awesome. A fellow poet, it was a great interview Tammy, thanks for sharing this great personality with us all here at the Hubs. You did yourself proud my friend.
Hi Veronica,
It was very cool! He is a very nice, open minded, passionate person. He says he is "obsessed" with horror movies and will be in Night of the Living Dead. He is also writing a book about Horror Movies. I think he is going to go far in what ever he chooses to do. Thank you so much for reading and I appreciate your comment!
Veronica Roberts
8 years ago from Ohio, USA
So cool that you got to interview him! I had no idea that he wanted to try acting in movies. Exciting!
You did a fantastic job with this hub - informative and interesting, w/ a great lay out.


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Sponsorship Levels categorize sponsors in different levels of sponsorship or create any types of categories that fit the event. Examples: Gold,Silver,Bronze,Donor OR Departments: English, Science, History.
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text:
Pollack Family Foundation, Inc.
Name Pollack Family Foundation, Inc.
Type For-profit
Address (as of 2006)
Pollack, Mireille Treasurer
Pollack, Ronald J. President
Tinkelenberg, Richard P. Secretary
From the library
"Ronald J. Pollack"
Letters to the Editor // Report lays bare the Times' bias against Scientology – St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2009 Jun 27
Scientologists Buy 5 More Acres To 'Play With' – Tampa Tribune (Florida), 2008 Aug 9
Scientology buys prime parcel in Clearwater – St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2008 Aug 7
Slow sales, more time // The Island View condos get a one-year extension to start construction – St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2007 Oct 19
Is there more to Clearwater land swap than just land? – St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2006 Nov 5
Scientology nearly ready to unveil Super Power – St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2006 May 6
Project could recast part of Clearwater – St. Petersburg Times (Florida), 2005 Jun 5
Pollack Family Foundation, Inc.: Form 990 filings
The Community Learning Center, Inc. (dba, World Literacy Crusade of Pinellas Co.): Form 990 filings
This entity has financial information available.
Received from... Paid to...
$1,724,000 Church of Scientology Religious Trust (1999-2002)
$925,513 Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc. (FSO) (2000-2003)
$249,000 U.S. IAS Members' Trust (1999-2001)
$164,338 Clearwater Academy International, Inc. (2000-2003)
$122,500 Association for Better Living and Education International (2000-2002)
$73,130 The Community Learning Center, Inc. (dba, World Literacy Crusade of Pinellas Co.) (1999-2001)
$48,671 Foundation for Religious Freedom (2000-2001)
$42,435 The Clearwater Community Volunteers, Inc. (1999-2003)
$30,000 Citizens Commission on Human Rights (2000-2001)
$25,000 Mojave Academy, Inc. (2001)
$22,674 Downtown Medical, P.C. (2003)
$21,550 Citizens Commission on Human Rights of Florida, Inc. (2000-2003)
$15,000 Saint Paul's School, Inc (1999-2000)
$10,000 Performing Arts Center Foundation, Inc. (2001-2002)
$10,000 Church of Scientology of San Francisco (2001)
$10,000 Church of Scientology of Tampa, Inc. (2001)
$52,906 30 more entities
$3,546,717 Total paid
Obviously, only transactions for which a record exists and was found are shown
Pollack, Mireille: Treasurer
Pollack, Ronald J.: President
Tinkelenberg, Richard P.: Secretary
Ingalls Associates PA CPAs: Tax return preparer
Hayes, Steven L.: Treasurer
Pollack, Mireille: Secretary
Tinklenberg, Terry: Books in care of
Kaufman, Rossin and Co., P.A.: Tax return preparer
Brown, Patti J.: Books in care of
Hayes, Paula M.: Books in care of
Marion, Brandon L.: Treasurer
Levy, Gregory M.: Tax return preparer


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I feel I need to explain a little why I choose to do it this way. I mean, there are plenty of CMS solutions out there, why build yet another from scratch and with all the risks involved in regard to compatibility and security issues, bugs etc. There are 2 main reasons and I'll try to describe them as quick as possible.
The first reason is that I'm the kind of guy who likes building things he will find uses for them later, and sometimes even because he knows he will need them :). Not entirely practical, especially when you think that many things get started, less get to be built eventually. This way I come clean from the start and simply acknowledge the fact that I like the ideea o building a new technology instead of using an existing one because this is the way I learn and understand technical things. It is hard work indeed and is not necessary everytime (and I don't do it necessarily each time I have an opportunity).
The second reason is that I really don't like existing CMS solutions, perhaps because I come from a different background. I developed desktop applications for years and never bothered with PHP and JS until a few years back when I understood the importance of modern browsers. So of course I used Joomla, Wordpress and other frameworks to get away from developing web sites from scratch but always found them troublesome when I had to do integration, which is an important part of my business. Dealing with changing APIs from one version to another, MVC style of coding which in my opinion doesn't proove to be in any way superior, poor support for the code in documentation or comments always led to occasional frustrations when I needed to find quick solutions to problems I didn't need in the first place. Now, there is a lot more to this discussions and I don't think I need to get in too many details, is sufficient to say that we realized at some point that our business was not website design specifically and we did a pretty poor job when it came to this anyway. On the other hand, we can't escape web development in general so we (better said I) decided to only support our own .quark technology instead of any other third party framework in general, and CMS framework in particular, until maybe a better reason to do otherwise will appear. If we need a CMS, then it will have to run on top of .quark and also provide some basic functionality on its own, we'll make it very light and fast, write as few lines of code as possible, avoid jQuery and other js frameworks that would only slow down page loading and create possible vulnerabilities and so on.
In conclusion, bitnova site had to wait for a third installment until it was doable in this manner. We had a few instances in the past based on Joomla and were not too happy with them. And because time has this bad habbit of passing by, we are actually one year overdue to actually develop this CMS for bitnova site and other self-financed projects. So I thought I would make the most of it and start working on the CMS and publish a set of how-to articles at the same time. Therefore, at the moment of writing this article, bitnova is nothing but an "under construction" page with a link to this text file. Last but not least important, I will publish the CMS as open source under a to be reviewed license (I'll decide that a bit later).
3. To be a starting point for the e-commerce front UI solution I'm working on at the moment, operate on top of .quark framework and allow web apps from that side to generate content to be displayed inside the CMS.
5. Allow the development and integration of components for displaying specific content (such as product pages on an e-commerce site).
What wasn't entirely clear was if the CMS should be based on menus as a central mechanism for state definition (as Joomla does) or if it should rely on a chronological order of articles instead and menus added just to ease the navigation (like they are used in Wordpress). It took me some time to realize that is best to leave this issue to be decided at a later date and just focus on a quick basic functionality as until now, the CMS was still just one empty file named cms.php, just to have something in the git repository. And it just so happens I had just the thing, a very small set of functions I wrote back in 2009 for a very basic CMS functionality, collectively called "bitSimpleCMS", so by copying them into quarkCMS I could start working on something immediately.
I wrote these functions in an era (2009) when I didn't have a particular interest in php and didn't consider it to be either desirable or efficient as a language. So I'll make a breakdown of them below in order to set a reference point for the changes that will be performed in the future sections of this blog (therefore is more like a "how it was done" for the moment). The framework has 5 important files in the website folder: content_vars.php, content_funcs.php, content.xml, index.php and template.php.
This file contains declarations for the application variables that will be used throughout the script. These are all global variables, at that time I was not very interested in using objects or passing variable and references to functions instead of simply using them as global. There are variables such as $site_title or $menu_items declared and a small fragment of coude that loads content.xml (described below).
As you can see, half of the function is actually made of global declarations.
In the follow-up article I'll explain how to change the code structure in an object based layout with only minimal changes and how to write a singleton in PHP.


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Our friendly staff and welcoming facility help you create the perfect event for any special occasion. The Club is an elegant backdrop for your next event with several event options including a large great room with fireplace and views of Lake Paramont, a beautifully landscaped deck overlooking the lake with LED accent lighting, and an indoor lap pool perfect for pool parties.


Memorial Park - Muncie Visitors Bureau | Visit Muncie!
This park in downtown Yorktown is the location of a free, public splash pad/interactive water fountain which is open during the summer months. There is also a landscaped gazebo with picnic tables. Street side parking is available adjacent to the splash pad.


text:
Arsene Wenger- Gabriel appeal decision repairs five per cent of damage
The Brazilian centre-back was dismissed for kicking out at Chelsea forward Diego Costa during Saturday's ill-tempered Barclays Premier League clash.
However, on Tuesday, the FA announced it had accepted Arsenal's challenge to the decision, which was understood to be based on television evidence showing no actual contact between the players, and withdrawn the three-match suspension
Gabriel, though, still faces a separate charge of improper conduct for his reaction after being shown the red card by referee Mike Dean, while Arsenal were charged with failing to control their players and have until 6pm on Thursday to respond.
Following Wednesday night's Capital One Cup win at Tottenham, Wenger revealed he was still troubled by how events unfolded at the weekend.
"It just shows that they decided after the game what should have happened during the game
They repair five per cent of the damage which has been done to us, instead of us playing 11 against 10, we played 10 against 11," he said.
"I have watched the game again, at it is better I don't talk too much because there are some things that were really surprising in this game, some incidents were really handled very lightly and not seriously, and it is better I don't talk too much because I am still angry about it.
"One or two situations in the game are very difficult to understand when you watch it again."
Chelsea have pronounced themselves "extremely disappointed" after Costa was handed a retrospective three-match ban for violent conduct following his clash with Arsenal defender Laurent Koscielny, which was missed by the officials on the day.
Wenger, though, hopes to now put the matter behind them.
"I am in a job where I sometimes have to swallow things that are not right, maybe our opponents do sometimes as well
I just have to focus on the next game," he said.
Gabriel could still face a suspension and fine from the FA should he be held to account for failing to leave the field of play immediately after being shown a red card.
Wenger added: "I said to you after the game that he should not have responded at all and I maintain that and I told him that, but when I saw it again, he did not do a lot, honestly.
"You want them just to have hopefully a fair judgement and we will accept what they decide
That's part of it."
"The FA will judge that situation and it is right
They cannot consider the whole context of the game.
"You want them to judge, they will decide and we will accept the decision, that is no problem."


text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Windows.UI;
using Windows.UI.Xaml;
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Navigation;
using Flashback.Model;
using Flashback.Services.Messages;
using FlashbackUwp.Services.SettingsServices;
using FlashbackUwp.Views;
using GalaSoft.MvvmLight.Messaging;

namespace FlashbackUwp.ViewModels
{
    public class ViewPrivateMessageViewModel : FlashbackViewModelBase
    {
        private readonly MessagesService _messagesService;
        private readonly SettingsService _settings;
        private PrivateMessage _message;

        public PrivateMessage Message
        {
            get => _message;
            set => Set(ref _message, value);
        }

        public ViewPrivateMessageViewModel()
        {
            var c = (Color)Application.Current.Resources["SystemAccentColor"];
            _settings = SettingsService.Instance;

            _messagesService = new MessagesService(App.CookieContainer, new HtmlRenderOptions()
            {
                IsDarkThemed = _settings.AppTheme == ApplicationTheme.Dark,
                ShowAvatars = _settings.ShowAvatars,
                AccentColor = string.Format("#{0:X2}{1:X2}{2:X2}", c.R, c.G, c.B),
                FontSize = _settings.FontSize,
                RenderEmoticons = _settings.UseEmoticons,
                ShowSignatures = _settings.ShowSignatures
            });
        }

        public async void Delete()
        {
            if (await _messagesService.DeleteMessage(Message.Id, Message.FolderId, Message.Token))
            {
                Messenger.Default.Send("Meddelandet är raderat", FlashbackConstants.MessengerShowInformation);
                await NavigationService.NavigateAsync(typeof(PrivateMessagesPage));
            }
        }

        public async void Reply() => await NavigationService.NavigateAsync(typeof(ComposePrivateMessagePage), Message.Id);

        public override async Task OnNavigatedToAsync(object parameter, NavigationMode mode, IDictionary<string, object> suspensionState)
        {
            await LoadViewModel(parameter as string);

            await Task.CompletedTask;
        }

        private async Task LoadViewModel(string id)
        {
            Message = await _messagesService.GetMessage(id);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
David Lockwood (born ) is an American tiddlywinks player. He has won 41 national and world tiddlywinks titles.

Biography
Lockwood attended college at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), graduating in 1975.
Lockwood's professional career was as an airplane executive.
As of 1978, he was an economic forecaster for Pan Am.
In 1988, he gave his profession as aviation specialist with Booz Allen Hamilton.
He worked as an economist for Gulf Air, an airline based in Bahrain as of 1994.

Lockwood began playing tiddlywinks during his freshman year at MIT.
He signed up to play the game as a joke after viewing it in the student handbook.
He plays using the nickname "The Dragon", alluding to the fact that he was born in the Year of the Dragon.
Lockwood has won 41 national and world tiddlywinks titles.
He has additionally won five international titles competing as a duo with Larry Kahn.
Lockwood and Kahn frequently compete against each other, with Sports Illustrated comparing their rivalry to that of Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier.
In 1979, Lockwood held the record for most consecutive shots "potted" (made into the cup) without missing, at 722.
In 1988, he and Kahn held the world record for the fewest shots taken (21) to pot 12 winks from the corner of a standard wink table.

Lockwood is involved in coordinating and organizing tiddlywinks events and tournaments, and was the head of the International Federation of Tiddlywinks Associations.

Personal life
Lockwood married Deja Lockwood and has five children, all of whom he taught how to play tiddlywinks.

His third child, Max, became one of the youngest tiddlywinks players to win a national title, which he did at age 12 by winning the North American Pairs championship in 2001, competing in a team with his father.

References

Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
1950s births
Living people


The Europe 1400-1800 gallery charts a period of great social change that radically altered everyday life. From the Italian Renaissance to The Enlightenment, Europe was shaped by the migration of intellectuals, craftsmen and merchants. Trading links with Africa, Asia and the Americas exposed Britain and continental Europe to new ideas and global luxuries.
The growth of cities created a need for new technologies, fuelling the industrial revolution, while religious wars and political revolutions established our fundamental rights and freedoms. Immigrants fleeing religious persecution from across Europe, including Jews, Huguenot Protestants and others, enriched British culture and identity. Exotic objects from royal treasuries, luxury goods and fashionable accessories, alongside ordinary tablewares, made of ceramics, glass, gold and silver, and more, reveal the physical evidence of human experience.
A new feature illustrates the history of early Jewish communities in England, and aspects of Jewish life and religion in England and Europe.


Do you ever look at a hawk gliding in the air and you become awestruck? So agile and graceful. Have you ever wondered how land looks from up there? The excitement that comes with falling fast from the air and the ground quickly coming for you? You no longer have to wonder! We offer parajumping to both experts and beginners at an affordable rate. We are the site that makes all your dreams of flying come true.
Tandem parajumping- are you a beginner who is looking to try out parajumping? This introductory course is for you! Fear not for you will be delicately handled.
Static line parajumping- feed your curiosity and make you first jump with us today! We assure you it will be nothing short of exhilarating and exciting.
Accelerated freefall (AFF) – ever wondered how skydivers can do a couple of exercises in the air? You don't have to wonder anymore! Through our instructors, you will also get a chance to make another person wonder.
We guarantee you nothing but the best course with highly trained and qualified instructors to take you through it. Safety precautions and dedication to our students are things we take very seriously. Like a bird teaches its hatchling to fly, we teach you how to skydive. You will be in able and safe hands.
Events are not all we do, but also groups and individuals willing to take a parajumping course.
What are you waiting for? Sign up with us today!
No words are enough to describe the amazing feeling that comes with being in the air. The freedom and the feeling of being free without a worry or care in the world, the amazing sceneries enjoyable from the skies and the boldness of doing something presumed to be dangerous.
Take a break from your normal life and be the bird you always wanted to be. Dare to be bold and courageous and face any fear of heights you may have heads on with the help of our highly skilled instructors. We are always glad to help beginners turn into expert licensed skydivers. Sign up with us today for an amazing chance to make your parajumping dreams come true!


As Summer comes to a close and Fall flowers arose my mind lingers on those who were taken by bros.
When family hurts family the pain that I feel is stronger than I can yield and my knees buckle to my heels.
Try to love, forgive the past we must grow in tolerance and forgo the rest.
Life is short or so they say today is the day to love that way.


Whey protein is a naturally complete protein that provides essential and nonessential amino acids to support healing, muscle building, muscle and tissue recovery, energy and the immune system. Whey protein is a great source of branched chain amino acids for muscle support, precursors for glutathione production as well as alpha-lactalbumin and immunoglobulins for immune system support.
Other Ingredients: Non-GMO Whey Protein Concentrate, Fibersol- 2™, Cocoa Powder, Natural Flavors, Xanthan Gum, and Stevia.
Other Ingredients: Non-GMO Whey Protein Concentrate, Fibersol-2™, Natural Flavors, Xanthan Gum, and Stevia.


Do you want an engaging learning opportunity to support the growth of a defined leadership team, a group of leadership peers, or your up and coming future leaders?
Whether it's an interactive lunch and learn, an in-depth workshop on a vital leadership agenda for business growth and success, or a customized retreat for a team or peer group committed to a leadership development journey, I'll work with you to design and deliver a leadership learning program that meets your strategic and business needs.
Each solution will blend proven adult education principles and methodologies and my skills and experience as a facilitator and coach. Depending on your needs, I may also integrate the expertise of select collaborators in relevant subject areas. The focus in each case will be to prepare participants for learning, engage them in the process, and enable them to apply their learning on the job. The result? Enhanced learning, development and growth.


New Jersey Audubon (NJA) is recruiting volunteers for shorebird surveys. Participants must have some prior experience in shorebird identification and be willing to commit three days a month in August, September and October to conducting bird surveys.
These ongoing shorebird surveys, initiated in 2004, have provided current information on migration stopover sites along New Jersey's Atlantic coast for Red Knots, American Oystercatchers and other shorebirds. These data are raising awareness among state and federal agencies in New Jersey about the cumulative importance of many smaller stopovers and the growing impact from human disturbance. Citizen Science surveys are having a significant positive effect on the conservation of migrant shorebird habitats in New Jersey.
Shorebird citizen scientists are needed for the New Jersey Meadowlands and coastal sites, especially ones in Cape May and Atlantic Counties. Shorebird volunteers are required to survey their site every 10 days (and at least 5 days apart) during southbound (fall) migration: July 15th to October 31st. Training in identification and count methodology will be provided by NJ Audubon during two workshops in late July, one in the NJ Meadowlands (tentatively scheduled for July 23rd) and one in South Jersey (tentatively the week of July 18).
This project is a collaborative effort of New Jersey Audubon Society (NJAS), New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife/Endangered and Nongame Species Program, and Manomet Center for Conservation Science, aimed at assessing status and changes in populations of shorebirds to better manage and conserve stopover areas. The data collected by volunteers will be incorporated into the national database of the Program for Regional and International Shorebird Monitoring (PRISM), whose overall goal is to monitor trends in shorebird populations. In addition, the information will help identify areas important to southbound shorebirds, and define shorebird management goals for New Jersey.


text:
Q: Can node.js be used as a framework for running arbitrary server-side Javascript in web applications? Can node.js be used as a general framework for running server-side Javascript specifically for web applications, totally unrelated to it's non-blocking and asynchrouns I/O functionality?  Specifically I want to know if I can run arbitrary Javascript on the (web) server without using the other node.js functionality.

A: Yes, it's possible to use node.js for command-line applications, for example:
$ cat hello.js
console.log('Hello world!');
$ node hello.js
Hello world!

It's essentially just like any scripting language in this regard.

A: Yes. There are many web frameworks built on node. The most known is Express based on Connect.

Connect takes the familiar concepts of
  Ruby's Rack and applies it to the
  asynchronous world of node

Express:

High performance, high class web
  development for Node.js

But I/O - web request for example - depends on node's asynchronous and non-blocking functionality.

A: In the end, "node.js" is inside a v8 runtime environment, so you can of course execute arbitrary Javascript code. However, due to it's singe-processed design, it may be difficult to run multiple CPU-intensive computations in parallel. That is not what node.js has been designed for.

A: Yes. What is important to understand is that Node is a set of I/O bindings (file, TCP, etc) that layers on top of Chrome's V8 JavaScript interpreter.
You can use Node in two modes:

*

*Execute a known JavaScript file
$ node some_script.js

*Execute in REPL (interactive mode)
$ node

var i = 1;
console.log(i);
1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We will be doing complete coverage of the devices announced today on TechzTalk.
Foo Fighter are on stage for the final sendoff.
Tim ends the event by saying "Now when you look at each of these, they are incredible industry leading innovation by themselves. But what sets them apart and what places us way ahead of the competition is how well they work together. Only Apple could do this. Apple has never been stronger. And that's because of our employees. They are doing the best work of their lives."
Tim Cook is back on stage recaping what Apple has introduced today.
New iPod nano and iPod touch will ship in October.
Older iPod touch models will be available at the same price.
iPod Nano will be priced $149 for 16GB, new touch will be priced $299 for 32GB and $399 for 64GB.
However Apple will include these new Earpods with iPod touch, iPod nano and iPhone 5.
Apple will ship these Earpods as standalone accessory starting today.
Introductory vidoe for Earpods playing with Jony talking about the completely new design.
Now Apple is introducing redesign earphone which they are calling Earpods.
iPod touch will come in five colors.
It has Wifi 2.4GHz and 5GHz and Bluetooth 4.0 with LE. It also support Airplay mirroring with iOS 6.
There is a button on the back of the iPod touch called loop that pops out with a little wrist strap.
iPod touch also get 5-megapixel camera, HD iSight camera and iPhoto support.
Battery life on iPod touch has also increased to 40 hours of music playback and 8 hours of video playback.
It's gaming demo time for iPod touch.
It has the same 4-inch display like the iPhone 5 and A5 chip.
Now iPod touch, it's just 6.1mm thin and it weighs just 88 grams.
iPod nano has pedometer, Bluetooth and Lighting connector.
It also has a home button like iPhone. it will come in 7 colors.
The new nano is just 5.4mm thin and has 2.5-inch multitouch screen.
He starts with Nano and says "First we want to give it a large display. Give it nice controls. Make it thin and light. And of course, the Lightning connector."
Apple says iPod is the most popular music player and they have sold 350 million units till now.
The demo is over. New iTunes will be available in October.
iCloud is completely integrated with iTunes and so it syncs playlists and other bookmarks.
The mini iTunes player is also enhanced with drop down feature.
iTunes actually looks much cleaner with drop down search and menus.
Apple has given the artist the ability to share photos with you in your library. Here's some photos Coldplay is sharing.
Completely new edge-to-edge design inspired by iOS iTunes app.
He finally announces the new version of iTunes and starts the demo.
He is talking about update iTunes, App and Books store for iOS 6.
Tim invites Eddy Cue on stage to talk about iTunes.
Tim is back on stage and says "This is the biggest thing to happen to iPhone since the iPhone."
iOS 6 will be released on September 19th.
It will ship on 21st in US, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore.
Pre-orders start in September 14th and it ships on 21st September.
iPhone 5 will remian at the same price $199 for 16GB, $299 for 32GB and $399 for 64GB.
Jony, Bob and other Apple executives are talking about various iPhone features and improvements in the iPhone introductory video.
Phil is showing iPhone 5 video.
iPhone 5 will come in Black and White colors.
Phil is back on stage.
Now enhancements to Siri. Scott is doing a WWDC rerun.
Passbook can have movie ticket, a boarding pass, a card from Starbucks and coupons.
Basically he is repeating the features that Apple showed at WWDC. Now it Mail and Passbook.
Now he is showing enhancements made to Notification center and Safari.
He is also showing turn-by-turn directions with satellite imagery.
He starts with maps. "We've built a search engine in to find POIs — we have over 100m points of interest."
Phil is of the stage and Scott is on the stage to show iOS 6 features for iPhone 5.
Apple has also launched adapters for the new connector.
The connector is all digital with adaptive interface and is 80% smaller.
Now the connector - Phil announces the new Lightning connector.
Phil is talking about the new improved speaker design that offer wideband audio for better listening.
Facetime on iPhone 5 supports 1080p video chat, but the front iSight camera on the phone is only 720p.
Phil says the most amazing new feature of iPhone 5 camera is panorama. The camera app guide the users to take panorama shots up to 28-megapixel.
Now he is showing some pics take with the new iPhone 5.
In combination with the A6 processor the new camera offer better noise reduction, better low-light performance. It also has precision lens alignment, sapphire crystal.
Apple has also update the camera on the new iPhone 5. It has 8-megapixel backside illuminated sensor, Hybrid IR filter and f/2.4 aperture.
iPhone 5 will give 8 hours of LTE battery life and up to 40 hours of music playback.
Phil is back on the stage talking about battery life.
The car racing game looks good. You can even see the car behind you in the rear view mirror.
Now there is a game demo by EA to show the graphics horsepower of the new iPhone.
Almost everything is 2X faster because of the new processor.
iPhone 5 will come with new A6 processor that has 2X CPU and graphics horsepower.
Also the iPhone 5 will now support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz WiFi.
Phil is now talking about all the carriers that support LTE around the world and that will have iPhone 5.
Apple is using Single Chip, single radio with a dynamic antenna to bring various LTE frequencies in such a small device.
And yes it also has LTE.
Phil claims "This is the most accurate display in the industry. The touch sensors are integrated right into the display itself. We removed a layer and made it sharper. This is the world's most advanced display, and I couldn't be prouder of it."
Not only has Apple increased the display size but they have improved the display also with 44% more color saturation and integrated touch.
Phil adds that it easy for developers to update their Apps for the new display and because of the widescreen the video looks great.
All of the Apple's softwares has been updated for the new longer screen.
Phil explains why did Apple make the iPhone this size. "It's because of your hand. It should fit there. That's how we designed the iPhone 5."
The iPhone 5 screen is 4-inch with 326 ppi and 1136 x 640 resolution, as was rumored.
It is 18% thinner at 7.6mm than iPhone 4S and 20% lighter.
The iPhone 5 is just like the leaked image, but it looks awesome. Phil says it is the most beautiful product we have ever made.
Phil says today we are introducing iPhone 5. and the crowd goes boom..
Tim invites Phil to talk about the iPhone.
He announces Apple has sold over 400 million iOS devices and today Apple is taking a huge leap.
Now the App Store - it has over 700K apps, out of which 250,000 are for the iPad. 90% of the 700k apps are downloaded every month and the App downloaded per customer is over 100 apps.
94% if Fortune 500 companies have deployed iPads and they are investing in custom apps.
Apple has overall sold 84 million iPads and has 68% of tablet market share.
Now iPad, Apple sold 17 million iPads last quarter. He adds "Now to put this in perspective, we sold more iPads than any PC manufacturer sold of their entire lineup."
Now he is talking about the Mac and says that Apple sold 7 million Mountain Lion copies. And Apple notebooks now rank #1 is US.
Tim is back and he says our stores are the best and they offer the best experiences on the planet. There are now 380 stores with over 83million visitors.
He shows a video of Barcelona store launch.
He starts with Apple retail store update, talking about new Barcelona store.
Well the lights are down and Tim is on the stage welcoming everyone.
Music is going down and Apple announces to switch devices in silent mode.
Just moved in looking for our seats.
Still outside with the large crowd.
As always long line has formed for an Apple event. We have slowly started moving.
Apple will be holding their much awaited iPhone 5 launch event today (September 12) at 10AM PDT/ 1PM EDT, at Yerba Buena Center in San Francisco. Rumors are Apple will announce the new iPod lineup along with the much-awaited iPhone 5. We will be doing a live coverage of the Apple media event on live.TechzTalk.com, starting at 10 AM PDT/ 1 PM EDT / 6:00 PM London / 2:00 AM Tokyo. Please join us to get the latest Apple news on live.TechzTalk.com.


text:
Petty: Someone snitched on Penske
BY foxsports • April 19, 2013
Richard Petty believes there's a snitch.
Petty told reporters Friday at Kansas Speedway that Brad Keselowski and Joey Logano had already passed ''two or three inspections and hadn't been caught,'' leading him to believe that someone must have told NASCAR about unapproved parts the two Penske Racing teams were using before last weekend's race at Texas Motor Speedway.
''Undoubtedly, someone told them what the Penske crew was doing,'' Petty said.
NASCAR penalized Penske Racing on Wednesday with six-race suspensions for seven crew members of Keselowski and Logano, along with $200,000 in fines. The drivers were also stripped of championship points, dropping defending champion Keselowski from second to fourth in the standings and Logano from ninth to 14th.
The suspensions are on hold as the team appeals, so the entire teams for Keselowski's No. 2 Ford and Logano's No. 22 are on hand at Kansas Speedway.
''Last year, it was a rule that you could do it. Then they came back and said you can't do it,'' Petty said of the changes Penske attempted, adding that the time and money that NASCAR put into its new Gen-6 cars may have resulted in the harshness of the penalties.
''I think when something like this happens,'' Petty said, ''it T's them off, because they think they have everything covered.''
Petty said there wouldn't have been such uproar during his days as a driver, and that if you did get caught with something illegal, ''they just told you not to come back with it.''
''They didn't take points, they didn't do nothing,'' Petty said.
Petty said that his own team, Richard Petty Motorsports, has pushed the envelope when it comes to research and development. He's even given some advice to the guys in his shop about it.
''Don't get caught,'' he said. ''Go as far as you can without getting caught. We got caught with a couple of things at Petty Motorsports, but again, look at what we didn't get caught at.''


text:
Queens Hosts 11 Memorial Day Parades This Weekend
by itsinqueens
The Woodside zip code – 11377 – lost more native sons during the Vietnam War than any other area in the United States. Many other neighborhood residents made the ultimate sacrifice in defense of their country over the past centuries, and 34 individuals who lived or worked in Woodside died during the Twin Tower terror attacks on September 11, 2001.
On Monday, members of the John V. Daniels VFW Post 2813 will honor veterans by placing a wreath at the flagpole at John Vincent Daniels Square near Roosevelt Avenue and 52nd Street at 11 am. Also, after a 10 am mass, the St. Sebastian War Veterans group will host a parade that kicks off from the St. Sebastian School parking lot at Woodside Avenue and 57th Street.
That's only part of it. Queens has about 55,000 veteran residents, more than any other borough in New York City. It also hosts the country's biggest Memorial Day parade (in Little Neck/Douglaston). Here's a list of local parades scheduled for this weekend.
Broad Channel, May 24, 1 pm, line up at Rock N Roll Bagel, 2010 Cross Bay Boulevard. Event starts with wreath-laying at 17th Road Park Flag Pole and ends at George Riekers Veterans Memorial Park. Honored guests are veterans from St. Albans Hospital and the American Legion.
College Point, May 24, 2 pm, from 26th Avenue and College Point Boulevard to Hermon A. Macneil Park by the water. The grand marshal is Louis A. DiAgostino, who received a Purple Heart for injuries sustained during the Korean War.
Forest Hills, May 24, noon, starts at Ascan and Metropolitan Avenues, proceeds to Trotting Course Lane with a ceremony at Remsen Cemetery. The grand marshal is Roland Meier, president of the West Side Tennis Club.
Howard Beach, May 25, 11 am, starts and ends at Coleman Square between 159th Road and 159th Avenue. Mass at 9:30 am at Our Lady of Grace Church, 101st Street and 159th Avenue.
Laurelton, May 25, 9 am, from Francis Lewis and Merrick Boulevards to the Veterans Memorial Triangle, 225th Street and North Conduit Avenue. Featured performers are the Queens Area Pathfinders Marching Band and the Black and Gold Marching Elite Band.
Little Neck/Douglaston, May 25, 2 pm, from Northern Boulevard between Jayson Avenue and 245th Street to the parking lot of St. Anastasia School, Northern Boulevard and Alameda Avenue. Brigadier General Loree Suton is the grand marshal. Real estate expert Carl Mattone is the event's man of the year, while TV chef Lidia Bastianich is the woman of the year.
Maspeth, May 24, 1 pm, from Walter A. Garlinge Memorial Park, 72nd Street and Grand Avenue, to the Frank Kowalinski American Legion Post 4 and Knights of Columbus on 69th Lane, where there's a memorial service at 2 pm. The grand marshals are World War II veterans James Desio and William Aronowicz.
Middle Village, May 25, 9:30 am, begins with mass at St. Margaret Church, Juniper Valley Road and 80th Street, ends with wreath-laying at the Gray Street Monument, near 77th Street and 66th Road.
Ridgewood/Glendale, May 25, 11 am, from Glendale Memorial Triangle (Myrtle and Cooper Avenues) to Ridgewood Veterans Triangle (Myrtle and Cypress Avenues).
Whitestone, May 25, noon, starts at Whitestone Memorial Park, 149th Street and 15th Drive and proceeds on 12th Avenue.
Photo by Whitestone Memorial Day Parade
17th Road Park Flag Pole
American Legion Continental Post 1424
Black and Gold Marching Elite Band
George Riekers Veterans Memorial Park
Glendale Memorial Triangle
Gray Street Monument
Hermon A. Macneil Park
James Desio
Lidia Bastianich
Little Neck/Douglaston
Loree Suton
Louis A. DiAgostino
Our Lady of Grace Church
Queens Area Pathfinders Marching Band
Remsen Cemetery
Ridgewood Veterans Triangle
Saint Anastasia School
St. Albans Hospital
Walter A. Garlinge Memorial Park
Whitestone Memorial Day Parade
Whitestone Memorial Park
William Aronowicz