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A factor in the maintenance of good health
An antioxidant
Helps relieve joint inflammation and associated symptoms such as joint pain when used in conjunction with conventional treatment
Helps to promote joint comfort when used in conjunction with conventional treatment
Product Classifications
Gluten-Free - The finished product contains no detectable gluten (<10ppm gluten)
Quality Standards - GMP Operations and Standardised Ingredients
Checked For: Heavy Metals, Microbiological Contaminants, Allergens, Potency, Purity and Identity
Why Curcumin Extreme is the best!
Curcumin Extreme helps relieve and promote your joints' comfort and relief from inflammation symptoms thanks to its unique formula that includes Meriva, a curcumin complex scientifically proven to have superior bioavailability and absorption rates compared to other curcumin products on the market. In conjunction with conventional treatments, Curcumin Extreme can play a key role in the maintenance of your overall health – especially the health of your joints.
Curcumin Extreme also offers antioxidant protection and helps you to maintain overall health when used in combination with conventional treatments. Curcumin Extreme's unique formula contains Meriva, a trademarked, scientifically proven form of curcumin. Meriva utilizes a patented Phytosome delivery system, meaning that it is a blend of curcumin, derived from the herb turmeric, with soy phospholipids in order to improve bioavailability. In vivo (human) studies, Meriva is shown to be absorbed approximately 2x's faster and has a 29-fold improvement in the bioavailablity over other forms of curcumin. In addition to Meriva, Curcumin Extreme also contains selenium, an essential trace mineral that has antioxidant properties and may help protect cells from damage. Selenium promotes the production of glutathione peroxidase, the body's master antioxidant. So the benefits of Curcumin Extreme with Meriva are clear:
Supported efficacy and safety
High bioavailability
Fast absorption
Turmeric Extract (Meriva)
Meriva is a complexation of turmeric and soy phospholipids in a ratio of 1:4. This complexation allows for improved absorption and bioavailability of curcumin. Soy phospholipids, when in the water medium of the digestive tract, form a micelle type structure which encircles and protects the curcumin, and allows for absorption through passive diffusion in the same fashion as fat is absorbed. Research showed up to a 20-fold improvement in bioavailablity of curcumin versus standard extracts. For centuries turmeric has been revered by Ayurvedic medicine (traditional form of medicine in India) for its diverse and powerful healing properties.
Studies have shown that curcumin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, and neuroprotective properties. Preliminary research in people with arthritis found curcumin to be helpful in reducing inflammation and symptoms, such as pain and stiffness, possibly through the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory markers such as NF-kappaB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. Further research indicates curcumin may be an effective tool for the prevention and inhibition of malignant cell growth due to its ability to inhibit these inflammatory cytokines which can stimulate cell production. Preliminary research shows that curcumin might inhibit activation of carcinogens that are metabolized by CYP enzymes, thereby helping to normalize the body's ability to metabolize and eliminate toxins. Curcumin appears to increase glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity which also plays an important role in detoxifying harmful compounds within the body.
Selenium is a required cofactor for selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidase. Selenomethionine is incorporated directly into proteins because selenomethionine cannot be distinguished from methionine during the translation of mRNA into protein. This serves as a storage form of selenium and is liberated upon protein catabolism.
Curcumin is present in the spice turmeric, frequently used in Indian food. Its chemical makeup is responsible for the yellow colouring of turmeric, and is often used specifically to give colour to foods. However, it may serve a more important purpose to humans.
Are any side effects associated with Curcumin Extreme?
Side effects are uncommon and are generally limited to mild stomach distress.
Are there any warnings associated with taking Curcumin Extreme?
If you are currently using Warfarin (Coumadin) or other antiplatelet/anticoagulant medications, you should not take this product. If you are taking any prescription medications or have an ongoing medical condition, you should consult your healthcare practitioner before using this product. Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you have gallstones or a bile duct obstruction, or stomach ulcers or excess stomach acid. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take this product. Consult a healthcare practitioner if symptoms persist or worsen.
What is the recommended daily serving for Curcumin Extreme?
Take two capsules daily, with or without a meal.
Are there any human clinical trials done with curcumin?
There have been clinical trials performed with curcumin in patients with different diseases.
Can men and women take this product?
Yes. However, women who are pregnant or nursing should not take this product.
Does Curcumin Extreme contain any allergens?
Yes, Curcumin Extreme contains soy. Anyone who is allergic to soy and soy-based products should not take this product.
Araujo, C. and Leon, L. Biological activities of Curcuma longa L. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 96(5): 723-728, 2001.
Biswas, S., et al. Curcumin induces glutathione biosynthesis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation and interleukin-8 release in alveolar epithelial cells: mechanism of free radical scavenging activity. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 7(1-2): 32-41, 2005.
Funk, J., et al. Turmeric extracts containing curcuminoids prevent experimental rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Natural Products. 69(3): 351-355, 2006.
Jagetia, G. and Aggarwal, B. "Spicing up" of the immune system by curcumin. Journal of Clinical Immunology. 27(1): 19-35, 2007.
Juge, N., et al. Molecular basis for chemoprevention by sulforaphane: a comprehensive review. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 64(9): 1105-1127, 2007.
Kim, G., et al. Curcumin inhibits immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells: MAPKs and translocation of NF-kappa B as potential targets. Journal of Immunology. 174(12): 8116-8124, 2005.
Lim, G., et al. The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse. Journal of Neuroscience. 21(21): 8370-8377, 2001.
Lin, J. Molecular targets of curcumin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 595: 227-243, 2007.
Maheshwari, R., et al. Multiple biological activities of curcumin: a short review. Life Sciences. 78(18): 2081-2087, 2006.
Salvioli, S., et al. Curcumin in cell death processes: A challenge for CAM of age-related pathologies. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4(2): 181-190, 2007.
Shishodia, S., et al. Curcumin: getting back to the roots. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1056: 206-217, 2005.
Thangapazham, R., et al. Multiple molecular targets in cancer chemoprevention by curcumin. AAPS Journal. 8(3): E443-E449, 2006.
Yadav, V., et al. Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 27(3): 485-497, 2005.
Cheng, Y., et al. Effects of curcumin on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and nuclear translocation/redistribution in culture-activated rat hepatic stellate cells. Chinese Medical Journal. 120(9): 794-801, 2007.
Farombi, E., et al. Curcumin attenuates dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury in rats through Nrf2-mediated induction of heme oxygenase-1. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 46(4): 1279-1287, 2008.
Kaur, G., et al. Inhibition of oxidative stress and cytokine activity by curcumin in amelioration of endotoxin-induced experimental hepatoxicity in rodents. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 145(2): 313-321, 2006.
Mathuria, N. and Verma, R. Ameliorative effect of curcumin on aflatoxin-induced toxicity in DNA, RNA and protein in liver and kidney of mice. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. 64(6): 497-502, 2007.
Naik, R., et al. Protection of liver cells from ethanol cytotoxicity by curcumin in liver slice culture in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 95(1): 31-37, 2004.
Nanji, A., et al. Curcumin prevents alcohol-induced liver disease in rats by inhibiting the expression of NF-kappa B-dependent genes. American Journal of Physiology. 284(2): G321-G327, 2003.
O'Connell, M. and Rushworth, S. Curcumin: potential for hepatic fibrosis therapy? British Journal of Pharmacology. 153(3): 403-405, 2007.
Osawa, T. Nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of curcuminoids. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 595: 407-423, 2007.
Pari, L. and Amali, D. Protective role of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) an active principle of turmeric on chloroquine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 8(1): 115-123, 2005.
Shen, G., et al. Modulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-mediated gene expression in mice liver and small intestine by cancer chemopreventive agent curcumin. Molecular and Cancer Therapeutics. 5(1): 39-51, 2006.
Shen, S., et al. Protective effect of curcumin against liver warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model is associated with regulation of heat shock protein and antioxidant enzymes. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 13(13): 1953-1961, 2007.
Shu, J., et al. The study of therapeutic effects of curcumin on hepatic fibrosis and variation of correlated cytokine. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials. 30(11): 1421-1425, 2007.
Shu, J., et al. Therapeutic effects of curcumin treatment on hepatic fibrosis. Chinese Journal of Hepatology. 15(10): 753-757, 2007.
Wei, Q., et al. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in rat liver mitochondria by curcumin and its analogues. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1760(1): 70-77, 2006.
Zheng, S. and Chen, A. Disruption of transforming growth factor-beta signaling by curcumin induces gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in rat hepatic stellate cells. American Journal of Physiology. 292(1): G113-G123, 2007.
Zheng, S. and Chen, A. Curcumin suppresses the expression of extracellular matrix genes in activated hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting gene expression of connective tissue growth factor. American Journal of Physiology. 290(5): G883-G893, 2006.
Bhattacharyya, S., et al. Curcumin prevents tumor-induced T cell apoptosis through Stat-5a-mediated Bcl-2 induction. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282(22): 15954-15964.
Howells, L., et al. Comparison of oxaliplatin- and curcumin-mediated antiproliferative effects in colorectal cell lines. International Journal of Cancer. 121(1): 175-183, 2007.
Johnson, J., et al. Curcumin for chemoprevention of colon cancer. Cancer Letters. 255(2): 170-181, 2007.
Magalska, A., et al. Curcumin induces cell death without oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in quiescent and proliferating human CD8+ cells. Acta Biochimica Polonica. 53(3): 531-538, 2006.
Pal, S., et al. Amelioration of immune cell number depletion and potentiation of depressed detoxification system of tumor-bearing mice by curcumin. Cancer Detection and Prevention. 29(5): 470-478, 2005.
Perkins, S., et al. Chemopreventive efficacy and pharmacokinetics of curcumin in the min/+ mouse, a model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention. 11(6): 535-540, 2002.
Dairam, A., et al. Curcuminoids, curcumin, and demethoxycurcumin reduce lead-induced memory deficits in male Wistar rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55(3): 1039-1044, 2007.
Dickinson, D., et al. Curcumin alters EpRE and AP-1 binding complexes and elevates glutamate-cysteine ligase gene expression. FASEB. 17(3): 473-475, 2003.
Nishinaka, T., et al. Curcumin activates human glutathione S-transferase P1 expression through antioxidant response element. Toxicology Letters. 170(3): 238-247, 2007.
Rushworth, S., et al. Role of protein kinase C delta in curcumin-induced antioxidant response element-mediated gene expression in human monocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 341(4): 1007-1016, 2006.
Scapagnini, G., et al. Curcumin activates defensive genes and protects neurons against oxidative stress. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 8(3-4): 395-403, 2006.
Shukla, P., et al. Protective effect of curcumin against lead neurotoxicity in rat. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 22(12): 653-658, 2003.
Ye, S., et al. Effect of curcumin on the induction of glutathione S-transferases and NADP(H):quinone oxidoreductase and its possible mechanism of action. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. 42(4): 376-380, 2007.
Zheng, S., et al. De novo synthesis of glutathione is a prerequisite for curcumin to inhibit hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 43(3): 444-453, 2007.
Garcia-Alloza, M., et al. Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo, disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model. Journal of Neurochemistry. 102(4): 1095-1104, 2007.
Ng, T., et al. Curry consumption and cognitive function in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology. 164(9): 898-906, 2006.
Wu, A., et al. Dietary curcumin counteracts the outcome of traumatic brain injury on oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. 197(2): 309-317, 2006.
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by AllisonC
I was having a pain in my shoulder and the doc wanted to give me an injection however; I used this product and I no longer have the pain. This was the right move on my part.
Response from Customer Service
Thank you for taking the time to share your thoughts on the Curcumin Extreme! We are happy to hear you are pleased with the product.
The Product Information Team
by FlorenceL
I was suffering from knee pains about 6 months ago and my sister recommended me to try Curcumin. I did and I noticed the pain lessened after 3 days and I am free from knee pain since. I have been taking this product daily ever since!
by RichardM
Love all the science behind this product
Been taking this product since my wife had cancer
Thank you for taking the time to leave your thoughts on the Curcumin Extreme™! We are happy to hear you are pleased with the product.
by DawnK
Can't Live Without Curcumin Extreme
This product is fantastic! I can't live without this important supplement. Do yourself a favor and get yourself some and take it every single day. Our bodies need this supplement especially as we get older! Thank you Market America for your wonderful products that actually work and don't contain all the extras we don't need and that are more bio-available than anything else on the market! I'm a Market America lifer!!!
by DeniB
Love, love
Qty 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
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RRW: Kipchoge Repeats As Men's Olympic Marathon Champion
Running Community News / By programs
By Rich Sands, @sands
(c) 2021 Race Results Weekly, all rights reserved
(08-Aug) — Eliud Kipchoge added to his already superlative legacy with a dominant win at today's Olympic men's marathon, cruising home to a seemingly easy victory on an uncomfortably hot morning on the final day of the Summer Games. The 36-year-old Kenyan became only the third man to win two gold medals in the event. Behind him, Abdi Nageeye of the Netherlands took silver, encouraging his training partner Bashir Abdi of Belgium to the bronze right behind him.
Kipchoge, the world record holder and the most dominant marathoner of the last decade, earned his fourth Olympic medal overall, having won a pair on the track over 5000 meters, in 2004 (bronze) and 2008 (silver). He was also the world champion in the shorter event as a teenager back in 2003.
The 42.195-kilometer (26.2-mile) race was held in Sapporo, about 800 kilometers (500 miles) northeast of host city Tokyo in a move that was intended to provide more comfortable conditions. Alas, it was already 26C/78F (80% humidity) when the field of 106 men set off at 7:00 am Sunday morning and would climb a few degrees over the course of the competition. Given the heat, the opening half was predictably cautious, with the first four 5-K segments clocked in 15:17, 15:36, 15:10 and 15:44, respectively, roughly a 2:10 pace. Despite the conservative tempo, there were already signs that it was going to be a challenging day, with early casualties included 2012 gold medalist Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda, and Shura Kitata of Ethiopia, the 2020 London Marathon winner.
At halfway (1:05:13) more than 30 men were still in contention, including America Galen Rupp, the bronze medalist in Rio, reigning world champion Lelisa Desisa of Ethiopia, Kenyans Amos Kipruto and Lawrence Cherono, the 2019 Boston Marathon champion, and Osako Suguru of Japan.
By 27-K the field was down to 13, but no major moves had been made. Finally, after covering the distance between 25-K and 30-K in a still-reasonable 15:07, Kipchoge hit the accelerator after exchanging some words with Rupp who was running closely behind him. In a matter of seconds he opened a gap on the field, which immediately fragmented. Six men formed a chase pack: Cherono, Kipruto, Abdi, Nageeye, Ayad Lamdassem of Spain and Alphonce Simbu Tanzania. Osako and Rupp could not match the surge and fell back.
"I wanted to create a space to show the world that this is a beautiful race," said Kipchoge, who had a 10-race winning streak between 2014 and 2019 before an uncharacteristic eighth place finish in London last fall. "I wanted to test my fitness, I wanted to test how I'm feeling. I wanted to show that we have hope in the future."
As Kipchoge blitzed his way to 35-K with a 14:28 split, he had his trademark faint grin his face and a relaxed stride. "That smile is the happiness," he said. "They say to enjoy this world is to be happy. While you are happy it helps you relax and enjoy the race."
Kipchoge crossed the finish line in 2:08:38, almost exactly seven minutes off his world record (2:01:39, set in Berlin in 2018) and nearly nine minutes behind the 1:59:41 he ran in 2019 in an unofficial exhibition. He joined Abebe Bikila of Ethiopia (1960 and 1964) and East Germany's Waldemar Cierpinski (1976 and 1980) as the only repeat marathon champions in Olympic history.
In his wake, Abdi, Cherono and Lamdassem briefly separated from the remaining challengers, but Nageeye soon caught up and it became a four-man race for the remaining pair of medals. That quartet stuck together until the final 400 meters, when Lamdassem lost contact. Nageeye sprinted ahead, turning back to enthusiastically gesture at Abdi to join him. They finished in 2:09:58 and 2:10:00, respectively. Cherono, who won the 2019 Boston Marathon with a powerful sprint, could not answer his opponents' final surge.
Cherono (2:10:02) missed the bronze by just two seconds, matching the smallest gap between third and fourth places in Olympic history. Kipchoge's margin of victory (1 minute and 20 seconds) was 10 seconds more than in Rio five years ago and was the largest since Frank Shorter won by more than two minutes in 1972.
Coached by Gary Lough, Nageeye and Abdi also train with British star Mo Farah, and are good friends. "In the last 800 meters I wanted to go, but I thought about Bashir," Nageeye said of his late-race cheerleading. "In the last 3-K he suffered from a cramp and I was encouraging him to come through."
Nageeye, the Dutch record holder at 2:06:17, finished 11th in the Rio Olympics and had never previously made the podium in a major international race. "I don't want to mention names but many people they had doubts," he said. "They never believed in me. I always believed in myself. I was a nomad, I packed my bags and trained in France, America, Ethiopia, Kenya. People think I'm doing too many things [with my training] but I just kept believing in myself. To stand on the podium with Eliud Kipchoge, the greatest of all time… it is amazing."
Abdi continued his good luck in Japan after setting the Belgian record (2:04:49) to finish second at the 2020 Tokyo Marathon.
Lamdassem (2:10:16) finished fifth, with Osako (2:10:41), Simbu (2:11:35), Rupp (2:11:41), Morocco's Othmane el Goumri (2:11:58) and Belgium's Koen Naert (2:12:13) rounding out the top 10. American Jacob Riley (2:16:26), who had moved up to as high as 20th place as late as 35-K, finished 29th, while 44-year-old countryman Abdi Abdirahman (2:18:27) placed 41st in his fifth Olympics.
Ultimately, 76 men finished the race, with 30 dropping out.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Charlie is a shy kid who hides behind the cleanup sink at school. However, after his teacher asks him to be her helper, he springs into action when the fire coral stings his friend Bernie. Charlie goes to bed a little bit early because he wants to make sure he gets a goodnight's sleep. He wants to be a good helper for Miss Stella. He had decided that it was way more fun to be a helper than to hide behind a sink! Before he falls asleep, Charlie prays, "Dear Jesus, thank you for my great first day of school, and thank you for my mommy and daddy, all my new friends and for Miss Stella. Help me to always help others. Amen." Charlie learns he can overcome his shyness and be a servant like Jesus.
Continuing on with my review of this series as the books are released. Today I am looking at A Servant Like Jesus, Book 4 of Mancini's award winning Adventures Of The Sea Kids series. If you're just now discovering these empowering and vividly illustrated books for young readers, I will try to remember to link my reviews for the earlier books down below.
In this installment, Charlie the Crab is experiencing his first day of school and his nerves and shyness are getting the best of him. While the other sea kids play and learn, Charlie prefers to hide behind the classroom clean up sink. Charlie's teacher, Stella Starfish, hoping to coax Charlie out of hiding, asks him if he'd be willing to be her classroom helper. Charlie is ecstatic!
Charlie's eyes grew huge. He wiped his tears and said, "I can see all around with my crab eyes. I have great claws for carrying things, and though I only have six legs instead of eight, I can move really fast! Crabs can move sideways too. I help my mommy all the time! I'd love to be your helper, Miss Stella."
Charlie's unique abilities and honest desire to be helpful come in quite handy during a class field trip to a local coral reef bed. One of Charlie's classmates gets stung by a branch of fire coral but thanks to Charlie's quick actions, his fellow student is rushed to first aid in time to alleviate the pain pretty quickly without too much serious injury to the limb. Charlie immediately gives up a prayer of thanks that he was able to push through his shyness and get his friend medical attention in time!
And if you liked all these, there's a fifth in the series, God's Gift, that was just recently released. I haven't had a chance to read / review it yet but hope to have a review for you soon!


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Ava Max Biography: Is she married? Find out her biography, married, dating, family life, body measurement, career, net worth
Biography, Relationship
5 feet and 3 inches Ava Max is an American singer and songwriter. Her song "Sweet but Psycho" became her breakthrough song when it topped the charts in over 26 countries including the UK, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and New Zealand. Further, she is famous for her signature hairstyle, dubbed the "Max Cut".
To know more about her age, height, net worth, house, wiki, parents scroll below.
1 Biography of Ava Max
3 Family life of Ava Max
Biography of Ava Max
The beautiful American singer and songwriter Ava was born as Amanda Ava Koci. Later she got famous by her stage Ava Max. She celebrates her birthday every year on February 16. In 1994, she had opened her eyes in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.
How old is Ava Max? As of now, her age is 25-years old and is born with Aquarius zodiac sign. Belonging to the White ethnicity while she holds an American Nationality.
The beautiful American singer had done her schooling from one school in the United States of America. Later she had also participated in numerous singing competitions before she entered high school.
When she was 13 years old, she came up with the middle name "Ava", which she adopted as her first name, claiming that "I never felt like an Amanda." Besides this, there are no details on her further educational Background including her academic qualification and her University name.
Is Ava Max married or dating? While talking about the love life and relationships, Ava Max is somewhat of a complete mystery. She has not shared any post and status regarding her love life and further, there are not any rumours about her possible relationships. Alongside she has never indicated about her past dating affairs. Thus, she may be single and not dating anyone. She might be more focused on her career rather than in an affair.
While looking at a social media post, it could be safe to assume that she is single and does not have a boyfriend at the moment. According to the post she shared on her twitter she had celebrated the 2019th Valentine's day not with a man of her dreams, but with her fans and followers.
Family life of Ava Max
Ava Max is the daughter of father Pavllo Koci and mother Andromaqi. She had grown up by her Albanian immigrant parents at her home town and birthplace Virginia.
Happy International Women's day !!! I know so many women who fight and don't give up. One of them is my mother! Who is one of the strongest women I know? Let's fight for equality, justice, respect & support!!!! WE GOT THIS LADIES 💪 Sending all my love and strength to ALL the females in the world, today and every day. #happyiwd. (Credit: Instagram)
Her parents used to work in the music industry. His father used to work as a Pianist and her mother used to work as an opera singer.
How tall is Ava Max? Ava Max has a height of 5 ft 3 inch, while she weighs 55kg (121lbs). She has a slim body stature of an hourglass structure while her body measurement is 37 -24-36 inches.
Talking about the carer of Ava Max she had started her career journey from a very young age. When she was 14 years old she moved to Los Angeles with her mother to begin her career in music. Later she made her debut song "Take Away the Pain" was published in May 2013, and in July 2015, the Canadian DJ and producer duo Project 46 released a remixed version of the song.
In the following years, she had rejected from record producers and songwriters. Later she met record producer Cirkut at a dinner party in 2014 in LA where she sang "Happy Birthday" to him. In 2016, she had worked in the song "Anyone but You", one of her most appreciated songs in Cirkut, and on SoundCloud.
Her career took off after she had released her song My Way. Which reached a peak of 38 on the Romanian Airplay 100 chart. Later she worked with Gashi in the "Slippin".
As one of the talented American singer and song-writer, she had earned a huge name and fame in her lifetime career. The net worth of the handsome hunk has been estimated at around $ 3 million US dollars. While from her Youtube Channel she earns between $17.8K and $284.5K per month while she makes her annual income exceed $213.3K to $3.4 million. There is no doubt that her net worth and salary will sure increase in the upcoming years.
Is Ava Max active on Instagram or Twitter? Yes, she is! In Instagram, she has total followers of 1.1 million and on Twitter, she has a follower of 82.8k.
Recently through her Twitter account, she informed her fan to remain safe from the COVID-19 virus.
This shows Ava Max is really concerned about the social well being too.


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Category: Calling Muslims to Islam
Doubts about some Islamic teachings, from a female Muslim student
This is really weird for me because I'm fifteen years old and a girl living in England sometimes things just get so confusing for me. I don't know what to do because slowly I think I'm losing my faith in Islam, but not in God, in Islam. I think the main reason is how sexist the people are. I mean, a boy can do anything and no one will say anything but a girl, if she goes out alone or something, then she's going to hell. I find it so unfair I get so angry just at the thought of it. I mean, why do people say that Islam is the greatest religion on Earth if it's so unfair and cruel?
I mean, some Muslims seem to think it's okay to marry off a fifteen year old girl to some thirty year old man she's never met before, why is that okay?
And why is it okay for a boy to go out and get so drunk he can't walk properly and sleep with a million different girls?
Why is it that when a Muslims girl strikes out on her own and wants to do something with her life she can't because Islam is holding her back?
Why is it not okay for a Muslim woman to marry a non-Muslim man when she's fallen in love with him but it's perfectly fine for a Muslim man to marry a non-Muslim lady?
Why do the men get to chose who they want to marry but sometimes the woman gets to say in it at all?
Why is it so unfair?
I'm so sorry for going on and on for ages, I just really need your help and I don't even know who you are but I don't want to lose my faith and become a non-believer and for me to not lose my faith is for my questions to be answered. I was wondering if you have the time to email me personally and just help through this?
Please, please, please get back to me.
A Christian woman is saying: Why is it not permissible for a Muslim woman to marry a kitaabi man when the opposite is permitted?
She is confused about women's rights in Islam
There are some preliminaries that we should talk to you about, and we hope that you will pay attention to what we say to you:
We recognize that you are living in a country that is permissive in moral terms, in which things are allowed that are forbidden in Islam, and things have reached a state where they -- both males and females -- ride bicycles in the street in front of people when they are virtually naked. People are undoubtedly affected by their environment, hence there is a stern warning against settling among the mushrikeen and those who are morally bankrupt. We think that if you were living in a decent, conservative environment, you would not be feeling this way.
We are sorry to see that in your question that you went beyond asking questions in seeking to understand, to the extent of impugning the laws and wisdom of Allah, and differentiating between faith in Allah, may He be exalted, and the laws of Islam. The laws of Islam came from Allah in the first place; they come from Him and from nowhere else. So it is better to phrase such objections in the form of questions that are aimed at removing doubt, and not in this style or form.
You have mixed up the rulings of Islam and the actions of Muslims. The laws of Islam are pure and were prescribed by Allah, may He be exalted, to set straight the affairs of people and countries. Whatever the Muslims do that is contrary to the laws of their Lord can only be attributed to them, not to their religion. The religion of Allah does not permit males to drink alcohol or to make friends with non-mahram women or to commit zina (fornication or adultery). How can you attribute these evil deeds and major sins that are committed by the misguided youth to the laws of Allah, and claim that He permits that to them [males] and forbids them to females? You are mistaken and confused. You have made a mistake by attributing their actions to Islam and you are confused in your belief that these actions are permissible for males and not females.
You said some objectionable words in your question, which are very wrong and pose a danger to your religious commitment, so you have to repent from them and regret them. Among the worst of them are your words, "why do people say that Islam is the greatest religion on earth if it's so unfair and cruel?" These are words which, if they were spoken by one who understood their meanings, they would be tantamount to apostasy in his case. They imply impugning of Allah, may He be exalted, which is a serious matter. Perhaps your excuse is that you were confused between the laws of Allah and the actions of some Muslims. Islam is the religion of Allah and it is what He has prescribed. It is what He revealed to His Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace of Allah upon him). Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"Truly, the religion with Allaah is Islam"
[Aal 'Imraan 3:19]
"And whoever seeks a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted of him, and in the Hereafter he will be one of the losers"
[Aal 'Imraan 3:85].
Accusing Islam of being unjust and cruel is one of the falsest of falsehoods. Allah says, negating the first accusation (interpretation of the meaning):
"Verily, Allaah enjoins Al‑'Adl (i.e. justice and worshipping none but Allaah Alone — Islamic Monotheism) and Al‑Ihsân [i.e. to be patient in performing your duties to Allaah, totally for Allaah's sake and in accordance with the Sunnah (legal ways) of the Prophet صلىالله عليه وسلم in a perfect manner], and giving (help) to kith and kin (i.e. all that Allaah has ordered you to give them, e.g., wealth, visiting, looking after them, or any other kind of help), and forbids Al‑Fahshâ' (i.e. all evil deeds, e.g. illegal sexual acts, disobedience of parents, polytheism, to tell lies, to give false witness, to kill a life without right), and Al‑Munkar (i.e. all that is prohibited by Islamic law: polytheism of every kind, disbelief and every kind of evil deeds), and Al‑Baghy (i.e. all kinds of oppression). He admonishes you, that you may take heed"
[al-Nahl 16:90].
And He says, negating the second accusation:
"Allaah intends for you ease, and He does not want to make things difficult for you"
[al-Baqarah 2:185].
"So after the truth, what else can there be, save error?"
[Yoonus 10:32].
The Messenger of Allah (sa) said: "Allaah did not send me to make things hard for people in the hope that they would make mistakes, rather He sent me to teach and make things easy." Narrated by Muslim, 1478.
It was narrated that Ibn 'Abbaas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: It was said to the Messenger of Allah (sa): Which religion is most beloved to Allah? He said: "al-Haneefiyyah al-Samhah (easy monotheism)." Narrated by Ahmad and classed as saheeh by al-Albaani.
Thirdly:
The basic principle with regard to the commands and prohibitions is that there is no differentiation between males and females with regard to them. There is no need to point out that this applies to all rulings, but we find that in the case of some prohibitions, Allah mentions both sexes, and this confirms what we say, which is that there is basically no difference between the sexes, especially with regard to things that are forbidden in Islam. For example:
Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And (as for) the male thief and the female thief, cut off (from the wrist joint) their (right) hands as a recompense for that which they committed, a punishment by way of example from Allaah. And Allaah is All‑Powerful, All‑Wise"
[al-Maa'idah 5:38].
"The fornicatress and the fornicator, flog each of them with a hundred stripes. Let not pity withhold you in their case, in a punishment prescribed by Allaah, if you believe in Allaah and the Last Day. And let a party of the believers witness their punishment."
[al-Noor 24:2].
"Tell the believing men to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts). That is purer for them. Verily, Allaah is All‑Aware of what they do.
31. And tell the believing women to lower their gaze (from looking at forbidden things), and protect their private parts (from illegal sexual acts)"
[al-Noor 24:30. 31].
Moreover, we should tell you that there are some things that are forbidden for men but permissible for women, because they are appropriate for women's nature but arenot appropriate for men. It was narrated from Abu Moosa al-Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: "Allah, may He be glorified and exalted, has permitted silk and gold to the females of my ummah, and has forbidden them to the males."
Narrated by Ahmad (19184) and al-Nasaa'i (5265); classed as saheeh by al-Albaani.
We should also tell you that the differences in the physical makeup of both genders may dictate variation in some rulings, but in the context of reward and status with Allah, this variation becomes insignificant and each person will be rewarded in accordance with his effort and his situation; no one will be wronged and no deed will be undervalued; no one will be brought to account for something they did not do. Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And whoever does righteous good deeds, male or female, and is a (true) believer [in the Oneness of Allaah (Muslim)], such will enter Paradise and not the least injustice, even to the size of a Naqeera (speck on the back of a date stone), will be done to them"
[al-Nisa' 4:124]
"Whosoever does an evil deed, will not be requited except the like thereof; and whosoever does a righteous deed, whether male or female and is a true believer (in the Oneness of Allaah), such will enter Paradise, where they will be provided therein (with all things in abundance) without limit"
[Ghaafir 40:60].
Is this sufficient for you to realise how wrong you are in thinking that haraam things are permissible for males and not females? From this you will realise that your saying "why is it okay for a boy to go out and get so drunk he can't walk properly and sleep with a million different girls?" has no basis in truth. Alcohol and zina (fornication) are major sins and no differentiation is made with regard to them between males and females; both of them -- if they do these things -- incur the burden of sin and deserve the prescribed punishment. If many people differentiate in this matter by allowing their sons to do this but not their daughters, that is due to the temptation of the Shaytaan and does not stem from the laws of the Most Merciful.
Is there any reason or wisdom, is there any justice or fairness in anything if you regard the deeds of evildoers and immoral people and the filth of addicts and fornicators as the criteria to judge the religion of the Lord of the Worlds??
Fourthly:
Your saying, "some Muslims seem to think it's okay to marry a fifteen-year-old girl to some thirty-year-old man she's never met before, why is that okay?"
These words are unfair and contrary to the reality that you want to judge.
Please take note of what we are going to tell you:
A marriage can never take place between a thirty-year-old man and a fifteen year old girl, between that girl and a man of whatever age she wants, except with her agreement. What harm will it do you if a man of that age proposes marriage to you when you are at the age you are at, then you accept it and want to marry him, and you tell your guardian to go ahead with that? What if she is thirty years old and he is forty-five? So what? The fact that she did not accept this husband before does not mean anything. The matter is for her to decide, if she wants that and agrees to it after asking about him and making enquiries about him; and if she wants she can reject him.
Moreover, if she has met him before -- as happens among those who act contrary to sharee'ah and have haraam relationships -- that does not mean that their marriage will be happy; rather most of what you hear about husbands beating their wives, wives killing their husbands, divorce, separation and marital infidelity -- all of that, in the society in which you are living and others like it -- happens between spouses who knew one another and met one another before marriage, and in many cases had a child or children. Did that meeting before marriage benefit them at all?
As a thirty-year-old man can marry a fifteen-year-old girl, so too a man of twenty can marry a woman of thirty or even forty. So what? What matters is the fact that both agree and consent to the marriage. What harm does it do if there is a difference in age between the spouses? Is there any marriage that was happier than the marriages of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) to Khadeejah and 'Aa'ishah? His marriage to Khadeejah (may Allah be pleased with her) took place when she was nearly twice his age, and his marriage to 'Aa'ishah took place when he was much older than her, but they were among the most successful of marriages on earth. So when did the difference in ages between the spouses in and of itself have a negative impact on the marriage?
Fifthly:
Your saying "Why is it that when a Muslim girl strikes out on her own and wants to do something with her life she can't because Islam is holding her back?" is not correct, because Islam does not prevent a woman from going out on her own to the mosque or to the marketplace or to the houses of her family, relatives and neighbours. Rather what is forbidden is for her to travel on her own without a mahram, and the accompaniment of a mahram when travelling is only prescribed in order to protect her from those who would mess with her and cause her harm. Perhaps you see in the country in which you live that women are not safe if they go out alone to the marketplace or to work, and they are aware that the "wolves" of the streets are waiting for them. When Islam prescribes something that is aimed at protecting women, that is not mistreatment of them; rather it is because Islam holds them in high esteem and shows great respect to them, as well as paying attention to their weakness and their need for someone else who will protect and guard them against evildoers who would do them harm.
Moreover, every wise person realises that women need protection and care more then men, and the need to protect girls against going astray or falling victim to aggression is even greater. If she loses her virginity or becomes pregnant or her honour is physically tarnished, that may affect her and her future, and it may be difficult for her to conceal it. As for boys, there is no differentiation between a boy and girl with regard to the shar'i punishment in this world or the recompense in the Hereafter, but a boy -- at least -- can conceal his misdemeanour, and its effect and shame are not apparent in his case. Moreover, he is not the one for whom aggression is feared; he is the one who is the aggressor and the girl is the target and victim. So which of them is more deserving of being protected, guarded, watched over and cared for? "if you but knew" [Nooh 71:4].
Sixthly:
As for your saying "why is it not okay for a Muslim woman to marry a non-Muslim man when she's fallen in love with him but it's perfectly fine for a Muslim man to marry a non-Muslim lady?", this is a very strange comment! Can these be the words of one who believes in Allah, may He be exalted, as her Lord and describes herself as a Muslim? Where is the faith in the name of Allah al-Hakam (the Most Wise), and where is the belief in your Lord's attribute of wisdom? Where is the submission to His commands and prohibitions? Now you want any Muslim woman who falls in love with a Buddhist or Hindu man to be able to marry him! Do you believe that Islam allows men to marry female idolaters, Communists or Buddhists? This is a mistaken notion. It is not permissible for Muslim men to marry kaafir women, except those who are Jews or Christians; it is not permissible for them to marry women of any other religions.
In the case of a Muslim woman, it is haraam for her to marry anyone of any other religion apart from Islam. This is a matter on which there is scholarly consensus and there are no differences concerning that.
It is very strange that you want a Muslim woman be able to marry any kaafir she falls in love with, whilst many kaafirs do not allow their daughters to marry Muslim men even if they fall in love with them! Buddhists and Hindus do not give their daughters in marriage to Muslims. Indeed there are some Christian denominations who do not marry one another! How did it occur to you that Islam does not take care of Muslim women and allows them to marry men of any religion, so that could lead to them being driven away from their religion?
Please see the answer to question number 83736.
Seventhly:
With regard to your saying "why do the men get to choose who they want to marry but sometimes woman gets no say in it at all? Why is it so unfair?" your mistake is very clear and obvious. In fact the woman may choose just as the man may choose; in fact her right to choose is greater than his. The woman who receives marriage proposals can choose whoever she wants and reject all the others. In fact she may choose a man who suits her, whereas it may not be easy for a man to propose to more than one or two. All the choices made by men in fact create choices for the woman, because she has the right to refuse him.
The tradition is for the woman to be makhtoobah (proposed to) and not khaatibah (the one who proposes); for her to be mankoohah (the one who is married) and not naahikah (one who marries); for her to be matloobah (the one who is sought) not taalibah (the one who seeks). This is something that is deeply rooted in the nature of the sons of Adam and indeed other living beings: the female is usually the one who is sought.
Despite that, there is no reason in sharee'ah, if a woman likes a man, for her not to express her wish to marry him. But that should not be done in an appropriate manner. So she should not propose to him or be the one who marries him; rather he is the one who proposes and she is the one who is proposed to; he is the one who marries and she is the one who is married.
Eighthly:
Finally, you should understand that Islam honour woman as a daughter, a mother and a wife: it protects her rights that have been taken from her. In its laws it pays attention to woman's weakness and emotional nature. So it prescribes for her that which will protect her honour and dignity. What you see of loss of honour and transgression against women in the form of assault and rape is only because of the bad conduct of men who have lost all mercy and compassion, and who have lost all sense that Allah is always watching them; it is also because of women showing their adornments and being heedless about mixing, shaking hands, working and corresponding with men. If women adhered to the laws of Allah in their clothing and by not mixing with men or travelling alone, and if they adhered to Islamic guidelines on talking to men and looking at them, a great deal of evil and mischief in society would come to an end.
Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allah have mercy on him) said:
There is no doubt that allowing women to mix freely with men is the basis of all calamities and evils, and it is one of the greatest causes of bringing punishment upon the entire community. It is also one of the causes of corruption in both public and private affairs. And mixing of men with women is a cause of many immoral actions and zina, and it is one of the causes of widespread death and ongoing plagues.
Al-Turuq al-Hukmiyyah, p. 405
Please also see the answer to question no. 40405
Our advice to you is to beware of the tricks of the Shaytaan, to venerate your Lord, may He be exalted, be proud of your religion and express your appreciation of the Prophet of Islam (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him). You should understand that life is not sex, such that you should focus only on that issue. Islam is all great and its rulings are all in the interests of both individuals and societies at all times and in all places. Wise people in the West are entering the religion of Allah in crowds, not in order to flatter anyone, but because of what they see of the greatness of its laws and its suitability to all times and places. These wise people differentiate between what they know of Islam and what they see of the actions of some Muslims. So think again about what you said and take another look at your verdict on Islam: you will see the greatness of this religion and that you are enjoying a blessing of which millions of people are deprived.
And Allah knows best.
He committed zina with her, then he repented, and he is afraid that she may harm the baby; what should he do?
Is a Muslim who does not follow the teachings of Islam worse than an atheist?
What should the imam do when there are people praying behind him who do innovated actions?
The reason behind 'aqeeqah
Life on Earth Before Adam
Response to those who say that fasting on the day of 'Arafah is not Sunnah
Doubts about the obligation to let the beard grow and answers to them
Verses and hadeeth about hijab


Northern Ontario's Agawa River is hardly a hidden gem amongst adventure seekers. At the turn of the 19th century, legendary Ojibwa guide Towabanisay canoed the Agawa's 200-metre-deep (600-foot) gorges with Stewart Edward White, an outdoors writer from Chicago. White's 1903 book, The Forest, portrayed Towab as a mystic and described Agawa River highlights like Burnt Rock Pool and 25-metre (85-foot) Agawa Falls.
It's thought that White's book turned Group of Seven painters A.Y. Jackson, J.E.H. Macdonald, Lawren Harris and Arthur Lismer onto the Agawa. The artists accessed the region via the Algoma Central Railway between 1918 and 1922. They spent their days sketching from canoes and high rocky vistas and then compared notes while camped out in boxcars on chilly spring and fall nights. MacDonald's "Solemn Land", Lismer's "Somber Hill, Algoma", Harris' "Algoma Hills" and Jackson's "First Snow, Algoma" are the notable results of this definitive era of painting.
Macdonald's assertions that the Agawa was "the original site of the Garden of Eden" and "a little Yosemite" still ring true today. Many tourists are familiar with the Agawa Canyon Tour Train, which ushers fall colour enthusiasts on a day trip with a brief layover the old station house at Mile 114. Whitewater canoe fanatics, however, get a more intimate experience with the wild Agawa. Each May, Naturally Superior Adventures offers a long-weekend outdoor adventure combining whitewater canoe instruction with a two-day wilderness canoe trip on the Agawa River.
After a day of training on the Michipicoten River we load our canoes and board the same passenger train that carried Jackson, Macdonald, Harris and Lismer. After a two-hour ride, we disembark at Canyon Station and set off downstream. Novice- and intermediate-level rapids punctuate the Agawa's 25-kilometre (15-mile) descent to Lake Superior; we'll also portage around an old logging dam and spectacular Agawa Falls. En route, we'll overnight at a wilderness campsite in Lake Superior Provincial Park within ear- and eyeshot of the cascading river. The whitewater thrills continue the next day, as the canyon walls slowly peel away from the river and steady current pulls us steadily to trip's end at Lake Superior's Agawa Bay.
Last night, we were fortunate enough to host a group of 8 canoeists undertaking a project called Trans CanEAUda. Through the spring, summer and fall they are attempting a 7000km paddling expedition from Ottawa, ON to Inuvik, NWT, as a way to raise awareness about water issues in Canada, and to raise funds for the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS) and the Ottawa Riverkeeper. The group of friends all have a variety of reasons for undertaking the trip, but the common thread is their love of nature. It was awesome to talk to them over dinner – they definitely left a mark on all of us here! Follow their expedition at TranscanEAUda or find them on Facebook. They have a SPOT device with them so you can track their progress for the duration of their trip! Thanks for stopping in. Good luck!


text:
Archival materials (993)
Records (documents) (279)
Sound recordings (83)
Oral histories (document genres) (36)
Floppy disks (32)
Natural history museums (95)
Lectures and lecturing (39)
Historical museums (32)
Congresses and conventions (23)
History of science and technology (23)
Lemelson Center (23)
Smithsonian Associates (21)
National Museum of American History (19)
National Museum of Natural History, Office of Education and Outreach (19)
National Museum of Natural History, Office of Education (17)
Smithsonian Institution, Office of Museum Programs (17)
Smithsonian Center for Education and Museum Studies (13)
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Department of Education (12)
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (9)
Smithsonian Center for Learning and Digital Access (9)
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Education Department (8)
National Air and Space Museum (8)
National Museum of African Art (8)
National Air and Space Museum. Space History Division (7)
Warshaw, Isadore, d. 1969 (7)
American Association of Museums. Committee on Education (6)
Anacostia Community Museum (6)
Art Institute of Chicago (6)
National Museum of American History. Division of Information Technology and Society (6)
Smithsonian American Art Museum (6)
Smithsonian Institution. Traveling Exhibition Service (6)
Calder, Alexander (5)
Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Education Department (5)
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum (5)
Pacific Islanders (6)
Yoruba (African people) (3)
Blackfeet (2)
Blackfoot Indians (2)
Hualapai Indians (2)
Kiowa Indians (2)
Osage Indians (2)
Paleo-Indians (2)
Chiba-shi (Japan) (2)
Los Angeles (Calif.) (2)
Archives Center, National Museum of American History (82)
Query: Museums -- Educational aspects
993 records — Page 79 of 100
Herzberg, Julia P.
aaa.herzjuli
The papers of curator and art historian Julia P. Herzberg measure 7.6 linear feet and date from 1977-2018. Included are Herzberg's files on exhibitions and artists containing correspondence, printed material, interview transcripts, and notes and drafts by Herzberg. Artists include Wilfredo Lam, Doris Salcedo, Ana Mendieta, and Jorge Tacla among others.
William P. Daley papers
Daley, William, 1925-
AAA.dalewill
The papers of ceramist William P. Daley measure 15.2 linear feet and date from 1905-2004 (bulk 1951-2001). The collection documents Daley's career as both artist and teacher through biographical information, correspondence, exhibition files, project files, material on workshops, seminars, and lectures, teaching files, artist files, reference files, printed material, photographs, financial files, and artwork.
Robert Elliot Silberglied Papers
Silberglied, Robert E., 1946-1982
1960-1982, with related materials to 1984
b 20 cu. ft. (20 record storage boxes)
Record Unit 7316
The papers of Robert E. Silberglied provide comprehensive documentation of his professional career. They include materials relating to his initial interest in entomology; his academic training; his teaching career at Harvard University; his duties as a staff member of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI); his efforts as a conserv...
National Museum of American Art. Office of Program Support
146.04 cu. ft. (5 record storage boxes) (280 document boxes) (1 5x8 box) (1 film box) (2 oversize folders)
The records of the Office of Program Support, National Museum of American Art, 1965-1981, with related records from 1947, were received in the Archives from 1981 through 1994.
Smithsonian Institution, Contracts Office
13 linear meters.
Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 1979 Festival of American Folklife
Smithsonian Institution. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
1 Cubic foot (approximate)
CFCH.SFF.1979
Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections
The Smithsonian Institution Festival of American Folklife, held annually since 1967 on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was renamed the Smithsonian Folklife Festival in 1998. The materials collected here document the planning, production, and execution of the annual Festival, produced by the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage (1999-present) and its predecessor offices (1967-1999). An overview of the entire Festival records group is available here: Smithsonian Folklife Festival records.
Jack Stewart papers
Stewart, Jack, 1926-2005
AAA.stewjack
The Jack Stewart papers are dated 1926-2010 and measure 9.9 linear feet and 7.31 GB. A significant portion of the collection concerns Stewart's dissertation, "Subway Graffiti: An Aesthetic Study of Graffiti on the Subway" (New York University, 1989), related research, writings, and exhibitions on the subject. Biographical materials, correspondence, writings, printed and digital material, artwork, sketchbooks, and photographic materials document his career as a painter, muralist, designer, educator and administrator.
Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 2009 Smithsonian Folklife Festival
June 24-July 5, 2009
DNA Sequencing Interviews
files (Reference copies).
The Smithsonian Videohistory Program, funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation from 1986 until 1992, used video in historical research. Additional collections have been added since the grant project ended. Videohistory uses the video camera as a historical research tool to record moving visual information. Video works best in historical r...
Henry Ossawa Tanner papers
Tanner, Henry Ossawa, 1859-1937
1860s-1978
AAA.tannhenr
The papers of the expatriate African American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner measure 2.3 linear feet and date from the 1860s to 1978, with the bulk of the material dating from 1890 to 1937. Found in the papers are scattered biographical, family, and legal materials; twenty-seven folders of correspondence with family, friends, patrons, and galleries; writings and notes by Tanner and others; a small amount of printed material; numerous photographs of Tanner, his studio in Paris and home in Trepied, Normandy, his family, friends, fellow artists, and his artwork. Additional photographs include a circa 1890 shot of Tanner with fellow students at the Académie Julian and another depicting Tanner with members of the American Art Club in Paris, circa 1900. Also found are a few sketches and drawings.


text:
Nnamdi Kanu Suffering From Heart Condition – Ejimakor
One of counsel to the leader of the Indigenous People of Biafra, Nnamdi Kanu, Aloy Ejimakor, has disclosed that the detention facility of the Department of State Services does not have the standard medical facility to attend to the health condition of Kanu.
Ejimakor noted that Kanu has a heart condition called 'heart murmur' and was treating the health condition in a Texas hospital in the United States before his arrest.
The client further stated that the IPOB leader contacted a hospital in Kenya in May over the heart condition before he was detained and extradited to Nigeria.
Ejimakor added that the condition of the custody facility of the secret police has worsened Kanu's health condition.
He stated this during an interview with BBC Pidgin at the weekend.
The lawyer to the IPOB leader said, "I don't see any remarkable difference between the Nnamdi Kanu of the old and the Nnamdi Kanu of 21st of October. The only thing I understand, and I could say was that he has lost a lot of weight.
"Everybody noticed so I do believe that the loss of weight has a whole lot to do with the conditions of his detention in Nigeria, which is very restrictive and uncomfortable, and very degrading. I think also, it is indicative of what he passed through in Kenya when he was renditioned there in June 2021.
"Before his rendition, Nnamdi Kanu was receiving treatment for a heart condition called Heart Murmur. And he has an extreme form of hypertension. His medical report is a matter for public consumption through the facilities and processes we filed in that regard. He was receiving treatment in Texas, United States back in February this year for that. And when he entered Kenya sometime in May, he also made contact with a hospital in Kenya to treat these conditions. And these conditions persist
"Our thesis, our position is that the DSS facility is a poster exemplar of the detention facilities in Nigeria are like in terms of inadequate medical facilities. I don't believe the DSS facility has the medical competence to take care of his medical condition which we considered life-threatening."
He added, "We were not given enough time to study the Amend Charges, so as to let our client respond well. But the Judge wanted a plea to be taken, and of course, a plea was taken. And I don't think that has prejudiced the challenges we have with these charges which will come up on the 10th of November.
"What happened was that he took a while before they brought him inside. So when they brought him inside, he wasn't in chains. If you recall on June 29, 2021, when they presented him, subsequent to his rendition, he was in chains, he was in manacles and that was unconstitutional. You shouldn't be doing that to suspect.
"Nigerian constitution says you shouldn't do that to a suspect, on October 21, they didn't. He wasn't in manacles, he wasn't in handcuffs. So he walked freely inside the confines of the courtroom. He received a salutation from his counsel and gathered other people who were in the court and had the opportunity to snap pictures with him. He was in a more relaxed atmosphere than the last time he was presented in court."
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text:
Cardene I.V.
Drug: Cardene I.V.
Cardene (nicardipine hydrochloride) is a calcium ion influx inhibitor (slow channel blocker or calcium channel blocker). Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection for intravenous administration contains 20 mg of nicardipine hydrochloride per 200 mL (0.1 mg/mL) in either dextrose or sodium chloride. Nicardipine hydrochloride is a dihydropyridine derivative with IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) chemical name (±)-2-(benzyl-methyl amino) ethyl methyl 1,4-dihydro2,6-dimethyl-4-(m-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate monohydrochloride and has the following structure: Nicardipine hydrochloride is a greenish-yellow, odorless, crystalline powder that melts at about 169°C. It is freely soluble in chloroform, methanol, and glacial acetic acid, sparingly soluble in anhydrous ethanol, slightly soluble in n-butanol, water, 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, acetone, and dioxane, very slightly soluble in ethyl acetate, and practically insoluble in benzene, ether, and hexane. It has a molecular weight of 515.99. Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection is available as a ready-to-use sterile, non-pyrogenic, clear, colorless to yellow, iso-osmotic solution for intravenous administration in a 200 mL GALAXY container with 20 mg (0.1 mg/mL) nicardipine hydrochloride in either dextrose or sodium chloride. Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection in 4.8% Dextrose 20 mg in 200 mL (0.1 mg/mL) Each mL contains 0.1 mg nicardipine hydrochloride, 48 mg dextrose hydrous, USP, 0.0192 mg citric acid, anhydrous, USP, and 1.92 mg sorbitol, NF. Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may have been added to adjust pH to 3.7 to 4.7. Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection in 0.86% Sodium Chloride 20 mg in 200 mL (0.1 mg/mL) Each mL contains 0.1 mg nicardipine hydrochloride, 8.6 mg sodium chloride, USP, 0.0192 mg citric acid, anhydrous, USP, and 1.92 mg sorbitol, NF. Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may have been added to adjust pH to 3.7 to 4.7. The GALAXY container is fabricated from multilayered plastic (PL 2501). Solutions are in contact with the polyethylene layer of the container and can leach out certain chemical components of the plastic in very small amounts within the expiration period. The suitability and safety of the plastic have been confirmed in tests in animals according to the USP biological tests for plastic containers, as well as by tissue culture toxicity studies. Last reviewed on RxList: 8/4/2014
Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The adverse reaction information from clinical trials does, however, provide a basis for identifying the adverse events that appear to be related to drug use and for approximating rates. Two hundred forty-four patients participated in two multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of Cardene I.V. Adverse experiences were generally not serious and most were expected consequences of vasodilation. Adverse experiences occasionally required dosage adjustment. Therapy was discontinued in approximately 12% of patients, mainly due to hypotension, headache, and tachycardia. The table below shows percentage of patients with adverse events where the rate is > 3% more common on Cardene I.V. than placebo. Adverse Event Cardene I.V.
(N=144) Placebo
(N=100) Body as a Whole Headache, n (%) 21 (15) 2 (2) Cardiovascular Hypotension, n (%) 8 (6) 1 (1) Tachycardia, n (%) 5 (4) 0 Digestive Nausea/vomiting, n (%) 7 (5) 1 (1) Other adverse events have been reported in clinical trials or in the literature in association with the use of intravenously administered nicardipine: Body as a Whole: fever, neck pain Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, atrioventricular block, ST segment depression, inverted T wave, deep-vein thrombophlebitis Digestive: dyspepsia Hemic and Lymphatic: thrombocytopenia Metabolic and Nutritional: hypophosphatemia, peripheral edema Nervous: confusion, hypertonia Respiratory: respiratory disorder Special Senses: conjunctivitis, ear disorder, tinnitus Urogenital: urinary frequency Sinus node dysfunction and myocardial infarction, which may be due to disease progression, have been seen in patients on chronic therapy with orally administered nicardipine. Post-Marketing And Other Clincal Experience Because adverse reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate reliably their frequency or to establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. The following adverse reaction has been identified during post-approval use of Cardene I.V.: decreased oxygen saturation (possible pulmonary shunting). Read the Cardene I.V. (nicardipine hydrochloride) Side Effects Center for a complete guide to possible side effectsLearn More »
Recommended Dosing Cardene I.V. is intended for intravenous use. Titrate dose to achieve the desired blood pressure reduction. Individualize dosage depending on the blood pressure to be obtained and the response of the patient. Dosage as a Substitute for Oral Nicardipine Therapy The intravenous infusion rate required to produce an average plasma concentration equivalent to a given oral dose at steady state is shown in the following table: Oral Cardene Dose Equivalent I.V. Infusion Rate 20 mg q8h 0.5 mg/hr = 5 mL/hr 30 mg q8h 1.2 mg/hr = 12 mL/hr 40 mg q8h 2.2 mg/hr = 22 mL/hr Dosage for Initiation of Therapy in a Patient Not Receiving Oral Nicardipine Initiate therapy at 50 mL/hr (5 mg/hr). If desired blood pressure reduction is not achieved at this dose, the infusion rate may be increased by 25 mL/hr (2.5 mg/hr) every 5 minutes (for rapid titration) to 15 minutes (for gradual titration) up to a maximum of 150 mL/hr (15 mg/hr), until desired blood pressure reduction is achieved. Following achievement of the blood pressure goal utilizing rapid titration, decrease the infusion rate to 30 mL/hr (3 mg/hr). Drug Discontinuation and Transition to an Oral Antihypertensive Agent Discontinuation of infusion is followed by a 50% offset of action in about 30 minutes. If treatment includes transfer to an oral antihypertensive agent other than oral nicardipine, initiate therapy upon discontinuation of Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection. If oral nicardipine is to be used, administer the first dose 1 hour prior to discontinuation of the infusion. Special Populations Titrate Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection slowly in patients with heart failure or impaired hepatic or renal function [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Monitoring The time course of blood pressure decrease is dependent on the initial rate of infusion and the frequency of dosage adjustment. With constant infusion, blood pressure begins to fall within minutes. It reaches about 50% of its ultimate decrease in about 45 minutes. Monitor blood pressure and heart rate continually during infusion and avoid too rapid or excessive blood pressure drop during treatment. If there is concern of impending hypotension or tachycardia, the infusion should be discontinued. Then, when blood pressure has stabilized, infusion of Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection may be restarted at low doses such as 30-50 mL/hr (3 -5 mg/hr) and adjusted to maintain desired blood pressure. Instructions For Administration Administer Cardene I.V. by a central line or through a large peripheral vein. Change the infusion site every 12 hours if administered via peripheral vein [see Intravenous Infusion Site Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection is available as a single-use, ready-to-use, iso-osmotic solution for intravenous administration. No further dilution is required. Inspect Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Check the container for minute leaks prior to use by squeezing the bag firmly; ensure that the seal is intact. If leaks are found, discard solution as sterility may be impaired. Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection is normally a clear, colorless to yellow solution. Do not combine Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection with any product in the same intravenous line or premixed container. Do not add supplementary medication to the bag. Protect from light until ready to use. Do not use plastic containers in series connections. Such use could result in air embolism due to residual air being drawn from the primary container before the administration of the fluid from the secondary container is complete. Preparation for administration
Suspend container from eyelet support.
Remove protector from outlet port at bottom of container.
Attach administration set. Refer to complete directions accompanying set.
Beta-Blockers In most patients, Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection can safely be used concomitantly with beta blockers. However, titrate slowly when using Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection in combination with a beta-blocker in heart failure patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Cimetidine Cimetidine has been shown to increase nicardipine plasma concentrations with oral nicardipine administration. Frequently monitor response in patients receiving both drugs. Data with other histamine-2 antagonists are not available. Cyclosporine Concomitant administration of oral nicardipine and cyclosporine results in elevated plasma cyclosporine levels. Closely monitor plasma concentrations of cyclosporine during Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection administration, and reduce the dose of cyclosporine accordingly. In Vitro Interaction The plasma protein binding of nicardipine was not altered when therapeutic concentrations of furosemide, propranolol, dipyridamole, warfarin, quinidine, or naproxen were added to human plasma in vitro. Last reviewed on RxList: 8/4/2014
Hypertension Cardene® I.V. (nicardipine hydrochloride) Premixed Injection is indicated for the short-term treatment of hypertension when oral therapy is not feasible or not desirable. For prolonged control of blood pressure, transfer patients to oral medication as soon as their clinical condition permits [see Recommended Dosingbelow].
Advanced Aortic Stenosis Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection is contraindicated in patients with advanced aortic stenosis because part of the effect of Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection is secondary to reduced afterload. Reduction of diastolic pressure in these patients may worsen rather than improve myocardial oxygen balance. Last reviewed on RxList: 8/4/2014
Several overdosages with orally administered nicardipine have been reported. One adult patient allegedly ingested 600 mg of immediate-release oral nicardipine, and another patient, 2160 mg of the sustained-release formulation of nicardipine. Symptoms included marked hypotension, bradycardia, palpitations, flushing, drowsiness, confusion and slurred speech. All symptoms resolved without sequelae. An overdosage occurred in a one year old child who ingested half of the powder in a 30 mg nicardipine standard capsule. The child remained asymptomatic. Based on results obtained in laboratory animals, lethal overdose may cause systemic hypotension, bradycardia (following initial tachycardia) and progressive atrioventricular conduction block. Reversible hepatic function abnormalities and sporadic focal hepatic necrosis were noted in some animal species receiving very large doses of nicardipine. For treatment of overdosage, implement standard measures including monitoring of cardiac and respiratory functions. Position the patient so as to avoid cerebral anoxia. Use vasopressors for patients exhibiting profound hypotension.
Dosage Forms And Strengths Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection is supplied as a single-use, ready-to-use, iso-osmotic solution for intravenous administration in a 200 mL GALAXY container with 20 mg (0.1 mg/mL) nicardipine hydrochloride in either dextrose or sodium chloride. Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection is supplied as a single-use, ready-to-use, iso-osmotic solution for intravenous administration in a 200 mL GALAXY container with 20 mg (0.1 mg/mL) nicardipine hydrochloride in either dextrose or sodium chloride. Pack Size Diluent NDC Number 10 bags, each containing 20 mg in 200 mL (0.1mg/mL) 4.8% Dextrose NDC 10122-314-10 10 bags, each containing 20 mg in 200 mL (0.1mg/mL) 0.86% Sodium Chloride NDC 10122-313-10 Storage And Handling Store at controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), refer to USP Controlled Room Temperature. Protect from freezing. Avoid excessive heat. Protect from light, store in carton until ready to use. Manufactured by: Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015 USA. Marketed by: Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc., Cary, NC 27518 USA. Revised: July 2014 Last reviewed on RxList: 8/4/2014
Excessive Pharmacodynamic Effects In administering nicardipine, close monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate is required. Nicardipine may occasionally produce symptomatic hypotension or tachycardia. Avoid systemic hypotension when administering the drug to patients who have sustained an acute cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. Use In Patients with Angina Increases in frequency, duration, or severity of angina have been seen in chronic therapy with oral nicardipine. Induction or exacerbation of angina has been seen in less than 1% of coronary artery disease patients treated with Cardene I.V. The mechanism of this effect has not been established. Use In Patients With Heart Failure Titrate slowly when using Cardene I.V. Premixed Injection, particularly in combination with a beta-blocker, in patients with heart failure or significant left ventricular dysfunction because of possible negative inotropic effects. Use In Patients With Impaired Hepatic Function Since nicardipine is metabolized in the liver, consider lower dosages and closely monitor responses in patients with impaired liver function or reduced hepatic blood flow. Use In Patients With Impaired Renal Function When Cardene I.V. was given to mild to moderate hypertensive patients with moderate renal impairment, a significantly lower systemic clearance and higher area under the curve (AUC) was observed. These results are consistent with those seen after oral administration of nicardipine. Titrate gradually in patients with renal impairment. Intravenous Infusion Site To reduce the possibility of venous thrombosis, phlebitis, local irritation, swelling, extravasation, and the occurrence of vascular impairment, administer drug through large peripheral veins or central veins rather than arteries or small peripheral veins, such as those on the dorsum of the hand or wrist. To minimize the risk of peripheral venous irritation, change the site of the drug infusion every 12 hours. Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility Rats treated with nicardipine in the diet (at concentrations calculated to provide daily dosage levels of 5, 15, or 45 mg/kg/day) for two years showed a dose-dependent increase in thyroid hyperplasia and neoplasia (follicular adenoma/carcinoma). One-and three-month studies in the rat have suggested that these results are linked to a nicardipine-induced reduction in plasma thyroxine (T4) levels with a consequent increase in plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Chronic elevation of TSH is known to cause hyperstimulation of the thyroid. In rats on an iodine deficient diet, nicardipine administration for one month was associated with thyroid hyperplasia that was prevented by T4 supplementation. Mice treated with nicardipine in the diet (at concentrations calculated to provide daily dosage levels of up to 100 mg/kg/day) for up to 18 months showed no evidence of neoplasia of any tissue and no evidence of thyroid changes. There was no evidence of thyroid pathology in dogs treated with up to 25 mg nicardipine/kg/day for one year and no evidence of effects of nicardipine on thyroid function (plasma T4 and TSH) in man. There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of nicardipine in a battery of genotoxicity tests conducted on microbial indicator organisms, in micronucleus tests in mice and hamsters, or in a sister chromatid exchange study in hamsters. No impairment of fertility was seen in male or female rats administered nicardipine at oral doses as high as 100 mg/kg/day (human equivalent dose about 16 mg/kg/day, 8 times the maximum recommended oral dose). Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of nicardipine use in pregnant women. However, limited human data in pregnant women with preeclampsia or pre-term labor are available. In animal studies, no embryotoxicity occurred in rats with oral doses 8 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on body surface area (mg/m²), but did occur in rabbits with oral doses at 24 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on body surface area (mg/m²). Cardene I.V. should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Hypotension, reflex tachycardia, postpartum hemorrhage, tocolysis, headache, nausea, dizziness, and flushing have been reported in pregnant women who were treated with intravenous nicardipine for hypertension during pregnancy. Fetal safety results ranged from transient fetal heart rate decelerations to no adverse events. Neonatal safety data ranged from hypotension to no adverse events. Adverse events in women treated with intravenous nicardipine during pre-term labor include pulmonary edema, dyspnea, hypoxia, hypotension, tachycardia, headache, and phlebitis at site of injection. Neonatal adverse events include acidosis (pH < 7.25). In embryofetal toxicity studies, nicardipine was administered intravenously to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses up to 0.14 times the MRHD based on body surface area (mg/m²) (5 mg/kg/day) (rats) and 0.03 times the MRHD based on body surface area (mg/m²) (0.5 mg/kg/day) (rabbits). No embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was seen at these doses. Embryotoxicity, but no teratogenicity was seen at 0.27 times the MRHD based on body surface area (mg/m²) (10 mg/kg/day) in rats and at 0.05 times the MRHD based on body surface are (mg/m²) (1 mg/kg/day) in rabbits. In other animal studies, pregnant Japanese White rabbits received oral nicardipine during organogenesis, at doses 8 and 24 times the MRHD based on body surface area (mg/m²) (50 and 150 mg/kg/day). Embryotoxicity occurred at the high dose along with signs of maternal toxicity (marked maternal weight gain suppression). New Zealand albino rabbits received oral nicardipine during organogenesis, at doses up to 16 times the MRHD based on body surface area (mg/m²) (100 mg nicardipine/kg/day). While significant maternal mortality occurred, no adverse effects on the fetus were observed. Pregnant rats received oral nicardipine from day 6 through day 15 of gestation at doses up to 8 times the MRHD based on body surface area (mg/m²) (100 mg/kg/day). There was no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity; however, dystocia, reduced birth weights, reduced neonatal survival, and reduced neonatal weight gain were noted. Nursing Mothers Nicardipine is minimally excreted into human milk. Among 18 infants exposed to nicardipine through breast milk in the postpartum period, calculated daily infant dose was less than 0.3 mcg and there were no adverse events observed. Consider the possibility of infant exposure when using nicardipine in nursing mothers. In a study of 11 women who received oral nicardipine 4 to 14 days postpartum, 4 women received immediate-release nicardipine 40 to 80 mg daily, 6 received sustained-release nicardipine 100 to 150 mg daily, and one received intravenous nicardipine 120 mg daily. The peak milk concentration was 7.3 mcg/L (range 1.9-18.8), and the mean milk concentration was 4.4 mcg/L (range 1.3-13.8). Infants received an average of 0.073% of the weight-adjusted maternal oral dose and 0.14% of the weight-adjusted maternal intravenous dose. In another study of seven women who received intravenous nicardipine for an average of 1.9 days in the immediate postpartum period as therapy for pre-eclampsia, 34 milk samples were obtained at unspecified times and nicardipine was undetectable ( < 5 mcg/L) in 82% of the samples. Four women who received 1 to 6.5 mg/hour of nicardipine had 6 milk samples with detectable nicardipine levels (range 5.1 to 18.5 mcg/L). The highest concentration of 18.5 mcg/L was found in a woman who received 5.5 mg/hour of nicardipine. The estimated maximum dose in a breastfed infant was < 0.3 mcg daily or between 0.015 to 0.004% of the therapeutic dose in a 1 kg infant. Pediatric Use Safety and efficacy in patients under the age of 18 have not been established. Geriatric Use The steady-state pharmacokinetics of nicardipine are similar in elderly hypertensive patients ( > 65 years) and young healthy adults. Clinical studies of nicardipine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, use low initial doses in elderly patients, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Last reviewed on RxList: 8/4/2014
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Protect your proprietary business information.
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Most of us will be asked to sign a Confidentiality Agreement sometime during our career. Or, we may choose to ask our employees to sign an agreement as part of their employment paperwork. These agreements help protect proprietary company information.
Who should sign a Confidentiality Agreement?
Confidentiality Agreements protect your proprietary information from being shared with your competitors. Anyone who is privy to your company's protected information could potentially share that information with your competitors or could use the information to become a competitor. While Confidentiality Agreements, often called Non-disclosure Agreements, can be difficult to enforce, they can offer your company some protection.
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There are limitations to Confidentiality Agreements. For example, an agreement cannot be used to protect illegal activities such as harassment or discrimination. You also cannot prosecute those who may overhear private company information unknowingly.
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Do I have to sign a Confidentiality Agreement?
You may be wondering, Do I have to sign a Confidentiality or Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA)? You may be asked by employers or business associates to sign an NDA. These agreements are fairly common and are intended to protect a company's proprietary information. Employees are often required to sign one as part of their employment agreement. Business associates are also often asked to sign one. For example, if they are sharing product information with you about a product that has not yet been released to the market.
If you are asked to sign a Confidentiality Agreement, make sure you understand the agreement and what information is considered protected. NDAs also include a time limit. It may be for a few years or until the information becomes public knowledge (such as rebranding or an acquisition). In most situations, signing the document is not optional. Usually it will need to be signed before you move forward in the business relationship; however, you can ask them to explain the terms of the agreement for you.


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Switching from smoking to vaping does reduce your carcinogens
Health 6 February 2017
By Andy Coghlan
Safer than smoking?
RyanJLane/Getty
Are electronic cigarettes really any safer than smoking? A study that looked at the amount of cancer-causing chemicals in smoker's bodies suggests yes.
"Less than half of current smokers in the UK believe that e-cigarettes are less harmful," says Lion Shahab, at University College London. His team has screened urine and saliva samples from 181 people, looking for chemicals known to be linked to cancer. "What we found is that using e-cigarettes alone results in very low exposure to toxins and carcinogens," said Shahab.
Compared with people who were currently smokers, the team found that former smokers who had been vaping only, for six months or more, had very low levels of some of the worst carcinogens found in tobacco smoke. NNAL, a chemical heavily linked to lung cancer, was 97.5 per cent lower in former smokers who now only vaped, compared with the average smoker.
A number of other carcinogens, including acrylonitrile, butadiene, and acrolein, were all much lower in the vapers. Former smokers who had switched to long-term use of nicotine patches or gums also had lower levels of carcinogens.
Continuing controversy
The researchers said the findings provided strong reassurance that vaping is safer than smoking. "I would bet my house on e-cigarettes being substantially safer than smoking," said Robert West, another of the researchers from University College London.
"This paper adds to the body of evidence that e-cigarette use is less harmful than smoking," says Linda Bauld at the University of Stirling, UK, and a cancer prevention adviser to Cancer Research UK, which funded the study.
But some researchers are still sceptical of the safety of e-cigarattes. Last week, a separate study warned that vaping could raise the risk of heart disease.
"It's been established for a long time that e-cigarettes deliver much lower levels of carcinogens than cigarettes," says Stan Glantz of the University of California at San Francisco, a long-time critic of vaping. "The health problems caused by e-cigarettes are on the cardiovascular system, increasing risks of heart and vascular disease, and non-cancer lung disease," he says. "I think e-cigs are about 30 to 50 per cent as dangerous as cigarettes."
West said that ultimately, epidemiological studies like those that showed that smoking caused lung cancer will provide the best evidence on e-cigarettes, but that such data would not be available for another 20 years or so.
Journal reference: Annals of Internal Medicine, DOI: 10.7326/M16-1107
Read more: Smoke without fire: What's the truth on e-cigarettes?
How to use science (and a dash of acid) to improve your scrambled eggs
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An AI was tasked with creating proteins with anti-microbial properties. Researchers then created a subset of the proteins and found some did the job
A better understanding of PCOS offers fresh hope for new treatments
New insights into polycystic ovary syndrome are revealing more about the causes of this common but misunderstood whole-body condition, and these could lead to new treatments
Why gene variant impairing alcohol breakdown raises heart disease risk
A gene variant that causes the "alcohol flush" reaction increases the risk of heart disease by causing inflammation of blood vessels, especially in drinkers