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Komakech & 7 Ors Vs Ayaa & Anor (CIVIL APPEAL No. 0028 OF 2016) [2018] UGHCCD 54 (11 October 2018);
Full judgment
THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF UGANDA SITTING AT GULU
CIVIL APPEAL No. 0028 OF 2016
(Arising from Kitgum Chief Magistrate's Court Civil Suit No. 052 of 2013)
KOMAKECH SAM }
ORYEMA ALEX}
OLWOCH JULIUS}
AKENA PATRICK}…………………………… APPELLANTS
AKELLO ROSALBA}
LABONGO INNOCENT}
OYET MARTIN MAT-OGIK}
OYET RICHARD}
AYAA CORINA}
OKELLO VINCENT ENOSI} ………………………… RESPONDENTS
Before: Hon Justice Stephen Mubiru.
The respondents, who are husband and wife, jointly and severally sued the appellants jointly and severally for general and special damages for trespass to goods and conversion, arising from a wrongful eviction. Their claim was that at all material time they operated business as a bar and dealers in general merchandise at Apollo Ground in Kitgum Town. On or around 17th June, 2012, the L.C.1 Court delivered a judgment by which it directed the respondents to vacate the premises within a period of two weeks. The respondents contested that period as being too short for them to secure alternative accommodation for their business. On 5th July, 2012, the appellants went to the respondents' business premises and forcefully evicted them from, by throwing their merchandise outside. Consequently, a significant part of their merchandise worth shs. 24,150,000/= was stolen or damaged, hence the suit.
In their joint written statement of defence, the first to the fourth appellants contended that before intervention, the office of the Resident District Commissioner had requested the District Police Commander, Kitgum to sort out the property wrangles involving the commercial building on which the respondents were conducting business. The 5th and 6th appellants were the Landlords and had entered into a tenancy agreement with the respondents. The respondents had complained to the L.C.1 Executive Committee that the 5th and 6th appellants planned to terminate the tenancy agreement wrongfully. When the committee investigated the complaint, it discovered that the respondents were at fault since they had defaulted on their rental payments for the previous seventeen months. The 5th and 6th appellants had issued a three months' notice of termination of tenancy expiring on 4th June, 2012 but the respondents requested for a two week's extension which was granted to them. they instead complained to the Resident District Commissioner alleging a planned wrongful eviction. When the respondents failed to turn up on the appointed date for resolving the conflict, it was referred to the GISO Kitgum and the DPC Kitgum to handle. In their capacity as members of the L.C.1 Executive Committee, and acting on the directives of the Kitgum District Police Commander, and in conjunction with the 5th and 6th appellants, they caused the eviction of the respondents from the premises.
In their joint written statement of defence, the 5th and 6th appellants contended that they are the proprietors of a commercial building at Apollo Ground in Kitgum Town in respect of which they executed a tenancy agreement with the respondents. The respondents used the premises as dealers in locally made wine. The respondents had by March, 2012 defaulted on rent for the previous twenty one months, at the rate of shs. 350,000/= per month. By reason of that default, the 5th and 6th appellants, on 4th March, 2012 gave the respondents three months' notice to vacate the premises, which notice expired on 4th June, 2012. The second respondent instead lodged complaint to his clan leader claiming to be the owner of the building. He continued to falsely accuse them before the Resident District Commissioner alleging a planned wrongful eviction. When the respondents failed to turn up on the appointed date for resolving the conflict, it was referred to the GISO Kitgum and the DPC Kitgum to handle. In conjunction with the 1st and 4th appellants, they caused the eviction of the respondents from the premises and the 5th and 6th appellants regained possession. The respondents contributed to any losses they may have incurred by their failure to find alternative premises within the period of notice given to them and the further two weeks they requested for. They prayed that the suit against them be dismissed with costs. They counterclaimed for a sum of shs. 7,350,000/= in outstanding rent under the tenancy agreement, general damages for the damage they occasioned to the building by undertaking unauthorised modifications, interest and costs. The 7th and 8th appellants did not file their respective defences and an interlocutory judgment was entered against each of them. They did not appear at the hearing of the appeal either.
P.W.1, Korina Okello, the first respondent, testified that her husband and the landlord had agreed that she conducts business of a bar and shop on the premises for five years, to enable her husband recoup money he had spent on the construction of the building. The building belonged to the late Erick, a brother to the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th Labongo Innocent. She occupied the room at the back while the brother of the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th Labongo Innocent, occupied the front, a room whose size is bigger than the courtroom. On or around 17th March, 2012 she was involved in a quarrel with a neighbour, a one Akoko Susan. The second appellant reacted by delivering to her on 17th June, 2012 a two weeks' written notice to vacate the premises. Later the 1st appellant, Komakech Sam, the 2nd Oryema Alex, the 3rd Julius Olwoch and the 6th Labongo Innocent sealed off the premises but she sought the intervention of the police who came and opened the door. One week later, on 5th July, 2012, the 1st appellant, Komakech Sam and his men; the 3rd appellant Julius Olwoch, the 2nd Oryema Alex, the 4th Akena Patrick, the 6th Labongo Innocent, the 5th Akello Rosalba and others, evicted her in the presence of policemen, by throwing out her property from the premises. She mentioned all items of her merchandise she could remember were thrown out, including cash, shs. 2,000,000/= Some items got damaged, including music and video recording equipment, plastic chairs and crates of beer. She was earning shs. 100,000/= daily from her business. She had occupied the premises for more than ten years paying shs. 15,000/= per month.
P.W.2, Okello Vincent Enosi, the second respondent, testified that with the consent of a one Mohammed Amadi, the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 1st appellant, Komakech Sam, he had since 1999 made a substantial financial contribution to the construction of the premises which belonged to their deceased brother. On 19th March, 2012 he demanded for refund of shs. 25,000,000/= but Mohammed Amadi verbally agreed to refund only shs. 10,000,000/= As a result, on 26th May, 2012 an agreement was made allowing him to occupy the premises for five years, rent free, in order to recoup his money. On 17th June, 2012 he received a call from his wife, the first respondent. She told him the appellants had given her a fourteen days' notice to vacate following her quarrel with a one Akoko Susan. Later she told him the premises had been sealed off but that she had sought intervention of the police and re-opened them. On 5th July, 2012 he went to the premises at around 11.00 am and found all the business merchandise strewn by the roadside. Shs. 2,200,000/= cash that was earned from the sale of speakers was missing alongside business stock such as crates of beer and sachets of liquor. Some property had been damaged such as plastic chairs, a woofer, DVD player and sound proofing material for the music recording studio. Other items like a hired microphone condenser, a computer and woollen carpet were missing.
P.W.3, Otim Geoffrey, a son of both respondents, testified that the appellants had evicted his parents from the commercial premises in issue on 5th July, 2012, yet they had no power to do so. This followed a quarrel between the first respondent and a one Akoko Susan on 16th June 2012 and the following day the L.C.1 Executive resolved that the respondents had to leave the premises. The landlord was Andrew Mohammed Okidi who had permitted the respondents to occupy the premises for five years effective from the year 2012. The respondents were tenants paying shs. 100,000/= in rent per month. During the eviction, his mother collapsed and he took her to hospital as a result of which some of the property went missing.
P.W.4, Opio Komakech, testified that the business premises belonged to the late Okot Eric, a brother to the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th Labongo Innocent. The administrator of the estate was D.W.4 Okidi Angelo. On 17th June, 2012, the 1st appellant, Komakech Sam and the 2nd Oryema Alex, in their capacity as members of the L.C.1 Executive convened a meeting to resolve the dispute between the first respondent and a one Atto. They resolved that the respondents should vacate the premises. On 5th July, 2012, the two L.C.1 Executive members, the police and others purporting to be the landlords, evicted the respondents from the premises. The 6th appellant Labongo Innocent physically pulled down the walls of the recording studio. All business items of the respondents were cast outside. That was the close of the respondents' case.
D.W.1 the 1st respondent, Komakech Sam testified that the respondents had during the month of February, 2012 complained to him that they had been given three months' notice to vacate the business premises they were occupying for defaulting on rent for the previous twenty one months, a total of shs. 7,350,000/= He and other members of the L.C.1 Executive Committee intervened and with the consent of the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba, the 2nd Oryema Alex, and the 3rd Julius Olwoch, the respondents were given an extension of two weeks. The first respondent instead went to the office of the RDC to complain against the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th Labongo Innocent. The complaint was dismissed. The first respondent began quarrelling with neighbours thereby posing a security threat causing the 4th appellant Akena Patrick and the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba to seek help from the RDC. The RDC delegated the issue to the police which upon verifying the respondents' claim oversaw the eviction. Some youths helped in carrying property out of the room and placed it on the veranda and the premises were thereafter locked. No item was lost or damaged. The property was left under the care of the first respondent.
D.W.2 Olwoch Julius, the 3rd appellant and Secretary for Defence on the L.C.1 Executive, testified that pursuant to the complaint by the respondents registered with the first appellant, he attended the meeting at which it was resolved that the respondents be given two weeks to vacate the premises. He more or less re-stated the rest of what was stated by the first appellant. D.W.3 the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba testified that she and the 6th appellant Labongo Innocent, own the premises in issue and have receipts of payment of ground rent as proof. In January 2010 when the respondents began defaulting on rent, a family meeting was convened at which it was resolved that if the default continued, the respondents were to be evicted. She was delegated by the meeting to follow up the matter with the L.C.1 Executive. The respondents having failed to pay rent at the rate of shs. 350,000/= per month since September, 2011, making a total of shs. 7,350,000/= she issued a notice of termination of tenancy. The respondents instead complained to the L.C.1 Executive and later to the R.D.C who referred the issue to the police and the L.C.1 Executive. They went to the premises and the first respondent having refused to remove her property, the police summoned some youth who peacefully carried the property out and placed it on the veranda. After verifying that no property was missing, the police handed over all the items to the first respondent and locked the premises.
D.W.4 Angelo Okidi testified that the late Andrew Okot helped the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th appellant Labongo Innocent to construct a commercial building, but it belongs to the former. The 5th appellant Akello Rosalba let out the building to the respondents. The 6th appellant Labongo Innocent testified as D.W.5 and stated that he and the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba are joint owners of the commercial building. They applied for and were granted a lease offer over that plot on 4th May, 2012 and have since then been paying ground rent for the premises. They let out the premises to the respondents in 1998 but they defaulted on rent to a total of shs. 7,350,000/= for the period starting September 2009 up to July, 2012. They were given ample time after a notice to vacate which they failed to heed and instead complained to the L.C.1 Executive and later to the R.D.C who referred the issue to the police and the L.C.1 Executive. They went to the premises and the first respondent having refused to remove her property, the police summoned some youth who peacefully carried the property out and placed it on the veranda. After verifying that no property was missing, the police handed over all the items to the first respondent and locked the premises and handed the building back to them. None of the respondents' property was lost damaged or vandalised. The eviction was done by the police. That was the close of the defence case.
In his judgment, the trial magistrate found that the persons named as parties to the tenancy agreement tendered in court were not the parties before court. In their respective written statements of defence, the appellants admitted having evicted the respondents from the premises, yet the premises belonged to a family not individuals. During mediation, a one Okidi had disclosed that the second respondent had demanded for a refund of shs. 25,000,000/= being the sum of money he had invested in construction of the building and had committed himself to refunding shs. 10,000,000/= He had already commenced payment of monthly instalments with a sum of shs. 500,000/= The 1st and 4th appellants had not acted as members of the L.C. Executive but had only helped the 5th and 6th do commit a wrong. He therefore dismissed the counterclaim with costs to the respondent, entered judgment in favour of the respondents directing them jointly and severally to compensate the respondents in the sum of shs. 10,355,600/=, the 5th and 6th to pay a sum of shs. 9,570,000/= each paying shs. 165,000/= per month for 58 months with effect from July, 2012 until 26th May, 2017, general damages of shs. 5,000,000/= against the 5th appellant, and costs.
Being dissatisfied with the decision, the appellants appealed to this court on the following grounds, namely;
The learned trial Chief Magistrate erred in law and fact when he awarded the respondents special damages of shs. 10,355,600/= for loss of property without proof hence occasioning a miscarriage of justice.
The learned trial Chief Magistrate erred in law and fact when he ordered the 5th and 6th appellants to pay the respondents shs. 9570,000/= as loss of rent for 58 months without any evidence thus occasioning a miscarriage of justice.
The learned trial Chief Magistrate erred in law and fact when he awarded general damages of shs. 5,000,000/= to the respondents without proving the same thus arriving at a wrong decision.
The learned trial Chief Magistrate erred in law and fact when he dismissed the 5th and 6th appellants' counterclaim based on a mediation report that was never tendered in court thus arriving at a wrong decision.
The learned trial Chief Magistrate erred in law and fact when he failed to order the respondents to pay the 5th and 6th appellants' unpaid rent thereby arriving at a wrong decision.
The learned trial Chief Magistrate erred in law and fact when he held that the eviction of the respondents from the 5th and 6th appellants' premises was illegal, thus arriving at a wrong decision.
Both counsel for the appellants Mr. Louis Odong and counsel for the respondents Mr. Jude Ogik, were in court on 27th September, 2018 when the appeal came up for hearing. They were directed to file their written submissions by 11th October, 2018, the date fixed for delivery of the judgment. At the time of writing this judgment, none of them had filed their submissions. That notwithstanding, this being a first appeal, this court is under an obligation to re-hear the case by subjecting the evidence presented to the trial court to a fresh and exhaustive scrutiny and re-appraisal before coming to its own conclusion (see in Father Nanensio Begumisa and three Others v. Eric Tiberaga SCCA 17of 2000; [2004] KALR 236). In a case of conflicting evidence the appeal court has to make due allowance for the fact that it has neither seen nor heard the witnesses, it must weigh the conflicting evidence and draw its own inference and conclusions.
Ground six challenges the trial court's finding as to the legality of the respondents' eviction. Determination of this ground requires the court first to determine whose property the commercial building in issue is. According to P.W.1, Korina Okello, the first respondent, the building belonged to the late Okot Eric. P.W.4, Opio Komakech, too testified that the business premises belonged to the late Okot Eric. On the other hand, P.W.3, Otim Geoffrey, testified that the landlord was Andrew Mohammed Okidi. I find that the respondents' evidence as a whole was contradictory on this point. In contrast, the 5th and 6th appellants testified they own the building jointly and relied on lease offer from the District Land Board, in their joint names as corroborative of their claim. Their claim was further corroborated by D.W.4 Angelo Okidi who testified that the late Andrew Okot only helped the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th appellant Labongo Innocent to construct the commercial building in issue. The second respondent's claim that he contributed to the construction of that building was not proved. In any event, that would not confer upon him any proprietary interests therein. I therefore find that on the balance of probabilities, the building belongs to the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th appellant Labongo Innocent, and not to the estate of the late Okot Eric.
It was then necessary to determine whether or not there existed a tenancy agreement between the respondents as tenants on the one hand and the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th appellant Labongo Innocent, on the other hand as landlords. Firstly, I observe that whereas the respondent's case was based on oral examination in chief, that of the appellants was based on witness statements. According to Order 18 rule 4 of The Civil Procedure Rules, "the evidence of the witnesses in attendance shall be taken orally in open court in the presence of and under the personal direction and superintendence of the judge." This is not only meant to guarantee that evidence is received subject to the rules of evidence meant to ensure that witness testimony is probative, credible, and fairly and efficiently presented, but it also enables the Judicial officer to evaluate the witness as the evidence unfolds; to assess the extent of the witness' actual recollection and knowledge. Although oral testimony during an examination in chief is time intensive, it therefore has significant adjudicative advantages.
That notwithstanding, witness statements have become pervasive because Court time is increasingly precious, and more efficiency is required. When witness statements are used in the place of oral examination in chief, Court time is concentrated on cross-examination rather than examination-in-chief. Although they have become pervasive, they are undesirable where there are significant factual disputes and credibility issues. This is because witness statements are prone to containing inadmissible content, may not be reflective of the witness' statement of fact but rather eloquent and compelling advocacy of counsel, and thus incapable of withstand test of cross-examination, and so on.
Time and again during cross-examination it has emerged that the true recollection and words of the witness were contaminated by the reconstruction, language and advocacy of the lawyer who prepared the statement. The words of the advocate are too often substituted for the words and recollection of the witness, obscuring the evidence in the process. When preparing witness statements, advocates should avoid any suggestion of coaching or collusion. Court should therefore ensure before relying on such a statement that it contains statements of fact that are relevant (to the disputed issues); that are admissible (should not include statements of opinion and submission); and authentic (expressed in the witness' own words not the advocate's words.
Before a witness statement is adopted in place of an examination in chief, the witness should be given opportunity to;- (a) correct any mistakes in the statement, (b) clarify points made already in the statement and (c) update evidence since the statement was made. It is the duty of opposite counsel at that point to object to inadmissible content in the opposing party's witness statement before it is adopted by court as the examination in chief of a particular witness. Where the statement has anexures to it, their admissibility as exhibits has to be addressed before the witness statement is adopted in place of an examination in chief.
This is more importantly so considering that evidence not objected to or challenged by cross-examination is deemed uncontroverted. It is trite that an omission or neglect to challenge the evidence in chief on a material or essential point by cross examination would lead to an inference that the evidence is accepted, subject to it being assailed as inherently incredible or possibly untrue (see James Sawoabiri and another v. Uganda, S. C. Criminal Appeal No. 5 of 1990 and Pioneer Construction Co. Ltd v. British American Tobacco HCCS. No. 209 of 2008). It turns out that the anexures to the appellants' witness statements, as part of their evidence in chief, were not objected to or challenged by cross-examination and are deemed uncontroverted, subject to it being assailed as inherently incredible.
Under section 10 (2) The Contracts Act, 7 of 2010, a contract may be oral or written or partly oral and partly written or may be implied from the conduct of the parties. Section 10 (5) though requires that a contract the subject matter of which exceeds twenty five currency points (500,000/=), shall be in writing. In the instant case, considering the size of the premises rented as described by the second respondent in her testimonies, the activities she was undertaking therein which included a bar and a music recording studio and her claimed daily income of shs. 100,000/= I find the amount of shs. 350,000/= stated by the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th appellant Labongo Innocent as the agreed monthly rent, as proved. The parties had an oral tenancy agreement.
That being the case, the law is that where a party alleges that it paid the other and the other denies receipt of the payment, the burden is on the party who alleges payment to prove it (see Global Forwarders & Clearing Ltd v. Henry Mugenyi t/a Kifaru High Court Bailiffs and Auctioneers, H.C. Civil Suit No. 188 of 2002). The burden of proving up to-date payment was on the respondents, and it was not discharged. For recovery of the outstanding rent, section 2 of The Distress for Rent (Bailiffs) Act, Cap 76, authorised the 5th appellant Akello Rosalba and the 6th appellant Labongo Innocent in their capacity as landlords in person, or their attorney to act as bailiff to levy distress for rent without a certificate in writing under the hand of a certifying officer. They did not chose to do this but instead chose to evict the respondents.
The eviction of tenants in breach of tenancy agreements is regulated by The Rent Restriction Act, Cap 231 which under section 6 thereof, provides that court may grant an order of ejectment where;- any rent lawfully due from the tenant has not been paid; any other obligation of the tenancy has been broken or not performed; the tenant, or any person residing with him or her or using the premises, has been guilty of conduct which is a nuisance or annoyance to adjoining occupiers; the tenant has assigned his or her interest in the premises or sublet the whole or part of the property without the consent of the landlord. In the instant case, the respondents violated almost all the above in a manner that would have justified issuance of an order of eviction.
This court is aware of the decision in Joy Tumushabe and another v. Anglo African Ltd and another, S. C. Civil Appeal No. 7 of 1999 where it was held that when tenants defy the landlord's terms and conditions of tenancy agreed between the parties and the landlord prefers to repossess or effect a lawful act which the tenants continue to disregard, they become trespassers on the property concerned. In that event, the owner may resort to any legal means to achieve the desired objective, namely of evicting the defiant trespassers well as removing their property from the premises so as to leave the premises vacant.
Whereas it true that at common law if a trespasser peacefully enters or is on a land, the person who is in, or entitled to, possession may request him to leave, and if he or she refuses to leave, that person may remove him or her from the land, using no more force than is reasonably necessary, I find myself unable, with utmost respect, to follow the decision in Tumushabe and another v. Anglo African Ltd and another for reasons that it was decided per incuriam since their Lordships did not take into account the provisions and purpose of The Rent Restriction Act, Cap 231 which provides in strict terms, the manner in which a landlord may recover his or her premises. Lord Godard, C.J. in Huddersfield Police Authority v. Watson [1947] 2 All ER 193 observed that where a case or statute had not been brought to the court's attention and the court gave the decision in ignorance or forgetfulness of the existence of the case or statute, it would be a decision rendered in per incuriam. Thus the rule of per incuriam can be applied where a court omits to consider a relevant statute while deciding an issue. A decision of a superior court is not a binding precedent if given per incuriam, that is, "quotable in law." It is avoided and ignored if it is rendered in ignorance or forgetfulness of a statute.
Furthermore, their lordships in Tumushabe and another v. Anglo African Ltd and another, cited Halsbury's Laws of England, Third Edition, vol.38, at p.741, paragraph 1207 in which the learned authors observe;
If a tenancy determines by effluxion of time or otherwise, and former tenant remains in possession against the will of the rightful owner the former tenant is, apart from statutory protection, a trespasser from the date of the determination of the tenancy (emphasis added).
Although their Lordships cited that extract, they never expressed themselves as regards the proviso "apart from statutory protection." It is my considered view that section 6 (1) (f) (ii) of The Rent Restriction Act, Cap 231, affords such protection. Under that provision, although court is empowered to grant an order of ejectment for any of the violations listed in section 6 of the Act, the subsection stipulates that no order for the recovery of possession of any premises, or for the ejectment of a tenant from a premises, may be made by any court unless the premises are reasonably required by the landlord for business, trade, or professional purposes or for the public service, and alternative accommodation reasonably equivalent as regards rent and suitability in all respects is available or was available at the time the premises were so required.
The Act seeks to provide security of occupancy to tenants who come into lawful occupation at the commencement of their period of tenancy, but remain in possession at the expiration of the contractual term, from ejectment by their landlords unless the landlord complies strictly with the procedure laid down by the Act. The rationale behind this Act is to preserve the reasonable expectation of a person's possessory interest in a property and prevent the tenant from the heartlessness of the landlord who relying upon the strict principles of contractual relationships, would not scruple at throwing the tenant, possibly together with his or her family, out of lodging or business premises, for them to face the adverse circumstances on the street.
In African Petroleum v. Owodunni (1991) 8 NWLR (pt.210) p.391, the Supreme Court of Nigeria, interpreting The Rent Control and Recovery of Residential Premises Law, No. 9, 1976 and relying on its earlier decisions, held that, once a contractual tenancy comes to an end by effluxion of time or otherwise and the tenant holds over, it is more correct to describe him or her as a statutory tenant and once there is an incidence of statutory tenancy, the tenant becomes a weekly, monthly or yearly tenant depending upon the term of the original grant. The Court further held that;
the definition of tenant is very wide and includes all persons who occupy premises lawfully. Whether a person pays regular rent subsidized rent or indeed no rent is immaterial. The qualification of becoming a tenant under law is lawful occupation. Hence, when the initial occupation is lawful the occupier even if holding over becomes a protected tenant qua the landlord… Sometimes a statue gives security of tenure to a tenant after his contractual tenancy has expired where such a statute exists, such a tenant then holds the premises no longer as a contractual tenant because there no longer exists a contract between him and the landlord but he retains possession by virtue of the provisions of the statute and is entitled to all the benefits and is subject to all terms and conditions of the original tenancy. Such a tenant is called a statutory tenant.
From the above definition, a statutory tenant is one who when his or her contractual tenancy expires holds over, continues in possession by virtue of special statutory provisions and holds the premises of another contrary to the will of the other person who strongly desires to turn him or her out. The principle that an owner of a property has the right to evict a trespasser who has refused to vacate the property (see Harvey v. Brudges 14M & W437) and that where such eviction is effected, the owner may also remove the property and goods of the person evicted to leave the premises empty, does not apply to periodical tenants holding over under a tenancy agreement. The common law classification of tenants holding over at the expiration of the contractual term into tenancy at will and tenancy at sufferance does not apply to a tenant protected by The Rent Restriction Act, Cap 231.
The Rent Restriction Act, Cap 231 applies the terms of the former tenancy (which is contractual) to create a statutory tenancy, until an order of eviction is granted by a court of law. A statutory tenancy does not involve any transfer or convey an estate in the property, it is an expression under the law to describe the right of a tenant of protected premises to remain in possession of those premises, notwithstanding the determination of his or her contractual interest, until such a time as either he or she voluntarily gives up possession, or the court, on cause shown, makes an order against him or her to deliver up possession. A periodical tenant holding over after termination of the tenancy become a statutory tenant not a trespasser, and the landlord has no right to forcibly evict him or her except in accordance with due process of the law. Acts such as threats, intimidation, utility shutoffs, changing the locks, throwing the tenant's property out in the street or attempts to physically remove a tenant in default without an order of court, are therefore outright illegal. Although the eviction process established by The Rent Restriction Act may entail considerable expense and delay, it must be followed. Ground six accordingly fails.
Grounds 1, 2 and 3 of the appeal will be considered concurrently in so far as they relate to proof of loss and the award of special and general damages. Special damages must be claimed specifically and strictly proved but need not to be supported by documentary evidence in all cases (see Kyambadde v. Mpigi District Administration [1983] HCB 44 and Senyakazana v. Attorney General [1984[ HCB 48). Nevertheless, a "plaintiff must understand that if they bring an action for damages, it is for them to prove their damages. It is not enough to write down the particulars and so to speak throw them at the head of the court saying this is what I have lost, I ask you to give these damages, they have to prove it" (see Shell Uganda Limited v. Achilles Mukiibi, C. A. Civil Appeal No. 69 of 2004).
In the instant case, in paragraphs 8 and 9 of the plaint, the respondents claimed to have sustained loss and damage to property worth shs. 24,150,000/= as property lost and damaged. Awarding damages in respect of damaged property in most instances is guided by the amount of money it would take to fix the damaged item. There should therefore be evidence of the value of the items and as to the extent of damage occasioned to the item. However, when the cost of fixing the item exceeds its total value, the plaintiff is not entitled to a new or better object than the one that was damaged, the plaintiff is only entitled to have his or her loss made good. Evidence of extent of damage and proof of the cost of repair was lacking and this deprived the trial court of a basis for assessment of this category of damages.
On the other hand, the respondents claimed that they lost several items of property during the eviction but there is no evidence to show that it is the appellants who took any of the items. There is practically no evidence attributing that loss, whether directly or vicariously, to any of the appellants. The respondents hinged their claim on the assertion that by reason of the unlawful eviction, their property was stolen by unknown third parties. In the law of torts, the test of causation not only requires that the defendant was the cause in fact, but also requires that the loss or damage sustained by the plaintiff was not too remote. Not every loss will be recoverable, the damage claimed must be of a foreseeable type.
To establish a duty of care, there must be a relationship of proximity in which the failure to take reasonable care might foreseeably cause loss or harm to the plaintiff (see Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v. Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd (The Wagon Mound (No 1) [1961] AC 388). Once foreseeability and proximity are made out, a prima facie duty of care is established. Whether or not something is "reasonably foreseeable" is an objective test. The question is properly focussed on whether foreseeability was present prior to the incident occurring and not with the aid of hindsight. The loss had to be shown to be the natural and probable result or consequence of the alleged act of eviction. In general, eviction from premises does not automatically include the risk of theft of the tenant's property by third parties. Some evidentiary basis was required before the court could conclude that on the facts of this case, eviction included the risk of theft by third parties. There was no evidence to suggest that third parties frequent premises during evictions, or habitually get involved in theft in such processes. Thus, the evidence did not provide specific circumstances to make it reasonably foreseeable that an eviction of this nature would result in theft of some of the property of the tenant. The burden of establishing a prima facie duty of care owed to the respondents was no met.
A negligent tortfeasor is not always liable for the consequences of a plaintiff's subsequent injury, even if the subsequent injury is tortiously or criminally inflicted. It depends on whether or not the subsequent tort and its consequences are themselves properly to be regarded as foreseeable consequences of the first tortfeasor's negligence. "A line marking the boundary of the damage for which a tortfeasor is liable in negligence may be drawn either because the relevant injury is not reasonably foreseeable or because the chain of causation is broken by a novus actus interveniens. But it must be possible to draw such a line clear before a liability for damage that would not have occurred but for the wrongful actor omission of a tortfeasor and that is reasonably foreseeable by him is treated as the result of a second tortfeasor's negligence alone" (see Mahony v. Kruschich [1985] HCA 37; (1985) 156 CLR 522 and Chapman v. Hearse [1961] HCA 46; (1961) 106 CLR 112, at pp 124-125.). In the instant case, loss of property at the hand of thieves was not only unforeseeable, but also constituted a novus actus interveniens for which none of the appellants would be held responsible. The trial court's award of special damages was wrong on those grounds.
The only award to which the respondents were entitled was that of general damages for wrongful eviction. In assessing general damages for wrongful eviction, courts have ordinarily been guided by the rent payable for the premises and the appropriate period of notice. For example in Smith v. Khan [2018] EWCA Cave 1173, 17 May 2018, the defendant had granted a twelve-month fixed tenancy to the plaintiff's husband in June 2014. In March 2015 the husband left the property and disappeared. On 1st April, 2015 the defendant handed Mrs. Smith a letter purporting to terminate her tenancy. The defendant was notified that the notice was unenforceable because Mrs. Smith had a legal right to occupy the property under s. 30 of The Family Law Act 1996. On 15th April 2015 the defendant entered her property and changed the lock. Mrs. Smith ended up sleeping on the floor of a friend's house for many months. Mrs. Smith managed to retrieve her belongings, much damaged, at the end of June 2015. Her claim against the defendant proceeded as a damages claim as an order of re-entry could not be enforced. At first instance, the judge awarded Mrs. Smith general damages for trespass at £130 per day by reference to the rent payable, £9,280 for interference with her belongings, aggravated damages of £1,500 for injury to feelings; exemplary damages of £1,200; damages for harassment of £500 and for loss of the property at £1,000. The award of damages for trespass covered the period from the eviction to the date for the hearing.
The defendant appealed against the award of general damages, arguing that general damages should have been calculated at £200 per day. On appeal, it was held that the respondent was entitled to damages until 30th June 2015 (the end of the contractual term) because on that date neither her husband nor Mrs. Smith was in physical occupation of the property. Further, the court held that in unlawful eviction cases damages must compensate the tenant not only for the letting value of the property, but also for anxiety, inconvenience and mental stress. The trial court had been correct to award £130 per day, making a total of £9,880 for general damages in addition to the other unchallenged heads of damages.
Similarly, in Choudhury v. Garcia [2013] EWHC 3283 (QB) (June 2013), the landlord wanted to evict the tenant, mainly because the tenant had a ground floor room and the landlord wanted this for his wife who had become ill, but also because the tenant had allowed waste to accumulate in the garden, neighbours would bring rubbish and junk and garden debris into the garden including bits of cars, cushions, blanket, old bits of metal, old bits of chairs, cardboard, bird muck-splattered chairs, making it look unsightly. Deciding that he wanted the tenement back, the landlord undertook a series of acts intended to harass the tenant out of the premises such as removing panels of the back garden fence, and in particular blocking the light from his windows into his room, and at one stage a whole wardrobe was put in front of the glass window. The landlord did nothing to stop it or help clear it. He plainly wanted the tenant to leave. The landlord obtained a possession order but then evicted the tenant during a stay of execution which had been granted, which the tenant claimed was unlawful.
In assessment of damages, the court was guided by previous cases which tended to give a range of values, by the week, for general inconvenience, as somewhere between £150 and £250 per day. But because the tenant had inordinately prolonged the process of his eviction for two and a half years, the court considered that to an extent, he had brought this a little bit on his own shoulders. In those circumstances, the judge considered that a figure of £100 per day would be the right figure for 70 days, which came to £7,000 for general damages. As for exemplary damages, the court noted that the landlord had at one point during the proceedings ignored an order of stay. He has not provided a justification for doing so. In those circumstances, the judge awarded exemplary damages in the sum of £5,000. For harassment up to eviction, the tenant had to live for the best part of two and a half years, about 120 weeks, with rubbish in his garden. Adopting, "a pretty broad approach," the judge asked himself: "What rent should have been paid or would have been paid by somebody taking a property with a garden in that sort of state? Or, to put it another way, what reduction in rent should I allow because of these defects?" The judge concluded that a £15 reduction would be an appropriate award for that harassment of 120 weeks, which made £1,800. These awards were upheld on appeal.
From the above decisions, it would appear that the level of damages is heavily fact dependent and will always be assessed depending on the security of tenure enjoyed by the tenant, by reference to the rent payable, and the degree of inconvenience occasioned to the tenant. With that in mind, I have found that the rent payable for the premises was shs. 350,000/= per month. I have multiplied this by a factor of three, on a scale of five, to reflect the degree of fault attributed to the appellants in flouting the law to yield a sum of shs. 1,050,000/= I have added an amount of 30% of that value (i.e. shs. 315,000/=) as reflective of the inconvenience occasioned to the respondents. On top of this I have added shs. 3,585,000/= as damages for injury to feelings to arrive at a total award of shs. 4,950,000/= as general damages for the wrongful eviction. The trial court otherwise rightly awarded the respondents the costs of the suit. Grounds 1, 2 and 3 therefore succeed only in part.
Grounds 4 and 5 of the appeal will be considered concurrently in so far as they relate to proof of the counterclaim. It is trite that there is no particular format required in the evaluation of evidence. The task may be carried out in different ways depending on the circumstances of each case since judgment writing is a matter of style by individual judicial officers. A Judgment will be valid once it is the court's final determination of the rights and obligations of the parties based on the evidence adduced and gives reasons or grounds for the decision (see British American Tobacco (U) Ltd v. Mwijakubi and four others, S.C. Civil Appeal No. 1 of 2012; Bahemuka Patrick and another v. Uganda S.C. Criminal Appeal No. 1 of 1999 and Tumwine Enock v. Uganda S.C. Criminal Appeal No. 11 of 2004).
The question as to whether the appellants discharged the burden of proof on a balance of probabilities depends not on a mechanical quantitative balancing out of the pans of the scale of probabilities but, firstly, on a qualitative assessment of the truth and / or inherent probabilities of the evidence of the witnesses and, secondly, an ascertainment of which of two versions is the more probable. The enquiry is two-fold: there has to be a finding on credibility of the witnesses; and there has to be balancing of the probabilities. When the law requires proof of any fact, the court must feel an actual persuasion of its occurrence or existence before it can be found. It cannot be found as a result of a mere mechanical comparison of probabilities independently of any belief in its reality (see Wigmore on Evidence (2nd ed. 1923) v, s. 2498). The probabilities must be high enough to warrant a definite inference that the allegations are true.
The law of evidence allocates the burden of proof. The party who bears the burden must produce evidence to satisfy it, or his or her case is lost. In a civil suit, when the evidence establishes conflicting versions of equal degrees of probability, where the probabilities are equal so that the choice between them is a mere matter of conjecture, the burden of proof is not discharged (see Richard Evans and Co. Ltd v. Astley, [19U] A.C. 674 at 687). The facts proved must form a reasonable basis for a definite conclusion affirmatively drawn of the truth of which the trier of fact may reasonably be satisfied (see Bradshaw v. McEwans Pty Ltd, (1959) I0I C.L.R. 298 at 305). The law does not authorise court to choose between guesses, where the possibilities are not unlimited, on the ground that one guess seems more likely than another or the others.
The law is that where a party alleges that it paid the other and the other denies receipt of the payment, the burden is on the party who alleges payment to prove it (see Global Forwarders & Clearing Ltd v. Henry Mugenyi t/a Kifaru High Court Bailiffs and Auctioneers, H.C. Civil Suit No. 188 of 2002). The burden of proving up to-date payment was on the respondents, and it was not discharged. The respondents neither adduced evidence of payment of rent nor undermined by cross-examination, the 5th and 6th appellants' testimony as regards the amount outstanding and due from the respondents as arrears of rent for twenty one months. I therefore find that it was proved on the balance of probabilities that the respondents owed the 5th and 6th appellants shs. 7,350,000/=
The normal measure of damages in cases of belated payments of money is by way of interest which the money would attract during the period of breach, taking the rates of interest and inflation into account (see Sowah v. Bank for Housing & Construction [1982-83] 2 GLR, 1324). I have therefore applied a rate of interest of 15% per annum, as the measure of profit which the money would have attracted during the period of breach, i.e. from for the period starting September 2009 up to July, 2012 (nearly three years), as general damages to be awarded to the plaintiff. This translates into shs. 1,102,500/= per annum and when multiplied by the three years of default, the result is shs. 3,307,500/= Onto this is added shs. 2,842,500/= to take into account the period of this litigation hence a total of shs. 6,150,000/= which is hereby awarded as general damages.
Having re-evaluated the evidence as a whole, I find that had the trial court properly directed itself, it would not have come to the conclusion it did. The judgment and orders of the court below are consequently set aside. In their place, a finding in made favour of the respondents on the suit with an award of shs. 4,950,000/= as general damages for wrongful eviction and the costs of the suit. A finding is made in favour for the 5th and 6th appellants on the counterclaim against the respondents for a) shs. 7,350,000/= arrears of rent, and b) General damages of shs. 6,615,000/= total 1of shs. 3,500,000/= The award of shs. 4,950,000/= in favour of the respondents is then offset against that in favour of the 5th and 6th appellants, shs. 13,500,000/= leaving a balance of shs. 8,550,000/= in favour of the 5th and 6th appellants.
The net balance being in favour of the 5th and 6th appellants, Judgment on appeal is accordingly entered in their favour against the respondents in the following terms;
shs. 7,350,000/= arrears of rent.
shs. shs. 6,150,000/= as general damages.
Interest on (a) above and (b) above at the rate of 8% per annum from the date of this judgment until payment in full.
The costs of the appeal and of the counterclaim.
Dated at Gulu this 11th day of October, 2018
Stephen Mubiru
Judge,
Visit http://citator.africanlii.org/ for more..
Male H. Mabirizi K. Kiwanuka & Another V Owere Franco & 3 Others (Misc. Application No. 2673 of 2014) [2015] UGHCEBD 10 (25 May 2015);
Kiwanuka and Another v Franco and Others (MISC. APPLICATION No. 2763 OF 2014) [2015] UGHCEBD 1 (25 May 2015);
Wamulugwa v Bugisu Cooperative Union (HCT-04-CV-CA- 62 OF 2016) [2017] UGHCCD 27 (28 February 2017);
Jaber Twalib & Anor v Global Hardware Co. Ltd (CIVIL APPEAL. NO. 0031 OF 2011) [2013] UGHCCD 54 (3 April 2013);
ULII is a member of the global Free Access to Law Movement and of the African LII community:


The overall objective of the programme of which this contract will be a part is to contribute to the enhancement of accountable governance in Rwanda by promoting citizen participation and mobilisation for delivery of development, strengthening public accountability and improving service delivery.
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text:
/*

   wn.h - header file needed to use WordNet Run Time Library

   $Id: wn.h,v 1.61 2006/11/14 20:58:30 wn Exp $

*/

#ifndef _WN_
#define _WN_

#include <stdio.h>

/* Platform specific path and filename specifications */

#ifdef _WINDOWS
#define DICTDIR         "\\dict"
#ifndef DEFAULTPATH
#define DEFAULTPATH	"C:\\Program Files\\WordNet\\3.0\\dict"
#endif
#define DATAFILE	"%s\\data.%s"
#define INDEXFILE	"%s\\index.%s"
#define SENSEIDXFILE	"%s\\index.sense"
#define KEYIDXFILE	"%s\\index.key"
#define REVKEYIDXFILE	"%s\\index.key.rev"
#define VRBSENTFILE  	"%s\\sents.vrb"
#define VRBIDXFILE	"%s\\sentidx.vrb"
#define CNTLISTFILE     "%s\\cntlist.rev"
#else
#define DICTDIR         "/dict"
#ifndef DEFAULTPATH
#define DEFAULTPATH	"/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/dict"
#endif
#define DATAFILE	"%s/data.%s"
#define INDEXFILE	"%s/index.%s"
#define SENSEIDXFILE	"%s/index.sense"
#define KEYIDXFILE	"%s/index.key"
#define REVKEYIDXFILE	"%s/index.key.rev"
#define VRBSENTFILE     "%s/sents.vrb"
#define VRBIDXFILE	"%s/sentidx.vrb"
#define CNTLISTFILE     "%s/cntlist.rev"
#endif

/* Various buffer sizes */

#define SEARCHBUF	((long)(200*(long)1024))
#define LINEBUF		(15*1024) /* 15K buffer to read index & data files */
#define SMLINEBUF	(3*1024) /* small buffer for output lines */
#define WORDBUF		(256)	/* buffer for one word or collocation */

#define ALLSENSES	0	/* pass to findtheinfo() if want all senses */
#define MAXID		15	/* maximum id number in lexicographer file */
#define MAXDEPTH	20	/* maximum tree depth - used to find cycles */
#define MAXSENSE	75	/* maximum number of senses in database */
#define MAX_FORMS	5	/* max # of different 'forms' word can have */
#define MAXFNUM		44	/* maximum number of lexicographer files */

/* Pointer type and search type counts */

/* Pointers */

#define ANTPTR           1	/* ! */
#define HYPERPTR         2	/* @ */
#define HYPOPTR          3	/* ~ */
#define ENTAILPTR        4	/* * */
#define SIMPTR           5	/* & */

#define ISMEMBERPTR      6	/* #m */
#define ISSTUFFPTR       7	/* #s */
#define ISPARTPTR        8	/* #p */

#define HASMEMBERPTR     9	/* %m */
#define HASSTUFFPTR     10	/* %s */
#define HASPARTPTR      11	/* %p */

#define MERONYM         12	/* % (not valid in lexicographer file) */
#define HOLONYM         13	/* # (not valid in lexicographer file) */
#define CAUSETO         14	/* > */
#define PPLPTR	        15	/* < */
#define SEEALSOPTR	16	/* ^ */
#define PERTPTR		17	/* \ */
#define ATTRIBUTE	18	/* = */
#define VERBGROUP	19	/* $ */
#define DERIVATION      20	/* + */
#define CLASSIFICATION  21	/* ; */
#define CLASS           22	/* - */

#define LASTTYPE	CLASS

/* Misc searches */

#define SYNS            (LASTTYPE + 1)
#define FREQ            (LASTTYPE + 2)
#define FRAMES          (LASTTYPE + 3)
#define COORDS          (LASTTYPE + 4)
#define RELATIVES	(LASTTYPE + 5)
#define HMERONYM        (LASTTYPE + 6)
#define HHOLONYM	(LASTTYPE + 7)
#define WNGREP		(LASTTYPE + 8)
#define OVERVIEW	(LASTTYPE + 9)

#define MAXSEARCH       OVERVIEW

#define CLASSIF_START    (MAXSEARCH + 1)

#define CLASSIF_CATEGORY (CLASSIF_START)        /* ;c */
#define CLASSIF_USAGE    (CLASSIF_START + 1)    /* ;u */
#define CLASSIF_REGIONAL (CLASSIF_START + 2)    /* ;r */

#define CLASSIF_END      CLASSIF_REGIONAL

#define CLASS_START      (CLASSIF_END + 1)

#define CLASS_CATEGORY   (CLASS_START)          /* -c */
#define CLASS_USAGE      (CLASS_START + 1)      /* -u */
#define CLASS_REGIONAL   (CLASS_START + 2)      /* -r */

#define CLASS_END        CLASS_REGIONAL

#define INSTANCE         (CLASS_END + 1)        /* @i */
#define INSTANCES        (CLASS_END + 2)        /* ~i */

#define MAXPTR          INSTANCES

/* WordNet part of speech stuff */

#define NUMPARTS	4	/* number of parts of speech */
#define NUMFRAMES	35	/* number of verb frames */

/* Generic names for part of speech */

#define NOUN		1
#define VERB		2
#define ADJ		3
#define ADV		4
#define SATELLITE	5	/* not really a part of speech */
#define ADJSAT		SATELLITE

#define ALL_POS		0	/* passed to in_wn() to check all POS */

#define bit(n) ((unsigned int)((unsigned int)1<<((unsigned int)n)))

/* Adjective markers */

#define PADJ		1	/* (p) */
#define NPADJ		2	/* (a) */
#define IPADJ		3	/* (ip) */

#define UNKNOWN_MARKER		0
#define ATTRIBUTIVE		NPADJ
#define PREDICATIVE		PADJ
#define IMMED_POSTNOMINAL	IPADJ

extern char *wnrelease;		/* WordNet release/version number */

extern char *lexfiles[];	/* names of lexicographer files */
extern char *ptrtyp[];		/* pointer characters */
extern char *partnames[];	/* POS strings */
extern char partchars[];	/* single chars for each POS */
extern char *adjclass[];	/* adjective class strings */
extern char *frametext[];	/* text of verb frames */

/* Data structures used by search code functions. */

/* Structure for index file entry */
typedef struct {
    long idxoffset;		/* byte offset of entry in index file */
    char *wd;			/* word string */
    char *pos;			/* part of speech */
    int sense_cnt;		/* sense (collins) count */
    int off_cnt;		/* number of offsets */
    int tagged_cnt;		/* number senses that are tagged */
    unsigned long *offset;	/* offsets of synsets containing word */
    int ptruse_cnt;		/* number of pointers used */
    int *ptruse;		/* pointers used */
} Index;

typedef Index *IndexPtr;

/* Structure for data file synset */
typedef struct ss {
    long hereiam;		/* current file position */
    int sstype;			/* type of ADJ synset */
    int fnum;			/* file number that synset comes from */
    char *pos;			/* part of speech */
    int wcount;			/* number of words in synset */
    char **words;		/* words in synset */
    int *lexid;			/* unique id in lexicographer file */
    int *wnsns;			/* sense number in wordnet */
    int whichword;		/* which word in synset we're looking for */
    int ptrcount;		/* number of pointers */
    int *ptrtyp;		/* pointer types */
    long *ptroff;		/* pointer offsets */
    int *ppos;			/* pointer part of speech */
    int *pto;			/* pointer 'to' fields */
    int *pfrm;			/* pointer 'from' fields */
    int fcount;			/* number of verb frames */
    int *frmid;			/* frame numbers */
    int *frmto;			/* frame 'to' fields */
    char *defn;			/* synset gloss (definition) */
    unsigned int key;		/* unique synset key */

    /* these fields are used if a data structure is returned
       instead of a text buffer */

    struct ss *nextss;		/* ptr to next synset containing searchword */
    struct ss *nextform;	/* ptr to list of synsets for alternate
				   spelling of wordform */
    int searchtype;		/* type of search performed */
    struct ss *ptrlist;		/* ptr to synset list result of search */
    char *headword;		/* if pos is "s", this is cluster head word */
    short headsense;		/* sense number of headword */
} Synset;

typedef Synset *SynsetPtr;

typedef struct si {
    char *sensekey;		/* sense key */
    char *word;			/* word string */
    long loc;			/* synset offset */
    int wnsense;		/* WordNet sense number */
    int tag_cnt;		/* number of semantic tags to sense */
    struct si *nextsi;		/* ptr to next sense index entry */
} SnsIndex;

typedef SnsIndex *SnsIndexPtr;

typedef struct {
    int SenseCount[MAX_FORMS];	/* number of senses word form has */
    int OutSenseCount[MAX_FORMS]; /* number of senses printed for word form */
    int numforms;		/* number of word forms searchword has */
    int printcnt;		/* number of senses printed by search */
    char *searchbuf;		/* buffer containing formatted results */
    SynsetPtr searchds;		/* data structure containing search results */
} SearchResults;

typedef SearchResults *SearchResultsPtr;

/* Global variables and flags */

extern SearchResults wnresults;	/* structure containing results of search */
extern int fnflag;		/* if set, print lex filename after sense */
extern int dflag;		/* if set, print definitional glosses */
extern int saflag;		/* if set, print SEE ALSO pointers */
extern int fileinfoflag;	/* if set, print lex file info on synsets */
extern int frflag;		/* if set, print verb frames after synset */
extern int abortsearch;		/* if set, stop search algorithm */
extern int offsetflag;		/* if set, print byte offset of each synset */
extern int wnsnsflag;		/* if set, print WN sense # for each word */

/* File pointers for database files */

extern int OpenDB;		/* if non-zero, database file are open */
extern FILE *datafps[NUMPARTS + 1],
            *indexfps[NUMPARTS + 1],
            *sensefp,
            *cntlistfp,
            *keyindexfp, *revkeyindexfp,
            *vidxfilefp, *vsentfilefp;

/* Method for interface to check for events while search is running */

extern void (*interface_doevents_func)(void);
                        /* callback for interruptable searches in */
                        /* single-threaded interfaces */

/* General error message handler - can be defined by interface.
   Default function provided in library returns -1 */

extern int default_display_message(char *);
extern int (*display_message)(char *);

/* Make all the functions compatible with c++ files */
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/* External library function prototypes */

/*** Search and database functions (search.c) ***/

/* Primry search algorithm for use with user interfaces */
extern char *findtheinfo(char *, int, int, int);

/* Primary search algorithm for use with programs (returns data structure) */
extern SynsetPtr findtheinfo_ds(char *, int, int, int);

/* Set bit for each search type that is valid for the search word
   passed and return bit mask. */
extern unsigned int is_defined(char *, int);

/* Set bit for each POS that search word is in.  0 returned if
   word is not in WordNet. */
extern unsigned int in_wn(char *, int);

/* Find word in index file and return parsed entry in data structure.
   Input word must be exact match of string in database. */
extern IndexPtr index_lookup(char *, int);

/* 'smart' search of index file.  Find word in index file, trying different
   techniques - replace hyphens with underscores, replace underscores with
   hyphens, strip hyphens and underscores, strip periods. */
extern IndexPtr getindex(char *, int);
extern IndexPtr parse_index(long, int, char *);

/* Read synset from data file at byte offset passed and return parsed
   entry in data structure. */
extern SynsetPtr read_synset(int, long, char *);

/* Read synset at current byte offset in file and return parsed entry
   in data structure. */
extern SynsetPtr parse_synset(FILE *, int, char *);

/* Free a synset linked list allocated by findtheinfo_ds() */
extern void free_syns(SynsetPtr);

/* Free a synset */
extern void free_synset(SynsetPtr);

/* Free an index structure */
extern void free_index(IndexPtr);

/* Recursive search algorithm to trace a pointer tree and return results
   in linked list of data structures. */
SynsetPtr traceptrs_ds(SynsetPtr, int, int, int);

/* Do requested search on synset passed, returning output in buffer. */
extern char *do_trace(SynsetPtr, int, int, int);

/*** Morphology functions (morph.c) ***/

/* Open exception list files */
extern int morphinit();

/* Close exception list files and reopen */
extern int re_morphinit();

/* Try to find baseform (lemma) of word or collocation in POS. */
extern char *morphstr(char *, int);

/* Try to find baseform (lemma) of individual word in POS. */
extern char *morphword(char *, int);

/*** Utility functions (wnutil.c) ***/

/* Top level function to open database files, initialize wn_filenames,
   and open exeception lists. */
extern int wninit();

/* Top level function to close and reopen database files, initialize
   wn_filenames and open exception lists. */
extern int re_wninit();

/* Count the number of underscore or space separated words in a string. */
extern int cntwords(char *, char);

/* Convert string to lower case remove trailing adjective marker if found */
extern char *strtolower(char *);

/* Convert string passed to lower case */
extern char *ToLowerCase(char *);

/* Replace all occurrences of 'from' with 'to' in 'str' */
extern char *strsubst(char *, char, char);

/* Return pointer code for pointer type characer passed. */
extern int getptrtype(char *);

/* Return part of speech code for string passed */
extern int getpos(char *);

/* Return synset type code for string passed. */
extern int getsstype(char *);

/* Reconstruct synset from synset pointer and return ptr to buffer */
extern char *FmtSynset(SynsetPtr, int);

/* Find string for 'searchstr' as it is in index file */
extern char *GetWNStr(char *, int);

/* Pass in string for POS, return corresponding integer value */
extern int StrToPos(char *);

/* Return synset for sense key passed. */
extern SynsetPtr GetSynsetForSense(char *);

/* Find offset of sense key in data file */
extern long GetDataOffset(char *);

/* Find polysemy (collins) count for sense key passed. */
extern int GetPolyCount(char *);

/* Return word part of sense key */
extern char *GetWORD(char *);

/* Return POS code for sense key passed. */
extern int GetPOS(char *);

/* Convert WordNet sense number passed of IndexPtr entry to sense key. */
extern char *WNSnsToStr(IndexPtr, int);

/* Search for string and/or baseform of word in database and return
   index structure for word if found in database. */
extern IndexPtr GetValidIndexPointer(char *, int);

/* Return sense number in database for word and lexsn passed. */
int GetWNSense(char *, char *);

SnsIndexPtr GetSenseIndex(char *);

char *GetOffsetForKey(unsigned int);
unsigned int GetKeyForOffset(char *);

char *SetSearchdir();

/* Return number of times sense is tagged */
int GetTagcnt(IndexPtr, int);

/*
** Wrapper functions for strstr that allow you to retrieve each
** occurance of a word within a longer string, not just the first.
**
** strstr_init is called with the same arguments as normal strstr,
** but does not return any value.
**
** strstr_getnext returns the position offset (not a pointer, as does
** normal strstr) of the next occurance, or -1 if none remain.
*/
extern void strstr_init (char *, char *);
extern int strstr_getnext (void);

/*** Binary search functions (binsearch.c) ***/

/* General purpose binary search function to search for key as first
   item on line in open file.  Item is delimited by space. */
extern char *bin_search(char *, FILE *);
extern char *read_index(long, FILE *);

/* Copy contents from one file to another. */
extern void copyfile(FILE *, FILE *);

/* Function to replace a line in a file.  Returns the original line,
   or NULL in case of error. */
extern char *replace_line(char *, char *, FILE *);

/* Find location to insert line at in file.  If line with this
   key is already in file, return NULL. */
extern char *insert_line(char *, char *, FILE *);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

extern char **helptext[NUMPARTS + 1];

static char *license = "\
This software and database is being provided to you, the LICENSEE, by  \n\
Princeton University under the following license.  By obtaining, using  \n\
and/or copying this software and database, you agree that you have  \n\
read, understood, and will comply with these terms and conditions.:  \n\
  \n\
Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and  \n\
database and its documentation for any purpose and without fee or  \n\
royalty is hereby granted, provided that you agree to comply with  \n\
the following copyright notice and statements, including the disclaimer,  \n\
and that the same appear on ALL copies of the software, database and  \n\
documentation, including modifications that you make for internal  \n\
use or for distribution.  \n\
  \n\
WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University.  All rights reserved.  \n\
  \n\
THIS SOFTWARE AND DATABASE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND PRINCETON  \n\
UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR  \n\
IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PRINCETON  \n\
UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-  \n\
ABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE  \n\
OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, DATABASE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT  \n\
INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR  \n\
OTHER RIGHTS.  \n\
  \n\
The name of Princeton University or Princeton may not be used in  \n\
advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software  \n\
and/or database.  Title to copyright in this software, database and  \n\
any associated documentation shall at all times remain with  \n\
Princeton University and LICENSEE agrees to preserve same.  \n"
;

static char dblicense[] = "\
  1 This software and database is being provided to you, the LICENSEE, by  \n\
  2 Princeton University under the following license.  By obtaining, using  \n\
  3 and/or copying this software and database, you agree that you have  \n\
  4 read, understood, and will comply with these terms and conditions.:  \n\
  5   \n\
  6 Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and  \n\
  7 database and its documentation for any purpose and without fee or  \n\
  8 royalty is hereby granted, provided that you agree to comply with  \n\
  9 the following copyright notice and statements, including the disclaimer,  \n\
  10 and that the same appear on ALL copies of the software, database and  \n\
  11 documentation, including modifications that you make for internal  \n\
  12 use or for distribution.  \n\
  13   \n\
  14 WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University.  All rights reserved.  \n\
  15   \n\
  16 THIS SOFTWARE AND DATABASE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND PRINCETON  \n\
  17 UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR  \n\
  18 IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PRINCETON  \n\
  19 UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT-  \n\
  20 ABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE  \n\
  21 OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, DATABASE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT  \n\
  22 INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR  \n\
  23 OTHER RIGHTS.  \n\
  24   \n\
  25 The name of Princeton University or Princeton may not be used in  \n\
  26 advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software  \n\
  27 and/or database.  Title to copyright in this software, database and  \n\
  28 any associated documentation shall at all times remain with  \n\
  29 Princeton University and LICENSEE agrees to preserve same.  \n"
;

#define DBLICENSE_SIZE 	(sizeof(dblicense))

#endif /*_WN_*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Ocinara polia is een vlinder uit de familie van de echte spinners (Bombycidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1935 door TAMS.

Echte spinners

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tampa (Los Angeles Metro station)
Pink Floyd bootleg recordings
Night (disambiguation)
Night (book)
Tampa /ˈtæmpə/ is a city in and the county seat of Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. It is located on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay, near the Gulf of Mexico, and is part of the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Area. The city had a population of 346,037 in 2011.
The current location of Tampa was once inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Safety Harbor culture most notably the Tocobaga and the Pohoy, who lived along the shores of Tampa Bay. The area was explored by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, resulting in violent conflicts and the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out the original native cultures. Although Spain claimed Florida as part of New Spain, it did not found a colony in the Tampa area, and there were no permanent American or European settlements within today's city limits until after the United States acquired Florida from Spain in 1819.
In 1824, the United States Army established a frontier outpost called Fort Brooke at the mouth of the Hillsborough River, near the site of today's Tampa Convention Center. The first civilian residents were pioneers who settled near the fort for protection from the nearby Seminole population, and the small village was first incorporated as "Tampa" in 1849. The town grew slowly until the 1880s, when railroad links, the discovery of phosphate, and the arrival of the cigar industry jump-started its development, helping it to grow from a quiet village of less than 800 residents in 1880 to a bustling city of over 30,000 by the early 1900s.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Tampa,_Florida
Tampa is a station on the Los Angeles Metro Orange Line, in the Los Angeles County Metro Liner system. It is named after adjacent Tampa Avenue, which travels north-south and crosses the east-west busway route. The artwork at this station is by Sandow Birk. The station is in the Tarzana and Reseda districts of Los Angeles.
Metro Liner BRT service
Metro Liner Orange Line BRT service hours are approximately from 4:00 AM until 1:00 AM daily.
Bus connections
Metro Local: 242
Metro Orange Line bicycle path - adjacent.
Tarzana Park - L.A. City park; on Hatteras & Vanalden.
Australian Swim School
Loehmanns
Samples Only
Kaye's Music Scene
Bike Warriors
Dream Builders Remodeling
American Tire Deposit
Roladin Bakery & Cafe
Kayla's Cookie Castle
Corbin Bowl
Zanikou Chicken
LA Metro: Orange Line Timetable - schedules
LA Metro: Orange Line map and stations - route map and station addresses and features
Orange Line history
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Tampa_(Los_Angeles_Metro_station)
Pink Floyd bootleg recordings are the collections of audio and video recordings of musical performances by the British rock band Pink Floyd, which were never officially released by the band. The recordings consist of both live performances and outtakes from studio sessions unavailable in official releases. In some cases, certain bootleg recordings may be highly prized among collectors, as at least 40 songs composed by Pink Floyd have never been officially released.
During the 1970s, bands such as Pink Floyd created a lucrative market for the mass production of unofficial recordings with large followings of fans willing to purchase them. In addition, the huge crowds that turned up to these concerts made the effective policing of the audience for the presence of recording equipment virtually impossible. Vast numbers of recordings were issued for profit by bootleg labels.
Some Pink Floyd bootlegs exist in several variations with differing sound quality and length because sometimes listeners have recorded different versions of the same performance at the same time. Pink Floyd was a group that protected its sonic performance, making recording with amateur recording devices difficult. In their career, Pink Floyd played over 1,300 concerts, of which more than 350 were released as bootlegged recordings (sometimes in various versions). Few concerts have ever been broadcast (or repeated once they were broadcast on television), especially during 'the golden age' of the group from 1966 to 1981.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Pink_Floyd_bootleg_recordings
Night is the period in which the sun is below the horizon.
Night or Nights may also refer to:
"Night", poem by Pushkin
Night (book), a 1955 book by Elie Wiesel
Night, a 1972 novel by Edna O'Brien
Night (sketch), a 1969 short play by Harold Pinter
The Night (painting), a 20th-century painting by German artist Max Beckmann
Night (hieroglyph)
Night (Michelangelo), a sculpture by Michelangelo
"Night" (Star Trek: Voyager), a 1998 episode of Star Trek: Voyager
Night (1930 film), animated short
NIGHT, a 2004 Australian film
Nights (character), the main character in the video games Nights into Dreams... and Nights: Journey of Dreams
Nights into Dreams..., the first game in the series, for the Sega Saturn
Nights: Journey of Dreams, the second game in the series, for the Wii console
People with the name
Candice Night (born 1971), American vocalist/lyricist
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Night_(disambiguation)
Nyx (English /ˈnɪks/;Ancient Greek: Νύξ, "Night";Latin: Nox) is the Greek goddess (or personification) of the night. A shadowy figure, Nyx stood at or near the beginning of creation, and mothered other personified deities such as Hypnos (Sleep) and Thanatos (Death), with Erebus (Darkness). Her appearances are sparse in surviving mythology, but reveal her as a figure of such exceptional power and beauty, that she is feared by Zeus himself.
Mythology and literature
In Hesiod's Theogony, Nyx is born of Chaos. With Erebus (Darkness), Nyx gives birth to Aether (Brightness) and Hemera (Day). Later, on her own, Nyx gives birth to Moros (Doom, Destiny), Ker (Destruction, Death), Thanatos (Death), Hypnos (Sleep), the Oneiroi (Dreams), Momus (Blame), Oizys (Pain, Distress), the Hesperides, the Moirai (Fates), the Keres, Nemesis (Indignation, Retribution), Apate (Deceit), Philotes (Friendship), Geras (Old Age), and Eris (Strife).
In his description of Tartarus, Hesiod locates there the home of Nyx, and the homes of her children Hypnos and Thanatos. Hesiod says further that Nyx's daughter Hemera (Day) left Tartarus just as Nyx (Night) entered it; continuing cyclicly, when Hemera returned, Nyx left. This mirrors the portrayal of Ratri (night) in the Rigveda, where she works in close cooperation but also tension with her sister Ushas (dawn).
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Nyx
Night (1960) is a work by Elie Wiesel about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald in 1944–45, at the height of the Holocaust toward the end of the Second World War. In just over 100 pages of sparse and fragmented narrative, Wiesel writes about the death of God and his own increasing disgust with humanity, reflected in the inversion of the parent–child relationship as his father declines to a helpless state and Wiesel becomes his resentful teenage caregiver. "If only I could get rid of this dead weight ... Immediately I felt ashamed of myself, ashamed forever." In Night everything is inverted, every value destroyed. "Here there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends," a Kapo tells him. "Everyone lives and dies for himself alone."
Wiesel was 16 when Buchenwald was liberated by the United States Army in April 1945, too late for his father, who died after a beating while Wiesel lay silently on the bunk above for fear of being beaten too. He moved to Paris after the war, and in 1954 completed an 862-page manuscript in Yiddish about his experiences, published in Argentina as the 245-page Un di velt hot geshvign ("And the World Remained Silent"). The novelist François Mauriac helped him find a French publisher. Les Éditions de Minuit published 178 pages as La Nuit in 1958, and in 1960 Hill & Wang in New York published a 116-page translation as Night.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Night_(book)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Gather loved ones and satiate appetites with this steamy hot pot set which includes scrumptious servings of chicken, scallop, lala, fish, and more. Pair the meal with soothing green tea for a balanced indulgence.
Valid Mon – Fri: 11am – 12am; Sat - Sun: 5pm - 2am. Valid on public holidays.


text:
Damarious Randall's response to sideline incident impresses Packers
GREEN BAY – Damarious Randall had a plane to catch. It was the first day of the Green Bay Packers' bye week, which can be as confused as the first day of spring break, and Randall was trailing the mass exodus out of northeast Wisconsin.
He went home this week, back to Florida, where Randall's only connection to football will come when he watches his "little nephew" play. But he couldn't forget the ball. It was still stashed in his locker almost 24 hours after the Packers lost to the New Orleans Saints. Randall took a few steps toward the exit that leads to the player parking lot, then remembered.
He smiled as he retrieved the ball from his cubby.
"Add this to my collection," Randall said, twirling in his hand the football he picked from Saints quarterback Drew Brees. "An interception off a Hall of Famer."
It was Randall's third interception in as many weeks, but the 2015 first-round pick, a player criticized for his outsized ego, was not gloating. A couple minutes earlier, Randall was saying the best interceptions come in wins. An interception in a loss, he said, isn't as rewarding.
But he couldn't deny this ball was special. Growing up in Pensacola, Randall watched Brees throughout his childhood in the Florida Panhandle. His father, Randall explained, was a Saints fans. So although the ball might be the newest addition to his collection, Randall already has designated a caretaker.
"I'm giving it to my dad," he said, walking to the parking lot.
ANALYSIS:Poor pass rush at root of defensive problems
RELATED: Packers throwing flag on special-teams penalties
D'AMATO:Defense a no-show in second half
The image of Randall leaving the Packers' locker room, football tucked under his arm, was striking. A reminder there's a personality underneath the helmet and shoulder pads.
Randall was just 22 when general manager Ted Thompson made him the only first-round cornerback he has drafted with the Packers, selecting him with the 30th overall pick. Now 25, Randall's maturity at times has been questioned.
He is perhaps the Packers' most polarizing player. Talented but inconsistent. Charismatic but haughty. Four weeks ago, coach Mike McCarthy sent Randall to the locker room after he allowed a touchdown seconds before halftime.
Randall has an interception in each of the three games since.
"You have to say he's responded very well," McCarthy said. "He had a huge play in the Dallas game. That was a big-time play (against the Saints), too. You take points off the board. He's kind of kept his nose down and has gone about his work. I've been impressed."
It would presumptuous to suggest Randall's sideline dismissal was a pivot point in his personal growth. But that last part — keeping his nose down — is important.
The Packers need Randall to play well. When healthy and inspired, Randall might be the biggest playmaker in their secondary. Through three turbulent years, he leads the team in interceptions since being drafted.
The doubters have followed, but Randall doesn't pay them mind.
"I'm going to shut them up," he said, "whenever I end up leading the league in picks come Week 17. I think that will be a better feeling."
It's his goal every year, Randall said, to lead the league in interceptions. It also sounds outlandish, until you check the league rankings, and realize no cornerback in the NFL has more interceptions than Randall's three.
Only Buffalo Bills safety Micah Hyde — the former Packer — and Tennessee Titans safety Kevin Byard have more, both with four.
But Randall also is also among the Packers' biggest conundrums. Cornerback is an unforgiving position, where even the slightest missteps are exposed. For all of Randall's big plays, there remain too many breakdowns.
Four weeks ago, it would not have been a stretch to view Randall's career at a crossroads. So these three straight interceptions, the first time since high school he has had a streak that long, would seem significant.
Randall simply shrugged.
"I didn't feel like I was playing bad," Randall said. "Even before the Chicago incident, the only real kind of bad game I thought I had was the Falcons, and obviously it was evident. But I felt like I've been playing well throughout the season. So to now finally get rewarded for playing well, and for just being in the right spot at the right time, it is pretty refreshing."
RELATED:Damarious Randall gets his swagger back with pick 6
RELATED:Packers have 'moved forward' from Randall incident
RELATED:Randall ready to 'show the world' what he can do
In Atlanta, Randall had the misfortune of lining up against All-Pro receiver Julio Jones. He allowed three catches for 66 yards, and the Packers soon moved him away from Jones.
Randall allowed the touchdown against Chicago, then was beaten for a touchdown the next week against Dallas Cowboys receiver Dez Bryant. In Minnesota, Randall was the last line of defense with Vikings running back Jerick McKinnon barreling toward the end zone on a screen pass, but failed to disengage from receiver Michael Floyd's block near the goal line.
Yet since the sideline incident, Randall has scored as many touchdowns as he has allowed in coverage. The playmaking he showed as a rookie has returned. This is what coaches had in mind after the Chicago game, when the Packers publicly supported Randall.
There's no guarantee Randall's high level of play is here to stay, but the Packers have been pleased with his past three weeks. Perhaps the former first-round corner has started to figure things out.
"I don't think I felt much pressure," Randall said. "Just kind of being where you're supposed to be, and just kind of doing the right things. That's just something I've been focusing on, and just kind of taking the negativity things out of my life.
"My biggest thing was, I've just been focusing on being consistent. That's just every day, even showing up to practice ready to go. Every snap, being ready to play."


BA (Hons) Animation graduate Kaitlin Folland has stepped from NUA to the Oscar-winning world of Aardman Animations after winning an internship.
Kaitlin, who graduated in 2018, was one of six students nationwide to be picked for the Aardman internship. She will spend the start of her summer working at the renowned studios in Bristol on the forthcoming Shaun the Sheep 2 film.
Aardman has been nominated for 10 Oscars – winning four – over the last four decades with well-loved work like Wallace and Gromit, Creature Comforts, Chicken Run, and the original Shaun the Sheep film and television series.
Kaitlin, 22, and a specialist in stop motion animation, said she was "ecstatic" to win the internship after submitting her showreel.
"I love the films and follow what they produce. I cannot wait to learn from them and get involved with the production," she said.
Course Leader Peter Martin said the quality of Kaitlin's work shone through – particularly how she captured character performance. Winning the internship was a "great achievement", he said.


Natural disasters have left millions of students across the U.S. out of school. The California wildfires have added to the tally, with dozens of districts and hundreds of schools affected.
People there are doing much to help themselves and each other. Those who live at a distance can join with them through prayers and donations.


You are here: Home / Polls / Are you in favor of this change of venue of the Tsinelas Party?
The plan of the Naval Fiesta Execom is to transfer the venue of the Tsinelas Party to Baybay District, with the stage near Landbank. In the previous 9 years, the venue was in the center of town, near the church and Botica Velasquez. Are you in favor of this change of venue of the Tsinelas Party? and Why?
1. Venue is not located in residential areas and is sandwiched between 2 government buildings. Less liabilities to private properties if something bad happens.
2. Wider road for a street party.
3. Does not obstruct nor reroute emergency paths to the hospital especially if going to Almeria-Kawayan Route.
4. We might use the PPA Port for parking space.
9. An ambulance can be placed in the market tricycle terminal which can go straight to the hospital without problems in traffic.
10. Much easier to control especially in safety since there are limited access points (dulo kasi) instead of placing it in a crossroad.
11. Personally, i value and respect religious places.


text:
Eublaberus variegata es una especie de insecto blatodeo de la familia Blaberidae, subfamilia Blaberinae.

Referencias

variegata
Insectos descritos en 1972


text:
Odyssey – Native New Yorker
9th December 2022 · 1970s, 1978, Disco, Music
I never thought I'd be singing the praises of disco tunes, least of all from a period when I was plunged deep in punk and post-punk. Until I remembered this hit by Odyssey.
Hi-Tension – Hi-Tension
6th December 2022 · 1970s, 1978, Disco, Funk, Music
London collective Hi-Tension flew the flag for the disco offshoot of Brit-funk with their self-titled hit single. I have to confess the song – and entire genre – passed me by completely at the time.
Chic – Le Freak
5th December 2022 · 1970s, 1978, Dance, Disco, Music
You didn't have to like disco to like Chic, who always claimed to be a rock band for the disco generation. And you didn't have to like Le Freak to find yourself singing along.
The Bee Gees – Stayin' Alive
28th November 2022 · 1970s, 1977, Disco, Music
Has there ever been a more perfect match of a song to the opening scene of a movie? It's impossible to think of Saturday Night Fever without the bouncy rhythm of Stayin' Alive coming into your head.
Grace Jones – La Vie En Rose
The first time I came across Grace Jones was in 1977 with her radical disco-meets-bossa nova take on Edith Piaf's signature song La Vie En Rose.
Boney M – Rasputin
Say what you like about Boney M, they were an entertaining fixture in the singles chart all through the second half of the Seventies.
Amanda Lear – Follow Me
6th November 2022 · 1970s, 1978, Disco, Music
Like most music fans, I first set eyes on Amanda Lear in 1973 as the coquettish vamp on the cover of Roxy Music's second album, For Your Pleasure, sheathed in black leather with a black panther on a leash.
Alicia Bridges – I Love The Nightlife
This was a kind of guilty pleasure during my disco-hating days as a punk. It came out in 1978 and I probably noticed it because of Alicia Keys's provocatively punky hairstyle – somewhere between Bowie and Billy Idol.
Evelyn 'Champagne' King – Shame
When it comes to the best disco song of all time, I Feel Love is surely in a class of its own. But if we exclude Moroder's masterpiece, then Evelyn 'Champagne' King's song Shame is well worth a shout.
Cerrone – Supernature
3rd November 2022 · 1970s, 1977, Disco, Music
Following my accidental discovery that Lene Lovich wrote the lyrics, here is French disco artist Cerrone's electronic opus Supernature.


60SecondsNow is way too different from the traditional news app – This app brings you the latest news from multiple sources, briefed by our experts in English & 8 Indian languages - English, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil & Telugu.
This app is best for quick reads and to keep you informed in the limited time you have. Huge articles broken down to bullet points and is fitted onto one screen. This one screen gives you all key info needed for that one article.
This is a one pit stop for all news category, be it India to World news, Political to Sport news, Bollywood to Hollywood to Tech news. Our expert news editors, handpick latest, trending news and break it down for you to read it in 60 secs or less.
Experience 1+ years Should have worked in the Daily news room [web/newspaper/television] for at least 1-2 years.
1. Generate interesting content to engage the readers.
2. Editing and reporting news.
3. Rewrite/rehash news stories and general content within the deadlines.
1. Should have strong passion for journalism.
2. Should have good awareness of current affairs.
3. Should have good command over English & regional languages.
4. 4. Should have flair for writing. English/Gujarati/Hindi/Kannada/Malayalam/Tamil/Telugu/Marathi/Bengali.


text:
Home » Health News » Exercise 'sweet spot' reverses cognitive decline in aging mice
Exercise 'sweet spot' reverses cognitive decline in aging mice
University of Queensland researchers have discovered an exercise 'sweet spot' that reverses the cognitive decline in aging mice, paving the way for human studies.
After more than a decade of research, led by Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) Emeritus Professor Perry Bartlett and Dr Dan Blackmore, the team found 35 days of voluntary physical exercise improved learning and memory.
We tested the cognitive ability of elderly mice following defined periods of exercise and found an optimal period or 'sweet spot' that greatly improved their spatial learning."
Dr Dan Blackmore, Queensland Brain Institute
The researchers also discovered how exercise improved learning.
"We found that growth hormone (GH) levels peaked during this time, and we've been able to demonstrate that artificially raising GH in sedentary mice also was also effective in improving their cognitive skills", Dr Blackmore said
"We discovered GH stimulates the production of new neurons in the hippocampus – the region of the brain critically important to learning and memory.
"This is an important discovery for the thousands of Australians diagnosed with dementia every year."
Dementia is the second leading cause of death of all Australians, and with no medical breakthrough the number of people with dementia is expected to increase to around 1.1 million by 2058.
Professor Bartlett said the findings provide further proof that loss of cognitive function in old age is directly related to the diminished production of new neurons.
"It underlines the importance of being able to activate the neurogenic stem cells in the brain that we first identified 20 years ago," Professor Bartlett said.
The team were able to explore how the production of new neurons changed the circuitry in the brain using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
"Using MRI, we were able to study the brain following exercise, and for the first time identify the critical changes in the structure and functional circuitry of the hippocampus required for improved spatial learning," Dr Blackmore said.
Journal references:
Blackmore, D.G., et al. (2021) An exercise "sweet spot" reverses cognitive deficits of aging by growth-hormone-induced neurogenesis. iScience. doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103275.
Zhou, X.A., et al. (2021) Neurogenic-dependent changes in hippocampal circuitry underlie the procognitive effect of exercise in aging mice. iScience. doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103450.
Posted in: Medical Science News | Medical Research News
Tags: Brain, Cognitive Function, Dementia, Exercise, Growth Hormone, Hippocampus, Hormone, Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurons, Research, Stem Cells
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Experimental Drug Targets COVID-19 From Two Angles


Developed in two levels, with big verandas and yards; one master bedroom, a bathroom, a sitting room with a fireplace and a kitchen on the upper level. The lower level has two bedrooms with one or two bathrooms ,all decorated in a minimal style and colors. Equipped with air-conditioning to bedrooms, TV, bed and mattresses (MEDIA STROM) single or double and washing machines. The villa is rented from 4 days up to a summer season. It is offered, according to the visitor's will, with or without service. Pets are allowed upon request.