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2012 High Cascade Race Report (Cory Bolen)
This was the 2nd year for me at the High Cascade 100, which ended up being surprisingly very different than last year's race. First off, some quick stats, in case you don't want to read the following long winded version:
-97 miles, 9,100' of climbing with a total time of 9:05. This course was a whole lot faster than I expected. Last year's race was 107 miles and 10,600' of climbing in 11:05.
-34th in the open men's division, 49th overall out of 300+ starters
-Pro Kona Mountain Biker, Barry Wicks won in a crazy fast time of 7:23, ~1:15 hr faster than last year's winner Carey Smith. The field was deeper and overall had 90+ more racers than last year.
-Close to 80 miles of technical single track over the 97 mile race!
This year's course consisted of 1 big loop with only the first and last 6 miles of the race overlapping. The race started at 5:30 am, near the town of Bend, at Mt. Bachelor Village. The temperature was much warmer than last year's 34 degree start. The race started with an extended 'neutral' start up the highway towards Mt. Bachelor, which we would eventually circumnavigate. Throughout the race, whenever I got a view of Mt. Bachelor, I could not believe we still had to ride around the mountain. After 5 miles of pavement, the race was officially ON as we turned onto a dirt road. This is where the first day's crashes began, with a few racers crashing on the transition of the first uphill climb. This resulted in a lot of racers, including me, dismounting and running up the hill to get around the congestion of bikes and bodies. After this initial congestion, the race thinned out pretty quickly and the steady climb to Wanoga via Funner began. The climb was not difficult, but several 'Y's' in the trail left each rider guessing what was behind trail #1 and #2. Sometimes it really didn't matter, which trail Y you took, but often times if you chose the wrong one, you were exposed to some unnecessary large rock lifts and drops. The 1st 18 miles of the race came pretty fast. My overall race plan was to go out more conservatively than I did last year. I was constantly holding myself back and trying to ride an even pace for the entire race. Oddly enough, I still felt both of my quads wanting to cramp within the first 18 miles of the race, even though I felt like I was going at a comfortable pace. Each 100 miler I have done, I have had early cramping issues, probably due to the lack of a real long pre-race long warm up. This is something I still need to improve upon in the future.
The next segment from Wanoga (mile 18) to Swamp Lakes (mile 29) was spent fueling, talking and 'leap frogging' several single speeders including Tim Phillips. The first 6 miles of this segment consisted of a slightly inclined road climb before getting back on single track. This is also where Brett Nichols passed me after suffering from a mechanical very early in the race. The entire single track section to Swampy Lakes went well, and no trees were 'hipped checked' as in last year's race. The biggest obstacle on this section was the early morning light through the forest, which would often blind you momentarily as you repeatedly flowed through very nice single track. Once I got to Swampy, I grabbed another bottle from Beth and started Sector 16. Mile 18 to 42 was an exact repeat of last year's race. Overall, maybe 40% of this year's race utilized the same trails as last year.
Leaving Swampy Lakes, I was immediately dropped by the single speeder (athlete 360) I came into the aid station with up the initial dirt road climb before entering more single track. I again, restrained myself, and focused on fueling on the dirt road sections and didn't make chase. I assumed I could catch him on the single track of Sector 16 as I did in the previous single track section. After a few miles, I was getting close, getting quick glimpses through the trees and seeing his faint dust trail. Finally, my bladder overcame the battle, and I pulled over to relieve myself. In mid-stream, a train of 3 mountain bikers came by, which I would end up latching onto through the remainder of Sector 16 to mile 42. At mile 42, the climb up to Dutchman's aid station at mile 56 began. The overall climb itself wasn't bad and went pretty quickly. I started the early sections of the climb with Steve who had caught up right at mile 42 before he 'fell asleep' on the bike (Ask Steve). Coming into Dutchman's aid at mile 52 was the first indication that the course might be short a few miles.
At Dutchman's aid station, I got new bottles, food and lubed the chain for the next section of trail. I was informed that Mark was only 2 to 3 minutes ahead of me, which surprised me. I now had my carrot and thought I would be able to catch Mark in the ensuing 10 miles of technical, mostly downhill singletrack. The trail started with a few snow drifts that you had to ride through. This section of the course had also been used in previous years (not last years) and I was aware of the large amount of lava rock throughout this section. I tried to ride fast, but clean at the same time. I caught a few people, but I also was passed by probably the same number of people. I never did catch Mark and he actually ended up putting 8 to 10 minutes on me in the last 45 miles of the race! The last 1 or 2 miles to Lava Lake was really pretty, but was actually my least favorite portion of trail the entire day. The trail was relatively flat, with a few short ups and downs, but littered with lava rock. The lack of flow of the trail (or my riding) made for a low speed bumpy ride.
At Lava Lake, there was a bottle hand up station and then you began to payback the elevation gods for all of the descending of the last section. The crux of the final miles back to Edison aid station at mile 77, consisted of a 3.9 mile climb with 1,200' of climbing. I never paid much attention to this segment on the map since it did not seem like a huge amount of climbing. Little did I know, the climb basically consisted of a stair-step elevation profile. Continuous short punchy climbs littered with lava rock and tree roots connected by short sections of moderately inclined trail. A lot of the early climbs, I chose to dismount and walk, since I had been trying to avoid the cramping of the quads since early in the race. Walking did not seem to result in losing too much time on these climbs. Only until halfway through the climbing segment, I noticed I was in my big ring, which would explain why the climbing felt even more labored than usual. After shifting to the smaller chain ring the steep climbs became much more doable and I was on my way to the final aid station of the day. Right before getting to Edison aid station, my body began to tingle and I felt like I was going to pass out. This happened to before a few weeks prior after a long days ride at Bogus in the heat. I think it was basically the early signs of bonking.
At the final aid station, most of what remained was 15 miles of single track and 5 miles of descending pavement. Mark pre-rode this section the day before and said it would probably take 90 minutes to finish. The section consisted of a few short climbs to Kiowa Butte before descending on Tiddlywinks and Storm King. My tingling body / passing out, feeling returned briefly on Storm King and only got better by consuming a small potato and some GU. During this brief low point, I mistook a butterfly for a rider and almost began following it off-trail into the forest. Finally, I arrived on the final road section and was able to catch a single speeder on the descent that had passed me an hour earlier on the final ascent. Finished up the race with the arms up and greeted Beth and friends.
Overall, the race was good; no crashes, no mechanicals! Personally, it was a big success for me to be able to do this race this year with the back issues I have had all year. The course was really fun and I think it will attract even more people to this race since it is so fast. Hopefully, the race course will stay the same with the addition of 3 miles of climbing to make it an honest 100 miler! I felt my race execution was the best of any of the endurance races I have completed in the past. I fueled well, with the exception of the section between Dutchman and Lava Lake. I could have really used a camel back here since the trail was so fast and technical. After watching video highlights of the race, many riders seemed to swap in and out of using a camel back during the different race segments. Also, I had less than 10 minutes of down time throughout the entire race compared to 20 minutes in last year's race.
Even with successfully finishing the race, I do feel a little unsatisfied with my overall performance, which sounds somewhat silly. Throughout the day, both my climbing and technical skills were only average compared to how I had been riding in my training this year. I didn't train as hard for this event, as I did last year, but going into it, I felt like I was better prepared and in better shape. I think my race strategy was maybe a little too conservative for the unexpected fast course, but at the same time, I don't think I could have gone much faster on this given day. Out of the three 100 milers that I have done, this was definitely the easiest day in the saddle. I guess last year's race had set the bar pretty high in terms of suffering. It is a fine balance of not going out to hard versus not going out hard enough. All day, I felt like I had only '1-speed', which may be attributed to being conservative the first 42 miles or so of the day. Huge kudos to fellow teammates Zuber, Mark and Steve for having great races! Also, huge congrats to all the other Boise racers who raced! In the overall scheme of things, we are all very fortunate to be healthy enough to ride our bikes, and I try to remind myself of this when I am even a little bummed about a race.
Posted by Shanahan-Filler at 9:40 PM No comments:
High Cascades 100, Bend, OR July 21st 2012 (Eric Zuber)
Lessons I learned from the 2011 HC100 included drinking WAY more, eating before I needed to and pushing through the mental anguish the trail may lead you through. Mentally the 108miles last year vs the expected 102miles really destroyed my mental state. In order to have a more enjoyable race this year I decided to forgo anything that tracked my progress. I would keep mentally alert, and keep the cranks a' turnin' and finish when I finish.
I primarily succeeded this year with implementing the lessons learned from last year, starting with the excellent support from Angela! Talk about a pusher… Water, water, water….the hole week before…Good meals (Chicken, steak, pork & fish) every night, and I laid off the fermented goodness we all crave just to be sure. I was recycling water like a champ. I'm sure we stopped 4 times on our way to Bend to water the grass. I mention all of this because we all know how important it is to go into a race hydrated but we all seem to slack off in this area more than we should! (the last ¼ of the race I was more dehydrated than I would have liked even with a keener focus on staying hydrated). The temperatures in Bend were just about ideal. Morning temperatures were somewhere in the 50s; chilly if you were standing around, but you could ride with only arm warmers, or without anything if you could handle the chill. The hottest it got was probably ~85F.
The start was very slow compared to last year due to the pace car leading us all the way to the dirt road trun-off. This was probably not the best outcome as we were all bunched up on a dusty two-track. Several riders did crash and took out others due to the congestion. The added congestion also lead to more dust intake and painted bodies (sweat, dust = some of us looking like KISS rockstars).
Tim Philips, Mark Schafer and I were in the top 1/4th of the group (pros in site) on the road, I even chatted Oppenheimer up a bit. Soon after hitting the dirt, Oppy and I went back and forth and then I let the lead 10 go. A few riders passed me up as I tried to settle in and the pack started to spread out as we entered onto the Larson single track. Things started getting more technical and there were small back-ups on Funner that I was able to make moves and pass back about 3 riders before aid 1 at 18miles.
Coming into Aid 1, support called out "water or Heed" but no Perpetuem?! Luckily Angela was there to see that they indeed had Perpetuem - you just had to mix yourself (no problem) – thanks Angela! I had consumed 2 bottles in 18miles (hydration plan in check), refueled and got back into the race as I heard an energetic whoop/holler that almost got me concerned I had cut someone off as I entered; but I quickly became excited as it was Mark barreling up behind me as we left Aid 1. Now I had some company for the ~5mile road section! I figured we'd sure work together, make great time and then I'd be dropped like a wet rag. I think Mark bypassed Aid 1 and was using the road section to recover/fuel, thus saving the stoppage time I used before continuing on – again, I was on my own and was able to make up about 4 positions.
There was another 'water aid' at mile 29, but turns out they had Perpetuem and Heed – would have been nice to know (carried an empty bottle with Perpetuem to mix with water provided to stick to my hydration plan). Here I planned on carrying 3 bottles, but the confusion of having more than I expected lead me to leaving with only two bottles (I had not expected Angela to be there, but she was, and I had not told her of my plan for 3 bottles and she was too fast/efficient to give my tired mind enough time to ask myself what I needed or wanted for the next ~30miles with a big climb). Luckily the temps remained in the low 70s and we were riding shady, windy, fun single track.
Leaving the supplemental aid (between 1 and 2) I quickly caught up to a single speeder (turned out it was #1 last year: Gerry Pflug, 44 from PA). He and I would go back and forth for the next ~25miles and chatted each other up, which made that section go by really fast! Thanks, Gerry!
On the top of Swede Ridge I clipped a downed tree (trimmed to just the edge of the trail) and went down HARD! I was chatting with Gerry and the next thing he heard was a loud THUD and the air leaving my chest. He did call out if I was OK as he vanished around the next trun, and I was able to push out an "All Good!" as I collected a spewed water bottle and hop back on the bike as I did an inventory. I wasn't sure if I had broken my big toe, split a toe nail or did any damage to the bike. Turns out everything was up to par! (Close call!).
Sector 16 went by so fast I question if we even did it! I only remember making a turn on to Skyliners and knowing this is by far my fastest section with its rolling terrain with technical spots that I knew I could carry speed through. Once Gerry pulled over, He was also well hydrated, I opened it up and didn't see him until the climb out of South Fork shut me down. It was a long gruel, but I knew it would keep going and would not relent, so I stopped a few times (hydrated, watered and ate) and went back and forth with Gerry and another rider a couple times before they finally gapped me well before Aid 2 at 56miles.
Exiting the single track section we had about 5 miles of double track into Dutchman (Aid 2). I was slowly regaining my energy after the long climb and passed Jason Berning, 32; a Fitzgerald Bicycles rider from Victor who was also feeling as though we could give Dave Byers a hard time for not riding this race! (there were a few older riders sporting 2012 Cream Puff finisher caps at this race, just sayin').
Finally I was feeling better and ready for the loop around Bachelor!
I could not help but think how fast Steve Gustafson was going to do this section! I was glad he wasn't my rabbit, but I was primarily solo all the way to Aid 3 at Lava Lake, making up two more positions. Riding this section alone was a bit difficult because you couldn't see where the trail was going. Downed trees were grey, the trail was grey, there were shadows galore and turns a' plenty. Riding alone, however, enabled me to see the trail clearly (lack of dust) and avoid or make obstacles that become difficult with other riders around. I felt I was making great time.
This section was definitely rocky. Going got slower as Lava Lake became visible. Technical features on turns required you to slow down and crawl over/around/down every 100ft. Somewhere in this section, I heard later, Gerry lanced himself on a broken tree – for which he immediately was concerned he had a sucking chest wound! Yikes! After the race I had wondered what happened to him; somehow I had come home 10 minutes ahead of him, but I had never seen him again after the long climb to Aid 2. [Hmmm; there seemed to be some magic out there; I'll let others fill in other events that occurred, which might explain why we might refer to Steve as "Magic Man".] Either way, Gerry wound up finishing 3rd in SS. I'm guessing if he hadn't of been lanced, he may have had a shot at #1! He definitely had #2 as Jace Ives, 28 (#2 SS) had one of the biggest bonks I've ever seen on a race course. My only regret this race was not stopping to feed him – turns out Angela also noticed him at an aid and wanted to offer up assistance as well! (After watching an interview on bigbikesmedia.cyclingdirt.org, "Stabbed Gerry Pflug", I'm not used to Jace's general demeanor, which probably made him sound/appear worse off than he was; he did recover for 2nd SS after all!).
After Aid 3 and an additional water bottle (they had heed there too; not expected) I entered the Strava section, and extra challenge for the deranged/pros. There were several rocky sections that I figured I'd not even try. I wound up walking about 5 of them, tried to water a thirsty tree, but failed. I was looking for justified reasons to pull over and take care of something in order to give my body a chance to recuperate. I should have eaten more the previous hour, but the terrain made eating very difficult, so I was under fueled at this point! (pull over, eat – it'll be worth it - or over fuel before a long technical descent! – that was Aid #2, where I probably should have spent more time eating)
After making the final climb, Tiddlywinks removed any comfort remaining in my back with continued bumpy descending until we were finally delivered to the last 6miles of pavement to the finish! I was leading John Weathers (Men's 40-49 #2) in the descents until I dropped my chain for the 4th and final time (stuck between crank arm and big ring, around a bolt that is supposed to negate the issue; too short) and lost my lead into the pavement. I was unable to catch John on the road. He was slowly pulling away, giving me no chance of a draft. My placement got one better just at the end as John slowed up on the ~500ft of remaining single track just before the finish and I was able to get around him in the last 50ft for the 'win'. He figured correctly that I was younger and his podium finish was not threatened!
Angela was there again to receive the tattered riders, took my bike and helped me wash the dust from my weary body. I could not bend over or pick anything up. My lower back was locked up. I was able to walk around and fake my disposition while I got some pizza and beer and waited for everyone else to come home. We all primarily finished within an hour of each other (which our support ladies really appreciated! – didn't have to wait around an extra 4hrs for the last group member to cross the line).
I feel we all did a super job at this race despite our own personal lows and how sure we felt on the technical descents. No major technicals that I heard of and our wives/girl friends did an amazing job feeding, cleaning and setting us back on path at each and every aid station, save Lava Lake. I can't thank you enough.
Till next time! Cheers,
Nationals Report from Jon Gould
National XC was great weekend. Lori and Cory had rough races. Lori, the team's best chance for a national championship, broke her collar bone. Cory twisted his chain during spectator loop which resulted in the chain breaking once he headed out on the 18.5 mile loop. Steve, with his 1 by 10, had great gearing for the course except the two miles of greenbelt. After the greenbelt Steve had a lot of ground to make up and his strong descending helped him do just that.
Bryan Warnock, Mike Shaw and myself had smoother races. Bryan started things off with a top ten finish on Thursday on a pretty dry and dusty course. The rest of us had nearly perfect conditions on Saturday morning - tacky soil and clear skies thanks to the Friday night rain. While we didn't have the numbers we had last year, we still had the strongest showing of local clubs.
The course turned out to be really fun after two miles on the greenbelt. It consisted of 8 miles of steady climbing and then 8 miles of some great singletrack descending.
Thanks to Page and Rick for coming up and supporting the team. It is great to hear cheers during the race.
Lastly, the pro races were great. The four US Olympians finished 1-2 in their respective men's and women's races. Georgia Gould crushed the women's field and should be a favorite for gold in London. Todd Wells lead Sam Shultz by a bike length for the first five of six laps. At the start of sixth lap Wells stopped in pit for a new wheel. Shultz got a 40 yard lead that he held to the finish.
Hope everyone had a great 4th and has enjoyed riding in a relatively cool summer up until now. The local riding could be pretty toasty for the next few weeks. Time to head up to Bogus.
Posted by Shanahan-Filler at 4:56 AM No comments:
Galena Marathon (6/30) - Race Report from Steve G.
Elevation, heat, and a load of climbing made Galena more of a survivor game than a race! I came in well rested and wanted to have a good showing, but legs felt rusty. Luckily there was 68 riders in a mass start and everyone had to just fall in line. This gave my legs time to wake up and start running from team mate Mike Shaw who was stalking me! There was a few sketchy downhills in-between the grueling climbs so I could maintain some distance. Running my single ring up front (Dumb-A$) I was slowing on the relentless climbs and Mike got by me.. Somebody should had reminded me about the hike-A-bike from hell...I would have stayed home to drink beer!
Lap 2! What, I have to do that again!! Mike and I showed up at our cooler for some refreshments together and neither wanting to wimp out, so we moved on. I set a blistering pace (about 5mph) and Mike was sucking my wheel (drafting is cheating!). Some gal had the nerve to pass us, and Mike wasn't having any of that! So I gladly watched them ride away from me on the first climb. I can catch them on the down... Or I can slide out and road rash my junk!! (that's a first) That took all the ambition out of me and went directly to the survivor game. From there it seemed like I was the only one left on course, no one chasing and no one in sight to chase. Soldiering on, my junk started feeling better, or numb, and I picked up the pace (6mph) and by the time I got to the FUN hike-a-bike I had someone in sight! Oh its on, like Donkey Kong! I felt revived and started picking riders off. One, Two, Mike, nope Mark! We'll let Mark share what happened in his race but will most likely be the last time I beat that machine! Then one more Eastside jersey watering the bushes, Mike.. It was mostly downhill from here so was able to hold off any challengers and get by a few more to finish strong.
That was hard, but I felt good at mile 40 so only 60 to go.. Bring on HC-100!!
High Cascades 100, Bend, OR July 21st 2012 (Eric Z...
Galena Marathon (6/30) - Race Report from Steve G...


Ronald F. Inglehart is the Lowenstein Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan. Author of over 300 publications, he holds honorary doctorates from Uppsala University, Sweden, the Free University of Brussels, Belgium, and the University of Lueneburg, Germany. Inglehart helped found the Euro-Barometer surveys and is founding president of the World Values Survey Association, which has surveyed representative national samples of the publics of 105 countries containing over 90 percent of the world's population. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. In 2011, Inglehart won the Johan Skytte prize in Political Science, often considered the highest prize awarded in the field.
"This book is the product of an extremely ambitious project—ambitious in terms of the broad scope of the various aspects of society that its theoretical insights purport to explain, but also in terms of the range of the social science disciplines that are swept up and integrated into this "evolutionary modernization theory." One could even regard this enterprise as striving towards what would be the equivalent of "unified field theory" in physics. What Chutzpah! And what a burden of proof such an ambitious enterprise would face. Remarkably, Inglehart succeeds in this demanding task, the ultimate product of which I regard as one of the most important works in the social sciences in decades".
"Cultural Evolution culminates a remarkably productive half century's exploration of cultural change by Ronald Inglehart. This renowned scholar now extends the reach of his theory to global history, while honing his concepts to dissect, for example, the emergence of rightwing populism and LGBTQ activism. This is Inglehart at his most ambitious and most astute. It is a powerful book".
"Cultural Evolution is an intellectual tour-de-force. Drawing on insights from years of research in societies representing 90% of the world's population, the renowned political scientist Ronald Inglehart traces the most important changes taking place across the globe—the shift from Materialist to Postmaterialist values. His brilliant new Evolutionary Modernization theory explains changes in religion, conflict, gender equality, democracy, happiness, among other phenomena through the same parsimonious scientific lens. It is a fantastic read for anyone interested in understanding the dynamics of culture change".


I have finally finished editing all of the pictures from Lindsay and Dan`s destination wedding in Cuba. Here are some more pictures from their wedding day. Also, check out Lindsay and Dan`s slideshow with the music HERE.
I am so excited to present you baby girl Ayala. She is only eleven days old! Ayala is so adorable and cute little girl. I am so pleased with the results and could not wait to share these pictures with you. Enjoy!


New SWAT coming out...for PlayStation only.
I'm actually waiting for Holiday season to come around for Half Life 2 Holiday Set that will include the new Episode 2, Portals, and Episode 1 which I haven't bought yet. I enjoyed HL2 story line, and want to play through the additional expansions.


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Use your illusion: the flash-lag effect as a tool for psychophysics
Tilford, Robert Patrick (2015) Use your illusion: the flash-lag effect as a tool for psychophysics. Doctoral thesis (PhD), University of Sussex.
The flash-lag effect is an illusion in which a moving object is perceived advanced
beyond an aligned flash. The majority of research into the effect has been directed at
specifying its source, though a small body of literature simply makes use of flash-lag to
answer diverse questions about perception – without necessarily arbitrating between
competing accounts of its nature. The current thesis expands on this little-explored
potential of the flash-lag effect with the presentation of three papers reporting
programmes of research that exploit the phenomenon to address issues unrelated to its
cause. In the first paper it is shown that, like in visual flash-lag, a similar motion
direction based anisotropy is evident in the motor version of the effect, in which one's
unseen limb is perceived ahead of a flash. Specifically, the effect is greater for motion
towards, rather than away from fixation. Furthermore, Paper I also demonstrates for the
first time a motor flash-drag effect, in which one's unseen moving hand 'drags' the
perceived position of a nearby flash. It is argued that both of these findings are evidence
of parallels between vision and action systems. Paper II takes advantage of the
explicitly perceptual nature of the flash-lag effect to investigate whether the visuospatial
perception of threatening objects is different to that of non-threatening objects. It is
ultimately shown that when a moving stimulus is threatening, the flash-lag effect is
greater, regardless of its direction of motion. Paper III shows that gamma movement
(the apparent contraction of disappearing stimuli) adds to and subtracts from the
forward displacement of contracting and expanding stimuli, respectively. Prior to these
papers, however, an overview chapter reviews the flash-lag literature, and argues that
the effect can be a useful tool for psychophysics, even without a consensus on its origin.
B Philosophy. Psychology. Religion > BF Psychology > BF0231 Sensation. Aesthesiology > BF0241 Special senses. Vision. Visual perception
Library Cataloguing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Menck ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Clara Menck (1901–1983), deutsche Journalistin
 Hans Friedrich Menck (1772–1853), Holzhändler und Theaterbesitzer
 Johannes Menck (1845–1919), deutscher Maschinenfabrikant und preußischer Abgeordneter
 Matthias Menck, deutscher Toningenieur, House- und Trance-Musikproduzent und DJ
 Nils Menck (* 1982), deutscher Basketballspieler
 Stefan Menck (* 1962), deutscher Kinderbuchautor

Menck bezeichnet:
 Menck & Hambrock, ehemaliges deutsches Maschinenbauunternehmen (Rammtechnik-Sparte verblieben als Menck GmbH)

Siehe auch:
 Menk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: An expansion from Ramanujan related to birthday problem A friend designed a drinking game with a lucky wheel of 30 distinct icons. When playing, each one takes turn to spin the wheel, and write down the items until the first one who gets the item that has already appeared then he drinks. And he asked what the average (expectation) of turns is. The formula is not so difficult to get but it is quite unpractical to compute the value. So I was thinking about an asymptotic formula.
Luckily, I found this here: See section 5.6, "average number of people".
My question is how to prove the Ramanujan's formula given there,
$$ Q(M)=\sum_{k=1}^{M} \frac{M!}{(M-k)! M^k}\sim\sqrt{\frac{\pi M}{2}}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{12}\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2M}}-\frac{4}{135M}+\cdots$$
Any good reference available?

A: A crystal clear derivation using only elementary calculus is given by Donald Knuth on page 116-121 of The Art of Computer Programming (volume 1).
I reproduce the first and the last paragraphs of Knuth's exposition:

A: We have $$Q(n)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} (1-1/n)(1-2/n)\ldots(1-k/n).$$
Write $1-x/n=e^{-x/n-x^2/(2n^2)-\ldots}$, then
$$Q(n)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \exp\left(-\frac{k(k+1)}{2n}-\frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{12n^2}-\ldots\right).$$
If $k\geqslant n^{1/2+0.00001}$, the corresponding summands are super-polynomially small and do not rely on the asymptotics. For $k<n^{1/2+0.00001}$ , the first few summands in the expansion define it with good accuracy ($n$ to any prescribed negative power) and we get a standard problem of the asymptotics of $\sum_k g(k)$ for $g(k)=\exp(-\frac{k(k+1)}{2n}-\frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{12n^2})$, say. It is obtained by Euler–Maclaurin. The main term comes from the approximation of $\sum_k \exp(-k^2/(2n))$ by $\int_0^\infty \exp(-x^2/(2n))dx=\sqrt{\pi n/2}$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Calvary Chapel Relief
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Sri Lanka Tsunami 2004
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Baton Rouge Floods 2016
Current Project:
louisiana floods
HURRICANE HARVEY: CALVARY CHAPEL HOUSTON
The Team is on the ground and reporting clear skies. They are making their way to Calvary Chapel Houston. We will keep you apprised of any updates.
Lance Cook (CC La Habra) and Chris Mc Carrick (Cornerstone CC) are in route to Houston Texas to meet with Pastor Ron and begin assessments for future relief operations. At this time the location is only accessible by boat. We are praying about setting up a base of operations, which would allow for Relief Teams to respond and help those effected by this disaster. Please pray about how you and your church might partner with us in the days, weeks, and months ahead.
LOUISIANA FLOOD RELIEF:
CC Bible Fellowship (Temecula CA) is currently serving in Baton Rouge, LA. Please pray for their team and those they will be ministering to.
CC Chino Valley serving in Baton Rouge
CC Chino Valley's Team is still serving in Baton Rouge. I spoke with Pastor Paul Hammontree the other day and he stated the needs are still unimaginable in Louisiana. His prayer was that the Lord would continue to put it upon the hearts of His Churches to send servants. If you haven't gone, please pray about going, if you have, pray about going again.
LOUISIANA FLOOD
CC Chino Valley's Team re-insulating a home after it had been "mucked" (All water damaged items and structures removed).
A team from CC Chino Valley arrived in Baton Rouge this week. There first project was to insulate a home for a couple in their 80's. The home owners are the third and fourth from the right.
Joe Baughman: CC Moreno Valley
Our teem arrived on Sunday evening. Lights out at 10pm - lights on at 6am. After breakfast, there are daily group devo's, then the group leaders get there teams daily assignment. There was an 8 passenger van and a well stocked trailer of tools available for us. Our first day our team of seven went to
A town called Denham Springs. Demo had been started, so we continued, pulling out drywall, Insulation, fiberglass tub/ shower units, etc., so it could dry out and be treated for mold before repair. Matthew, the owners son, was there with us. Throughout the day each of the teem members listened to his story and prayed with him, and as a team we lifted him and his family up to our Lord. About a year ago He had accepted Jesus into his heart.
Matthews flood story; when the flooding started, Matthew went to pick up his mother from her Mobile home She just purchased it a month before and had no flood insurance because she planed to move it to her son's property. He pulled into the property and water started coming in his truck doors. Matthew and his brother thought they could Wade to the back of the property to get an old boat and just walk it to her steps on the trailer. The water was chest high, and quickly rose to neck high and swept them off there feet. They were being swept toward the bridge and he thought that he was going to die. His brother grabbed a vine and Matthew caught a tree by the road. The tree limbs formed a v about 7 feet up, and the water was up to Matthews chest as he stood in the v. Somehow they got to the road, and there HAPPENED to be a truck pulling a jet ski passing by the property. They unloaded the jet ski and road it up to the top of the porch (7 steps up) and rescued his mom. The home got 10" of water inside.
We were grateful to be able to serve at an out reach at the Red Cross/FEMA center. In addition to serving dinners to many who had been at the center since the beginning of the flooding, we also asked if we could go inside to pray for people. We were told no, we could not, but one of the Red Cross workers, an elderly woman on fire for the Lord and full of the Holy Spirit said that she would bring them out to us, and that's just what she did. There was a time of worship and a pastor from our church proclaimed the Gospel. Souls were saved, and many were lifted up to our Lord. Many people who were doing well before the flood have started putting there lives back together, but the poor, the elderly, and those with other issues will have a struggle to come back. They have no home, no car, no job, and no hope, if their hope is in their earthly Possessions. I pray that Christ is there hope. We lifted many to the Lord praying for his intervention, For his miraculous touch on their lives. There were hundreds in the center that need our continued prayers. This particular Red Cross/ FEMA Center was scheduled to close on Wednesday, October 5. Most people that I prayed with did not know where they would go.
The group from our church was able to stay six days. I pray the Lord will send many groups from many churches to help the hurting people in this devastated area
As we await reports of damage and needs from our churches on the East Coast, more information is coming in on the impact of Hurricane Matthew on Haiti. The Government is reporting over 900 dead with tens of thousands of home damaged and 350,000 people in need of aid. Gary La Blanc of Mercy Chefs has sent water filtrations systems to Haiti, and is moving resources into the eastern United States.
©Copyright 2020 CTS Privacy Policy


Friday Night Fish: Fan Poll - Round Two!!
Fan Poll - Round Two!!
Vote for the winner between now and 8pm, March 31st. The winner will be announced next Friday, April 1st. Vote for your favorite! Our Lady of Guadalupe was the big Round 1 vote getter. Can they keep up the momentum in the final round? Or will St. Cecilias and St. Pius get their fans to the poll (they squeaked into the finals). St. Gerard Majella, the 2010 winner, and St. Ferdinand are still in the hunt.
Thanks to all who voted in Round 1 to select the 5 finalists and to those who sent in write-in candidates.


text:
Dear User 2,

You have been invited to join the project My Project as a named finance contact.

You will be providing finance details on behalf of Invite Organisation Name

The project is being led by Lead Organisation 123

Please sign in to accept this invitation. If you haven't used this service before you must create an account.

Yours sincerely,

Innovate UK, part of UK Research and Innovation

Tel: 0300 321 4357

Email: competitions@iuk.ukri.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The more kinds of languages you know, the better you can understand the people around you. There are over more than 6000 languages in the world but there is one common language that everybody uses. (Yes, even that cute person who you see every now and then.) That is the "Body language". Reading the signals one gives through his/her body posture, you can decode the many secret messages being sent.
In case you didn't know, body language is a form of communication that uses body movements or gestures instead of or in addition to other forms of communication. Facial expressions are also a form of body language.
Here are some common body languages you can look out for in your target person to realize if he/she is interested in you.
Eye contact: Probably the first sign of interest is the eye contact that a person makes with another. If from a distance your target makes eye contact, short ones at first and a little longer later, it is a sign of interest.
Lean forward: You can tell if a person is interested in you and your conversation if that person leans towards you. Leaning forward is a signal that the person wants to get closer to you and is paying attention to what you are saying.
Grooming: Grooming is the process of beautifying ones self to appear attractive. If your target grooms himself or herself in front of you, it is because he/she wants to look better for you. Tossing the head, fixing hair or cleaning a spec of dirt from the clothes are some examples of grooming.
Get closer: If a person starts standing closer to you, he/she is leaving the social space and entering your private space. The doors to getting intimate are getting opening!
Self caressing: If you manage to get a little further in attracting the other person, the other person may caress him/ herself. The person at this moment might be thinking of caressing you like that or wanting to be caressed in that way.
Touching: By establishing a physical contact, you have been invited to get involved. Signs of such physical touching may start as accidental brushing, playful touching and slapping and then progress to touching at non sexual parts like hands and arms.
Look for these signs the next time you go mate hunting. Play your cards right and you might emerge successful.


text:
Renner is an unincorporated community in Minnehaha County in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Renner has been assigned the ZIP code of 57055. The demographics of Renner are not listed separately by the United States Census Bureau, but are included within those of Mapleton Township. The 2000 Census reported a total population of 2,128 for all of Mapleton Township.

Renner lies just north of Sioux Falls on South Dakota Highway 115. It lies in the valley of the Big Sioux River on a line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, now owned by the state of South Dakota and operated by D&I Railroad.

After completing the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in May 1927, Charles Lindbergh made a stop in Renner on August 27, 1927. Contemporary estimates reported that between thirty and forty thousand people came to Renner to welcome him.

History
Renner was founded in 1898, and a depot along the Milwaukee Railroad was built here in 1907. The town is named after Leonard Renner, a local farmer on whose land the depot was built. One of the earliest rural electrification projects in the United States was undertaken here by Northern States Power Company in 1923, three years before a better-known project near Red Wing, Minnesota. Both projects were a success from the farmers' standpoint, but the overall cost to the company for each project versus the small revenue from each generally dissuaded the company from further attempts at rural electrification.

Renner Church
Renner Lutheran Church, founded in 1868 as Nidaros Church by Norwegian immigrants, is reportedly the oldest ELCA church in South Dakota. The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Renner Lutheran Sanctuary.

References

External links
History of Renner Lutheran Church
Charles Lindbergh in Renner
Gallery of photos and images about Renner

Unincorporated communities in Minnehaha County, South Dakota
Sioux Falls, South Dakota metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in South Dakota


text:
require "helper"

require 'stringio'

module Nokogiri
  module XML
    class TestNode < Nokogiri::TestCase
      def setup
        super
        @xml = Nokogiri::XML(File.read(XML_FILE), XML_FILE)
      end

      def test_first_element_child
        node = @xml.root.first_element_child
        assert_equal 'employee', node.name
        assert node.element?, 'node is an element'
      end

      def test_element_children
        nodes = @xml.root.element_children
        assert_equal @xml.root.first_element_child, nodes.first
        assert nodes.all? { |node| node.element? }, 'all nodes are elements'
      end

      def test_last_element_child
        nodes = @xml.root.element_children
        assert_equal nodes.last, @xml.root.element_children.last
      end

      def test_bad_xpath
        bad_xpath = '//foo['

        begin
          @xml.xpath(bad_xpath)
        rescue Nokogiri::XML::XPath::SyntaxError => e
          assert_match(bad_xpath, e.to_s)
        end
      end

      def test_namespace_type_error
        assert_raises(TypeError) do
          @xml.root.namespace = Object.new
        end
      end

      def test_remove_namespace
        @xml = Nokogiri::XML('<r xmlns="v"><s /></r>')
        tag = @xml.at('s')
        assert tag.namespace
        tag.namespace = nil
        assert_nil tag.namespace
      end

      def test_parse_needs_doc
        list = @xml.root.parse('fooooooo <hello />')
        assert_equal 1, list.css('hello').length
      end

      def test_parse
        list = @xml.root.parse('fooooooo <hello />')
        assert_equal 2, list.length
      end

      def test_parse_with_block
        called = false
        list = @xml.root.parse('<hello />') { |cfg|
          called = true
          assert_instance_of Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions, cfg
        }
        assert called, 'config block called'
        assert_equal 1, list.length
      end

      def test_parse_with_io
        list = @xml.root.parse(StringIO.new('<hello />'))
        assert_equal 1, list.length
        assert_equal 'hello', list.first.name
      end

      def test_parse_with_empty_string
        list = @xml.root.parse('')
        assert_equal 0, list.length
      end

      def test_parse_config_option
        node = @xml.root
        options = nil
        node.parse("<item></item>") do |config|
          options = config
        end
        assert_equal Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions::DEFAULT_XML, options.to_i
      end

      # descriptive, not prescriptive.
      def test_parse_invalid_html_markup_results_in_empty_nodeset
        doc = Nokogiri::HTML("")
        nodeset = doc.root.parse "

a
<snippet>b</snippet>
"
        assert_equal 1, doc.errors.length # "Tag snippet invalid"
        assert_equal 1, nodeset.length
      end

      def test_node_context_parsing_of_malformed_html_fragment_with_recover_is_corrected
        doc = HTML.parse "

"
        context_node = doc.at_css "div"
        nodeset = context_node.parse("<div
") do |options|
          options.recover
        end
        assert_equal "

", nodeset.to_s
        assert_equal 1, doc.errors.length
        assert_equal 1, nodeset.length
      end

      def test_node_context_parsing_of_malformed_html_fragment_without_recover_is_not_corrected
        doc = HTML.parse "

"
        context_node = doc.at_css "div"
        nodeset = context_node.parse("<div
") do |options|
          options.strict
        end
        assert_equal 1, doc.errors.length
        assert_equal 0, nodeset.length
      end

      def test_parse_error_list
        error_count = @xml.errors.length
        @xml.root.parse('<hello>')
        assert(error_count < @xml.errors.length, "errors should have increased")
      end

      def test_parse_error_on_fragment_with_empty_document
        doc = Document.new
        fragment = DocumentFragment.new(doc, '<foo><bar/></foo>')
        node = fragment%'bar'
        node.parse('<baz><</baz>')
      end

      def test_parse_with_unparented_text_context_node
        doc = XML::Document.new
        elem = XML::Text.new("foo", doc)
        x = elem.parse("<bar/>") # should not raise an exception
        assert_equal x.first.name, "bar"
      end

      def test_parse_with_unparented_html_text_context_node
        doc = HTML::Document.new
        elem = XML::Text.new("div", doc)
        x = elem.parse("
") # should not raise an exception
        assert_equal x.first.name, "div"
      end

      def test_parse_with_unparented_fragment_text_context_node
        doc = XML::DocumentFragment.parse "
foo
"
        elem = doc.at_css "span"
        x = elem.parse("") # should not raise an exception
        assert_equal x.first.name, "span"
      end

      def test_parse_with_unparented_html_fragment_text_context_node
        doc = HTML::DocumentFragment.parse "
foo
"
        elem = doc.at_css "span"
        x = elem.parse("") # should not raise an exception
        assert_equal x.first.name, "span"
      end

      def test_subclass_dup
        subclass = Class.new(Nokogiri::XML::Node)
        node = subclass.new('foo', @xml).dup
        assert_instance_of subclass, node
      end

      def test_gt_string_arg
        node = @xml.at('employee')
        nodes = (node > 'name')
        assert_equal 1, nodes.length
        assert_equal node, nodes.first.parent
      end

      def test_next_element_when_next_sibling_is_element_should_return_next_sibling
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root><foo /><quux /></root>"
        node         = doc.at_css("foo")
        next_element = node.next_element
        assert next_element.element?
        assert_equal doc.at_css("quux"), next_element
      end

      def test_next_element_when_there_is_no_next_sibling_should_return_nil
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root><foo /><quux /></root>"
        assert_nil doc.at_css("quux").next_element
      end

      def test_next_element_when_next_sibling_is_not_an_element_should_return_closest_next_element_sibling
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root><foo />bar<quux /></root>"
        node         = doc.at_css("foo")
        next_element = node.next_element
        assert next_element.element?
        assert_equal doc.at_css("quux"), next_element
      end

      def test_next_element_when_next_sibling_is_not_an_element_and_no_following_element_should_return_nil
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root><foo />bar</root>"
        node         = doc.at_css("foo")
        next_element = node.next_element
        assert_nil next_element
      end

      def test_previous_element_when_previous_sibling_is_element_should_return_previous_sibling
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root><foo /><quux /></root>"
        node             = doc.at_css("quux")
        previous_element = node.previous_element
        assert previous_element.element?
        assert_equal doc.at_css("foo"), previous_element
      end

      def test_previous_element_when_there_is_no_previous_sibling_should_return_nil
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root><foo /><quux /></root>"
        assert_nil doc.at_css("foo").previous_element
      end

      def test_previous_element_when_previous_sibling_is_not_an_element_should_return_closest_previous_element_sibling
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root><foo />bar<quux /></root>"
        node             = doc.at_css("quux")
        previous_element = node.previous_element
        assert previous_element.element?
        assert_equal doc.at_css("foo"), previous_element
      end

      def test_previous_element_when_previous_sibling_is_not_an_element_and_no_following_element_should_return_nil
        doc = Nokogiri::XML "<root>foo<bar /></root>"
        node             = doc.at_css("bar")
        previous_element = node.previous_element
        assert_nil previous_element
      end

      def test_element?
        assert @xml.root.element?, 'is an element'
      end

      def test_slash_search
        assert_equal 'EMP0001', (@xml/:staff/:employee/:employeeId).first.text
      end

      def test_append_with_document
        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
          @xml.root << Nokogiri::XML::Document.new
        end
      end

      def test_append_with_attr
        r = Nokogiri.XML('<r a="1" />').root
        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
          r << r.at_xpath('@a')
        end
      end

      def test_inspect_ns
        xml = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml) { |c| c.noblanks }
          <root xmlns="http://tenderlovemaking.com/" xmlns:foo="bar">
            <awesome/>
          </root>
        eoxml
        ins = xml.inspect

        xml.traverse do |node|
          assert_match node.class.name, ins
          if node.respond_to? :attributes
            node.attributes.each do |k,v|
              assert_match k, ins
              assert_match v, ins
            end
          end

          if node.respond_to?(:namespace) && node.namespace
            assert_match node.namespace.class.name, ins
            assert_match node.namespace.href, ins
          end
        end
      end

      def test_namespace_definitions_when_some_exist
        xml = Nokogiri::XML <<-eoxml
          <root xmlns="http://tenderlovemaking.com/" xmlns:foo="bar">
            <awesome/>
          </root>
        eoxml
        namespace_definitions = xml.root.namespace_definitions
        assert_equal 2, namespace_definitions.length
      end

      def test_namespace_definitions_when_no_exist
        xml = Nokogiri::XML <<-eoxml
          <root xmlns="http://tenderlovemaking.com/" xmlns:foo="bar">
            <awesome/>
          </root>
        eoxml
        namespace_definitions = xml.at_xpath('//xmlns:awesome').namespace_definitions
        assert_equal 0, namespace_definitions.length
      end

      def test_namespace_goes_to_children
        fruits = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml)
        <Fruit xmlns='www.fruits.org'>
        </Fruit>
        eoxml
        apple = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new('Apple', fruits)
        orange = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new('Orange', fruits)
        apple << orange
        fruits.root << apple
        assert fruits.at('//fruit:Orange',{'fruit'=>'www.fruits.org'})
        assert fruits.at('//fruit:Apple',{'fruit'=>'www.fruits.org'})
      end

      def test_description
        assert_nil @xml.at('employee').description
      end

      def test_spaceship
        nodes = @xml.xpath('//employee')
        assert_equal(-1, (nodes.first <=> nodes.last))
        list = [nodes.first, nodes.last].sort
        assert_equal nodes.first, list.first
        assert_equal nodes.last, list.last
      end

      def test_incorrect_spaceship
        nodes = @xml.xpath('//employee')
        assert_nil(nodes.first <=> 'asdf')
      end

      def test_document_compare
        nodes = @xml.xpath('//employee')
        assert_equal(-1, (nodes.first <=> @xml))
      end

      def test_different_document_compare
        nodes = @xml.xpath('//employee')
        doc = Nokogiri::XML('')
        b = doc.at('b')
        assert_nil(nodes.first <=> b)
      end

      def test_duplicate_node_removes_namespace
        fruits = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml)
        <Fruit xmlns='www.fruits.org'>
        <Apple></Apple>
        </Fruit>
        eoxml
        apple = fruits.root.xpath('fruit:Apple', {'fruit'=>'www.fruits.org'})[0]
        new_apple = apple.dup
        fruits.root << new_apple
        assert_equal 2, fruits.xpath('//xmlns:Apple').length
        assert_equal 1, fruits.to_xml.scan('www.fruits.org').length
      end

      [:clone, :dup].each do |symbol|
        define_method "test_#{symbol}" do
          node = @xml.at('//employee')
          other = node.send(symbol)
          assert_equal "employee", other.name
          assert_nil other.parent
        end
      end

      def test_fragment_creates_elements
        apple = @xml.fragment('<Apple/>')
        apple.children.each do |child|
          assert_equal Nokogiri::XML::Node::ELEMENT_NODE, child.type
          assert_instance_of Nokogiri::XML::Element, child
        end
      end

      def test_node_added_to_root_should_get_namespace
        fruits = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml)
          <Fruit xmlns='http://www.fruits.org'>
          </Fruit>
        eoxml
        apple = fruits.fragment('<Apple/>')
        fruits.root << apple
        assert_equal 1, fruits.xpath('//xmlns:Apple').length
      end

      def test_new_node_can_have_ancestors
        xml = Nokogiri::XML('<root>text</root>')
        item = Nokogiri::XML::Element.new('item', xml)
        assert_equal 0, item.ancestors.length
      end

      def test_children
        doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml)
          <root>#{'' * 9 }</root>
        eoxml
        assert_equal 9, doc.root.children.length
        assert_equal 9, doc.root.children.to_a.length

        doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml)
          <root>#{'' * 15 }</root>
        eoxml
        assert_equal 15, doc.root.children.length
        assert_equal 15, doc.root.children.to_a.length
      end

      def test_add_namespace
        node = @xml.at('address')
        node.add_namespace('foo', 'http://tenderlovemaking.com')
        assert_equal 'http://tenderlovemaking.com', node.namespaces['xmlns:foo']
      end

      def test_add_namespace_twice
        node = @xml.at('address')
        ns = node.add_namespace('foo', 'http://tenderlovemaking.com')
        ns2 = node.add_namespace('foo', 'http://tenderlovemaking.com')
        assert_equal ns, ns2
      end

      def test_add_default_ns
        node = @xml.at('address')
        node.add_namespace(nil, 'http://tenderlovemaking.com')
        assert_equal 'http://tenderlovemaking.com', node.namespaces['xmlns']
      end

      def test_add_multiple_namespaces
        node = @xml.at('address')

        node.add_namespace(nil, 'http://tenderlovemaking.com')
        assert_equal 'http://tenderlovemaking.com', node.namespaces['xmlns']

        node.add_namespace('foo', 'http://tenderlovemaking.com')
        assert_equal 'http://tenderlovemaking.com', node.namespaces['xmlns:foo']
      end

      def test_default_namespace=
        node = @xml.at('address')
        node.default_namespace = 'http://tenderlovemaking.com'
        assert_equal 'http://tenderlovemaking.com', node.namespaces['xmlns']
      end

      def test_namespace=
        node = @xml.at('address')
        assert_nil node.namespace
        definition = node.add_namespace_definition 'bar', 'http://tlm.com/'

        node.namespace = definition

        assert_equal definition, node.namespace

        assert_equal node, @xml.at('//foo:address', {
          'foo' => 'http://tlm.com/'
        })
      end

      def test_add_namespace_with_nil_associates_node
        node = @xml.at('address')
        assert_nil node.namespace
        definition = node.add_namespace_definition nil, 'http://tlm.com/'
        assert_equal definition, node.namespace
      end

      def test_add_namespace_does_not_associate_node
        node = @xml.at('address')
        assert_nil node.namespace
        assert node.add_namespace_definition 'foo', 'http://tlm.com/'
        assert_nil node.namespace
      end

      def test_set_namespace_from_different_doc
        node = @xml.at('address')
        doc = Nokogiri::XML(File.read(XML_FILE), XML_FILE)
        decl = doc.root.add_namespace_definition 'foo', 'bar'

        assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
          node.namespace = decl
        end
      end

      def test_set_namespace_must_only_take_a_namespace
        node = @xml.at('address')
        assert_raises(TypeError) do
          node.namespace = node
        end
      end

      def test_at
        node = @xml.at('address')
        assert_equal node, @xml.xpath('//address').first
      end

      def test_at_self
        node = @xml.at('address')
        assert_equal node, node.at('.')
      end

      def test_at_xpath
        node = @xml.at_xpath('//address')
        nodes = @xml.xpath('//address')
        assert_equal 5, nodes.size
        assert_equal node, nodes.first
      end

      def test_at_css
        node = @xml.at_css('address')
        nodes = @xml.css('address')
        assert_equal 5, nodes.size
        assert_equal node, nodes.first
      end

      def test_percent
        node = @xml % ('address')
        assert_equal node, @xml.xpath('//address').first
      end

      def test_accept
        visitor = Class.new {
          attr_accessor :visited
          def accept target
            target.accept(self)
          end

          def visit node
            node.children.each { |c| c.accept(self) }
            @visited = true
          end
        }.new
        visitor.accept(@xml.root)
        assert visitor.visited
      end

      def test_write_to
        io = StringIO.new
        @xml.write_to io
        io.rewind
        assert_equal @xml.to_xml, io.read
      end

      def test_attribute_with_symbol
        assert_equal 'Yes', @xml.css('address').first[:domestic]
      end

      def test_non_existent_attribute_should_return_nil
        node = @xml.root.first_element_child
        assert_nil node.attribute('type')
      end

      def test_write_to_with_block
        called = false
        io = StringIO.new
        conf = nil
        @xml.write_to io do |config|
          called = true
          conf = config
          config.format.as_html.no_empty_tags
        end
        io.rewind
        assert called
        string = io.read
        assert_equal @xml.serialize(nil, conf.options), string
        assert_equal @xml.serialize(nil, conf), string
      end

      %w{ xml html xhtml }.each do |type|
        define_method(:"test_write_#{type}_to") do
          io = StringIO.new
          assert @xml.send(:"write_#{type}_to", io)
          io.rewind
          assert_match @xml.send(:"to_#{type}"), io.read
        end
      end

      def test_serialize_with_block
        called = false
        conf = nil
        string = @xml.serialize do |config|
          called = true
          conf = config
          config.format.as_html.no_empty_tags
        end
        assert called
        assert_equal @xml.serialize(nil, conf.options), string
        assert_equal @xml.serialize(nil, conf), string
      end

      def test_hold_refence_to_subnode
        doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml)
          <root>

          </root>
        eoxml
        assert node_a = doc.css('a').first
        assert node_b = node_a.css('b').first
        node_a.unlink
        assert_equal 'b', node_b.name
      end

      def test_values
        assert_equal %w{ Yes Yes }, @xml.xpath('//address')[1].values
      end

      def test_keys
        assert_equal %w{ domestic street }, @xml.xpath('//address')[1].keys
      end

      def test_each
        attributes = []
        @xml.xpath('//address')[1].each do |key, value|
          attributes << [key, value]
        end
        assert_equal [['domestic', 'Yes'], ['street', 'Yes']], attributes
      end

      def test_new
        assert node = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new('input', @xml)
        assert_equal 1, node.node_type
        assert_instance_of Nokogiri::XML::Element, node
      end

      def test_to_str
        name = @xml.xpath('//name').first
        assert_match(/Margaret/, '' + name)
        assert_equal('Margaret Martin', '' + name.children.first)
      end

      def test_ancestors
        address = @xml.xpath('//address').first
        assert_equal 3, address.ancestors.length
        assert_equal ['employee', 'staff', 'document'],
          address.ancestors.map { |x| x.name }
      end

      def test_read_only?
        assert entity_decl = @xml.internal_subset.children.find { |x|
          x.type == Node::ENTITY_DECL
        }
        assert entity_decl.read_only?
      end

      def test_remove_attribute
        address = @xml.xpath('/staff/employee/address').first
        assert_equal 'Yes', address['domestic']
        attr = address.attributes['domestic']

        returned_attr = address.remove_attribute 'domestic'
        assert_nil address['domestic']
        assert_equal attr, returned_attr
      end

      def test_remove_attribute_when_not_found
        address = @xml.xpath('/staff/employee/address').first
        attr = address.remove_attribute 'not-an-attribute'
        assert_nil attr
      end

      def test_attribute_setter_accepts_non_string
        address = @xml.xpath("/staff/employee/address").first
        assert_equal "Yes", address[:domestic]
        address[:domestic] = "Altered Yes"
        assert_equal "Altered Yes", address[:domestic]
      end

      def test_attribute_accessor_accepts_non_string
        address = @xml.xpath("/staff/employee/address").first
        assert_equal "Yes", address["domestic"]
        assert_equal "Yes", address[:domestic]
      end

      def test_empty_attribute_reading
        node = Nokogiri::XML '<foo empty="" whitespace="  "/>'

        assert_equal '', node.root['empty']
        assert_equal '  ', node.root['whitespace']
      end

      def test_delete
        address = @xml.xpath('/staff/employee/address').first
        assert_equal 'Yes', address['domestic']
        address.delete 'domestic'
        assert_nil address['domestic']
      end

      def test_set_content_with_symbol
        node = @xml.at('//name')
        node.content = :foo
        assert_equal 'foo', node.content
      end

      def test_set_native_content_is_unescaped
        comment = Nokogiri.XML('<r></r>').at('//comment()')

        comment.native_content = " < " # content= will escape this string
        assert_equal "", comment.to_xml
      end

      def test_find_by_css_class_with_nonstandard_whitespace
        doc = Nokogiri::HTML '

'
        assert_not_nil doc.at_css(".b")
      end

      def test_find_by_css_with_tilde_eql
        xml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<-eoxml)
        <root>
          Hello world
          Bar
          Bar
          Bar
          Bar
          Awesome
          Awesome
        </root>
        eoxml
        set = xml.css('a[@class~="bar"]')
        assert_equal 4, set.length
        assert_equal ['Bar'], set.map { |node| node.content }.uniq
      end

      def test_unlink
        xml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<-eoxml)
        <root>
          Bar
          Bar
          Bar
          Hello world
          Bar
          Awesome
          Awesome
        </root>
        eoxml
        node = xml.xpath('//a')[3]
        assert_equal('Hello world', node.text)
        assert_match(/Hello world/, xml.to_s)
        assert node.parent
        assert node.document
        assert node.previous_sibling
        assert node.next_sibling
        node.unlink
        assert !node.parent
        #assert !node.document
        assert !node.previous_sibling
        assert !node.next_sibling
        assert_no_match(/Hello world/, xml.to_s)
      end

      def test_next_sibling
        assert node = @xml.root
        assert sibling = node.child.next_sibling
        assert_equal('employee', sibling.name)
      end

      def test_previous_sibling
        assert node = @xml.root
        assert sibling = node.child.next_sibling
        assert_equal('employee', sibling.name)
        assert_equal(sibling.previous_sibling, node.child)
      end

      def test_name=
        assert node = @xml.root
        node.name = 'awesome'
        assert_equal('awesome', node.name)
      end

      def test_child
        assert node = @xml.root
        assert child = node.child
        assert_equal('text', child.name)
      end

      def test_key?
        assert node = @xml.search('//address').first
        assert(!node.key?('asdfasdf'))
      end

      def test_set_property
        assert node = @xml.search('//address').first
        node['foo'] = 'bar'
        assert_equal('bar', node['foo'])
      end

      def test_set_property_non_string
        assert node = @xml.search('//address').first
        node['foo'] = 1
        assert_equal('1', node['foo'])
        node['foo'] = false
        assert_equal('false', node['foo'])
      end

      def test_attributes
        assert node = @xml.search('//address').first
        assert_nil(node['asdfasdfasdf'])
        assert_equal('Yes', node['domestic'])

        assert node = @xml.search('//address')[2]
        attr = node.attributes
        assert_equal 2, attr.size
        assert_equal 'Yes', attr['domestic'].value
        assert_equal 'Yes', attr['domestic'].to_s
        assert_equal 'No', attr['street'].value
      end

      def test_path
        assert set = @xml.search('//employee')
        assert node = set.first
        assert_equal('/staff/employee[1]', node.path)
      end

      def test_parent_xpath
        assert set = @xml.search('//employee')
        assert node = set.first
        assert parent_set = node.search('..')
        assert parent_node = parent_set.first
        assert_equal '/staff', parent_node.path
        assert_equal node.parent, parent_node
      end

      def test_search_self
        node = @xml.at('//employee')
        assert_equal node.search('.').to_a, [node]
      end

      def test_search_by_symbol
        assert set = @xml.search(:employee)
        assert 5, set.length

        assert node = @xml.at(:employee)
        assert node.text =~ /EMP0001/
      end

      def test_new_node
        node = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new('form', @xml)
        assert_equal('form', node.name)
        assert(node.document)
      end

      def test_encode_special_chars
        foo = @xml.css('employee').first.encode_special_chars('&')
        assert_equal '&', foo
      end

      def test_content_equals
        node = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new('form', @xml)
        assert_equal('', node.content)

        node.content = 'hello world!'
        assert_equal('hello world!', node.content)

        node.content = '& <foo> &'
        assert_equal('& <foo> &', node.content)
        assert_equal('<form>& <foo> &amp;</form>', node.to_xml)

        node.content = "1234 <-> 1234"
        assert_equal "1234 <-> 1234", node.content
        assert_equal "<form>1234 <-> 1234</form>", node.to_xml

        node.content = '1234'
        node.add_child '<foo>5678</foo>'
        assert_equal '12345678', node.content
      end

      # issue #839
      def test_encoding_of_copied_nodes
        d1 = Nokogiri::XML('<r>&</r>')
        d2 = Nokogiri::XML('<r></r>')
        ne = d1.root.xpath('//a').first.dup(1)
        ne.content += "& < & > \" &"
        d2.root << ne
        assert_match(/&& < & > \" &<\/a>/, d2.to_s)
      end

      def test_content_after_appending_text
        doc = Nokogiri::XML '<foo />'
        node = doc.children.first
        node.content = 'bar'
        node << 'baz'
        assert_equal 'barbaz', node.content
      end

      def test_content_depth_first
        node = Nokogiri::XML '<foo>first<baz>second</baz>third</foo>'
        assert_equal 'firstsecondthird', node.content
      end

      def test_set_content_should_unlink_existing_content
        node     = @xml.at_css("employee")
        children = node.children
        node.content = "hello"
        children.each { |child| assert_nil child.parent }
      end

      def test_whitespace_nodes
        doc = Nokogiri::XML.parse("<root>Foo\nBar
Bazz
</root>")
        children = doc.at('//root').children.collect{|j| j.to_s}
        assert_equal "\n", children[1]
        assert_equal " ", children[3]
      end

      def test_node_equality
        doc1 = Nokogiri::XML.parse(File.read(XML_FILE), XML_FILE)
        doc2 = Nokogiri::XML.parse(File.read(XML_FILE), XML_FILE)

        address1_1 = doc1.xpath('//address').first
        address1_2 = doc1.xpath('//address').first

        address2 = doc2.xpath('//address').first

        assert_not_equal address1_1, address2 # two references to very, very similar nodes
        assert_equal address1_1, address1_2 # two references to the exact same node
      end

      def test_namespace_search_with_xpath_and_hash
        xml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<-eoxml)
        <root>
          <car xmlns:part="http://general-motors.com/">
            <part:tire>Michelin Model XGV</part:tire>
          </car>
          <bicycle xmlns:part="http://schwinn.com/">
            <part:tire>I'm a bicycle tire!</part:tire>
          </bicycle>
        </root>
        eoxml

        tires = xml.xpath('//bike:tire', {'bike' => 'http://schwinn.com/'})
        assert_equal 1, tires.length
      end

      def test_namespace_search_with_xpath_and_hash_with_symbol_keys
        xml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<-eoxml)
        <root>
          <car xmlns:part="http://general-motors.com/">
            <part:tire>Michelin Model XGV</part:tire>
          </car>
          <bicycle xmlns:part="http://schwinn.com/">
            <part:tire>I'm a bicycle tire!</part:tire>
          </bicycle>
        </root>
        eoxml

        tires = xml.xpath('//bike:tire', :bike => 'http://schwinn.com/')
        assert_equal 1, tires.length
      end

      def test_namespace_search_with_css
        xml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<-eoxml)
        <root>
          <car xmlns:part="http://general-motors.com/">
            <part:tire>Michelin Model XGV</part:tire>
          </car>
          <bicycle xmlns:part="http://schwinn.com/">
            <part:tire>I'm a bicycle tire!</part:tire>
          </bicycle>
        </root>
        eoxml

        tires = xml.css('bike|tire', 'bike' => 'http://schwinn.com/' )
        assert_equal 1, tires.length
      end

      def test_namespaced_attribute_search_with_xpath
        # from #593
        xmlContent = <<-EOXML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ns1:el1 xmlns:ns1="http://blabla.com" >
  <ns1:el2 ns1:att="123">with namespace</ns1:el2 >
  <ns1:el2 att="noNameSpace">no namespace</ns1:el2 >
</ns1:el1>
EOXML
        xml_doc = Nokogiri::XML(xmlContent)

        no_ns = xml_doc.xpath("//*[@att]")
        assert_equal no_ns.length, 1
        assert_equal no_ns.first.content, "no namespace"

        with_ns = xml_doc.xpath("//*[@ns1:att]")
        assert_equal with_ns.length, 1
        assert_equal with_ns.first.content, "with namespace"
      end

      def test_namespaced_attribute_search_with_css
        # from #593
        xmlContent = <<-EOXML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ns1:el1 xmlns:ns1="http://blabla.com" >
  <ns1:el2 ns1:att="123">with namespace</ns1:el2 >
  <ns1:el2 att="noNameSpace">no namespace</ns1:el2 >
</ns1:el1>
EOXML
        xml_doc = Nokogiri::XML(xmlContent)

        no_ns = xml_doc.css('*[att]')
        assert_equal no_ns.length, 1
        assert_equal no_ns.first.content, "no namespace"

        with_ns = xml_doc.css('*[ns1|att]')
        assert_equal with_ns.length, 1
        assert_equal with_ns.first.content, "with namespace"
      end

      def test_namespaces_should_include_all_namespace_definitions
        xml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<-EOF)
        <x xmlns="http://quux.com/" xmlns:a="http://foo.com/" xmlns:b="http://bar.com/">
          <y xmlns:c="http://bazz.com/">
            <z>hello</z>

          </y>
        </x>
        EOF

        namespaces = xml.namespaces # Document#namespace
        assert_equal({"xmlns"   => "http://quux.com/",
                      "xmlns:a" => "http://foo.com/",
                      "xmlns:b" => "http://bar.com/"}, namespaces)

        namespaces = xml.root.namespaces
        assert_equal({"xmlns"   => "http://quux.com/",
                      "xmlns:a" => "http://foo.com/",
                      "xmlns:b" => "http://bar.com/"}, namespaces)

        namespaces = xml.at_xpath("//xmlns:y").namespaces
        assert_equal({"xmlns"   => "http://quux.com/",
                      "xmlns:a" => "http://foo.com/",
                      "xmlns:b" => "http://bar.com/",
                      "xmlns:c" => "http://bazz.com/"}, namespaces)

        namespaces = xml.at_xpath("//xmlns:z").namespaces
        assert_equal({"xmlns"   => "http://quux.com/",
                      "xmlns:a" => "http://foo.com/",
                      "xmlns:b" => "http://bar.com/",
                      "xmlns:c" => "http://bazz.com/"}, namespaces)

        namespaces = xml.at_xpath("//xmlns:a").namespaces
        assert_equal({"xmlns"   => "http://quux.com/",
                      "xmlns:a" => "http://foo.com/",
                      "xmlns:b" => "http://bar.com/",
                      "xmlns:c" => "http://newc.com/"}, namespaces)
      end

      def test_namespace
        xml = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<-EOF)
        <x xmlns:a='http://foo.com/' xmlns:b='http://bar.com/'>
          <y xmlns:c='http://bazz.com/'>
            hello a
            hello b
            <c:div x="1" b:y="2">hello c</c:div>

hello moon

          </y>
        </x>
        EOF
        set = xml.search("//y/*")
        assert_equal "a", set[0].namespace.prefix
        assert_equal 'http://foo.com/', set[0].namespace.href
        assert_equal "b", set[1].namespace.prefix
        assert_equal 'http://bar.com/', set[1].namespace.href
        assert_equal "c", set[2].namespace.prefix
        assert_equal 'http://bazz.com/', set[2].namespace.href
        assert_equal nil, set[3].namespace.prefix # default namespace
        assert_equal 'http://ns.example.com/d', set[3].namespace.href
        assert_equal nil, set[4].namespace # no namespace

        assert_equal 'b', set[2].attributes['y'].namespace.prefix
        assert_equal 'http://bar.com/', set[2].attributes['y'].namespace.href
        assert_equal nil, set[2].attributes['x'].namespace
        assert_equal nil, set[3].attributes['x'].namespace
        assert_equal nil, set[4].attributes['x'].namespace
      end

      if Nokogiri.uses_libxml?
        def test_namespace_without_an_href_on_html_node
          # because microsoft word's HTML formatting does this. ick.
          xml = Nokogiri::HTML.parse <<-EOF

<o:p>foo</o:p>

          EOF

          assert_not_nil(node = xml.at('p'))

          assert_equal 1, node.namespaces.keys.size
          assert       node.namespaces.has_key?('xmlns:o')
          assert_equal nil, node.namespaces['xmlns:o']
        end
      end

      def test_line
        xml = Nokogiri::XML(<<-eoxml)
        <root>

            Hello world

        </root>
        eoxml

        set = xml.search("//a")
        node = set.first
        assert_equal 2, node.line
      end

      def test_xpath_results_have_document_and_are_decorated
        x = Module.new do
          def awesome! ; end
        end
        util_decorate(@xml, x)
        node_set = @xml.xpath("//employee")
        assert_equal @xml, node_set.document
        assert node_set.respond_to?(:awesome!)
      end

      def test_css_results_have_document_and_are_decorated
        x = Module.new do
          def awesome! ; end
        end
        util_decorate(@xml, x)
        node_set = @xml.css("employee")
        assert_equal @xml, node_set.document
        assert node_set.respond_to?(:awesome!)
      end

      def test_blank
        doc = Nokogiri::XML('')
        assert_equal false, doc.blank?
      end

      def test_to_xml_allows_to_serialize_with_as_xml_save_option
        xml = Nokogiri::XML("<root>

Hello world

</root>")
        set = xml.search("//ul")
        node = set.first

        assert_no_match("
\n
", xml.to_xml(:save_with => XML::Node::SaveOptions::AS_XML))
        assert_no_match("
\n
", node.to_xml(:save_with => XML::Node::SaveOptions::AS_XML))
      end

      # issue 647
      def test_default_namespace_should_be_created
        subject = Nokogiri::XML.parse('<foo xml:bar="http://bar.com"/>').root
        ns = subject.attributes['bar'].namespace
        assert_not_nil ns
        assert_equal ns.class, Nokogiri::XML::Namespace
        assert_equal 'xml', ns.prefix
        assert_equal "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace", ns.href
      end

      # issue 648
      def test_namespace_without_prefix_should_be_set
        node = Nokogiri::XML.parse('<foo xmlns="http://bar.com"/>').root
        subject = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new 'foo', node.document
        subject.namespace = node.namespace
        ns = subject.namespace
        assert_equal ns.class, Nokogiri::XML::Namespace
        assert_nil ns.prefix
        assert_equal ns.href, "http://bar.com"
      end

      # issue 695
      def test_namespace_in_rendered_xml
        document = Nokogiri::XML::Document.new
        subject = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new 'foo', document
        ns = subject.add_namespace nil, 'bar'
        subject.namespace = ns
        assert_match(/xmlns="bar"/, subject.to_xml)
      end

      # issue 771
      def test_format_noblank
        content = <<eoxml
<foo>
  <bar>hello</bar>
</foo>
eoxml
        subject = Nokogiri::XML(content) do |conf|
          conf.default_xml.noblanks
        end

        assert_match %r{<bar>hello</bar>}, subject.to_xml(:indent => 2)
      end

      def test_text_node_colon
        document = Nokogiri::XML::Document.new
        root = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new 'foo', document
        document.root = root
        root << "hello:with_colon"
        assert_match(/hello:with_colon/, document.to_xml)
      end

      def test_document_eh
        html_doc = Nokogiri::HTML "
foo
"
        xml_doc = Nokogiri::XML "
foo
"
        html_node = html_doc.at_css "div"
        xml_node = xml_doc.at_css "div"

        assert html_doc.document?
        assert xml_doc.document?
        assert ! html_node.document?
        assert ! xml_node.document?
      end

      def test_processing_instruction_eh
        xml_doc = Nokogiri::XML %Q{<?xml version="1.0"?>\n<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="foo.xsl"?>\n<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="foo2.xsl"?>\n<root>
foo
</root>}
        pi_node = xml_doc.children.first
        div_node = xml_doc.at_css "div"
        assert pi_node.processing_instruction?
        assert ! div_node.processing_instruction?
      end

      def test_node_lang
        document = Nokogiri::XML <<-EOXML
          <root>

foo

bar

bar

          </root>
        EOXML
        assert_equal "en", document.at_css(".english").lang
        assert_equal "en", document.at_css(".english_child").lang
        assert_equal "jp", document.at_css(".japanese").lang
        assert_nil document.at_css(".unspecified").lang
      end

      def test_set_node_lang
        document = Nokogiri::XML "<root>
foo
</root>"
        subject = document.at_css(".subject")

        subject.lang = "de"
        assert_equal "de", subject.lang

        subject.lang = "fr"
        assert_equal "fr", subject.lang
      end
    end
  end
end


text:
News: Press Releases
ACTA's publications, press releases and public advocacy for academic freedom, excellence, and accountability at America's colleges and universities reach a wide audience and have been cited by national newspapers, television commentators, and by state and federal government, including Congress and the President of the United States.
Washington, DC – The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) is proud to announce the appointment of Jonathan Pidluzny as Director of Academic Affairs. Dr. Pidluzny has had a distinguished career… Continue Reading >>
New report urges evidence-based action by college presidents and trustees to address substance use on campus
Washington, D.C. – As colleges and universities acknowledge the connection between behavioral health and student success, the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) has launched a report calling… Continue Reading >>
Admissions Scandal Hero Wallace Hall will speak at Texas Public Policy Foundation on June 12
June 7, 2019 |
Austin, TX – On Wednesday, June 12, the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) and the Texas Public Policy Foundation will host a luncheon event featuring Wallace Hall, a former regent of the… Continue Reading >>
ACTA Unveils its Heroes of Intellectual Freedom
WASHINGTON, DC – The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) has launched "Heroes of Intellectual Freedom," which highlights stories of principled individuals who have thoughtfully… Continue Reading >>
Edwin Williamson Is Elected Board Chairman at ACTA
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) announced that Edwin Williamson has been elected as the new chairman of its board of directors. Mr. Williamson is a former chairman… Continue Reading >>
ACTA Launches HowCollegesSpendMoney.com
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) announced that it has launched HowCollegesSpendMoney.com, an innovative gateway into a vast trove of data on college spending across the… Continue Reading >>
Center for Vision & Values Becomes 67th Member of ACTA's Oases of Excellence Network
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) today announced the addition of the Center for Vision & Values at Grove City College to the Oases of Excellence network. The Center… Continue Reading >>
ACTA Salutes Paul Levy at ATHENA
November 5, 2018 |
The American Council of Trustees and Alumni presented the Jerry L. Martin Prize for Excellence in Trusteeship to Paul Levy at its annual ATHENA Roundtable conference on October 12 in Washington, D.C. Mr. Levy… Continue Reading >>
New Guide Provides University Boards with Tools to Strengthen Freedom of Expression on Campus
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) today announced the release of Guarding the Freedom to Speak, Freedom to Hear by Professor Joyce Lee Malcolm of the Antonin Scalia Law… Continue Reading >>
Purdue University President Is Honored with ACTA's Merrill Award
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) announced that Purdue University President Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. was honored with its most prestigious award, recognizing his… Continue Reading >>
College Students Team Up with Better Angels and ACTA to Lead Depolarization Debate on Health Care
October 2, 2018 |
WASHINGTON, DC—Students for Free Expression at American University announced that it is partnering with Better Angels and the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) to host a series of parliamentary-style… Continue Reading >>
Mixed Grades for America's Colleges and Universities Reflect An Uneven Commitment to Liberal Arts Curricula
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) has released the 10th edition of its flagship annual survey of college general education curricula, What Will They Learn?, highlighting… Continue Reading >>
Stephen S. Smith Center Becomes 66th Member of ACTA's Oases of Excellence Network
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) today announced the acceptance of the Stephen S. Smith Center at Xavier University into the Oases of Excellence network. The Stephen S.… Continue Reading >>
Liberal Arts Accreditor Appoints Higher Education and Philanthropy Expert to Board
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Academy for Liberal Education (AALE) today announced that it has appointed Jacquie Pfeffer Merrill, executive director of the Fund for Academic Renewal, to serve on its Board… Continue Reading >>
Purdue University President to Receive ACTA's National Award for Commitment to Academic Freedom and Affordability
WASHINGTON, DC—The American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) announced that Purdue University President Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. will receive its most prestigious award, in honor of his extraordinary… Continue Reading >>
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Machine washable, zip fastening, fits multiple pads or wipes.
These purses are super discreet, plus who'd have thought cloth wipes and pads could look this vibrant?
Staying low-waste and plastic free on the go can be daunting, but these purses remove the worry of what to do when out of the house. After all, reusable wipes and pads are an investment - they need looking after!
How to use: Store clean/used wipes and cloth pads, zip shut until home. Machine washable, or wipe clean.


text:
Cap Sizun : zone de la Cornouaille, dans le département du Finistère (Bretagne, France)
 Cap Sizun : sloop ou langoustier reconstruit à Audierne en 1990.
 Communauté de communes du Cap-Sizun : structure intercommunale française, située dans le département du Finistère et la région Bretagne.


text:
@interface PhotosViewController : UIViewController

@property (nonatomic, assign, readonly) NSInteger selectedPhotoIndex;
@property (nonatomic, assign, readonly) CGRect selectedPhotoFrame;

- (NSArray *)photos;
- (UIImage *)selectedPhotoImage;

@end


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text:
SYNONYM

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 6(2): 92 (1970)

#### Original name
Hypochnus langloisii Pat., 1908

### Remarks
null


text:
Study of impregnated cellulose thermal treatment process and properties of obtained active carbon
Submitted Apr 1, 2019
Nina K. Luneva
State Scientific Institution, "Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus", Minsk 220072, Belarus
Tatiana I. Ezovitova
Viacheslav V. Shevchuk
Alexander A Ratko
E-mail: aratko@igic.bas-net.by
Single-stage process of obtaining active carbon by thermal processing of plant raw materials (mixture of different types of wood sawdust), impregnated with the mixture of phosphoric acid, urea and nitric acid salts has been developed. Active influence of impregnates on the process of carbonization and formation of carbon residue has been formed. It is established that carbon residue obtained in the interval of heating 20°С–(500°С–700)°С, possesses high sorption activity to the vapors of organic compounds and has ion-exchange capacity. It has been showed that the value of carton residue depending on the impregnate used in the wood increases compared to the yield of non-treated initial raw materials by 3.1 times at 600°С and by 4.2 times at 700°С.
Impregnate, thermal decomposition of wood, porous sorbent, specific surface, activity by benzene , iodine
Luneva, N. K., Ezovitova, T. I., Shevchuk, V. V., & Ratko, A. (2019). Study of impregnated cellulose thermal treatment process and properties of obtained active carbon. Chemical Reports, 1(2), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.25082/CR.2019.02.002
Belyaev EYu. Production and use of activated charcoal for environmental purposes. Chemistry of plant raw materials, 2000, 2: 5-15.
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Kartel' NT, Gerasimenko NV and Strelko VV. Influence of combined treatment before a activation on the development of pore structure of anthracite. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2002, 75(9): 1411-1415.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022212525438
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Ustinov EA. Multicomponent equilibrium adsorbton on heterogeneous adsorbents. Adsorption, 2000, 6(3): 195-204.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008977725974
GOST 20255.1-89. Ion-exchange resins. Method of determining static ion-exchange capacity. IPK Publishing house of standards, Moscow, Russian, 2002.
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Luneva NK and Petrovskaya LI. Performance of intumescent fire retardant for wood. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2008, 81(4): 704-707.https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427208040265
Luneva NK and Petrovskaya LI. Effect of some ammonium salts on thermal decomposition of impregnated wood and properties of activated carbons. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2009, 82(7): 1200-1204.https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427209070088
Luneva NK and Gavrilov MZ. Ion exchange properties of heat-treated NH4Cl-containing cellulose regenerated. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2011, 84(3): 368-371.https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427211030050
Luneva NK and Petrovskaya LI. Development of new water-treatment-resistant fire- and bioprotective preparations for wood. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2011, 84(10): 1772-1777.https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427211100168
Luneva NK, Onufreichuk AV, Ezovitova TI, et al. Composition of a wood combustion inhibitor based on magnesium complex containing phosphorus and nitrogen. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2017, 90(9): 1459-1468.https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427217090130
GOST 2081-2010. Carbamide. Specifications. FGUP, "STANDARTINFORM", Moscow, Russian, 2010.
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Yagodovskii VD. Adsorption. BINOME. Laboratory of knowledge, Moscow, Russian, 2015.
Shkol'nikov EI and Sidorova EV. Analytical equation for calculating the pore size distribution from adsorption data. Doklady Physical Chemistry, 2007, 412(3): 4-7.
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Luneva NK, Safonova AM, Petrovskaya LI, et al. Method of producing active coal. BY Patent 17196, 2013. (In Russian)
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Vasiliev LL, Kanonchik LE, Kulakov AG, et al. New sorbent materials for hydrogen storage and transportation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32(18): 5015-5025.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.07.029