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HomeTop NewsIMF warns Asian countries, inflation pressure is increasing in Asian countries
IMF warns Asian countries, inflation pressure is increasing in Asian countries
By Alok Chand
Inflation: The world's largest economies are grappling with the consequences of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which has fueled rising food and energy prices and a recession in China.
IMF warns Asian countries: The pressure of inflation continuously increases in Asia. Regarding this, the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Kristalina Georgieva, warned on Thursday that the pressure of inflation is increasing in Asia. Due to this, the global growth rate is likely to fall below 2%. The last time similar pressure was felt was during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the global financial crisis of 2009 (Global Financial Crisis) was observed during the Inflationary pressure increasing in Asian countries due to the slowing down of significant economies given by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Kristalina Georgieva spoke as the world's largest economies grapple with the consequences of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which has led to rising food and energy prices, rising inflation, and a recession in China. As a result, growth prospects are slowing even further, Georgieva said at a Reuters Next conference on Thursday, referring to the Fund's most recent expectations for 2023, which had a one in four chance of falling below 2%.
Global growth rate likely to fall
He said that when we look at the most recent indicators, we are concerned that the potential for global growth to fall may increase slightly. The International Monetary Fund expects the global economy to shrink by more than a third this year or next, with the U.S., European Union, and China coming to a standstill.
Georgieva says that the U.S. The U.S. is also concerned about a "simultaneous slowdown" in Europe and China, adding that slow growth in China is particularly significant. It is worrying that the world has relied on China to drive "about 35%, 40% of global growth" coming from expansion in the second-largest economy.
The decline in the global economy
The IMF is set to give an update on its economic outlook in January, and it is among the major global institutions to visit China next week for talks. According to World Bank data, the global economy declined by 3.3% in 2020 and 1.3% in 2009.
40% of global growth
during the COVID-19 pandemic
global institutions to visit China
IMF chief
IMF managing director
IMF warns Asian countries
International Monetary Fund IMF
Kristalina Georgieva spoke
World Bank data
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The main interest of the group is the signal transduction pathway that plant cells use to respond to the growth promoting hormones, brassinosteroids. Brassinosteroids are ubiquitously distributed throughout the plant kingdom sterol derivatives. Brassinosteroid deficient mutants display dramatic developmental defects including dwarfism, male sterility, delayed flowering, reduced apical dominance, and a light-grown morphology when grown in dark. Like their animal counterparts, brassinosteroids regulate the expression of numerous genes, impact the activity of complex metabolic pathways, contribute to the regulation of cell division and differentiation, and help control overall development. Brassinosteroids regulate photomorphogenesis, etiolation and cell expansion. Brassinosteroids have a broad spectrum of activities that have a positive effect on the quantity and quality of crops and they increase plant resistance to stress and pathogens.
Brassinosteroid pathway is one of the best-defined signal transduction pathways in plants. In Arabidopsis, brassinosteroids are perceived by receptor kinases that transduce the signal from the cell surface to the nucleus by an intracellular cascade of phosphorylation mediated protein-protein interactions, involving kinases, phosphatases, 14-3-3 proteins, and nuclear transcription factors. In addition, the brassinosteroid signaling is regulated by the plant endocytic machinery because the increased endosomal localization of the brassinosteroid receptor enhances the signaling.
The main objective of the group is to combine genetic, molecular and cell biology tools to study mechanism of brassinosteroid signaling regulation in plants. One aspect of the research is to understand the subcellular compartmentalization and trafficking of brassinosteroid receptor complexes and their relevance to brassinosteroids physiological responses. We use chemical genomics and proteomics to investigate the subcellular localization, mobility, transport routes and binding interactions of different brassinosteroid signaling components. In addition we want to position important downstream brassinosteroid signaling regulators such as the Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinases in subcellular compartments important for brassinosteroid receptor activity.
The potential application of brassinosteroids in agriculture is based not only on their ability to increase crop yields but also on the fact that they increase resistance to different stress conditions such as high salinity, drought, fungal and viral infections. Thus, unraveling the regulatory mechanisms of brassinosteroid signaling on the level of signaling components, brassinosteroid target genes, endomembrane trafficking regulators or identifying chemicals that modulate any of those components can be used to develop selective strategies for high-yielding plants.
14/11/2018 - Scientists from VIB and Ghent University under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Jenny Russinova uncovered a novel mechanism in plants that controls an important decision step in stomatal lineage to divide asymmetrically or to differentiate.
15/05/2018 - EMBO elected 62 outstanding life scientists to its membership, joining a group of more than 1800 of the best researchers in Europe and around the world.
10/10/2016 - When plants are damaged, they face significant dangers including the loss of nutrients from and the entry of microbes into the plant. As a result, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms.


Few sellers have the time – or budget – to let their property sit on the market. Most people want to sell their home fast and for a good price. Doing so, however, is all about give and take.
You want to improve the space, but not overcapitalise. You want to add significant value, but in a short amount of time.
To find this balance, many sellers find ways to get their home market ready at a low cost, taking on whatever tasks they can to save. There's one job, however, you should leave to the pros: your photographs. While smart phones have some pretty impressive capabilities, they won't get you the right shots. In today's market, working with a photographer is key. Here's why.
Back in the 'good old days' you may have been able to sell your home with a small handful of images. That's no longer the case today.
In the modern property market buyers are turning to the web to browse home listings. These users are inundated with a plethora of content, including images, videos and virtual reality tours. If your advertisement doesn't include these features, you'll likely lose out to those that do.
According to Market Leader, users will spend two seconds on a listing with no photos and 20 seconds on listings with photos. It follows naturally that the more imagery you have, the longer people will spend checking out your home online.
Not convinced just yet? Let's take a look at three more reasons a professional photographer is a must.
Sure, photos will get you views, but does that really mean anything? According to 3M corporation, yes. That's because 90 per cent of information transferred to the brain is visual, meaning an image-heavy listing will be much more memorable than an ad with fewer or less attractive photos.
Because buyers will instantly perceive your property as more valuable, you'll be able to list it for higher and sell for more.
Stop fluffing the pillows, washing the windows and put down the camera. Professional real estate photographers are skilled at making your home look more spacious and nice. They know how to use angles and position the furniture to achieve an aesthetically pleasing and consistent catalogue of images. By hiring out the job, you'll get better pictures and save yourself a major hassle.
Want to learn more about selling your home on the Gold Coast? We'd love to hear from you. Contact the team at Ray White Surfers Paradise today.


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What is a Security Token Offering (STO) and How Do I Use It In My Business?
A security token offering (or STO) is a 21st century blockchain-based alternative to a traditional equity or debt sale to raise company funds. Instead of selling units or shares, a company sells digital tokens to investors. Instead of selling SAFE (simple agreement for future equity) notes, companies can offer a SAFT (simple agreement for future…
Are Real-Money Video Game Tournaments Legal?
Video games are quintessential contests of skill and online multiplayer modes are a must in most modern video games. And yes, playing skill video games for real money prizes is legal in the majority of U.S. states. Some of the most popular video games (Call of Duty, Fortnite, Magic: Arena, and others) frequently feature official…
NFTs: Investing in Virtual Real Estate and Other Digital Assets.
Disclaimer: This article is not investment advice, tax advice, or legal advice. It is for informational and promotional purposes only. Do not take any action (including investments) until you have consulted with a professional about your specific situation. I have previously written about investing in cryptocurrencies through a self-directed retirement portfolio and about using them…
The Facts About Real-Money Skill Gaming: Dispelling 5 Common Internet Myths.
Artaev at Law advises companies looking to launch new technologies and tap into the skill-based real-money game market in the United States. In keeping up with the latest legal and regulatory trends, we do a lot of research, and we have seen a lot of misleading and downright false information on the internet. Do not…
Can a Self-Directed IRA ("SDIRA") Invest in Cryptocurrency and NFTs?
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If you are a fan of 1990s and early 2000s TV shows like Dawson's Creek, X-Files, Scrubs, etc., and you've revisited them on a streaming platform, you may have noticed that the music is not quite how you remember it. Sometimes the problem is obvious, like Dawson's Creek is missing its iconic intro theme song!…
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Who Owns Your Invention? The Concepts and Inventions Assignment Clause, Work-For-Hire, and the Shop Right Doctrine.
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Your Twitch Channel is Worth How Much? Protect Your Right of Publicity in the 21st Century.
Did you know that celebrities, professional athletes, actors, and other famous people have a valuable property right in their very persona? That property right is called the "right of publicity" and extends to gaming, particularly as streaming platforms like Twitch allow gamers to develop their own brand and following. There is no question that internet…
Beer, the Lions, and Intellectual Property: An Updated Cautionary Thanksgiving Tale.
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Home » Playoff Previews » You are reading »
2018 NHL Stanley Cup Finals Preview
By Alex Mueller | Playoff Previews | 26 May 2018 | Add Comment
Tagged in Alex Ovechkin Braden Holtby Evgeny Kuznetsov Marc-Andre Fleury Nicklas Backstrom Stanley Cup T.J. Oshie Vegas Golden Knights Washington Capitals William Karlsson
We've finally reached the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals. Pitting an expansion team of destiny versus the team that always choked and could never recently get past the second round. The one thing about hockey is it's always unique and unexpected even when the last two teams won their divisions.
P1 Vegas Golden Knights vs M1 Washington Capitals
Season Series: 2-0 Golden Knights
Playoff Series History: None
What We Learned: The Golden Knights can't be stopped and the Capitals really are a different team.
Stars to Watch: Alex Ovechkin has played his best playoffs ever. Ovechkin has 22 points in 19 games so far. Surprisingly, he is not the Capitals leading scorer. Evgeny Kuznetsov is with 24 points in 19 games. But I don't recall many memorable Kuznetsov points. I do recall most of Ovechkin's though. Nicklas Backstrom still has his hand injury but he should play all series long, although not at full strength. T.J. Oshie has played well but he needs to do more. Jonathan Marchessault, Reilly Smith and William Karlsson are still leading the balanced Golden Knights attack. I've been impressed with Nate Schmidt defensively. He'll be kept busy going against the Capitals top line.
X-Factor: Home ice will be one of the keys to this series. The Golden Knights have only one loss at home this playoffs and that was in double overtime. The Capitals have become quite a good playoff road team though. They took three of four in Tampa. Game one will set the tone of the series. Special teams will be another key. The Capitals boast one of the best powerplays and Ovechkin has made a home camping out at the top of the circle. The Golden Knights will need to stay out of the penalty box.
Goalie Problem: To say Marc-Andre Fleury is in a zone would be an understatement. Fleury has four shutouts and still boasts a .947 SV%. He might not have had much past success against Ovechkin but I really like his chances of staying hot. The Capitals seem to run into a lot of hot goalies during their playoff runs and they will need to solve this one. Braden Holtby has battled back from many things this season and postseason and played well. Having said that he still looks shaky at times. Additionally, if you fake a fake shot, you can easily score a goal on him. Considering the Golden Knights tend to have a lot of odd man rushes, I wouldn't be surprised if they did that a few times.
Fun Fact: The Vegas Knights general manager George McPhee was also the Capitals general manager. Twenty years ago was the last time the Capitals were in the Stanley Cup. They were swept by the Red Wings.
Prediction: After their comeback win against the Blue Jackets, I remarked how the Capitals felt like a different team. I didn't pick them to beat the Penguins or the Lightning but I'm not surprised they did. They continued to prove they were a different team each round. Having said that if they win here, I will be surprised. The Vegas Golden Knights just seem like a better and closer team. More importantly, they seem like a team of destiny. The series will be close and low scoring but Golden Knights in 5.
http://hockeyrecaps.us/2018/05/26/2018-nhl-stanley-cup-finals-preview/2018 NHL Stanley Cup Finals Previewhttp://hockeyrecaps.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2018-NHL-Stanley-Cup-Finals-1024x614.jpghttp://hockeyrecaps.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2018-NHL-Stanley-Cup-Finals-300x300.jpg 2018-05-26T05:49:23+00:00 Alex MuellerPlayoff PreviewsAlex Ovechkin,Braden Holtby,Evgeny Kuznetsov,Marc-Andre Fleury,Nicklas Backstrom,Stanley Cup,T.J. Oshie,Vegas Golden Knights,Washington Capitals,William Karlsson
We've finally reached the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals. Pitting an expansion team of destiny versus the team that always choked and could never recently get past the second round. The one thing about hockey is it's always unique and unexpected even when the last two teams won their divisions. P1...
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Pritzker: Walk Cabinet to 'Bring, Keep Great People'
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The idea to raise the salaries of Illinois' top state officials, which culminated this weekend in an 18% pay raise by House of Representatives voters, began with Gov. JB Pritzker.
But the Democratic governor said he originally asked the General Assembly to increase the pay of the administration's directors to recruit and retain top talent. Pritzker said he would not presume to tell the General Assembly what members would be paid.
"The Legislature is a co-equal branch of government," Pritzker said Saturday at a community service dedication event at the Central Illinois Foodbank. "They haven't had an increase since before the Great Recession, and so I can see why there's interest in doing that."
Lame-duck lawmakers are scrambling to act on last-minute — and mostly critical and contentious — issues before the 103rd General Assembly is sworn in on Wednesday.
On Friday night, the House backed a plan to increase spending halfway through the budget year, including $850 million for the state's "rainy day" fund, $400 million to attract business and a $12,904 annual increase in base pay for members of the House and the Senate. On top of that $85,000 salary, most members get at least $12,000 or more in stipends for extra duties.
"We don't want a Legislature made up only of the wealthy," said House Majority Leader Greg Harris, the law's Democratic sponsor in Chicago who is retiring Tuesday. "We want people who can run for office, serve their community, but who can also pay for their family and children."
The last increase for lawmakers came in 2008, and worried about the optics, lawmakers voted against any increase every year until 2019, when the House surprised the Senate by walking away from an agreed freeze on cost-of-living increases. A frozen COLA increase has since been enacted.
Pritzker originally commissioned a national salary study of jobs comparable to those in his cabinet. This led to salary increases for 21 agency directors who answer to the governor.
Pritzker, a multibillionaire stock investor and philanthropist, began his term as governor in 2019 by supplementing the salaries of key staffers from his own checking account.
"People are willing to take a discounted salary from what they can get in the private sector to get into the public service, but you really have to be a bit competitive. People are putting their kids through college, or they're paying the mortgage or the rent. …," Pritzker said. "We just want to be competitive and bring great people and then keep great people in state government."
From there, negotiators added pay raises for six state constitutional officers. The proposal awaits action by the Senate, which plans to meet Sunday night. For constitutional officers' removal to take effect immediately, they must be signed into law before those officers are sworn in to four-year terms Monday afternoon in the capital.
The increases for most are in the region of 10%. The lieutenant governor, comptroller and treasurer, for example, would see 10% increases to $160,900. The attorney general and secretary of state would see 9% more in their paychecks, to $183,300. The governor makes $205,700, though Pritzker won't.
For agency heads, the legislation sets a salary minimum but allows the governor to go above it. And each will receive an annual cost-of-living adjustment. The top salary set in the bill is $200,000, which would go to heads of eight agencies: the departments of Children and Family Services, Corrections, Human Services, Innovation and Technology, Public Health, State Police, Transportation and Veterans Affairs.
The Senate's consideration of the issue leaves less time for the session's two other main issues: House-passed bans on certain semi-automatic weapons and legal action outside of Illinois aimed at people who travel here for abortions or gender-affirming medical treatment.
The gun ban, which stems from the July 4 parade in Highland Park where a gunman killed seven and injured 30, is sponsored by Rep. Bob Morgan, a Deerfield Democrat who attended the parade. It would ban nearly seven dozen specific types of rapid-fire pistols and rifles and is likely to face a competing bill from the Senate body.
Similarly, work is underway in the Senate on a separate proposal that would protect people who receive abortions or gender-affirming treatments — or those who provide them — from lawsuits arising in states that have restricted access to these procedures, especially abortions, since the Supreme Court last . summer overturned Roe v. Wade.
Follow political writer John O'Connor at https://twitter.com/apoconnor
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The two day Point-to-Point Owners and Riders (PPORA) meeting at Barbury Castle attracted a massive 501 entries. Frozen off the previous weekend, the course looked in great condition. Set in a natural amphitheatre high on the Marlborough Downs, it's a delightful setting, the drive up from Wroughton over the Ridgeway gives a spectacular view of the whole course and for those racegoers who have never been its well worth a visit.
There were some new sponsors for the two day meeting including Jockey Club Estates who took over managing the 500 acres of training grounds in Lambourn with responsibility for the complete relaying of two artificial gallops on Mandown.
John Beasley, photographer and editor of the Big Green Annual had teamed up with the new Racehorse PtP Sponsorship scheme to give their support to the Club Conditions race. The Annual is well worth purchasing each year for its brilliant photographs capturing all that's good about racing between the flags.
The sun was shining at Barbury on Saturday morning. Alan King's powerful string had just come back from the vast gallops and everything was set fair for a cracking day's racing.
The maximum number of twenty had been declared for the opening race of the two day fixture starting at 11 am.
Victory went to Gentle George from Steve Flook's yard. Always up with pace he soon fought off the challenge of Flax Hill (Peter Mann) and stormed home to win going away by 8L. Ridden by Richard Burton, this giant long striding type has now won three of his four races following two victories last season at Eyton-On-Severn (unseated on his other run). Bought unbroken at the November 2007 sales for just £2,200 (stands eighteen hands) he looks progressive and can win again.
Flax Hill is a very consistent mare and she deserves to win a race on this running, finished a gallant fourth last time in the Connolly's Red Mills Ptp Final at Cheltenham, a race she will no doubt be aimed for again (the first four qualify in this sponsors race for the £7,500 final).
Mr Goofy was third at a big price for Jeremy Mahot.
The big eyecatcher in this race was Fox John. Given a considerate ride in fourth by David Bass following his similar run last time at Dunthrop when third behind impressive winner Turthen, the John Manners gelding prior to Dunthrop had not been out since finishing lame in a beginners chase at Worcester in 2006 but had won two points at Siddington and Andoversford. The two runs will have brought him on and should be spot on next time and will be interesting if he reappears on Sunday at Dunthrop.
The favourite was Grenfell following her victory at Cottenham. She was also up with the pace but struggled to get home in the prevailing conditions.
Others to note - Absolutely Barking was still going well when unseating Ally Stirling at the eleventh, newcomer U B Careful had not been asked a question when unseating Joel Thomas at the tenth, Shady Hollow, a winner at Dunthrop, also ran well for a long way for Ryan Bliss.
Just like the first race, the maximum number of twenty runners were declared and it saw a victory for the ex Irish trained Wickford, now trained by Caroline Griffiths a winner of four races in Ireland including a beginners chase at Fairyhouse. This ten year old gelding was purchased for £15,000 and it looks like money well spent. Wickford was always up with pace on the first circuit behind the pacesetters of Frosty Jak, Honest Endeavour and Armoury House. Taken up to join the leaders by Adrian Wintle, Wickford stayed on well to win by 2l and hold off the persistent challenge of Man From Highworth on the rails. Just like Fox John, this was another encouraging runner from the yard of John Manners, given better ground he is one to watch next time.
Rockwithacaveman was a gallant third giving the impression he is one very much to follow. This progressive seven year old was the first horse to win five races last season and subsequently won six of his seven races, his only defeat came when favourite for a Novices Hunter Chase at Exeter.
The form of this race was further enhanced by Who Else Knew finishing fourth, a winner of eight races.
The favourite was Distant Thunder for Guy Landau/Richard Burton is this useful ex chaser ran well before weakening and will come on for the run.
The first race to be divided with twelve runners declared. Lord Attica became the fourth winner to come out of Turthen's Dunthrop race (Turthen easy winner of the Ladies Open on the second day, Grenfell & Moscow Court). Held up on the first circuit, Lord Attica took it up at the open ditch and came clear for Richard Woollacott by twelve lengths with Alroyal and Lord Anner battling it out form the runners up spot. The winner is trained by Bradley Clarke and this was the ten year old gelding's third victory (weak in the market (3/1 from 5/4).
Karinga Lane was nibbled at in the ring (5's from 3's) and ran a reasonable race to be last of the four finishers, however David Mansell failed to weigh in, was fined £60 and Karinga Lane was disqualified.
Selassie for the yard of Maz Scudamore ran well for a long way and is another to benefit for the run.
A newcomer to Pointing won the first division of the short maiden in Pimbury. This nicely bred seven year old was trained by Robert Alner under rules but is now trained by Jane Western for her yard at Forde Abbey in Somerset. Ridden by Ian Popham who has just started as amateur jockey with Paul Nicholls stable having moved from Phillip Hobbs yard. Pimbury was held up for much of the journey as Ashclyst, Astrop Road and the hard puller Matako setting the running for most of the way, Pimbury gradually warmed to the test and went clear two out but somewhat wandered around approaching the last as Orient Legend and Buckingham Boys came with promising runs, however a loose horse alongside Pimbury seemed to assist him and he stayed on again. There was a big racecourse whisper for Orient Legend who had pulled up on his two other runs for Jenny Pidgeon, he had obviously been showing better form at home and should find a maiden.
As for some of the others, Quintero looks a nice prospect for Feargal O'Brien, looked well in the paddock and was still travelling strongly when falling at the eight bringing down another well fancied newcomer in Elevenses from Richard Barber's yard giving Rachel Green no chance.
Doug departed at the first, Ashclyst ran well for a long way.
Mendip trainer Patrick Bryant was successful in the second division with newcomer Cannington Brook for jockey James Tudor, taking it up on the second circuit and staying on well from the favourite New Series, this ex Irish pointer is now with Alison Dare and losses should be recouped next time.
Wizard Roc ran well for a long way, Lord Bellamy fell at the seventh bringing down Stormhill Armour.
The two Restricted races were the most interesting races on the card and should throw up several winners, the ground had become very testing by the end of the day and many of the runners were struggling to get home.
The first division attracted fifteen runners including five who had won their last race, Dr Flight, Ellies Horse, Il Mariano (fav), Tango With a Mango and The Chisholm.
Victory went to Overbury Pearl for Oxfordshire trainer Alan Hill and giving James Tudor a notable double. A winner of his maiden at Eyton when with owner trainer Patrick Johnson, he came late that day and the stewards had a word with connections following his disappointing run at Garnons (lost a shoe that day). Overbury Pearl was always front rank alongside Jolly Boys Outing and All Thyme Greats, they gradually pulled clear ahead of The Chisholm and Il Mariano who faltered in the testing going, they will be seen in a better light given better conditions.
It had gone distinctly chilly with the breeze sweeping down off the Downs but this was arguably the best looking race with no less than four runners in the line up who had all won at Dunthrop shortly before Christmas - Definite Approach, Glen Tulloch, Manta Point and the hot favourite Top Benefit.
It turned out to be a war of attrition with only two finishing, the others all pulling up.
The punters went home happy though as Top Benefit came home well clear though the even money chance made a dreadful mistake at the last and David Mansell did well to stay on board.
Up The Boreen was the only other finisher some thirty lengths behind the winner.
The North Nibley yard of Julie Houldey have been in fine form all season with Were Confused winning the Mens Open on the second day of the meeting and Top Benefit can win an Open on this showing.
A really interesting day and with admission of £10, excellent value of money.


Home Sheducation Centre Shed prices Perth – What does it cost to build a new shed?
If you're looking for a new shed, Action Sheds has you covered. We offer durable, top-of-the-line sheds in a variety of styles and sizes that are sure to fit any budget or location. We construct each of our sheds with heavy duty brackets and higher gauge materials. Our staff are trained to deliver and install them to the highest quality & standards so you know you are getting a shed you can depend upon.
At Action Sheds, we offer a higher quality with competitive pricing. We are one of the few Australia companies to meet the prestigious Australia Steel Institute standard.
While we custom design and install our sheds, the following table will give you an idea of shed prices.
6 x 6 x 2.4 Kit – $5,000 to $6,000 – Includes a personal access door and a 2.1 by 2.5 Roller door.
6 x 6 x 2.4 Kit – $5,500 to $6,500 – Includes a personal access door and two 2 by 2.4 Roller doors.
9 x 6 x 2.7 Kit – $7,000 to $8,000 – Includes a 3-metre Gara-port, a personal access door, and two 2.3 by 2.4 Roller Doors.
9 x 6 x 2.7 Kit – $8,000 to $9,000 – Includes a personal access door, two 2.3 by 2.4 Roller doors, and a 3-metre Awning.
12 x 6 x 2.7 Kit – $8,500 to $9,500 – Includes a personal access door and two 2.3 by 2.4 Roller doors.
12 x 9 x 2.7 Kit – $10,000 to $11,000 – Includes a personal access door and two 2.3 by 2.4 Roller doors.
Several factors go into determining the cost of a shed. If you want to change the heights, length, and width of your shed, the price will vary. The material you choose for your shed will also play a role in the cost. If you decide on colorbond sheeting, you'll pay more than you would with zinc sheeting. Finally, the more exposed your building is, the higher the cost will be because you'll have to include wind shielding. Things like earthquake areas, cyclonic areas, delivery location, concrete connection design, and site soil classification will increase the cost as well.
At Action Sheds, we customise sheds to fit into any shape, size, or space. We've even designed and successfully built angled sheds for corner blocks. Our company has our builder's license. This means that we are able to see the project through from beginning to end, and this can include gaining your shire approvals to complete the shed, build and supervision. We pride ourselves in keeping our customers up to date with the process, and we guarantee shorter production times so you can get back to your life sooner with your new shed.
If you're interested in purchasing a shed kit from us, start by requesting a quote online. You can also contact us by telephone at 1300 778 628. We look forward to working with you!


text:
Q: Page Up/Down on Adobe reader on mac When a new document is opened, the Left/Right arrows work properly for Page Up / Page Down.
However after having browsed in the document, it frequently occurs that Left/Right arrows only move single characters to the left/right.
I have not been able to discover

*

*what sequence of browsing causes the behavior to change

*how to revert the behavior back to full page incrementing

Tips appreciated.

A: After opening a new pdf the cursor doesn't really exist and depending on your settings Left/Right arrows work properly for Page Up / Page Down.
As soon as you move the cursor into the document you will navigate inside your pdf and Page Up / Page Down won't work anymore with the Left/Right arrow keys.
To restore the previous behavior just click on the dark grey background.
That's a bit difficult if View -> Zoom is set to 'Fit Width', because the gap between document and frame is very small and hard to hit with the cursor.

A: Press the esc key to navigate out of the document edit/select mode. The Left/Right arrow keys should then work again the same as before.

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text:
A Miss Grúzia (grúz nyelven: მის საქართველო, Misz Szakartvelo) egy évenkénti megrendezésű szépségverseny Grúziában. 2003 óta a győztes a Miss World nemzetközi versenyen vesz részt, a második helyezett a Miss Universe versenyen indul 2004 óta.

Miss World-versenyzők
A Miss Grúzia verseny győztese vesz részt a Miss World nemzetközi szépségversenyen.

Miss Universe-versenyzők
A Miss Grúzia verseny 2. helyezettje vesz részt a Miss Universe nemzetközi versenyen.

Miss International-versenyzők

Versenyek
 A 2010-es verseny győztese Dea Arakisvili, második helyezettje Eka Gurckaia, harmadik helyezettje Nata Bahtadze lett.
 A 2011-es verseny győztese Janeta Kerdikosvili, a második helyezett Szalome Komeriki, a harmadik Nino Maspindzelasvili lett.

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

Külső hivatkozások
Miss Grúzia hivatalos honlap

Gruzia
Grúzia

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text:
Thylakoid
A Thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The word "thylakoid" is derived from the Greek thylakos, meaning "sac". Thylakoids consists of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as "grana" (singular: granum). "Grana" is Latin for "stacks of coins". Grana are connected by intergrana or stroma thylakoids, which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment.
What is the Sensitivity of my Balance?
12 Practical Tips for Correct Weight Handling
1 Thylakoid structure
1.1 Membrane
1.2 Granum
2 Thylakoid formation
3 Thylakoid isolation and fractionation
4 Thylakoid proteins
4.1 Integral membrane proteins
4.1.1 Photosystems
4.1.2 Cytochrome b6f complex
4.1.3 ATP synthase
4.2 Thylakoid lumen proteins
4.3 Thylakoid protein expression
4.4 Protein targeting to the thylakoids
5 Thylakoid function
5.1 Water photolysis
5.2 Electron transport chains
5.3 Chemiosmosis
5.3.1 Source of proton gradient
5.3.2 ATP generation
6 Thylakoid Membranes in Cyanobacteria
8.1 Textbook sources
Thylakoid structure
Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures embedded into the chloroplast stroma.
The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane. The thylakoid lipid bilayer shares characteristic features with prokaryotic membranes and the inner chloroplast membrane. For example, acidic lipids can be found in thylakoid membranes, cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria and are involved in the functional integrity of the photosystems.[1] The thylakoid membranes of higher plants are composed primarily of galactolipids that are asymmetrically arranged along and across the membranes.[2] The lipids for the thylakoid membranes are synthesized in a complex pathway involving exchange of lipid precursors between the endoplasmic reticulum and inner membrane of the plastid envelope and transported from the inner membrane to the thylakoids via vesicles.[3]
A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids, also called intergrana thylakoids or lamellae. Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein composition.
Thylakoid formation
Chloroplasts develop from proplastids when seedlings emerge from the ground. Thylakoid formation requires light. In the plant embryo and in the absence of light, proplastids develop into etioplasts that contain semicrystalline membrane structures called prolamellar bodies. When exposed to light, these prolamellar bodies develop into thylakoids. This does not happen in seedlings grown in the dark, which undergo etiolation. An underexposure to light can cause the thylakoids to fail. This causes the chloroplasts to fail resulting in the death of the plant.
Thylakoid formation requires the action of vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (VIPP1). Plants cannot survive without this protein, and reduced VIPP1 levels lead to slower growth and paler plants with reduced ability to photosynthesize. VIPP1 appears to be required for basic thylakoid membrane formation, but not for the assembly of protein complexes of the thylakoid membrane.[4] It is conserved in all organisms containing thylakoids, including cyanobacteria,[5] green algae, such as Chlamydomonas,[6] and higher plants, such as Arabidopsis.[7]
Thylakoid isolation and fractionation
Thylakoids can be purified from plant cells using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation.[8] Disruption of isolated thylakoids, for example by mechanical shearing, releases the lumenal fraction. Peripheral and integral membrane fractions can be extracted from the remaining membrane fraction. Treatment with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) detaches peripheral membrane proteins, whereas treatment with detergents and organic solvents solubilizes integral membrane proteins.
Thylakoid proteins
Thylakoids contain many integral and peripheral membrane proteins, as well as lumenal proteins. Recent proteomics studies of thylakoid fractions have provided further details on the protein composition of the thylakoids.[9] These data have been summarized in several plastid protein databases that are available online.[10][11]
According to these studies, the thylakoid proteome consists of at least 335 different proteins. Out of these, 89 are in the lumen, 116 are integral membrane proteins, 62 are peripheral proteins on the stroma side, and 68 peripheral proteins on the lumenal side. Additional low-abundance lumenal proteins can be predicted through computational methods.[12][8] Of the thylakoid proteins with known functions, 42% are involved in photosynthesis. The next largest functional groups include proteins involved in protein targeting, processing and folding with 11%, oxidative stress response (9%) and translation (8%).[10]
Integral membrane proteins
Thylakoid membranes contain integral membrane proteins which play an important role in light harvesting and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane:
Photosystems I and II
Cytochrome b6f complex
ATP synthase
Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids, whereas photosystem I and ATP synthase are mostly located in the stroma thylakoids and the outer layers of grana. The cytochrome b6f complex is distributed evenly throughout thylakoid membranes. Due to the separate location of the two photosystems in the thylakoid membrane system, mobile electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them. These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin. Plastoquinone shuttles electrons from photosystem II to the cytochrome b6f complex, whereas plastocyanin carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I.
Together, these proteins make use of light energy to drive electron transport chains that generate a chemiosmotic potential across the thylakoid membrane and NADPH, a product of the terminal redox reaction. The ATP synthase uses the chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation.
Photosystems
Main article: Photosystem
These photosystems are light-driven redox centers, each consisting of an antenna complex that uses chlorophylls and accessory photosynthetic pigments such as carotenoids and phycobiliproteins to harvest light at a variety of wavelengths. Each antenna complex has between 250 and 400 pigment molecules and the energy they absorb is shuttled by resonance energy transfer to a specialized chlorophyll a at the reaction center of each photosystem. When either of the two chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center absorb energy, an electron is excited and transferred to an electron-acceptor molecule. Photosystem I contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules, designated P700, at its reaction center that maximally absorbs 700 nm light. Photosystem II contains P680 chlorophyll that absorbs 680 nm light best (note that these wavelengths correspond to deep red - see the visible spectrum). The P is short for pigment and the number is the specific absorption peak in nanometers for the chlorophyll molecules in each reaction center.
Main article: Cytochrome b6f complex
The cytochrome b6f complex is part of the thylakoid electron transport chain and couples electron transfer to the pumping of protons into the thylakoid lumen. Energetically, it is situated between the two photosystems and transfers electrons from photosystem II-plastoquinone to plastocyanin-photosystem I.
Main article: ATP synthase
The thylakoid ATP synthase is a CF1FO-ATP synthase similar to the mitochondrial ATPase. It is integrated into the thylakoid membrane with the CF1-part sticking into stroma. Thus, ATP synthesis occurs on the stromal side of the thylakoids where the ATP is needed for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid lumen proteins
The electron transport protein plastocyanin is present in the lumen and shuttles electrons from the cytochrome b6f protein complex to photosystem I. While plastoquinones are lipid-soluble and therefore move within the thylakoid membrane, plastocyanin moves through the thylakoid lumen.
The lumen of the thylakoids is also the site of water oxidation by the oxygen evolving complex associated with the lumenal side of photosystem II.
Lumenal proteins can be predicted computationally based on their targeting signals. In Arabidopsis, out of the predicted lumenal proteins possessing the "TAT" signal, the largest groups with known functions are 19% involved in protein processing (proteolysis and folding), 18% in photosynthesis, 11% in metabolism, and 7% redox carriers and defense.[8]
Thylakoid protein expression
Chloroplasts have their own genome, which encodes a number of thylakoid proteins. However, during the course of plastid evolution from their cyanobacterial endosymbiotic ancestors, extensive gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the cell nucleus took place. This results in the four major thylakoid protein complexes being encoded in part by the chloroplast genome and in part by the nuclear genome. Plants have developed several mechanisms to co-regulate the expression of the different subunits encoded in the two different organelles to assure the proper stoichiometry and assembly of these protein complexes. For example, transcription of nuclear genes encoding parts of the photosynthetic apparatus is regulated by light. Biogenesis, stability and turnover of thylakoid protein complexes is regulated by phosphorylation via redox-sensitive kinases in the thylakoid membranes.[13] The translation rate of chloroplast-encoded proteins is controlled by the presence or absence of assembly partners (control by epistasy of synthesis).[14] This mechanism involves negative feedback through binding of excess protein to the 5' untranslated region of the chloroplast mRNA.[15] Chloroplasts also need to balance the ratios of photosystem I and II for the electron transfer chain. The redox state of the electron carrier plastoquinone in the thylakoid membrane directly affects the transcription of chloroplast genes encoding proteins of the reaction centers of the photosystems, thus counteracting imbalances in the electron transfer chain.[16]
Protein targeting to the thylakoids
Thylakoid proteins are targeted to their destination via signal peptides and prokaryotic-type secretory pathways inside the chloroplast. Most thylakoid proteins encoded by a plant's nuclear genome need two targeting signals for proper localization: An N-terminal chloroplast targeting peptide (shown in yellow in the figure), followed by a thylakoid targeting peptide (shown in blue). Proteins are imported through the translocon of outer and inner membrane (Toc and Tic) complexes. After entering the chloroplast, the first targeting peptide is cleaved off by a protease processing imported proteins. This unmasks the second targeting signal and the protein is exported from the stroma into the thylakoid in a second targeting step. This second step requires the action of protein translocation components of the thylakoids and is energy-dependent. Proteins are inserted into the membrane via the SRP-dependent pathway (1), the Tat-dependent pathway (2), or spontaneously via their transmembrane domains (not shown in figure). Lumenal proteins are exported across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen by either the Tat-dependent pathway (2) or the Sec-dependent pathway (3) and released by cleavage from the thylakoid targeting signal. The different pathways utilize different signals and energy sources. The Sec (secretory) pathway requires ATP as energy source and consists of SecA, which binds to the imported protein, and a Sec membrane complex to shuttle the protein across. Proteins with a twin arginine motif in their thylakoid signal peptide are shuttled through the Tat (twin arginine translocation) pathway, which requires a membrane-bound Tat complex and the pH gradient as an energy source. Some other proteins are inserted into the membrane via the SRP (signal recognition particle) pathway. The chloroplast SRP can interact with its target proteins either post-translationally or co-translationally, thus transporting imported proteins as well as those that are translated inside the chloroplast. The SRP pathway requires GTP and the pH gradient as energy sources. Some transmembrane proteins may also spontaneously insert into the membrane from the stromal side without energy requirement.[17]
Thylakoid function
The thylakoids are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. These include light-driven water oxidation and oxygen evolution, the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membranes coupled with the electron transport chain of the photosystems and cytochrome b6f complex, and ATP synthesis by the ATP synthase utilizing the generated proton gradient.
Water photolysis
Main article: photolysis
The first step in photosynthesis is the light-driven oxidation (splitting) of water to provide the electrons for the photosynthetic electron transport chains as well as protons for the establishment of a proton gradient. The water-splitting reaction occurs on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane and is driven by the light energy captured by the photosystems. It is interesting to note that this oxidation of water conveniently produces the waste product O2 that is vital for cellular respiration. The molecular oxygen formed by the reaction is released into the atmosphere.
Electron transport chains
Main article: electron transport chain
Two different variations of electron transport are used during photosynthesis:
Noncyclic electron transport or Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH + H+ and ATP.
Cyclic electron transport or Cyclic photophosphorylation produces only ATP.
The noncyclic variety involves the participation of both photosystems, while the cyclic electron flow is dependent on only photosystem I.
Photosystem I uses light energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH + H+, and is active in both noncyclic and cyclic electron transport. In cyclic mode, the energized electron is passed down a chain that ultimately returns it (in its base state) to the chlorophyll that energized it.
Photosystem II uses light energy to oxidize water molecules, producing electrons (e-), protons (H+), and molecular oxygen (O2), and is only active in noncyclic transport. Electrons in this system are not conserved, but are rather continually entering from oxidized 2H2O (O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-) and exiting with NADP+ when it is finally reduced to NADPH.
Chemiosmosis
Main article: chemiosmosis
A major function of the thylakoid membrane and its integral photosystems is the establishment of chemiosmotic potential. The carriers in the electron transport chain use some of the electron's energy to actively transport protons from the stroma to the lumen. During photosynthesis, the lumen becomes acidic, as low as pH 4, compared to pH 8 in the stroma. This represents a 10,000 fold concentration gradient for protons across the thylakoid membrane.
Source of proton gradient
The protons in the lumen come from three primary sources.
Photolysis by photosystem II oxidises water to oxygen, protons and electrons in the lumen.
The transfer of electrons from photosystem II to plastoquinone during non-cyclic electron transport consumes two protons from the stroma. These are released in the lumen when the reduced plastoquinol is oxidized by the cytochrome b6f protein complex on the lumen side of the thylakoid membrane. From the plastoquinone pool, electrons passs through the cytochrome b6f complex. This integral membrane assembly resembles cytochrome bc1.
The reduction of plastoquinone by ferredoxin during cyclic electron transport also transfers two protons from the stroma to the lumen.
The proton gradient is also caused by the consumption of protons in the stroma to make NADPH from NADP+ at the NADP reductase.
ATP generation
The molecular mechanism of ATP generation in chloroplasts is similar to that in mitochondria and takes the required energy from the proton motive force (PMF). However, chloroplasts rely more on the chemical potential of the PMF to generate the potential energy required for ATP synthesis. The PMF is the sum of a proton chemical potential (given by the proton concentration gradient) and a transmembrane electrical potential (given by charge separation across the membrane). Compared to the inner membranes of mitochondria, which have a significantly higher membrane potential due to charge separation, thylakoid membranes lack a charge gradient. To compensate for this, the 10,000 fold proton concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane is much higher compared to a 10 fold gradient across the inner membrane of mitochondria. The resulting chemiosmotic potential between the lumen and stroma is high enough to drive ATP synthesis using the ATP synthase. As the protons travel back down the gradient through channels in ATP synthase, ADP + Pi is combined into ATP. In this manner, the light-dependent reactions are coupled to the synthesis of ATP via the proton gradient.
Thylakoid Membranes in Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with highly differentiated membrane systems. Cyanobacteria have an internal system of thylakoid membranes where the fully functional electron transfer chains of photosynthesis and respiration reside. The presence of different membrane systems lends these cells a unique complexity among bacteria. Cyanobacteria must be able to reorganize the membranes, synthesize new membrane lipids, and properly target proteins to the correct membrane system. The outer membrane, plasma membrane, and thylakoid membranes each have specialized roles in the cyanobacterial cell. Understanding the organization, functionality, protein composition and dynamics of the membrane systems remains a great challenge in cyanobacterial cell biology.[18]
Electrochemical potential
Endosymbiosis
Oxygen evolution
^ Sato N (2004). "Roles of the acidic lipids sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in photosynthesis: their specificity and evolution". J Plant Res 117: 495-505. PMID 15538651.
^ Spraque SG (1987). "Structural and functional organization of galactolipids on thylakoid membrane organization". J Bioenerg Biomembr 19: 691-703. PMID 3320041.
^ Benning C, Xu C, Awai K (2006). "Non-vesicular and vesicular lipid trafficking involving plastids". Curr Opin Plant Biol 9: 241-7. PMID 16603410.
^ Aseeva E, Ossenbühl F, Sippel C, Cho W, Stein B, Eichacker L, Meurer J, Wanner G, Westhoff P, Soll J, Vothknecht U (2007). "Vipp1 is required for basic thylakoid membrane formation but not for the assembly of thylakoid protein complexes". Plant Physiol Biochem 45 (2): 119-28. PMID 17346982.
^ Westphal S, Heins L, Soll J, Vothknecht U (2001). "Vipp1 deletion mutant of Synechocystis: a connection between bacterial phage shock and thylakoid biogenesis?". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (7): 4243-8. PMID 11274448.
^ Liu C, Willmund F, Golecki J, Cacace S, Heß B, Markert C, Schroda M (2007). "The chloroplast HSP70B-CDJ2-CGE1 chaperones catalyse assembly and disassembly of VIPP1 oligomers in Chlamydomonas". Plant J Epub ahead of print. PMID 17355436.
^ Kroll D, Meierhoff K, Bechtold N, Kinoshita M, Westphal S, Vothknecht U, Soll J, Westhoff P (2001). "VIPP1, a nuclear gene of Arabidopsis thaliana essential for thylakoid membrane formation". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (7): 4238-42. PMID 11274447.
^ a b c Peltier J, Emanuelsson O, Kalume D, Ytterberg J, Friso G, Rudella A, Liberles D, Söderberg L, Roepstorff P, von Heijne G, van Wijk K (2002). "Central functions of the lumenal and peripheral thylakoid proteome of Arabidopsis determined by experimentation and genome-wide prediction". Plant Cell 14 (1): 211-36. PMID 11826309.
^ van Wijk K (2004). "Plastid proteomics". Plant Physiol Biochem 42 (12): 963-77. PMID 15707834.
^ a b Friso G, Giacomelli L, Ytterberg A, Peltier J, Rudella A, Sun Q, Wijk K (2004). "In-depth analysis of the thylakoid membrane proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts: new proteins, new functions, and a plastid proteome database". Plant Cell 16 (2): 478-99. PMID 14729914. - The Plastid Proteome Database
^ Kleffmann T, Hirsch-Hoffmann M, Gruissem W, Baginsky S (2006). "plprot: a comprehensive proteome database for different plastid types". Plant Cell Physiol 47 (3): 432-6. PMID 16418230. – Plastid Protein Database
^ Peltier J, Friso G, Kalume D, Roepstorff P, Nilsson F, Adamska I, van Wijk K (2000). "Proteomics of the chloroplast: systematic identification and targeting analysis of lumenal and peripheral thylakoid proteins". Plant Cell 12 (3): 319-41. PMID 10715320.
^ Vener AV, Ohad I, Andersson B (1998). "Protein phosphorylation and redox sensing in chloroplast thylakoids". Curr Opin Plant Biol 1 (3): 217-23. PMID 10066592.
^ Choquet Y, Wostrikoff K, Rimbault B, Zito F, Girard-Bascou J, Drapier D, Wollman F (2001). "Assembly-controlled regulation of chloroplast gene translation". Biochem Soc Trans 29 (Pt 4): 421-6. PMID 11498001.
^ Minai L, Wostrikoff K, Wollman F, Choquet Y (2006). "Chloroplast biogenesis of photosystem II cores involves a series of assembly-controlled steps that regulate translation". Plant Cell 18 (1): 159-75. PMID 16339851.
^ Allen J, Pfannschmidt T (2000). "Balancing the two photosystems: photosynthetic electron transfer governs transcription of reaction centre genes in chloroplasts". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355 (1402): 1351-9. PMID 11127990.
^ Gutensohn M, Fan E, Frielingsdorf S, Hanner P, Hou B, Hust B, Klösgen R (2006). "Toc, Tic, Tat et al.: structure and function of protein transport machineries in chloroplasts". J. Plant Physiol. 163 (3): 333-47. PMID 16386331.
^ Herrero A and Flores E (editor). (2008). The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8 .
Textbook sources
Heller, H. Craig; Orians, Gordan H.; Purves, William K.; & Sadava, David (2004). LIFE: The Science of Biology (seventh edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc.. ISBN 0-7167-9856-5.
Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert, Susan E. Eichhorn (2005). Biology of Plants, 7th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, 115-127. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
Herrero A and Flores E (editors). (2008). The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8.
Category: Photosynthesis
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Thylakoid". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Thylakoid.html


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text:
Making Innovation Strategy Succeed
Booz Allen Hamilton Vice President Barry Jaruzelski discusses the process and findings of the annual Global Innovation 1000 study.
by Amy Bernstein
Innovation is a perennial hot topic in business, widely viewed as the key to corporate success. But how closely connected is R&D spending to performance? That is the question behind the Booz Allen Hamilton Global Innovation 1000, a yearly examination of the relationship between R&D investment and corporate success at the world's 1,000 largest R&D spenders. Since the study's inception in early 2005, Barry Jaruzelski, a vice president with Booz Allen in New York, has taken a lead role in it. He sat down with strategy+business in December 2007 to discuss his view of the research, including which findings most surprised him.
S+B: Tell us about the objective of the Global Innovation 1000 study and why you continue to monitor top innovation spenders even after finding no statistically significant relationship between R&D spending and financial performance.
JARUZELSKI: When we started, in 2005, we really wanted to test a proposition that had become an article of faith in the innovation arena: "Spend more on R&D and growth, and differentiation and other good things will come." Yet our years working in innovation had taught us that just throwing money at the problem was not the answer. Rather, successful R&D requires certain approaches to organization, culture, and decision making. Many of the biggest innovation successes of recent years were not produced with the biggest budgets. And we've observed that excess resources can actually impede effective innovation efforts.
So, with that hypothesis, we set out to perform a robust test of the relationship between R&D spending and corporate success and found no statistically significant connection. We did note in the first year of the study that there is a sort of minimum threshold — that if a company fell into the bottom 10 percent of R&D spending in its industry peer group, its performance was compromised. But being in the middle of the peer group or in the top 10 percent had no real impact on performance. Those results demonstrated that it's really not about how much a company spends on R&D. It's about how the company goes about doing it — the processes, the tools, the organization, the culture, and the portfolio choices it makes.
Having confirmed in the first year of the study that money isn't the key to innovation success, we wanted to see if there was a set of companies that consistently outperformed their peers while spending less. So in the second year we came up with the idea of the High-Leverage Innovators — companies that outperformed the median of their industry peer group over a five-year period against several metrics covering revenue growth, profit growth, and shareholder returns while spending less than their industry's median on R&D.
What emerged from that was a list of 94 companies that included names that had become synonymous with innovation, firms like Apple, Christian Dior, Adidas, Google, Yahoo, Black and Decker, Hyundai Motors, Honda Motors, and others. These were not companies that were starving the beast. They could not have chalked up five consecutive years of above-median performance against all metrics of profit and growth and shareholder returns while spending less if they were doing something untoward to the institution. These companies had come up with a model for high-leverage innovation.
The other big idea that we tested in the second year involved the role of patents as an indicator of innovation success at the corporate level. We examined an extensive database of patents and found that if companies spent more money on R&D, they did get more patents, but the level of patent activity did not correlate with corporate success as measured in terms of growth, profitability, and shareholder return.
Again, this isn't terribly surprising, but it's an important hypothesis to test because it demonstrates one of our core themes: Innovation and new technology are not the same thing. New technology may be a technical advance, but it's not a real business innovation unless it drives significant new revenue streams. Consider the iPod. The true innovation was iTunes and the one-stop-shopping, ease-of-use business model. There was no significant technical advance. MP3 players had been out there for a few years; so had online purchasing and downloading of music. The real innovation was getting all those music catalogs under one roof and making them easily accessible by implementing established technologies in a simple, coherent way. Those were business model innovations that transformed the digital music industry.
In the third year we wanted to get a deeper understanding of different innovation strategies and the role of customer involvement. So we sat down with representatives of a subset of the Global Innovation 1000, companies that represented over US$68 billion of the Global Innovation 1000's total $447 billion R&D spending. We wanted to get a better handle on three notions that arose in our discussions in the previous two years. The first is the relationship between innovation and business strategy. The second is that there are various innovation strategies out there and we want to know more. And the third is the role of the customer throughout the innovation process.
First, we found that the more tightly aligned innovation strategy is with business, the higher the performance in terms of operating income growth, shareholder return, and so forth. The lower the level of alignment, the lower the level of return.
Second, we found that across all industries, there are three fundamental innovation strategies, which we characterized as Need Seekers, Market Readers, and Technology Drivers. Interestingly, any of these strategies can be successful if they are well aligned to the business strategy.
Third, we found that the more companies depend on directly generated customer insight to design their innovation efforts, the higher the level of financial success. This was true across all three innovation strategies.
S+B: What findings most surprised you?
JARUZELSKI: I'm always surprised by how concentrated R&D activity is. The 1,000 companies in our study represent nearly 85 percent of all R&D activity in the private sector worldwide and over 50 percent of all R&D efforts public or private. So how well these companies innovate is really an important factor in the health of the global economy.
Another point is that while experience had taught us that how much a company spends is less important than how it spends that money, I was surprised at how stark our findings were.
And the third surprise is that although there's a lot of hand-wringing over India, China, and other emerging economies, the lion's share of innovation is still being performed by U.S. companies, western European companies, and Japanese companies.
S+B: Let's focus a little bit more on this year's findings. You talked about the innovation strategies. What did you find?
JARUZELSKI: As we looked into innovation strategies, companies fell into three distinct types. One we call Need Seekers, which are focused on understanding their customers' needs deeply and being the first to market with innovation as a consequence of that deep understanding.
The second group is Market Readers, companies focused on monitoring not only their customers' needs but also their competitors' moves. Members of this group tend to be fast followers, taking an incremental approach to innovation. And as a result, although they don't necessarily have better financial returns than the other two groups, they do spend a lot less on R&D than companies following either of the other two strategies.
The third one is what we call Technology Drivers, companies that do not necessarily ignore customers, but have a greater focus on breakthrough technologies. They look to address unarticulated needs of customers, swinging for the fences more than taking an incremental approach to innovation. All three models employ customer insight, and it's important to note that the three produced comparable financial performance. No model was inherently superior financially. The one thing that cut across both industries and models is that the more a company relied on direct customer insight, the better it did.
S+B: Did you also find three corresponding business strategies?
JARUZELSKI: Clearly there has to be a relationship, and some of it is implicit in the innovation strategy. For example, both Need Seekers and Technology Drivers must figure out how to make an innovation a market success. So they have to focus their resources on channel and market development and education as much as on technology (or whatever the source of the actual innovation). Need Seekers have to be first to market in order to capture maximum value, so the strategy should account for speedily ramping the entire institution, including product development, obviously, but also suppliers and channel partners. They need to remember that Market Readers are out there gauging how successful the innovation is and how soon they can imitate it.
S+B: Did you pick up on innovation capabilities that every company ought to have?
JARUZELSKI: It's all a matter of degree, but every company should have a robust portfolio management process and a process for gathering customer insight. They should also have a way to manage and provide visibility into the end-to-end product development process. The level of breadth and depth for each of these capabilities will vary according to the nature of the industry and the innovation strategy.
Amy Bernstein (bernstein_amy@bah.com) is executive editor of strategy+business.
Kevin Dehoff and John Loehr, "Innovation Agility," s+b, Summer 2007: How to follow Toyota's example to create your own versatile product development process. Click here.
"How Companies Turn Customers' Big Ideas into Innovations," strategy+business / Knowledge@Wharton, January 12, 2005: Practices for customer-conscious product development. Click here.
Barry Jaruzelski and Kevin Dehoff, "The Customer Connection: The Global Innovation 1000," s+b, Winter 2007: The latest installment of Booz Allen Hamilton's annual study of the world's largest corporate R&D spenders finds two primary success factors: aligning the innovation model to corporate strategy and listening to customers every step of the way. Click here.
Barry Jaruzelski, Kevin Dehoff, and Rakesh Bordia, "Money Isn't Everything: The Global Innovation 1000," s+b, Winter 2005: Lavish R&D budgets don't guarantee performance. The 2005 Booz Allen Hamilton study reveals the value of an innovation dollar — and the basics of a better strategy. Click here.
Barry Jaruzelski, Kevin Dehoff, and Rakesh Bordia, "Smart Spenders: The Global Innovation 1000," s+b, Winter 2006: Booz Allen Hamilton's 2006 study uncovers a small group of high-leverage innovators that outperform their industries. Click here.
Alexander Kandybin and Martin Kihn, "The Innovator's Prescription: Raising Your Return on Innovation Investment," s+b, Summer 2004: Introduces the innovation effectiveness curve, another tool for raising performance throughout the product life cycle. Click here.
W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant (Harvard Business School Press, 2005): This book shows how companies can use innovation to lead them to unclaimed "blue oceans" of profits and growth. Click here.
Eric von Hippel, Democratizing Innovation (MIT Press, 2006): Demonstrates the value of "user-centered innovation" and shows how to incorporate the customer into the innovation process. Click here.
Topics: innovation, economy, success, technology, strategy


), Strannik are amongst the best we have seen yet, we're even thinking of making these our mascot – Gadget Heat – get it? No?
The Fire Extinguisher Speakers are not just a simple imitation; these were actually in full time use in their previous life to turn the heat down. Now, in their present incarnation as speakers, they can turn the heat up if you're a party lover.
Not available to buy, you are going to have to go through an awful lot of the time in the workshop if you're going to make a set of these Fire Extinguisher Speakers for yourself but if you check out the pictures below, you'll see that it's not that hard if you put your mind to it…really….


The current XCD/TMT exchange rate is 1.28. (Last updated on April 18, 2019 12:00:02 UTC).
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Honeymoon is all about intimacy and seclusion and that's our top priority. Newlyweds wish to celebrate their honeymoon period in very romantic and peaceful place. Himachal have so many places that gives you a feeling and comfort like romantic voyage of mountain.
Shimla, Manali, Kasauli, Dalhousi and Chail are some of the foremost destination for honeymooner. As these places have good climate and accessibility by road through out the year.
We have variety of Packages for you that are in accordance with your requirement. hptourtravel will be their to assist you during your honeymoon in Himachal.
Pick up from Delhi and drive to Shimla. Shimla,situated 7000 ft above sea level is the former summer capital of the British.On arrival check into the hotel, evening tea, dinner and overnight stay at the hotel.
After breakfast, full day sight seeing tour to Indian institute of advance studies, Sankat mochan Temple, Jakhu Temple and army museum Annadale. In the evening visit to famous Ridge and Mal road, Kalibari temple and church by walk. Overnight stay at hotel in Shimla.
Morning breakfast at hotel and full day excursion to kufri and chail. Kufri, full of natural beauty have scenic view of Himalayas. You can relex there and connect yourself with nature. In the afternoon travel to Chail, whhich is one hour drive away from kufri. Return back to hotel. Overnight stay at the hotel.
After breakfast drive to Manali via road. Manali is full of natural beauty and heritage. Check in the hotel and evening stroll at local arket. Overnight stay at hotel.
Early morning breakfast and leave for full day excursion of Rohtang Pass. Breathtaking view of mountain can be seen from here. Spend some time at this pass with snow around you. On way back to Manali short halt at Rahalla fall, Marhi, solang valley and Nehru kund. Overnight stay at hotel.
After breakfast checkout from the hotel and drive back to Delhi Airport/Railway station for your further destination.


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December 6, 2018 by Jeanette Der Bedrosian
Alumni seek to pay the gift of graduating debt-free forward
Listen in on Matthew and Susan Daimler's dinner conversations and you might start to understand what makes the couple successful, not only as husband and wife but as co-workers.
"We're just moving back and forth between topics — some are work, some are personal, some are kids," says Susan, A&S '99, university trustee and senior vice president overseeing the Premier Agent business for the online real estate marketplace Zillow.
Matthew, Engr '99, vice president and general manager overseeing Zillow's New York operations, interjects to describe a common scenario. A single conversation sometimes includes two women named Caroline: his sister and their co-worker.
"We may actually mention both Carolines in the same five minutes, and most of the time know which one we're talking about," Susan continues. "That's how seamlessly we move."
(l-r) Dave Blackwood; Dana Blackwood, MBA (Bus '14), Engr '10; Susan Daimler, A&S '99; and Matthew Daimler, A&S '99 attend the Rising to the Challenge campaign closing event in October 2018.
The couple met as undergraduates at Johns Hopkins, and after graduating, they packed a U-Haul and drove 2,800 miles west to work in Silicon Valley at the height of the dot-com boom. There, they founded SeatGuru, a website that helps frequent flyers pick the best airplane seats (sold to Expedia in 2007), and Buyfolio, a web tool to help real estate brokers connect with clients (sold to Zillow in 2012).
"We were pioneers and risk-takers, and I think that was sort of enabled by not having student loan debt and being free to explore a new world," Matthew says.
That's part of the reason the couple says they give to Johns Hopkins. About 10 years ago, they established the Susan and Matthew Daimler Scholarship, followed by two more scholarships in each of their parents' names — their way of thanking their parents for the gift of graduating debt-free.
So what's next for the Daimlers? For now, the couple says their life in Manhattan is quite full and satisfying between work and raising sons Flynn, 3, and Tuck, 1.
"We haven't come up with any products to solve the frustrations of a 1- and 3-year-old. As they continue to grow, I'm sure we'll have more ideas," Matthew says.
This article first appeared in the Winter 2018 issue of Johns Hopkins Magazine.
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Olympic Medalist and Inspirational Author
Widely acclaimed as one of the greatest runners of our time, Meb Keflezighi (pronounced Kef-lez-ghee) brings a higher meaning to "going the distance." From his arrival in America a refugee from war-torn East Africa to his victorious finish at the emotionally charged 2014 Boston Marathon—now as a proud and patriotic American—Meb has secured not only his place in history, but also in the hearts and minds of millions.
Meb is the only athlete in history to win the New York Marathon, the Boston Marathon and an Olympic Medal—impressive feats for someone who had never run a mile until middle school. A graduate of the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), his record also includes four NCAA championships, 22 National Championships and a place on three United States Olympic teams. None of these achievements came easily: only his resilience, determination and faith led Meb to prevail following some of life's most challenging and heart-breaking circumstances.
Transcending his own athletic achievements, Meb maintains an unwavering commitment to helping others go the distance in their own lives—physically, professionally, personally and spiritually. Every day, he inspires individuals of all ages and athletic abilities to achieve their own personal best. A sought-after motivational speaker and author, he emphasizes that real victory lies in balancing a healthy, active life that emphasizes education, community and a strong moral fabric. By serving as a role model and source of inspiration, audiences worldwide are learning to Run to Overcome, no matter what the odds or challenges they face in their everyday lives.
Jen Shirkani
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Jen Shirkani has spent over 25 years as a learning and development specialist, coach and speaker. Her specialty topic, emotional intelligence, is presented from a leadership perspective filled with practical strategies and immediately useable tips. Jen has worked with financial services organizations from the Fortune 500 to family‐owned entities specializing in the application of Emotional Intelligence. She holds a Master's Degree in Organizational Leadership. She is also the author of Ego vs. EQ: How Top Leaders Beat 8 Ego Traps Using Emotional Intelligence written to help leaders help themselves. Using her experience as an executive coach, she identified the common traps that set senior executives and business owners up for failure and provides strategies for overcoming them. She is certified in several emotional intelligence assessments and has administered over 2,000 Emotional Intelligence assessments to employees in organizations across the United States. In addition, Jen has been a featured keynote speaker at national and regional conferences including the Fixed Income Forum and the National Investment Company Service Association (NICSA). She has also been a frequent guest of several national radio programs, and has been featured in media articles by Ignites, Bloomberg/Businessweek, Leadership Excellence magazine, Investors Daily, Fast Company, and Upstart Business Journal.
Scott Becker
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Scott has been on the Board of Partners since 2008 and is former chairman of the firm's healthcare department. He practices exclusively in the healthcare regulatory and transactional area. He provides counsel on healthcare transactional and regulatory matters to hospitals, health systems, hospital chains, ambulatory surgery centers, ambulatory surgery center chains, private equity funds and lenders, and healthcare industry entrepreneurs. During the past several years, Scott has devoted a majority of his time and efforts to ambulatory surgery centers and ASC chains, hospitals and health systems, private equity funds and healthcare industry entrepreneurs. He provides advice and counsel on a broad range of business and legal issues. Scott is a Harvard Law graduate and a certified public accountant in Illinois..
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On the evening of December 24th, the 40th Anniversary of Reform and Opening up Celebration Variety Show, with the theme of "Endeavoring for 40 Years, Creating a New Future", was held in the Cultural Center of Anshun City,which was sponsored by the municipal party committee and the municipal government of Anshun.
The lights were bright and the atmosphere was peaceful and harmonious in the Cultural Center of Anshun City. The variety show began with a singing and dancing performance named The Story of Spring. The show was divided into two parts of "Endeavoring for Forty Years" and "Creating for a New Future", including singing and dancing, skits, acrobatics, allegro, melodrama and other performance forms, which vividly showed the brilliant achievements of Anshun city in the past 40 years since the reform and opening up as well as the endeavoring spirit of the people of Anshun city. The show ended successfully with a magnificent singing and dancing performance named Chinese Dream.