Se lleva a cabo un estudio comparado de un tema jurídico, concretamente el divorcio en el Derecho español y alemán, amén de un análisis textual contrastivo de una sentencia de divorcio española y una alemana, subclase textual perteneciente a dicho tema. La autora defiende y postula el empleo del Derecho comparado y del análisis textual contrastivo de múltiples niveles como la mejor forma para abordar los procesos de traducción jurídica en los casos en que la traducción se realiza entre dos lenguas diferentes y dos ordenamientos jurídicos distintos.
30 ejercicios de Traducción Jurídica.
– Aprenderás expresiones jurídicas para empezar a expresarte como un abogado.
– Podrás trabajar la traducción directa y la inversa.
– Conocerás terminología esencial para un traductor en las ramas de Derecho Procesal Civil y Penal y del Derecho de contratos.
Ce livre a été confectionné a I'intention de juristes ou d'apprentis juristes étrangers, pourvus d'une connaissance assez avancée du francais général et qui, souhaitant s'ouvrir a un systerne juridique différent du leur, rencontrent un écueil dans la langue francalse a usage spécialisé. La révision systématique de la grammaire francaise dans le cadre du droit (rnatlere civile uniquement) est complétée par I'étude d'autres ressources linguistiques propres au domaine. Une partie importante de I'ouvrage est consacrée a la pratique de la langue du droit civil dans ses aspects professionnels et elle est suivie d'une série de documents professionnels en usage chez les juristes, susceptibles d'apporter un complément d'information et de formation. Quelques textes littéraires a therne juridique et un glossaire de termes ferment I'ensemble. Cet ouvrage comprend de tres nombreux exe r ctce s pratiques avec un corrigé, ce qui facilitera son utilisation autant avec un professeur qu'en auto-apprentissage.
Danielle DUBROCA GALlN est licenciée en Lettres (Paris III-Sorbonne) et professeur ertifié de I'enseignement franc;ais. Spécialisée en linguistique, elle est docteur en Langues romanes (1983, Paris IV-Sorbonne). Actuellement professeur titulaire de l'Université de Salamanque (Espagne), elle enseigne depuis 1976 la langue franc;aise et les cultures qui s'y rapportent. Sans jamais délaisser la langue franc;aise générale, son lntérét s'est porté sur le franc;ais des spécialités, dans un premier temps sur le francals dit des affaires (économie et entreprise) et plus tard sur le francals dit juridique, toujours dans le contexte du FLE (Francais Langue ~trangere). Depuis une vingtaine d'années, elle dispense des cours de traduction vers le francais dans le cadre de la licence et du master du Département de Traduction et Interprétation. Francophone, elle ceuvre pour la diffusion et la promotion de la langue française. Ses publications et ses recherches s'inscrivent dans la ligne de son enseignement, en particulier : Correspondance commerciale courante en espagnol et en irenceis (2005).
Unlike most articles interpreters will read in professional journals, this piece has little to do with the advancement of interpreter practice in the judicial setting. Rather, it is intended as a warning bell for interpreters who seek full-time employment in a court system. What follows is the experience of just one office, but it illustrates a troubling trend, so interpreters take note: the prognosis may be grim for your professional future if you sign on with a court system in the throes of management upheaval.
"Doing justice to court interpreting." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 1-7.
This manual is intended to inform interpreters of their professional and ethical responsibilities so that they are better able to deal with the difficulties that commonly arise in matters involving non-English-speaking parties in the judicial system. It also serves as a reference and springboard for discussion in conjunction with the Judicial Council Ethics Workshop, which is provided as an integral part of the education and certification or registration of court interpreters in the State of California. In addition to the regulations and recommendations provided here, it is important to note that different courts have their own rules and ways of conducting business. It is the interpreter's duty to learn and follow these rules as well. In the courtroom, the judge is the final arbiter of what is appropriate. The more prepared and informed you are about professional practices and the purpose of established norms and principles, the more you, together with all officers of the court, will be able to further the interests of justice. This manual is based largely on the rules and principles set forth in rule 2.890 of the California Rules of Court ("Professional conduct for interpreters", see appendix A); California Standards of Judicial Administration adopted by the Judicial Council of California for interpreted proceedings (Standard 2.10 and Standard 2.11; see appendix C); the Standards for Performance and Professional Responsibility for Contract Court Interpreters in the Federal Courts (see appendix E) and W. E. Hewitt, Court Interpretation: Model Guides for Policy and Practice in the State Courts, Publication R-167 (Williamsburg, Virginia: State Justice Institute, 1995).
Court interpretation and translation has always been perceived even by the most experienced interpreters and translators as a challenging endeavor, especially when dealing with languages as distinctly different as English and Russian. Not only are these languages hard to compare using the usual tools available for language studies (comparative grammar, lexicology, stylistics, etc.), but they are as far apart as languages can be, when examined by their genealogy and development. Nevertheless, the common properties of all languages make interpretation and translation possible, and equivalence can be achieved, though often it takes laborious efforts on the part of the interpreter or translator. This is why, especially when dealing with such a specific field as court interpretation, the search for quality reference materials is so important, for we rely on these works to clarify a multitude of problems.
With many of Hawaii's experienced interpreters no longer able to afford to work in the state courts, Hawaii may face a shortage of qualified interpreters in the future. The Hawaii judiciary, which has not raised the minimum court interpreter pay for two decades, received a hand-delivered petition in September signed by 64 freelance interpreters..
Court interpreters in California have won the right to organize in pursuit of better pay, working conditions and professional standards. A new law signed by the governor and sponsored by two professional associations will, for the first time ever, enable some 1300 certified and registered interpreters in California to join together as a group and negotiate a contract with the courts.
Court interpreters and attorneys have a special interest in the issues raised on appeal that involve foreign-language interpretation. In this paper I will focus on the most important interpreter-related cases of the past twenty years, especially those of the past decade, with occasional reference to earlier appeals which have been highly significant.
Berk-Seligson, S. "Judicial systems in contact Access to justice and the right to interpreting/translating services among the Quichua of Ecuador." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 9-33.
The Quichua of Ecuador, along with other indigenous peoples of Latin America, have been struggling to attain the right to use their ancestral language and their traditional ways of administering justice in an effort to gain greater autonomy in a variety of sociopolitical spheres of life. Based on interviews with 93 Ecuadorians  judges, magistrates, lawyers, justices of the peace, interpreters, translators, and local and national political leaders  the study finds an ideological splintering of views on this subject. Among the disparate Quichua communities and among State justice providers (largely comprising the hegemonic mestizo/blanco sector of society) there is a lack of agreement on how justice is to be carried out and what role the Quichua language should play in it. Despite the heterogeneity of views, however, there is tacit agreement on one de facto language policy, namely, the use of untrained, ad hoc interpreters in judicial settings.
At this moment in the twenty-first century, displaced human beings are increasingly seeking refuge in safe-haven foreign countries. For lawyers assisting refugee clients, communication is a fundamental issue. Frequently the lawyer and refugee client do not share a common verbal language. Consequently, lawyers rely heavily upon the specific expertise of interpreters and translators to ascertain essential information from the client. Administrative decisions by government bodies and courts in Australia demonstrate that a team approach by lawyers, interpreters and translators is required for the optimum preparation of a refugee client's case.
Communication is likely to get disrupted when words are taken out of context. Context is a concept that belongs as much to the sphere of linguistic and psycholinguistic research as it does to everyday communication. A layperson may not know the types of context that linguists single out for analysis, but people intuitively know that context is essential for successful communication.
La figura del intérprete jurado está siendo objeto de una atención creciente en el momento actual, caracterizado por la proliferación de programas de formación especializados en traducción e interpretación que proporcionan cauces alternativos para el acceso al ejercicio de la traducción e interpretación en múltiples ámbitos profesionales. Uno de los principales ejes de debate radica en la heterogeneidad de funciones asignadas al intérprete jurado que, además de traducir documentos, puede ser requerido para interpretar ante un tribunal sin haber acreditado en ningún momento su dominio oral de la lengua extranjera ni de las técnicas básicas de la interpretación. Este artículo revisa las circunstancias históricas que condujeron a la aparición del intérprete jurado en España tal y como lo entendemos en la actualidad, poniendo de relieve el inmovilismo que ha caracterizado su evolución en los últimos dos siglos. A Continuación, se analizan las consecuencias negativas que pueden derivarse del sistema actual de nombramiento de intérpretes jurados para la administración de justicia, teniendo en cuenta las repercusiones procesales que ha tenido la introducción de la Ley del Jurado en nuestro país. Finalmente, se esbozan algunas vías para la evolución futura de los intérpretes jurados y de las nuevas funciones que éstos comienzan a asumir en una comunidad receptora de inmigrantes procedentes de las más diversas culturas.
Capellas, J. F. (2000). La obtención del título de traductor jurado en España.
Since the academic course 2006-2007 the University of Alcalá, Madrid, offers a Master on Intercultural Comunication, Public Service Interpreting and Translating taught in five language pairs (Spanish and Arabic, French, English, Polish and Romanian). Within its syllabus two activities on line were designed in order to complement two subjects: Healthcare Interpreting and Legal and Administrative Interpreting. The purpose of this article is to describe, on the one hand, some technical issues related to the design and practice of these activities such as students' degree of participation and satisfaction, problems that occurred and solutions that were taken to solve them and, on the other hand, to analyse issues related to the teaching and learning of specialized vocabulary, the use of strategies to translate terminology from one language into another and the evaluation methods of the teaching staff. Eventually, we will try to draw conclusions about the applicability of our experience in the teaching of interpreting.
This is a corpus-based study that investigates instances in which court interpreters in Hong Kong deviate from using direct speech and the first person, notwithstanding the requirement to use both of these when rendering statements made by witnesses or defendants. Quantitative data indicate that court interpreters do adhere to this requirement when interpreting Cantonese into English, but deviate from it when interpreting English into Cantonese. These data suggest that the use of reported speech and/or of the third person has identification functions that help Cantonese-speaking witnesses and defendants follow court proceedings and serve the pragmatic function of adding illocutionary force to interpreted utterances. Data from interviews with interpreters and legal professionals suggest that some latitude is exercised and tolerated when interpreters deviate from using direct speech and/or the first person when the target language is Cantonese. The findings indicate that court interpreters in the corpus observe strict professional guidelines by using direct speech most of the time, but occasional deviation from the direct approach suggests that court interpreters are able to make discretionary decisions to facilitate communication.
Christensen, P. "Judges' deviations from norm-based direct speech in court." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 99-127.
This article presents a small-scale empirical study of legal discourse which focuses on the use of direct and indirect speech in Danish interpreter-mediated court proceedings. The study analyses the practices of three Danish judges in three different interpreted proceedings. The primary objective of the paper is to study the potential correlation between the use of direct and indirect speech styles and certain stages of court proceedings. These stages are defined and classified in terms of explicit prescriptive legal norms ascribable to the participants in Danish court proceedings, acting in accordance with a predefined style of interaction (direct speech). In addition, the study investigates whether what the judges say about their speech style corresponds with their actual language use in court. The techniques combined in the study are survey research, participant observation and descriptive analysis based on transcriptions of authentic data from three audio-recorded criminal cases conducted by district courts in Denmark.
Driesen, C. J. "Die Nurnberger Prozesse Zur Bedeutung der Dolmetscher fur die Prozesse und der Prozesse fur die Dolmetscher Simultandolmetschen in Erstbewahrung: Der Nurnberger Prozess 1945. Mit einer orientierenden Einfuhrung von Klaus Kastner und einer kommentierten fotografischen Dokumentation von Theodoros Radisoglou sowie mit einer dolmetschwissenschaftlichen Analyse von Katrin Rumprecht." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 159-163.
[June 9, 1997] – Since 1992 I have been a staff court interpreter for the Superior Court of New Jersey at Middlesex County Courthouse in New Brunswick. When the court system was unified in 1995, court workers, previously county employees, had the opportunity to unionize for representation in negotiations with our new employer, the state of New Jersey.
The anatomy of the profession was laid bare recently when the Court Education Division of the Federal Judicial Center sponsored a two-day workshop for court interpreters in Albuquerque, New Mexico. About 125 staff and freelance interpreters from all over the country attended. The last opportunity to share information in a forum of this kind was in 1993, and they clearly relished the occasion to report from far-flung precincts and receive updates on national trends and issues.
After the boxing ring, the courtroom may be the closest that the modern age comes to the Roman Coliseum. A celebrity case or the lesser lights of local scandal always attract a throng to watch the conflict. With high-profile trials recast as sport or entertainment, experts opine on the players and the process, newscasters keep score, attorneys wield words and reasoning to win the fight for justice and the American way, the judge referees; and when it's all over, the public takes great glee in defending or deploring the result, indeed the legal system itself.
Arabic speakers in the U.S. diplomatic corps capable of appearing on Al Jazeera tomorrow and discuss current events in Arabic can be counted on the fingers of one hand. It's no secret that America has never made it a priority to attract, groom, train and use its linguists as valuable resources.
This paper describes some of the difficulties faced in enabling public service organizations to recognize their responsiblities when working through an interpreter. It highlights the crucial communicative role played by the Service Provider, and urges a process model of in-service training. While recognizing that Police Officers, Social Workers and Probation Officers are all working in different environments and may have conflicting agendas, the model can be adapted to suit each context provided that five main principles are observed. The five principles are described, as is the format for putting them into practice. Service Provider responses to the activities are summarized. The paper concludes that becoming skilled in providing a service to non-English speaking service users is to provide a better service to all, whether English speaking or not.
Fowler, Y. (2007). Interpreting into the ether: interpreting for prison/court video link hearings.
In April 1998, 1 gave a presentation at a Continuing Legal Education seminar for the Ohio Hispanic Bar Association. My topic was 'Standards, Training and Certification of Interpreters in Ohio.' I had for some time been advocating the certification of judiciary interpreters and had had conversations with the Administrative Director of the Ohio Supreme Court concerning the impact of interpreting errors. Another presenter at the seminar, Veronica Dalhberg, spoke on behalf of the Alejandro Ramírez Defense Coalition. I listened to her presentation intently and with disbelief. I knew then that the Ramírez case would some day help to bring about the changes that are needed within the judiciary interpreting profession in Ohio.
La legislación vigente, al establecer la posibilidad de que los licenciados en Traducción e Interpretación puedan conseguir el título de Intérprete Jurado sin tener que superar los correspondientes exámenes del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, convierte a las facultades que imparten dicha Licenciatura en responsables, directa o indirectamente, de la preparación de estos egresados con vistas a su ejercicio profesional en el ámbito de la traducción jurada. Con el objetivo de describir y analizar la formación universitaria en traducción jurídica que reciben estos licenciados, en este artículo se presentan los resultados del análisis de los programas de las asignaturas que componen la formación que los egresados han de acreditar para obtener dicha exención de examen, prestando especial atención a los campos temáticos cubiertos por las mismas.
A Community Interpretation in Spanish program has existed at Riverside Community College in Southern California for some nine years. The program curriculum was written by Dr. Lisa Conyers, Dean of Instruction at the Moreno Valley campus. Although not an interpreter herself, Conyers, whose expertise is in Spanish and comparative literature, saw the need in the community for trained interpreters. She developed the curriculum in consultation with working interpreters and interpreter trainers. In the summer of 2000, I was hired as the first full-time faculty member in the program. We continue to benefit from the experience of two certified interpreters who are adjunct instructors.
Galanes Santos, I. "La acreditación de traductores y/o intérpretes jurados en España: novedades, contrastes e incoherencias." Sendebar: Revista de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación vol., n. 21 (2010). pp. 251-270.
Hale, S. "Pragmatic considerations in court interpreting." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics vol. 19, n. (1996). pp. 61-72.
At the recent Chicago conference, I interviewed two people who are involved in interpreter representation. Jorge Carbajosa is a Cook County state court interpreter and one of the organizers of the Interpreters Working Group (IWG), a small group of interpreters organizing to attain professional representation in the Cook County state courts. In Cook County all interpreters are state employees. The working group is seeking to increase pay rates and define the position. 'It has been a difficult and slow process,' commented Mr. Carbajosa, referring to a two-year effort to coordinate the working group's participation in the Communication Workers of America Union, which is associated with The Translators and Interpreters Guild and has experience in other states, such as New Jersey.
Sooner or later, a judiciary interpreter is bound to come into contact with psychiatric assignments. Exposure to this facet of our judicial system may materialize in a variety of forms. One may be mass calendar calls of yellow-clad (in many counties) inmates claiming or suspected to be unfit to comprehend the charges against them or stand trial, some of whom may have requested removal to state psychiatric facilities. Judges issue rulings in individual hearings and order psychiatric examinations, referred to by section number, depending on the objective of the evaluation.
At the opening session of NAJIT's Silver Anniversary Meeting and Educational Conference in Denver on May 22, 2004, as I listened to keynote speaker Dr. Virginia Benmaman discuss the rocky path of judiciary interpretation in the United States, I could not help but take a second look at my career and my own place in our profession's history. Dr. Benmaman, distinguished Professor Emeritus and current director of the MA Program in Bilingual Legal Interpreting at the Graduate School of the College of Charleston, South Carolina, delivered an enlightening speech with an invitation few in the audience could resist: this is a time not to cry for our future but to pat ourselves on the back.
Jacobsen, B. (1999). Court Interpreting in Denmark-A Critical Perspective.
Jacobsen, B. "Interactional pragmatics and court interpreting An analysis of face." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 128-158.
This article reports on an investigation of face in a triadic speech event, a prosecutor's interpreter-mediated questioning of a defendant in a criminal trial at a Danish district court. The power differential of this particular speech event makes it inherently threatening for the less powerful individual, the defendant, who by consenting to make a statement potentially puts his face at risk in multiple ways. Moreover, his face-protecting strategies may result in the prosecutor's face being threatened. Simultaneously, while attending to the face-work of the primary participants, the interpreter has her own face to attend to as a professional. Consequently, the aim of the investigation was to explore face-work in the speech event and the interpreter's strategies for translating and coordinating face-work. The analysis revealed that the interpreter frequently modified face-threatening and face-protecting utterances in an attempt to protect her own face and/or the face of one of the primary participants.
Studies of court interpreting have so far neglected interpreters' choice of mode for interpreting question-answer dialogues, though their choice of mode may impact the way questions and answers are reproduced and received by end receivers. Typically, the (short) consecutive mode, regarded as the more complete mode, is recommended for interpreting these dialogues, because it facilitates the inclusion of features such as hesitations, discourse markers, repetitions etc. which play a significant role in identifying speaker meaning. Moreover, in courts without interpreting equipment, answers interpreted in the simultaneous (whispered) mode will be inaudible to end receivers. Nevertheless, as demonstrated in this article, which is based on a survey among court interpreters in Denmark, some interpreters ignore official recommendations and choose strategies for interpreting questions and answers which potentially hinder the flow of information between the original speaker and listener and the accurate and complete translation of original utterances. Furthermore, Danish courts seem to accept the court interpreters' behaviour, despite its potential consequences for trial outcomes. The article discusses the reasons for this passivity and its wider implications.
The purpose of this article is to introduce the new binational master s programme Legal translating and interpreting . In cooperation with the Université de Bretagne-Sud in Lorient/France, the Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendal (FH) University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Germany will admit the first 16 students to the master s degree programme next year. National courts and international institutions complain about a significant lack of professionally trained legal interpreters. The master's programme Legal translating and interpreting aims to remedy this lack and actively prepare students for careers as translators of legal texts, editors/proofreaders of legal texts as well as legal interpreters. Jurists, students holding a degree in applied linguistics, technical translators und (legal) interpreters as well as other from related fields of study may apply for the master's degree programme. Specific courses offered in the first term will ensure a common state of knowledge among all students. Due to the great demand for translators and interpreters for languages of limited diffusion we plan to open this Master s degree programme for the above mentioned group of students as soon as possible.
Lipkin, S. L. "Norms, ethics and roles among military court interpreters The unique case of the Yehuda Court." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 84-98.
This study examined the activities of military court interpreters at the Yehuda Military Court near Jerusalem over a period of one year. The aim of the study was to examine the norms and ethical rules that guide the interpreters' work. In-depth interviews were carried out with eleven interpreters and officers, and court sessions were observed. The questions asked related to the interpreters' powers and duties, the nature of their work, their personal preferences, the rules that guide their work, and the training they receive. The findings show that the interpreters' powers and duties cover a range of areas over and above interpreting per se, and include translating documents, acting as ushers in the courtroom, and handling logistical matters. The study also pointed to the lack of a clear set of rules in relation to the interpreters' work, and revealed that training is provided only after they have begun working. The study suggests the need for a code of ethics defining and providing a framework for the interpreters' powers and duties, which should be limited to interpreting, and should not encompass administrative tasks, as the current situation causes confusion over the ethical boundaries of the interpreters' work.
Actualmente estamos siendo testigos en la Unión Europea de una normalización lingüística sin precedentes gracias a los acuerdos de cooperación en diversas materias y sobre todo en el ámbito judicial. Esta normalización facilita en gran medida la labor de búsqueda de equivalentes terminológicos a los traductores jurídicos, judiciales y jurados. En el presente artículo analizamos de equivalencia terminológica en el ámbito de la traducción jurídica; comentamos las funciones del intérprete judicial frente al intérprete jurado y finalmente ofrecemos dos ejemplos de traducción jurada con su correspondiente comentario traductológico. We are witnessing unprecedented language standardisation in the European Union thanks to cooperation agreements in a number of areas and particularly in the judicial area. This standardisation makes it considerably easier for legal, judicial and sworn translators wishing to find equivalent terms. This article analyses the matching of terms in the area of legal translation, comments on the duties of judicial translators in relation to those of sworn translators and ultimately provides two examples of sworn translation and the respective commentary.
The year is 2004. A French interpreter is at the witness stand interpreting for an eyewitness in an armed robbery which took place in a convenience store in northern Vermont almost a year earlier. There are several French speakers in the courtroom hanging on the interpreter's every word. The interpreter has an air of sang froid about him in spite of his limited experience at the witness stand. He seems to have an extraordinary memory and accurately renders the testimony in the consecutive mode, even when interpreting the witness's response to that open-ended question: "What, if anything, happened on the date in question?" He omits none of the false starts, changes in intonation, or fillers characteristic of the witness's long answer.
This paper examines the experience, perceptions and narratives of the interpreters who worked at the trial of the Madrid terrorist attacks of 11th March 2004. Using semi-structured interviews as an instrument, information was sought from the members of the interpreting team regarding their role and self-image, their relationship with other professionals during the trial, their management of emotions, pressure and possible conflict, as well as the effect of a high profile case such as this on their interpreting performance. The findings show that the interpreters were generally clear and confident about their professional role and capacity, that their working conditions were inadequate, especially at the beginning of the trial, and that the experience heightened the awareness of other court professionals with regard to interpreting. The nature of the trial, the presence of national and international media, as well as the immense responsibility the interpreters assumed in this case created an atmosphere of intense emotion and pressure. However, most of the participants in this study reported that this did not affect their professional performance.
This paper presents a case study of an interpreting event in a Danish courtroom setting. The study investigates the interpreter's influence on the interaction as well as factors influencing the behaviour of all the participants involved. The study also investigates what happens when the interpreter's performance is perceived by participants as inadequate in order to achieve the communicative goal of the event. The model of translation culture, in which cooperativeness, loyalty and transparency are key concepts, is used as an explanatory tool. Although the interaction under study, like all courtroom interaction, is determined by the inherent institutional power differential, it is appropriate to describe it in terms of cooperativeness. The conflict regarding the interpreter's non-normative behaviour is negotiated and settled by way of consensus, and the trial is carried through with the same interpreter despite doubt about her competence. The paper concludes by discussing the effect of special contextual conditions, as well as ethical implications.
Mikkelson, H. (1999). Court interpreting at a crossroads.
Throughout my professional life, I've heard interpreters describe the Nuremburg Trial as the cradle of modern conference interpreting, the first instance of simultaneous interpreting with electronic equipment. Apart from a few isolated articles in the occasional translator/interpreter publication, very little has been written about these pioneer interpreters and the system that was devised to make a four-language trial possible. Francesca Gaibas work puts an end to this relative obscurity, shedding new light on a historic event that would otherwise have receded into the darkness of the forgotten past as the key players died, one by one.
Community interpreting is rapidly maturing, as evidenced by the third conference of Critical Link (http://www.criticallink.org/), an international organization founded to promote the profession. The conferences are held every three years, attracting interpreters, interpreter coordinators, policy makers and scholars from all over the world. This year's event was held May 22-26 in Montreal, a beautiful and historic city known for its concern for language rights. The theme was 'Interpreting in the Community: The Complexity of the Profession,' and the logo depicted an acrobat or dancer flexing her body.
Mikkelson, H. "The Critical Link 4: Professionalisation of interpreting in the community. Selected papers from the 4th International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings, Stockholm, Sweden, 2023 May 2004." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 169-173.
Morris, R. "Missing stitches An overview of judicial attitudes to interlingual interpreting in the criminal justice systems of Canada and Israel." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 34-64.
Along a continuum of interlingual interpreting which begins with police investigations and may end in a supreme court, consistent quality must be assured in order to comply with the standards of justice to which enlightened countries aspire and lay claim. With the advent of the global village, the quantity of cases requiring language mediation has exploded exponentially. The issues involved are not new, and simply put involve arranging for the provision of competent interpreters throughout the criminal justice system. However, the actual provision of quality interlingual interpreting in a criminal justice system is not a straightforward enterprise. The mere existence of legislation requiring the provision of interpreters in courts is not the key element. Nor are insightful comments made by appellate judges in cases brought because of an absence of satisfactory language arrangements. The article shows the problematic nature of interpreting arrangements in the criminal justice system for which the government and its players  even judges  assume no responsibility. The resultant 'missing stitches' are likely to deprive those who do not speak the language of the proceedings of their fundamental rights.
The article addresses a number of topical issues relating to court interpreting. After examining a number of issues discussed among US interpreters in July 2009, it considers the provision of court interpreting in a number of different English-speaking jurisdictions, including the position of agencies. It presents the cost of a lack of judicial awareness of the issues involved in providing competent interpreting in legal proceedings, and looks at how rare languages are dealt with in the United States. It examines best practice and how this can quickly turn into worst practice. It considers the situation in Canada=s Province of Ontario, where a class action has been brought against the Ministry of the Attorney General for failing to provide competent interpreting services. The discussion poses a number of questions, and considers whether court interpreting is condemned to be an undervalued and misunderstood profession in many jurisdictions, or whether there is reason to hope for improvement.
Along with the dramatic influx of foreigners into Japan, the number of criminal cases requiring court interpreters has increased in the past decade. Naturally, demands for interpreters of various languages became urgent. However, a lack of understanding and the absence of a training system for court interpreters have placed physical and psychological burdens on the interpreters. In 1992, the Japan Judicial Interpreters' Association was organized by several court interpreters in Osaka who created a communication network among isolated court interpreters for the exchange of information and for self training with the co-operation of lawyers, and won mass media support. This movement has placed pressure on the Ministry of Justice and the Supreme Court and succeeded in gaining understanding of the authorities. As a result, the working conditions of the court interpreters are greatly improving.
Dominique, this novel's protagonist, is an interpreter whose story unfolds not only through her own eyes but through those of Nicholas, an Italian leukemia researcher on temporary assignment in New York, and Anna, an old friend from interpreting school. The setting is the world of pharmaceuticals and medical conference interpreting.
In response to "Requiem for an Interpreters Office" (Proteus, Summer 2001) and "20 Years Without a Pay Raise" (Proteus, Fall 2002), I thought it might be helpful for court interpreters in Arizona and Hawaii (the states described in the articles) and in other states as well to have a point of comparison: the current working conditions for court interpreters in Cook County, Illinois.
A review of the literature on foreign language interpretation for immigration court proceedings shows very little work has been done in this area. In Canada the Lexique de l'Immigration provides an extensive French-English glossary, (Ottawa: Bureau de la Traduction, Direction de la terminologie et des services linguistiques, 1990), but there is no work similar in scope in the U.S., although there are abundant source materials that can be used as a basis for a compilation of immigration terms. The most voluminous sample of current documents in English and Spanish is a series of press releases from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (http://www.ins.usdoj.gov/).
In Quebec, only Court interpreters are certified by the Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec. However, the other branches of Community Interpretation in settings such as health care or education are not recognized by the Ordre. It can be difficult for an interpreter, not accepted by his peers, to demonstrate his expertise to other professionals. Using a questionnaire addressed to doctors, social workers, etc., and my own experience, especially in ethnopsychiatry, we will see that community interpreters have the necessary skills to become members of a professional order. As such, they will be officially considered as the full-fledged professionals that they have always been.
NAJIT's position on the so-called Court Interpreter Advisory Subgroup's determination that there is 'no need' for an increase in the per diem rates paid to contract federal court interpreters, which have not been adjusted since March 1991.
Ireland used to be a country of net emigration but over the last decade there has been a steady increase in immigration by asylum seekers and by workers from the European Economic Area and from outside Europe. There has been a rapid change from an exclusively English speaking country to a multilingual one with up to a hundred languages being spoken. Clearly this presents particular problems when non-English speakers are in contact with officialdom. Interpreting is provided in the courts, in police stations, in hospitals and over the phone for doctors. But the interpreters receive absolutely no training in interpreting. They are not tested and there is no forum where they can receive guidance on ethical issues. The official attitude is that these foreigners will learn English and will no longer need interpretation. The discussion will focus on what can be done to increase awareness of the issues surrounding Community Interpreting?.
Working with a witness or client through an interpreter requires patience and practice. The interpreter is sworn to interpret truly and accurately, but source and target-language utterances rarely result in a perfectly neat match. The common perception is that interpreters just repeat words, but the process of interpreting is a complex task for the brain, one that involves many cognitive skills. Lawyers would do well to remember that interpreters convey concepts, not isolated words. This is why one cannot interpret in a vacuum. An interpreter needs a context, however limited, and for this, police reports, depositions, complaints, indictments or grand jury minutes are helpful. When lawyers provide interpreters with these basic documents, they help to prevent potential m ispronounciations, misunderstandings, or requests for clarification.
Court interpreters are often faced with the challenge of working with clients, including judges and attorneys, who are unfamiliar with our role. Over the years I've developed some useful phrases to convey proper interpreter protocol and avoid ethical dilemmas. Using these phrases illustrates the neutral and objective role that the interpreter plays, defining by example my function in the formal and adversarial setting of a courtroom.
We will be dealing with the professional relationship between a social worker and an interpreter and their interactions with people who are emotionally scarred, extremely distressed, and have completely lost their bearings. What are the barriers to overcome in order to reach out to these people and join them in their suffering? How can we create a feeling of trust despite the linguistic, ethnocultural, gender, socio-political, and psychological obstacles? How is it possible for a social worker and an interpreter to join together to help these people take control of their lives despite the vulnerability, culture shock, and fear that they are experiencing? Through psychosocial interventions, we will demonstrate the process used during interviews, which enables us to establish the bond to support them and grasp their innermost feelings. While capturing their spirits, we are able to create some 'magical moments' where the client feels free to express himself and gradually regain control over his life.
For the past two and a half years, NAJIT has been participating in drafting an industry standard for the interpretation field under the auspices of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Although it began as an engineering organization, ASTM now functions as an umbrella organization for setting national standards in a variety of fields.
I have been a legal interpreter of Mandarin Chinese since the early 1980's, when I returned from three years' teaching in China. Before then, I had studied the language at the undergraduate and graduate levels for seven years. My first husband was Chinese and he spoke little English, so I often found myself in informal interpreting situations, which I discovered I greatly enjoyed. After several interpreting stints with the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations and International Visitors' Program, I was invited to work in federal court in Manhattan, where a senior interpreter listened to the quality and accuracy of my courtroom interpretation through headphones. Eventually I left New York, but the high stakes, slice-of-life dramas, gratitude of the person needing the interpreter, and my fascination with cultural and linguistic differences have kept me working in the courtroom year after year.
Lavaluació de la qualitat en interpretació al final del procés formatiu de postgrau hauria de coincidir, si més no majoritàriament, amb les expectatives de qualitat professionals respecte a un intèrpret novell. Partint daquesta hipòtesi, i inspirant-nos tan en estudis de satisfacció o expectatives de qualitat dusuaris dinterpretació (perspectiva professional) com en els protocols davaluació aplicats a diverses universitats (perspectiva acadèmica), així com en els Models dels esforços de Daniel Gile, la nostra recerca empírica i observacional suposa una contribució a la identificació dels criteris de qualitat en interpretació.Es va enregistrar i transcriure un ampli corpus amb un total de 69 avaluacions de 18 estudiants davant dun total de 7 examinadors en un postgrau dinterpretació de conferència mèdica. Després didentificar els indicadors de qualitat (67) considerats pels avaluadors, es va dur a terme una anàlisi estadística, lestabliment de categories (6) i la identificació de trets distintius entre els avaluadors. La innovació rau en el fet dhaver desgranat els criteris de qualitat implícits a partir del corpus (avaluacions en un postgrau despecialitat), en el mètode emprat per identificar les categories i en el seu processament. Els resultats mostren, entre altres qüestions, que la quantitat de comentaris positius o negatius fets pels avaluadors pràcticament no influeixen en la puntuació atorgada als estudiants.Resumen La evaluación de la calidad en interpretación al final del proceso formativo de posgrado debería coincidir, al menos mayoritariamente, con las expectativas de calidad profesionales respecto a un intérprete novel. Partiendo de esta hipótesis, e inspirándonos tanto en estudios sobre satisfacción o expectativas de calidad de usuarios de interpretación (perspectiva profesional) como en los protocolos de evaluación aplicados en distintas universidades (perspectiva académica), así como en los Modelos de los esfuerzos de Daniel Gile, nuestra investigación empírica y observacional supone una contribución a la identificación de los criterios de calidad en interpretación.Se grabó y se transcribió un amplio corpus con un total de 69 evaluaciones de 18 estudiantes ante un total de 7 examinadores en un posgrado de interpretación de conferencia médica. Tras identificar los indicadores de calidad (67) considerados por los evaluadores, se procedió a un análisis estadístico, al establecimiento de categorías (6) y a la identificación de rasgos distintivos entre los evaluadores. La innovación radica en haber desgranado los criterios de calidad implícitos a partir del corpus (evaluaciones en un posgrado de especialidad), en el método utilizado para identificar las categorías y en su procesamiento. Los resultados muestran, entre otros extremos, que la cantidad de comentarios positivos o negativos realizados apenas influyen en la puntuación que otorgan a los estudiantes. Assessing interpreting quality at the final stages of a students training process at the postgraduate level should be, for the most part, in keeping with quality expectations for novel practitioners. On the basis of such hypothesis, and inspired by studies on quality satisfaction or users expectations (professional approach), assessment protocols used in different training schools (academic approach), and Daniel Giles Efforts Model, our research empirical and observational aims to contribute to identify quality-defining criteria in interpreting.A large corpus was recorded and transcribed, with a total of 69 post-exercise assessments of 18 interpreters taking a specialization course in medical interpreting by 7 instructors. The assessments were scrutinized for evaluative comments which were analyzed statistically. This involved also classifying them in categories (67) and later merging them into 6 category groups. The innovation lies in the very concept of working backwards from a corpus towards implicit quality criteria, in the work on this corpus type (assessments during a postgraduate training course), in the method used to identify categories and in the further processing of the categories. The findings give some solid indications and show that assessors are not too influenced by the number of positive or negative comments they make when deciding what mark they will grant to the students.
Takeda, K. "Interpreting at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal." Interpreting vol. 10, n. 1 (2008). pp. 65-83.
This paper gives an overview of the interpreting arrangements at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal (1946-1948), focusing on some sociopolitical aspects of the interpreting phenomena, and discusses the behavior of the interpreters and monitors during the testimony of Hideki Tojo, Japan's wartime Prime Minister. It provides a contextualized examination of court interpreting rather than a microlinguistic analysis of interpreted texts. The study demonstrates how political and social aspects of the trial and wartime world affairs affected the interpreting arrangements, especially the hierarchical set-up in which three ethnically and socially different groups of 'linguists' (language specialists) performed three different functions in the interpreting process. An examination of the linguists' behavior during Tojo's testimony points to a link between their relative positions in the power constellation of the trial and their choices, strategies and behavior in interpreting and monitoring. These findings reinforce the view that interpreting is a social practice conditioned by the social, political and cultural contexts of the setting in which interpreters operate.
Interpreters' criminal liability for incriminatory concealment or disclosure of information, documentation, or facts entrusted to them by third parties has recently become a serious issue for individuals and professional associations. Individual linguists need adequate protection from being prosecuted for carrying out professional duties, and professional organizations need to navigate these turbulent waters between the Scylla of obedience to the law and the Charybdis of protecting members from unreasonable interference. Due to the very nature of our trade, interpreters and translators deal with foreign entities and individuals. We act as intermediaries in communication between parties, and become aware of the content and extent of parties' relationships and transactions. On many occasions, information disclosed to a translator or interpreter in non-legal settings is on a non-confidential basis and has no legal consequences. However, if the parties' communication (in which a translator or interpreter participated) involves wrongdoing in the eyes of the government, any translator/interpreter immediately becomes a suspect.
Des de sempre hi ha hagut professions amb un prestigi social major que d'altres i, encara que resulta difícil establir quins són els factors que fan que aquest prestigi siga tan inestable, diferents motius van fer que m'interessara per estudiar els factors que conflueixen en la concepció del fet social, principalment del prestigi de la nostra professió d'intèrprets. Aquest estudi realitza una primera anàlisi del prestigi que la nostra societat assigna en l'actualitat a traductors i intèrprets i, gràcies a l'opinió dels espectadors de la darrera pel·lícula de Nicole Kidman, The Interpreter, també de la influència dels mitjans de comunicació en l'opinió que la societat té dels distints grups socials, amb la hipòtesi que gaudeixen d'un impacte considerable i que poden ser grans aliats per defensar els interessos del nostre grup.
The practice of having simultaneous interpreters work in teams of two during lengthy assignments, although standard procedure in all other forums requiring interpretation, has never been universally accepted by the courts. In most state and many federal courts, it is simply not done. Attempts by interpreters to institute the policy have met with resistance from judges who consider it wasteful and administrators who cite budgetary constraints. But a study recently conducted at the University of Geneva has contributed important new information on the subject: its findings provide further scientific evidence to support the position that accuracy is directly related to the length of time that a person interprets.
Some of you may think NAJIT's efforts to create a certification program for judiciary interpreters has been a long time coming. Actually, most of you were not even members when the idea began to be seriously considered. I remember sitting with Dagoberto Orrantia and Janis Palma, who was then chair, in a restaurant in San Juan nine years ago having a heated argument about whether or not we should have an exam, what kind of an exam, and how it could be done. And that was only the first of many heated arguments-as Cristina will remember because the importance of the issue makes people very passionate about the subject.
According to current Spanish legislation, Translation and Interpreting graduates may qualify as sworn interpreters without taking the exams set by the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This makes Translation and Interpreting schools directly or indirectly responsible for the quality of their studentsâ training as far as the professional activity of sworn translation is concerned. In an attempt to describe and analyse the legal translator training they receive at Spanish universities, this paper presents the major results of the analysis of the syllabuses of the subjects implied, with a special focus on the subject areas covered by this training.
The Chicago area court interpreters certification project has not been an easy one. The fear of being saddled with unfamiliar standards posed a threat on our already comfortable and established system. Administrators only knew that the court interpreters were getting the work done. Academia knew nothing about court interpreting and very little about the needs of the community for such professionals. With this background, we looked to the certification project as a guiding light. It had literally taken years to have court interpreters and court administrators consider the court interpreters' certification programme. That is why it is imperative that any policy for offering the certification exams include in the negotiations the members who ultimately will be responsible for offering the certification in any given state. If not done, the objective, which is to certify court interpreters, is not accomplished and this will only be one more exam without much meaning.


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Jules is perhaps best known as the leading face on the BBC's hit property series, Escape to the Country, which he joined in 2007. His passion for the countryside has also been taken up by the BBC's flagship rural affairs show Countryfile. His enthusiastic, adaptable and hands on approach allows him to cover a wide range of subjects from science and history to wildlife and current affairs. Jules's interest in historic buildings and design underpins the BBC's renovation series, Britain's Empty Homes, whilst his lifelong passion for military history came to the fore in BBC1′s more hit Dig 1940. Commemorating the 70th anniversary of 1940, this three part series provided Jules with his first solo primetime break, and was a ratings winner.
Jules also teamed up with fellow Countryfile presenter John Craven as they embarked on an ambitious fifteen part series exploring the challenges facing our heritage, Britain's Heritage Heroes, whilst listeners to Radio 4s Open Country can hear regular contributions from Jules as the latest member of this long running and popular countryside magazine show. Jules's interest and expertise in military history also came to the fore in Celebrity Mastermind.
Since then, Jules has gone on to present How we on the War, a ten part series for BBC 2, Dive WW2; Battle of the Atlantic, Defenders of the sky and How we won the war.
In addition to presenting and broadcasting, Jules is also an engaging writer, with regular contributions to Countryfile Magazine, and most recently Homes and Gardens. Readers can also now read Jules monthly columns in Welsh Border Life, covering a range of topics from this leading title from a part of the world he's long called home. Jules also has written a book ' Walled Gardens', where he looks at walled gardens throughout England and Wales and explores their history, innovative design and cultural heritage.
Jules began his professional life as a Field Archaeologist, and has travelled and worked in some of the most demanding countries across the world. His TV career began in 1996, working in production. Over the years that followed he worked behind the camera on a wide range of programming from C4′s Time Team, to BBC2′s Horizon and numerous military history series alongside Professor Richard Holmes. Jules developed and presented the living history series Revival for ITV, which gained him an RTS nomination in 2005. The Peoples' Museum, for BBC Daytime, gave him his first network break in 2006.
Jules's experience and expertise across history, rural affairs and property, combined with his warm and engaging style have established him as a versatile and popular presenter. Having spent most of his life in the heart of the Cambrian Mountains in Mid-Wales, renovating his own 'Escape to the Country', he now lives in Herefordshire, once again passionately restoring a period gem. He loves to travel, to garden and to rescue old furniture.


Cindi Stage is an active real estate agent in the subdivisions listed on this page.
An equestrian's dream located in unincorporated Northern Palm Beach County, FL. The community offers more than 30 miles of interior bridle paths, a 32-acre horse park, paved roads, close proximity to exclusive shopping, world-class golf, a small airport and state-of-the-art medical facilities.
12 square miles of gorgeous architecture and large, natural properties. This beautiful neighborhood represents an agricultural - single-family residential lifestyle without the noise, traffic congestion, small home sites. There are a great variety of homes and land, from just under an acre to 2.5 acres.
Jupiter Farms is a 15-square-mile community directly west of Jupiter, and close to I-95 and the Florida Turnpike. The community is made up of acre plus home sites, parks, small businesses, equestrian trails and nature preserves. You will find new custom built one and two story homes, older homes, and properties may have their own barns and stables. Horses and other four legged friends are welcome!
Comprised of 2,300 acres amid magnificent wetlands and preserves, with 30 diverse villages offering a total of 2,143 homes. The Country Club at Mirasol consists of 1,163 single family detached homes.
Old Port Cove is a self-contained community on 60 acres of land with six towers and one low rise complex. The Admiralty tower consists of two 12-story buildings, with 186 units available in the twin tower design. The towers are built on 4.2 acres and feature over 900 feet of bulk-headed waterfront. The common features include tennis court, heated pool. saunas, exercise room, hobby room, library and a clubhouse with kitchen. Many of these floor plans offer beautiful views of the marina, Lake Worth, and the Ocean.
A golf course community located in West Palm Beach. The Mediterranean-style homes are situated on large lots and are cinder block construction with curved tile or barrel roofs. Homes in in this community measure on average between 3,500 and nearly 8,000 square feet, and many feature golf course and lake views. Bay Hill Estates is affiliated with PGA National Golf and Country Club. A full membership entitles you to all of PGA's courses, tennis facility and resort.


This is a puppy dog nursery for my second sweet baby boy!
It all started when I spotted the most adorable puppy dog crib sheets at PBK. That one fitted sheet was the inspiration for the entire nursery. I also knew I wanted this to be a room that could grow with my son...and most likely a room his brother and him (they are 17 months apart) will eventually share; so I stayed in more of a neutral color palette.
Hi Katie – do you know which etsy shop you purchased the letters for his name from? And what size they are? Thanks!


Vanniyoor is a Village in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India. It falls under Vilavancode Taluk.
Vanniyoor Village is located in Vilavancode Taluk of Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu, India. Location code or village code of Vanniyoor is 644830.


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Are there any high efficacy luminaires that are 100% American made?
Asked by Toby Broemmeling
We are interested in homes built with 100% American Made Products.
Submitted by David Bergman on Tue, 02/21/2012 - 09:48
This interesting question converges (and sometimes conflates) several topics, touching on politics,economics and green design.
The Buy American movement originated in a desire to preserve Americanjobs and, relatedly, balance the foreign trade deficit in a globalized economy that has seen so muchof our manufacturing depart for places where labor is cheaper.
Not incidentally, those are also placeswhere environmental regulations tend to be more lax.
Manufacture of bulbs in the U.S.
In terms of the lighting industry, we've seen a huge exodus of the manufacturing of both light sources(the bulbs) and luminaires (the fixtures).
And this is particularly true with high-efficiency (or high-efficacy, in lighting parlance) sources.
You'd be hard pressed to find a domestic manufacturer of CFLs,though many tubular fluorescent bulbs are made here.
LEDs are a slightly different story and follow thegeneral pattern of electronics development; much of the research and development occurs here andthen, for the most part, larger scale manufacturing moves elsewhere.
There is, however, a growing number of American (by which I mean U.S.) LED manufacturers --companies such as the Lighting Science Group where some of the most advanced LEDs are beingdeveloped and produced. Rumor has it the winner of Department of Energy's L Prize competition for a60-watt equivalent replacement bulb will be manufactured in Wisconsin.
Manufacture of luminaires in the U.S.
Bulbs are only part of the story. Then there are the fixtures (or luminaires, in more industry jargon) thatthese bulbs go in to.
As a generalization, fixtures that are less expensive and more mass produced aregoing to be made overseas.
Of course there are exceptions to this.
Jim Brodrick at DOE has a series ofposts called "SSL in America" (SSL is an abbreviation of solid state lighting, which is another name forLEDs, itself short for light emitting diode) that profiles companies manufacturing here.
He tends to lookmore at commercial lighting, but there are some residential lines there, too. (Search DOE archive postshere for SSL in America.)
You might also consider some of the smaller manufacturers such as, to grab a not exactly randomexample, my own company, Fire & Water. (I had to get that in there somewhere.)
Or my friendChristopher Poehlmann's studio, CP Lighting, where he combines handmade forms with energy-efficientsources.
A walk through the International Contemporary Furniture Fair, despite the "international" inthe name, will yield a good harvest of very interesting products from American companies, many ofthem environmentally minded in their energy-efficiency and/or their materials consciousness.
(Untilfairly recently, Fire & Water was apparently the only company looking at lighting from both an energyand materials point of view, but - happily - we're no longer alone in that dual emphasis.)
100% Made in America
You stipulated 100% Made in America as part of your query.
It's going to be almost impossible to findlighting that is literally 100% Made in America.
Indeed a "Made in USA" claim only has to be "virtuallyall" domestically made and assembled.
At Fire & Water, I would have to do a considerable amount ofresearch to find out the countries of origin all the finished materials and components we use. And thenwe'd need to dig further to attempt to find out where the raw materials were sourced.
What is your goal: to preserve jobs, help the environment, etc?
But let's step back and ask what we're trying to achieve here, why you're interested in sourcing 100%domestic products.
There are economic arguments in terms of preserving (or adding) jobs at home,particularly in a very troubled economic period. The political argument is basically a corollary of theeconomic one: the need to support and rebuild American industry.
This can also yield another (if somewhat less altruistic) benefit. A "Made in America" claim can bringbragging rights that may promote sales.
The environmental argument, though, is a bit more complex.
The environmental impact
I think the most common environmental argument for domestic manufacture isthe assumption that locally made products have less environmental impact than ones that ship longdistances.
That, however, may not be true.
Shipping by boat from Asia to Seattle is likely to have lessimpact than shipping by truck from the east coast.
(And definitely lower than air freighting fromanywhere.)
So it's really about buying local - such as within the LEED Regional Materials 500 mile radius-- not buying American.
Buying local, like buying American, also has economic benefits but in this case they're more specificallyabout supporting local and regional economies. Here we're referring not only to materials sourcing andmanufacturing, but to design as well. Though many foreign-made products are designed here beforebeing sent abroad to be fabricated, local production is more likely to also utilize local design talent. Withthat comes support for the development of intellectual property as well as manufacturing resources.Combine this with the increased viability of shorter production runs when less distance is involved, andthe stage is set for more individualized and unusual designs.
I can think of one more environmental argument, and I alluded to it up top. Aside from lower wages,one of the major reasons manufacturing gets farmed out abroad is that other countries, especiallydeveloping ones, may have weaker (or no) regulations on pollution or on worker protection.
A productfabricated under those conditions may result in worse pollution or more harm to employees than thesame product made in a country with strong regulations.
Recent stories on Chinese and other countries'industrial pollution and working conditions illustrate the point all too well.
Lighting's energy consumption is its biggest environmental impact
If we are to look at this strictly from an environmental point of view, a light fixture's eco impact -unless it's powered by renewable energy - is inevitably going to be almost entirely an outcome ofenergy consumption during the light's usage. This is true even when LEDs or fluorescents are utilized.
Some years back, I ran a really basic life cycle analysis on a Fire & Water design.
As expected, changingthe light source from incandescent to CFL had a dramatic effect on the overall LCA.
The eye-openingpart was that, even after converting to the four-times-as-efficient CFL, virtually all of the remainingimpact was still due to the electricity consumed in the life of the fixture.
Very little was in the materials,and even less could be ascribed to shipping impacts.
Point being: by all means look at all areas ofenvironmental (and social) impact if you can.
But if your interest is fundamentally in green design, bearin mind that counting Made in America as a gauge can be insignificant or even misleading.
Footnote:Many thanks to Dan Blitzer of Practical Lighting Workshop who provided some great industry pointersfor my research here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Like a seasoned seductress, some long-lived plays still manage to charm, even though the tell-tale marks of age are embarrassingly visible.
In such august company is "Arsenic and Old Lace," the current offering by the Anchorage Community Theatre at Alaska Pacific University's Grant Hall. The anachronistic weakness of the vehicle emerge like Denali on a clear day — for example, who in 1989 would rejoice at moving into a nursing home, even if it is named Happy Dale?
Nevertheless, Joseph Kesselring's 1938 merry mockery of murder-by-mercy contains more than enough genuine humor to overcome the graying at the temples. It is this strength, of course, that makes it durable, and the ACT production fortunately supplies several competent cast members who make the most of fun.
What director Neil O'Leary does not provide, however, is the delicious contrast that Kesslering wove into the spectacle of two sweet, charitable Victorian spinsters and their skill with cyanide that dispatches lonely, old men who, they assume, no longer want to live. O'Leary needs to give these two important characters more advanced age, a helpless fragility, even fear and a bit of feebleness. Otherwise, Kesselring's main joke evaporates.
O'Leary's neglect of this basic dimension puts a dreary meaninglessness on the opening of the play. Not, in fact, until Dan Wolfe opens the door and introduces his splendid Mortimer Brewster does the production come to life. Wolfe handily rescues Act 1 and sustains most of the action that follows. He is well-paced, restrained and a riot.
The constant intrusion of friendly police, the shifting of corpses in the night and Mortimer's determination to protect his aunts — and, hopefully, other old men — make for hilarious melange. The production is saved from implausibility not only by Wolfe, but also by Hugh Leddy — wonderfully underdrawn as the Germanic doctor — and of Steve Sutherlin as the sinister Jonathan. Sutherlin's malevolence and Leddy's apt timing create marvelous teamwork.
Sound acting is turned in by Ken Parham as the would-be Roosevelt and Ben Clayton as a playwriting policeman. in fact, a reliable cast saves the show at APU.


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Braamfontein Spruit Trail: Emmarentia Dam/Botanical Gardens/Delta Park
Braamfontein Spruit is the longest stream in Johannesburg, stretching roughly from Paulshof to Braamfontein. Athletes will find some of the best running in Johannesburg along the banks of the stream and in its surrounding parks. A favorite starting place is the Emmarentia Dam, located on the east side of the Johannesburg Botanical Gardens. Runners can start with a loop around the gardens and dam, which is ~3,5 km. There is no fee to enter the parks, and there are numerous brick and paved paths and a reassuring security presence. A loop is roughly 3.5 km.
For those who want to continue on, run north on the Braamfontein Spruit Trail, a dirt singletrack which starts from the north end of the parking lot, across Olifants Road. The trail passes through sections of Roosevelt and Ketih Flemming parks before meeting the riverbank in Parkhurst. North of here, runners will arrive in Delta Park, one of Johannesburg's largest green spaces at 108 hectares. Here, runners can add a 5k loop around the Florence Bloom Bird Sanctuary and dams. At the northeast corner of Delta Park, the path meets Bordeaux Riverside Park and continues to Cyprus Walk and Riverside Park before ending at Witkoppen Road in Paulshof. As a one-way, it's 20.7 km. For those seeking a shorter run, we recommend an 8 km out and back from Emmarentia Dam to Delta Park. From the Botanical Gardens, it's 3 km to Delta Park and 6.5 km to Bordeaux River Park.
Note: Delta Park is also home to Parkrun, a free 5k held Saturdays at 8 am.
Options up to 20.7 (12 miles) km one-way. Loop of Emmarentia Dam is 3.5 km, and Delta Park is 5 km
19-78 meters (63-256 feet)
Emmarentia Dam/Johannesburg Botanical Gardens
Olifants and Notwani Bus Stop. Also a parking lot at Johannesburg Botanical Gardens
Braamfontein Spruit Route Map Emmarentia Dam Route Map Delta Park Route Map
Parkview: Westcliff Drive/Westcliff Stairs/Zoo Lake
There is lovely neighborhood running in the Parkview area, especially along Westcliff Drive. Combine this great sidewalk... more...
All Johannesburg, South Africa Routes


The reality is pretty simple; the more stuff you acquire, the less room you'll have; the less room you have, the more clutter you'll have and the more clutter you have, the more disorganized you will be.
As a professional organizer, I work closely with widows, widowers and their children and know all too well the realities of what happens when you're not organized and don't plan in advance for the inevitable. The time to plan for the future is now, not later.


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Dr. Scott Gottlieb believes that Omicron BA.2 submarine is unlikely to be 'national'
Dr. Scott Gottlieb told CNBC on Tuesday that he believes the United States will avoid a "national wave" of infections related to the more contagious Omicron BA.2 subverter this spring.
However, the former Food and Drug Administration commissioner told the Squawk Box that he felt cases were being reported "dramatically" in some parts of the country. Now in terms of reliance on tests at home, he estimates that in the Northeast, one in seven or one in eight infections is actually appearing in official case counts.
"I think we've come a long way in realizing this," Gottlieb said, referring to Germany and the United Kingdom, where cases have begun to decline sharply from their recent, BA.2-related peaks.
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, BA.2 is the dominant version of Covid in the United States. Some hope that within two weeks, it will be able to replace the previous version of Omicron, which increased the number of cases and hospital admissions by the end of last year and by 2022.
Both covid infections and hospital admissions are more than 90% behind their January highs during omicon waves.
From BA.2, "this is probably not going to be a national wave of infection," predicted Gottlieb, who led the FDA from 2017 to 2019 in the Trump administration and is now serving on the board of Pfizer, the maker of covid. "It's probably going to be northeast-centric, maybe Florida. I think when it starts to spread nationally, we're already going deep into the summer and it'll provide a seasonal backstop."
Gottlieb says the picture could change after the fall for a number of reasons. "We have to fight it in the fall," he said. "If [BA.2] It is still an influential variant in parts of the country that it has not really found yet, it will start to spread in the autumn as people's immunity will start to decline, they will come out more from their previous infections from their vaccines and omikron. "
Disclosure: Dr. Scott Gottlieb is a CNBC contributor and he is a board member of Pfizer, Genetic Testing Start-up Tempas, Health Care Tech Company Aetion and Biotech Company. The Illuminati. He is also serving as its co-chair Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings'And Royal CaribbeanIts "healthy sail panel."
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The MegaPulse 1.2x50-10kV PV is specifically designed to perform the Input Test on PV Panels in accordance with IEC 61730-2, Para. 10.5.3. The output is in accordance with the published waveform from 800-10000V peak (open circuit).
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Saying you want to be successful in your own business and actually becoming as successful as someone like Ehsanollah Bayat are two very different things. After all, not everyone is cut out for entrepreneurship. Only those who are self-employed can truly understand the highs and lows you're bound to experience. Read on for a reality check about entrepreneurship.
1. You think about work even when you're not working. Holidays, vacations, family dinners, and every other pastime isn't enough of a distraction to keep you from wondering or worrying about work.
2. Reward isn't possible without risk, and that's very scary. Taking risks is the only way to move forward. It's a difficult way to live, but entrepreneurs thrive even through the uncertainty. Eventually, you'll get used to taking risks and you'll be able to determine which ones are the right ones to take.
3. People are constantly second-guessing you. No matter how successful you become, there will still be some people who don't understand entrepreneurship and who will down on you for working for yourself.
4. The people in your life share a load of the pressure of your entrepreneurship. As an entrepreneur, your life is full of strange schedules, extra long work hours, and a lot of stress. The people in your life are bound to be affected by all of that.
5. You have to be a leader, even if you're the only person on your team. As an entrepreneur, there isn't anyone above you to give out directions or lighten your workload. Yes, you can rely on a team that you hire, but in the end, your success rests on your shoulders.
6. People won't understand what drives you or how you can sacrifice so much of your life to your career. You won't be able to relate to people about work unless you're talking with another entrepreneur.
7. You'll have to cut people from your team, which is extremely difficult. As someone who's built their own career, you understand how valuable a reliable income is. On the other hand, you can't continue working with people who stand in the way of your success.
8. Even the best team members, suppliers, vendors, and employees won't work fast enough for you. Your standards for getting things done on a strict timetable will always be higher than everyone else's.
9. Tax time will always be a headache, even if you have someone to handle your taxes for you! When you do finally hire an accountant, you'll have to trust them with all of your finances, which can be difficult to do.
10. Not only are you the CEO of your business, but you're also the sales, marketing, and payroll departments. Even when you hire people to handle certain tasks for you, you'll still have to oversee all of these operations.
11. There's no such thing as being too sick to work. Even on days when you can barely lift your head off your pillow, you'll find a way to squeeze in a partial day of work. Why? You know that if you don't, your workload will be unbearable the following day.
12. Once in a blue moon, you'll consider going back to a "regular" job. You'll realize that even though being an entrepreneur can be heartbreaking, difficult, and frustrating at times, it's better than working for someone else.
13. You'll never have regular working hours. Even if you eventually narrow down your schedule to 9-to-5, five days a week, you'll always be thinking about work and you'll probably find ways to work during your "off" times. Chances are, though, you'll find a schedule that suits your energy levels, which may mean taking Tuesday afternoons off, but working every Friday night.
Entrepreneurship is so much more than a career choice; it's a lifestyle choice as well. Only certain people are suited to this lifestyle and it's nearly impossible to know what it's like unless you're in it. Before deciding to work for yourself, talk to others to determine if it's the right choice for you.
Thanks for sharing useful information introducing us to realities about entrepreneurship and I like your post and I am totally agreed with you.
This is a very good advice and any business venture can never be taken lightly. You cannot underestimate the amount of time and perseverance it takes to start a successful company. You may need to prepare yourself for very little time to be spent on anything else if you're going to make it work.
I think To Be A Successful Entrepreneur You Must Invent Something Truly Novel.
Thanks for sharing such informative post with us !!!
Watching Shark Tank and The Profit will give entrepreneurs some ideas on what might work for them.
You are right these all things happen in our life and we really don't know about that. this is really good post for change thinking of human being.


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Jean-Marie Camille Guérin (Poitiers, 22 de dezembro de 1872 — Paris, 9 de junho de 1961) foi um médico veterinário, bacteriologista e imunologista francês.

Ficou conhecido por ter desenvolvido, em colaboração com Albert Calmette, o bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG), uma vacina para imunização contra a tuberculose.

Biografia
Camille Guérin nasceu em 1872, em Poitiers, cidade no centro-oeste da França, às margens do Rio Clain, no seio de uma família de pobre. Era filho de Eugene Guerin, trabalhador da construção civil, e de Marie Augustine Desmars. Seu pai faleceu em 1882, vítima da tuberculose. Sua mãe se casaria novamente com um veterinário e cirurgião, chamando Venien, que se tornaria um mentor para Guérin. Com a ajuda do padrastro, Guérin entrou na École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, onde estudou por quatro anos, de 1892 e 1896. Ainda estudante, trabalhou como assistente do patologista Edmond Nocard (1850–1903). Além de sua dedicação aos animais, Guérin também estudou botânica e doenças infecciosas.

Seu trabalho no laboratório o ajuda em seu interesse por ciência. O trabalho com Nocard foi providencial para que ele conhecesse Albert Calmette, discípulo de Pasteur, que estava encarregado de fundar o Instituto Pasteur de Lille em 1895, de maneira a começar os trabalhos sobre soroterapia e pesquisa microbiológica. O novo instituto precisava de um veterinário para se encarregar dos experimentos com animais e, em 1897, ele foi aceito. Inicialmente trabalhou como técnico encarregado de preparar o serum de Calmette, um soro usado para tratar picadas de serpentes, e produzir vacina contra a varíola. Nestas tarefas desenvolveu técnicas que melhoraram consideravelmente a produção da vacina antivariólica, usando coelhos como hospedeiros intermediário e desenvolveu um método para quantificar a virulência residual daquela vacina. Guérin e Calmette trabalharam juntos por 36 anos.

Guérin se casou, tendo um casal de filhos. Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, enquanto ele e Calmette lutavam para manter o Instituto Pasteur funcionando, seus filhos foram evacuados da cidade, mas sua esposa permaneceu eu seu lado durante a guerra, vindo a falecer logo depois do armistício.

Em 1918, perdeu a mãe também para a tuberculose. Em Lille, foi promovido a director de laboratório em 1900 e entre 1905 e 1915, depois entre 1918 e 1928, dedicou-se à pesquisa, visando o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra a tuberculose, em colaboração com Albert Calmette.

BCG
Entre 1905 e 1908, trabalhou junto de Calmette para a produção de uma vacina contra a tuberculose. Utilizando-se da tuberculose bovina como modelo experimental, os dois estudaram a infecção em animais, seguindo os trabalhos de Émile Roux e Nocard com cavalos. Eles descobriram que a primeira infecção por tuberculose bovina pelo bacilo Mycobacterium bovis era suficiente para garantir proteção contra uma segunda infecção. Eles então trabalharam para enconrar uma forma de separar os bacilos dos cultivos usando a bile bovina.

Foram necessários 13 anos de pesquisa e 230 subculturas para se convencerem de que a cepa do bacilo que encontraram era segura de trabalhar e que poderia ser replicada para a produção em massa do soro. Ele então ficou conhecido como bacilo Calmette-Guérin, a atual vacina BCG.

Com a ajuda de um pediatra, Benjamin Weill-Hallé, eles começaram a utilizar a BCG em seres humanos. Em 1921, eles fizeram a primeira inoculação em um bebê recém-nascido, cuja mãe tinha morrido devido à tuberculose, com uma versão em gotas da vacina. Com o sucesso das vacinas diminuindo os casos de tuberculose, Guérin publicou seus resultados em 1934, um ano após a morte de Calmette.

Em 1928 transferiu-se para Paris, onde foi nomeado director do Serviço de Tuberculose do Instituto Pasteur e no mesmo ano foi condecorado com a medalha da Ordem Nacional da Legião de Honra por seu trabalho com a tuberculose. Apesar de todos os seus esforços para a ampliação da vacinação, 72 crianças morreram após a vacinação com a BCG na Alemanha. O caso foi levado à justiça e o Instituto Pasteur foi considerado responsável por ter preparado a cepa para a fabricação da vacina.

O tribunal decidiu, em 1932, a favor do instituto, após esclarecerem que, durante a preparação da vacina, não foi utilizado o o bacilo atenuado de Calmette e Guérin, mas uma cepa virulenta do bacilo de Köch, o causador da tuberculose humana.

Em 1934, mais de 800 mil vacinas já tinham sido administradas na França e, a partir de 1950, a vacinação com a BCG se tornou obrigatória no país. Em Portugal, a vacina BCG é administrada aos recém-nascidos, em dose única, fazendo parte do plano nacional de vacinação desde 1965. No Brasil, é obrigatória desde 1976. Ela consta da Lista de Medicamentos Essenciais da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como um dos medicamentos mais eficazes, seguros e fundamentais num sistema de saúde.

Em 1939 foi nomeado vice-presidente do "Comité National de Défense contre la Tuberculose" (Comissão Nacional de defesa contra a Tuberculose) e em 1948 presidiu o I Congresso Internacional da BCG. Foi também presidente da Academia Veterinária de França (1949) e da Academia de Medicina de França (1951). Em 1955, a Academia Francesa das Ciências concedeu-lhe o Grand Prix.

Guérin se aposentou do instituto em 1943, aos 70 anos, mas continuou com diretor honorário, residindo no prédio da instituição, em um apartamento localizaado nas antigas salas de estudos de Calmette.

Morte
Guérin morreu em 9 de junho de 1961, no Hospital Pasteur de Paris, aos 88 anos. Ele foi sepultado no Cemitério de Châtellerault, ao lado da esposa, em sua cidade natal.

Ligações externas
 Jean Marie Camille Guérin. WhoNamedIt site.
 Camille Guérin (1872–1961). Pasteur Institute, Paris (In French).

Cientistas da França
Naturais de Poitiers
Bacteriologistas da França
Professores da Université Lille Nord de France

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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•	Welcome Remarks by Chair, Head of International Trade Policy and Hub & Spokes Section (a.i), Commonwealth Secretariat, London.
•	Commentary on Commonwealth Trade Reviews: Dr Brendan Vickers, Economic Adviser, Trade Oceans and Natural Resources Directorate.
•	Brief scene setting presentation on major findings of the 2015 and 2018 reviews and exploration of future thematic areas for 2020.
3:00 – 4:15pm Thematic Issues: Commonwealth Services Trade: This session will explore the unique attributes of intra-Commonwealth trade including common regulatory structures, law, language and ways of doing business and how these may be leveraged in view of increased digitalisation of services trade.
Moderator: Dr Jodie Keane, Economic Adviser, Trade Oceans and Natural Resources Directorate.
4:15 – 5:30pm Thematic Issues: Adapting to Industry 4:0: This session will explore how the developing Commonwealth can leverage the trade advantage to take advantage of new trade opportunities as well as better mitigate trade related challenges, including regulatory.
The Wealth Forums provides an interesting and thought provoking platform for learning and debate covering a much broader range of issues affecting wealth owners and creators than similar conferences. We are pleased to participate.
We at Levera Beach Resort – Grenada have been very impressed with the Wealth Forums. The caliber of people which attend the events is incredible and this creates excellent networking opportunities. The information presented is not only of a high-level but very timely and relevant to anyone trying to navigate through today's global economy. We highly recommend coming to see for yourself!
I definitely recommend The Wealth Forums for those who are looking for a renewed approach to private wealth management and want to stay connected with the leaders in investment immigration. Networking opportunities are also beyond all praise!
The Wealth Forum is a great opportunity to meet banking, immigration, and asset protection professionals to exchange the experience of providing services to High Net Worth clientele in todays changing financial world.
The London Wealth Forum was a great experience for me: sharp topics, great speakers, and hot discussions afterwards. I definitely recommend The Wealth Forums for those who are looking for fresh wealth management and asset protection ideas.


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lovingboth —
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It not a joke!!! It is the truth!!!
Giving people what they want: violence and sloppy eating
Last Wednesday
rejuvenated
Was spent at Alton Towers. It's a vastly better place when there are fewer people around - much less time queuing.
I went on Nemesis and Air more than ten times each (helped by working out how to stay on, rather than go around the 10-20 min queue again). I still think Nemesis is better than Air - especially in a hailstorm :) - but partly because I wasn't expecting much, I found Air much more enjoyable than my first go on it in the summer. It's particularly good at sunset.
In contrast, Oblivion was a disappointment. The first time is really scary, this time, my second, wasn't.
New to me were the haunted house ride (fun, and I think it's being replaced this winter), river ride (better than the one at Thorpe Park, but not as good as Parc Asterix or Eftling), motorized coaster (better than at Chessington and Thorpe) and 3D cinema showing something from the 60s (fun, but faded).
Hmm, how to arrange more out-of-school-holiday trips there?
It was the queue that, in part, meant I didn't rate Air before - it is not worth an hour's wait. I can only think of one ride that would be, mind.
I had a dream about it the week before and decided that what it really needs is a very big outside loop. Difficult technically (it'd need a powered ascent) and impossile with the planning restrictions though.
Oh, as you come in to detrain, you note which row(s) have three people waiting to get on, then get off slowly and pretend to get something from the luggage storage. By now, people are getting on, so you move to a row of three as if you've just stored something... and get in the empty seat.
What is the crime of riding twice in a row, compared to the crime of an empty seat? :)
Worked for at least four three goes in a row, and I only got thrown off once.
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