This article originally appeared in Music at Yale magazine.
Vijay Gupta '07 M.M. spends a lot of time on Skid Row, the neighborhood in downtown Los Angeles where thousands of homeless people sleep on the streets every night. It is not far from the Walt Disney Concert Hall, where Gupta, a violinist in the Los Angeles Philharmonic, has an office. While Skid Row and Disney Hall are worlds apart in many ways, both are home to the creative spirit.
Gupta is the founder and artistic director of Street Symphony, a nonprofit organization that engages the people of Skid Row through music-making and dialogue. In addition to offering regular live performances at Skid Row's Midnight Mission shelter and area prisons, Street Symphony involves residents in the creation and performance of music through multiple initiatives including private coaching, composition workshops, and the Urban Voices Project, a community choir comprised of people who are or were homeless.
Street Symphony has been an intensely personal journey for Gupta. It was born from his outrage at the conditions of Skid Row, his reckoning with his own chaotic childhood, and his desire to stretch the traditional boundaries of music-making. One of six Citizen Artist Fellows at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts this year, Gupta recognizes that music is limited in its capacity to solve complex social problems, yet he believes in music's transformative power. He is among a growing number of musicians who are sharing their music with others in pursuit of a better world.
"What was that composer feeling when he wrote that?" asked an inmate in the Twin Towers Correctional Facility in Los Angeles following a recent Street Symphony performance of Schumann's String Quartet in A minor, Op. 41, No. 1. For Gupta, that question is an example of how the people of Skid Row continually challenge his understanding of the mission he is on.
They want to hear the stories of the music.
When professional musicians work with members of their communities, they bring with them certain ideas and assumptions that need to be scrutinized in order for that work to take hold.
Yale School of Music (YSM) visiting professor Sebastian Ruth explores the theory and practice behind such work in his "Music, Service, and Society" seminar. He suggests there are "four variables" a musician could consider when linking musical practice with a social-justice agenda: content (What music are we playing? Are we thinking critically about the canon?), context (Where is the work happening? Who is doing it? How is race a factor?), process (How are we teaching? What are our performance expectations?), and intention (What are we trying to do, and why?).
This idea is one that resonates with Yaira Matyakubova '06 A.D., a violinist and senior resident musician at Music Haven, a New Haven nonprofit founded by Tina Lee Hadari '04 M.M. that was originally modeled on Community MusicWorks. Both organizations offer lessons and performance opportunities for young people, using a holistic approach that emphasizes human and community development.
Matyakubova, a member of the Haven String Quartet, whose members are resident musicians at Music Haven, said the tension between imparting knowledge to her students and creating the conditions for their personal and artistic freedoms is alive for her every day.
Lang grew up in Los Angeles in the 1960s and received a "strong dose of social justice" from his parents. The Vietnam War inspired his first political composition, "illumination rounds," written in 1981 when he was a graduate student at Yale. The piece, for violin and piano, explores the phosphorescent bullets that enabled helicopter gunmen to more accurately aim machine guns while firing at night during the war. The piece premiered at Carnegie Hall in 1982 and marked the beginning of Lang's philosophical wrestling with the role of music in society. His Pulitzer Prize-winning vocal piece "the little match girl passion," drawn from the story "The Little Match Girl" by Hans Christian Andersen and set in the format of Bach's "St. Matthew Passion," is a musical meditation on suffering and the limits of human compassion.
In 2016, Robert Blackson, director of Temple Contemporary, a gallery at Temple University's Tyler School of Art, called Lang to tell him that he had access to all of the broken instruments in the Philadelphia public-school system, and to ask if Lang would be interested in composing something for those instruments.
Lang's "symphony for broken instruments" premiered in December 2017. An ensemble of more than 400 professional musicians and public-school students from across Philadelphia played those broken instruments, creating a beautiful, moving sound. And here, music really did change the world: all of the fixable instruments are being repaired and will be returned to the hands of schoolchildren. As a composition teacher, Lang challenges his students to think hard about the role music plays in a community.
On the Navajo (Diné) Reservation in New Mexico, violinist Ariel Horowitz '19 M.M. works with children living in poverty and environmentally toxic conditions. Her small organization, the Heartbeat Project, provides music and math education for two weeks in the summer for students living on the reservation. The program builds on traditional Navajo (Diné) music and educational practices to offer academic and musical experiences for disenfranchised students who are hungry for opportunities.
We are not really teachers, we're students. We aren't meant to speak over our students' struggles, or define their struggles for them.
Similarly, Gupta said, Street Symphony musicians need to be clear about their relationship to the communities they enter. "We aren't part of the Skid Row community, and that's something we need to own," he said. "We get to leave." Yet, he keeps going back. Showing up, he said, is a huge part of the work, a counterpoint to the personal and societal abandonment so many Skid Row residents have experienced throughout their lives.
For American classical musicians, questions about music, community, and justice are increasingly coming to the fore. "We're at an interesting place in our field," Horowitz said. "We're having to innovate more than ever to make our art form accessible to more diverse, younger audiences." The focus, she said, "has to be about us going to other people," not the other way around.
Like many young performers, Horowitz sees the future of music as being closely tied to the well-being of communities. Gupta, quoting Nina Simone, said, "An artist's duty … is to reflect the times." And, he said, to build bridges.
For Matyakubova, an intangible bridge connects both sides of the citizen artist's life, spanning the space between social-justice practitioner and professional musician.


Council's Municipal Emergency Management Plan (MEMP) is used during times of emergency.
Providing emergency relief to people affected by or responding to an emergency.
Municipal help to agencies responding to and recovering from emergencies.
Assessing the impact of an emergency.
Recovery activities within our municipality, with the Department of Human Services.
So we can carry out these emergency management duties, Council has a Municipal Emergency Management Group. During an emergency, the group will meet to decide what level of activity is needed.
Neighbourhood Safer Places (NSPs) are a place of last resort when all other plans have failed.
They can provide some protection from direct flame and radiant heat during a fire but may still be subject to ember attack.
NSPs are NOT relief centres – there are limited facilities and no support or services are provided.
NSPs are NOT places to relocate to when leaving early.


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What We Learned: Notre Dame still has room to grow
By Pete Sampson Nov 26, 2018 35
SOUTH BEND, Ind. — Let's start with what we already know, because it bears repeating.
Notre Dame is headed to the College Football Playoff for the first time. That final announcement will come Sunday when the selection committee reveals pairings for the semifinals, split between the Orange and Cotton bowls, both played on Dec. 29. The Irish have made a point of not paying attention to the weekly dog-and-pony rankings reveals to this point, but even Brian Kelly admitted Notre Dame will enjoy the noise this week instead of avoiding it.
"That came from the captains as a directive," Kelly said. "We turned it off in our dining hall, we didn't have it on, they didn't want to see it, but the first thing they said to me is they'll have it on on Tuesday."
But before getting into what we learned from the USC game, it's worth taking a minute to acknowledge what making the Playoff represents. It's one...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Browse: Home / 2015 / June / 24 / U.S. church plans support for LGBT-friendly Africans
U.S. church plans support for LGBT-friendly Africans
Posted by admin76crimes on June 24, 2015 in Africa, Americas, Faith and religion | 29 Views | Leave a response
Episcopalians from the United States discuss the Bible and homosexuality in South Africa in 2011. (Click the image for video.) (Photo courtesy of the Chicago Consultation)
A group of Christians in the United States is preparing to chart a new course in relations with their African counterparts.
Rather than the type of conservative anti-gay evangelical preaching that in the past has encouraged so much repression and hatred for LGBT Africans, the generally progressive, LGBT-friendly Episcopal Church is moving toward fortifying a supportive relationship with progressive African scholars and activists who are working for recognition of LGBT rights and the repeal of anti-gay laws in Africa.
The Episcopal Church, which is based in the United States, is considering a resolution that would:
Logo of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church, an event held every three years — in 2015 in Salt Lake City.
Encourage local churches and advocacy groups "to build relationships with African Anglican scholars and activists who are working to advance generous understandings of the Bible that affirm the dignity of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people."
Instruct church agencies and offices "to support efforts of African Anglicans who publicly oppose laws that criminalize homosexuality and incite violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex people."
Instruct church commissions to compile and make available "a listing of information and resources developed by African Anglican leaders and organizations working to curb anti-gay violence, discrimination, and marginalization."
The resolution (A051, "Support LGBT African Advocacy"), builds on the work of the Chicago Consultation, a church group striving for the full inclusion of LGBT people in the Episcopal Church and the worldwide Anglican Communion to which the church belongs. That initiative is opposed by many Anglican churches in Africa — most prominently those in Nigeria and Uganda — which have worked to strengthen their nations' anti-gay laws.
In recent years, members of the Chicago Consultation have met to discuss the Bible and homosexuality with Anglicans in Africa — in 2011 in South Africa and in 2013 in Kenya. Resolution A015 aims to broaden that work.
This blog contacted several LGBTI rights activists to ask their opinions of the proposal, currently under consideration by the church's General Convention. All were in favor of it as a means to free African Christians from repression by homophobic church leaders.
[Editor's note: Last night I prepared the following statement in favor of the resolution. This morning I testified before the church committee that is considering it, but could only present a shortened version of this statement because of time constraints.]
Statement in support of Resolution A015, entitled "Support LGBT African Advocacy"
Good morning. My name is Colin Stewart. I am a parishioner of St. George's Episcopal Church in Laguna Hills, California. I am also the editor/publisher of an advocacy blog called Erasing 76 Crimes, which focuses on the struggle to repeal 76-plus countries' anti-LGBTI laws as well as on the human toll that those laws inflict.
The Rev. Canon Albert Ogle
I became involved in this advocacy ministry through my acquaintance with the Rev. Canon Albert Ogle, a native of Ireland, formerly of California, now in New York, who has worked for years with LGBTI activists in Africa. Through him, although I am a straight white guy from California, I became acquainted with and trusted by many — definitely not all — LGBTI rights activists in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas.
I have worked with them to give voice to people who are ignored by homophobic local media and to help them focus international attention on discrimination, harassment, imprisonment and murders of LGBTI people in countries with anti-LGBTI laws. With the help of those activist reporters, the Erasing 76 Crimes blog has attracted many thousands of readers to its articles about the quest for justice in Nigeria, Cameroon, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, the Gambia, Morocco, Egypt — all those in Africa — but also in Jamaica, Belize, Guyana and Trinidad in the Americas, and in Malaysia, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and elsewhere in Asia.
I reached out to several activists to learn their opinion of Resolution A015. Each person who responded spoke favorably about it.
One was the Rev. MacDonald Sembereka of Malawi, an Anglican priest working for repeal of that country's anti-gay law. His home was firebombed because of his activism. He said of the resolution:
The Rev. Macdonald Sembereka of Malawi (Photo courtesy of Nyasa Times)
"This will indeed be helpful for many of us among African theologians who feel that the church cannot continue to follow the teaching of a God of oppression [and] alienation [but must] respond to the call of the church to stand with the downtrodden, voiceless and marginalized — the call of scripture and Jesus Christ. This resolution will even help some who are always scared to minister to people due to fear of being reprimanded by the powers that be in the Anglican church.
I see an emerging group of many Anglican theologians, clergy and activists breathing a sigh of support and relief at the passing of the resolution as many of us live in a bondage of fear of repression.
"In my workshops and conferences on inclusion in Africa, many Anglican theologians and clergy/activists have shared with me that their only worry is not that they don't feel the Bible speaks volumes on inclusion but that the … hierarchy will turn against them. This resolution, if passed, will make them [feel] affirmed in their ministry and [tin heir] quest for a broad outlook in reading scripture.
"This will create more pressure toward having issues of decriminalization of sodomy as a centerpiece for most Anglican clergy — the very church that played a role in the coming of those very bad laws in many of our African countries with its connection to colonialists.
"[This resolution] has my support as one of the clergy who feel unsupported even by the progressive Episcopal churches and clergy."
Another supporter of the resolution is Davis Mac-Iyalla, an activist and active lay person in the Church of England who had to flee his native Nigeria when he was outed as a gay man. He wrote to me:
Davis Mac-Iyalla (Photo courtesy of LGBT Asylum News)
"It's difficult to address LGBT issues in Africa in places like Nigeria where I was born without first highlighting the facts that there was no homophobia before the advent of Western missionaries and that the current anti-gay laws in Africa are built upon colonial anti-human sodomy laws. …
"Some African theologians and scholars are beginning to engage in discussions of human sexuality and faith, but in my opinion as a Christian who is actively promoting the affirmation and inclusion of LGBT within the church and wider society, I think a lot needs to be done. Those discussions need to start within the various countries in Africa. Homosexuality is still widely seen as taboo, based on the theology of the conservative Christians who evangelised Africa.
"I have no public records of any Anglican African scholars who are openly interpreting the Bible's teachings on human sexuality with a more generous understanding that opposes draconian anti-gay laws and violence. I know a lot is going on behind the scenes, and Desmond Tutu continues to be my hero.
"Such networks, if existing, will be a great value and resource to our struggle."
Speaking for myself, I find the A015 proposal to be a modest, worthwhile step forward, which appropriately calls for building relationships with African Anglican scholars rather than adopting a patronizing, neo-colonial attitude that the Episcopal Church already has all the answers, which it will graciously bestow on Africa.
My main concern about the resolution, as currently drafted, is that it is too modest. Building a relationship with African scholars and activists is a great first step but, in its current wording, the resolution excludes the possibility of relationship-building with people elsewhere who are also suffering from the colonial legacy of anti-LGBTI laws, especially those imposed by the British Empire and the Anglican Church.
I propose adopting wording such as "in Africa and elsewhere," so that Africa would remain the primary focus of this effort, but other areas could be included, as appropriate. …
That position is also shared by Jamaican-born lawyer/activist Maurice Tomlinson, who fled from Jamaica to Canada when his marriage to a man became known and he started receiving death threats. Both men were recently received in the Anglican church in Canada. Tomlinson wrote to me about Resolution A015:
Maurice Tomlinson (Photo courtesy of The Daily Beast)
"It is important to amplify the voices of religious leaders around the globe that are supportive of LGBTI human rights. It is incredibly important to rebut the misinformation being spread in the global south that homosexuality conflicts with faith.
"One of the reasons that I decided to become an Anglican was because of examples of progressive leaders of the church like Archbishop Desmond Tutu (who has declared that he would rather go to hell than serve a homophobic God) and my country's very own Fr. Sean Major-Campbell, who publicly washed the feet of lesbians on World Human Rights Day in 2014. So, this kind of initiative by the U.S. Episcopalian Church is very timely.
'It should also be extended to cover all the regions of the world where the Anglican Communion exists."
On behalf of myself and these three activists, thank you for listening to us.
[Editor's note: During the hearing, no one on the committee spoke positively about the suggestion that similar work could be undertaken with LGBT activists and scholars outside Africa.]
Episcopal Church resolution on African LGBT advocacy, 2015. (76crimes.com)
Consultation in Kenya on sexuality and scripture (Episcopal Cafe)
Anglicans, Sexuality and Scripture: An African Consultation (Chicago Consultation)
Uganda's anti-gay law divides U.S. churches (76crimes.com)
LGBT Nigerian: 'Religious leaders have abandoned us' (76crimes.com)
Eject anti-gay Anglicans or keep a poisoner at dinner? (76crimes.com)
Support for gay-friendly Ugandan bishop – needed? (76crimes.com)
Jamaican priest calls for LGBT tolerance, understanding (76crimes.com)
Posted in Africa, Americas, Faith and religion | Tagged 76crimes.com, Africa (Sub Saharan), Albert Ogle, Anti-LGBT laws and legislation, Colin Stewart, Davis Mac-Iyalla, Episcopal Church, Erasing 76 Crimes, International pressure for LGBT rights, Macdonald Sembereka, Maurice Tomlinson, Positive steps
jerbearinsantafe June 24, 2015 at 7:35 pm | Permalink
Reblogged this on JerBear's Queer World News, Views & More From The City Different – Santa Fe, NM and commented:
Using religion as a force for good in Africa…
franiel32 June 24, 2015 at 7:50 pm | Permalink
Reblogged this on franiel32.
revspitz June 25, 2015 at 3:04 pm | Permalink
This Episcopal Church is disobeying the Holy Scriptures and bringing God's judgment down on itself.
HRh Lizzie July 1, 2015 at 3:01 am | Permalink
my dear sign up for my bible studies class, its free: Jesus abolished the law of Moses and established Grace,Hebrews 10:9 He blotted out ( erased removed made null and voided ) the law that was agaisnt us and contray to us ( denied who we are ) and nailed it to His Cross – Colossians 2:14 .hope it helps xo
juniorstopdiscriminationtodaymayema June 25, 2015 at 6:40 pm | Permalink
Reblogged this on juniorstopdiscriminationtodaymayema and commented:
Great news indeed we need more americans religious leaders to export unconditional love, tolerance, acceptance empathy and compassion towards LGBT in Africa instead of those religious extremists who are exporting homophobia, cultural war and acts of violences and extremism to a continent that already has so much chaos and crisis going on right now especially my Country the Democratic Republic of Congo where there is no peace since i was a toddler up until now


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Singular turns plural in Russian media to fit Kremlin's narrative
2019/11/27 - 13:42 • Hybrid War
Russian grammar can be difficult – even to a native speaker.
However, in some Russian media, linguistic mistakes appear out of a wish to produce stories that fit the Kremlin's narrative.
A typical example is when a pro-Kremlin outlet claims that international media (plural) have praised the Russian government – while at a closer look there turns out to be just one (singular) source.
"They are always like that"
"French media have noted Russia's success in de-dollarisation," so a headline said in a number of Russian outlets, including the state media RIA Novosti and RT (Russia Today).
The Russian verb was in the plural form – even if the articles made reference to just one French media outlet.
A Russian blogger highlighted the mistake, adding with a smiley that "they are always like that :- )"
A series of Russian media ran similar headlines about French media (in plural) praising Russia's de-dollarization policy.
"Johnny Depp is Dying"
The following week, it was Izvestia's turn to stand corrected, this time by Alexey Kovalev, a Russian journalist widely known as the author of the classical anti-disinformation blog "NoodleRemover."
"Western Tabloids: Johnny Depp is Dying," Izvestia said in a tweet, also using the plural form. In an accompanying video, the Russian outlet claimed that the reason was the actor's broken heart after splitting with "his Russian bride."
"Western tabloids? Which ones? You quote exactly one. And it doesn't mention any Russian bride with a word," was Kovalev's response.
Linguistic creativity
Of course, these are just minor incidents; but they point to how important it is to read the pro-Kremlin media with a solid set of media literacy skills.
And it is not the first time that pro-Kremlin media outlets try to oversell the degree of popularity Moscow's policies enjoy abroad.
"German Media Outlets Report on the 'Renaissance' of Russian Crimea," RIA Novosti claimed earlier this year. But it was only one outlet, which had existed for just two months.
Ruptly, which is a part of RT, told about a New York restaurant serving a gigantic "Putin burger" to celebrate the Russian president's birthday two years ago. But the story turned out to have been staged.
Russian cartoonist Sergey Elkin's comment to the staged Putin burger story by Ruptly/RT. Sergey Elkin for RFE/RL
A creative variation over this theme was demonstrated last year by Interfax-Russia with a headline saying that "electoral observers from the Council of Europe found no irregularities in the Tula Region [in Russia]."
Here, the statement was not incorrect as such – but the news agency had forgotten to mention that no observers from the Council of Europe had been present the Russian region in question… so no wonder they didn't find any irregularities there :- )
Disinformation in 2018: 12 Embarrassing Moments
Gazprom Media's double standards: Doing dirty jobs for the Kremlin
"Who's afraid of the brown stink bug?" Russian disinformation about a lab in Tbilisi
How Russia uses think-tanks to promote its foreign policy agenda
EU vs Disinfo's disinformation review: In the cards this week
The Kremlin's hybrid arsenal – an annotated checklist
Edited by: Yuri Zoria
Source: EU vs Disinfo
Tags: disinformation, EUvsDisinfo, hybrid warfare, Kremlin propaganda, propaganda, Russia's hybrid war, Russian disinformation, Russian propaganda
EU East StratCom Task Force
The EU's East StratCom Task Force was set up by EU High Representative Federica Mogherini in 2015, in response to a request from all 28 EU Heads of Government to "address Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns". It is a team of eleven communications and Russian language experts, who also seek to improve communication on EU policies towards the Eastern Neighbourhood and to strengthen media plurality in the region, especially in the Russian language. The Task Force's flagship products are its weekly Disinformation Review of pro-Kremlin disinformation stories and its social media accounts @EUvsDisinfo and EU vs Disinformation.
» Hybrid War » Singular turns plural in Russian media...
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Gympass Plans
Meet The Member: How Christie Nakajima Finds Calm At The Highest Points
Posted by Chelsea Galembo | Community Stories
Right before Covid hit, Gympass member Christie Nakajima had just returned home from a long trip to Australia and New Zealand. There she hiked Ben Lomond and Roys Peak (both in New Zealand), among other lofty peaks. Through zigzagging trails and jarring changes of climate, Christie persevered and found herself at the top of both summits soaking in panoramic mountain views.
For a travel photographer full of wanderlust, these expeditions offer her opportunities to both feel like superwoman and capture the moment through a lens. No matter how many feet she is up in the air, Christie finds serenity in feeling small standing among vast surroundings.
Despite the pandemic, she was still able to chase her sense of adventure. In the past year, she's hiked Mount Washington (New Hampshire), the Burroughs Mountain Trail (Washington), and Crystal Mill (Colorado), in addition to exploring her local sights and sounds.
Christie currently resides right outside of New York City where she's a full-time consultant for PwC while chasing passions like hiking, running, dancing, photography, and matcha making.
She personifies being a multi-hyphenate. But, balancing it all isn't always easy. Hear what role movement plays in her life, how she prioritizes self-care, and what motivates her to ascend mountaintops.
Follow Christie's travels @cmnphotography, explore her dance photography @cmn_dance, and check out all her work here.
Feeling inspired to start a wellbeing journey of your own? Explore Gympass's premium network of gyms, studios, apps, personal trainers, therapists, and more when you choose a plan.
You're a runner, dancer, and hiker among many other things. How has exercise served as a therapeutic outlet for you throughout your life?
Nakajima: "Exercise resets me. It allows me to be with my thoughts and figure out what I need mentally. Sometimes, I don't play music when I hike or when I run – I'm just with myself. I have to process the thing that I'm going through. Other times, I need to jam out, dance, or walk out those thoughts and feel what I'm feeling in the moment or be present. Exercise has provided a lot for me.
It's an outlet for me to block out everything that I have going on in my life and enjoy myself in the moment.
It allows me to be with myself and my thoughts, and figure out what I'm going through in that moment as well. When you're running and you don't have music on, you're trying to work through something that may have been suppressed for a while."
While balancing a full-time job with other passions like photography and traveling, how do you find moments of calm among the chaos?
Nakajima: "This is something that I'm still trying to do. I'm not an expert at this.
The moments that I do get to travel and shoot dance are my calm.
Calm doesn't have to separate from all those things. Being in the zone while shooting photos or traveling – these things reset me and that is my calm. It's very hard sometimes. But, living in the moment, as cliche as that is, it helps."
What has been essential for your self-care recently, physically and mentally?
Nakajima: "Something that provides me a lot of mental peace is doing something called "the spa shower." It's quick because everyone has to shower, but what I do is turn on some nature sounds on Spotify, light a candle, and turn off all the lights in my bathroom. It's almost like a meditative exercise for me with the sound of the water. It's very human to feel at peace when you hear these nature sounds. This has been very essential for my self-care recently.
I also enjoy making my matcha in the morning. I don't make it every morning, but it's very therapeutic. It's good for you, and it's mindful because it's part of my routine and it allows me to just focus on stirring that matcha and pouring it into that milk.
Overall, I'm not a pro at wellbeing or health, but it's a journey with lots of ups and downs. I'm trying to stay consistent with loving myself, prioritizing exercise, and being kind to myself.
It's very easy to go into spurts of being good about self-care and then falling out of it because it's too much maintenance to keep up. So trying to integrate small little things of self-care into my life is important.
I also noticed that intentionally blocking time in my calendar to go to a workout class or planning that workout class through Gympass keeps me accountable to actually go and I enjoy it. If it was just up to me at 5 pm and I wanted to go take that 6 pm workout class, 50% of the time I probably wouldn't go. But because I already booked it and I'm already committed to it, that's helped a lot."
You've done some pretty challenging hikes. What gets you through the moments you want to turn around and walk back down the mountain?
Nakajima: "Hiking is not glamorous sometimes. It does take a lot of work to get 3,000-4,000 feet up.
It's that feeling of looking down at the bottom of the mountain once you get to the summit, seeing how amazing the human body is that you can scale a huge mountain.
You get down to the bottom of the mountain and you think, "there's no way that I can get up there." But then, 4-5 hours later you're up there. It's a really beautiful moment to see what your body can do. In these moments of pain, I slow my thoughts down and try to enjoy the hike up because there's a lot of beauty you don't usually get to see in the city. Ultimately, it's taking it slow, and having my moment. Once you get up to the summit, it's like no other feeling."
Dance has been a major part of your life, whether you are on stage, in front of the camera, or behind it. How do you continue to stay inspired by the art form?
Nakajima: "This is something I have been struggling with. Dance has kind of been my identity my whole life and it has always been an easy outlet for it since I began when I was 3-years-old. You go to creative movement, and then you progress up the different levels at your dance studio. Then in college, I was also part of a dance company. But, come adult life and when you don't pursue dance, it's hard to integrate it back into my life. Especially with Covid and the pandemic, all the dance classes were virtual and it wasn't the same feeling for me.
Someway I've integrated it back into my life is through photography. I still enjoy shooting dancers and it's a way for me to still be involved in that moment aspect. I can movement direct and it's more of a collaborative effort since I'm a dancer and I'm also shooting dancers. It's a cool way for me to be involved in the art form without necessarily putting that pressure of being a dancer and being all that I once was. It's a great in-between, but definitely not the same as being in the studio, but it's been a great outlet to be a part of."
How are you planning on using your Gympass membership in the coming months? Which partners are you looking forward to trying?
Nakajima: "I just moved to a new city outside of New York City, and I found this studio Jan DO, which is a dance cardio studio. They focus on strength and also integrate movement with the beat. It reminds me a lot of dance class, it gives me a similar feeling of release as dance. It's a part of Gympass, so I'm looking forward to taking more classes at that studio. I found out about the studio when I was living in my hometown. But then, I realized it's also a studio in the city I live in right now. I'm excited to try to get back into those classes.
In addition to Jane Doe, there's another studio I haven't tried yet, SLT. That type of workout is very natural for me as a dancer. So I'm also looking forward to getting on those megaformers and trying out that class as well. The cool thing about Gympass is that you can try a bunch of classes that you might not necessarily get the opportunity to do otherwise, because you have to pay a bunch of different fees to join a studio or whatnot. But, Gympass allows you to be creative with your exercises, and it's low commitment."
Finally, have you had any wellbeing wins recently?
Nakajima: "Something I've gotten into during the pandemic is running. This is one of those things I hated as a kid. But as I've grown up, I've grown to love it. It taught me that what you put in is what you get out. During the pandemic, I didn't have much to do, so I was running every day. Just because it felt good, not because I was pressuring myself. It became a part of my routine and that kept me sane.
I actually ran a 10k by myself. It wasn't a race or anything, but it was something I've been wanting to do for a very long time. It was a personal record, one of the best times, or mile splits that I've ever gotten.
To see the amount of training and runs I did that worked up to me being able to do a 10k comfortably and not feel horrible after it was something that was really rewarding."
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El origen del condado de Urgel (en catalán: Comtat d'Urgell) se sitúa en un pagus de la corona franca en el . Es uno de los condados medievales históricos independientes, situados en el territorio de la actual Cataluña (España), y fronterizo con los de Pallars y Cerdaña. Mantuvo una dinastía propia desde comienzos del 815 hasta 1413, si bien desde comienzos del  estuvo integrado políticamente en el dominio de la Corona de Aragón. Su máxima extensión abarcó los Pirineos y el reino taifa de Lérida, esto es, las comarcas de Alto Urgel, Noguera, Solsonés, Plana de Urgel, Urgel y Andorra, esta última independiente en la actualidad.

La capital histórica fue primero Seo de Urgel (La Seu d'Urgell) y más tarde Balaguer. Aunque la capital política, como sede de sus condes, fue Agramunt, donde se acuñó la moneda propia, la denominada «agramuntesa». En un panteón condal del Monasterio de Bellpuig de las Avellanas se enterraron algunos de sus antiguos condes. Andorra fue cedida al obispo de La Seo de Urgel por el conde Armengol IV de Urgel en el . Después de muchas vicisitudes y tres dinastías sucesivas, el condado se extinguió y pasó a la Corona de Aragón tras la frustrada revuelta del conde Jaime II de Urgel contra el rey Fernando I de Aragón (Fernando de Antequera, el primer rey de la dinastía Trastámara) en 1413.

Historia

Orígenes
Los orígenes del condado de Urgel se encuentran en la conquista, por parte de los francos, del territorio que corresponde, aproximadamente, al actual Alto Urgel. Su conquista se produjo entre los años 785 y 790. El condado de Urgel se consideró incluido dentro de la Marca de Tolosa.

El dominio franco
Los francos nombraron conde de Urgel a Borrell de Osona (798) que era, asimismo, conde de la Cerdaña. Tras la muerte de Borrell, el condado de Urgel pasó en el año 820 a Aznar I Galíndez, quien había sido conde de Aragón. Al morir este (832) el condado lo heredó su hijo Galindo I Aznárez, que conservó su dominio hasta que fue expulsado del mismo en el año 838.

El condado de Urgel pasó entonces a ser gobernado por Sunifredo de Urgel, que ya había sido nombrado conde en el 834 por Luis el Piadoso a petición del conde Berenguer de Tolosa. A Sunifredo se le atribuye ser hijo de Borrell de Osona. Tras la muerte de Sunifredo I (848), probablemente causada por Guillermo, hijo de Bernardo de Septimania, el condado de Urgel fue gobernado por el conde Salomón (848-870), un personaje desconocido ya que no existe documentación alguna que aporte datos sobre su procedencia.

En el año 870, Carlos el Calvo concedió el condado de Urgel, junto con el condado de Cerdaña, a Wifredo I (llamado el Velloso), hijo de Sunifredo.

La independencia
A partir de la muerte del rey Luis el Tartamudo (879), el poder de los reyes francos se fue debilitando hasta que llegó a desaparecer. Por lo tanto, y durante el último cuarto del , en todo el Imperio carolingio los condes dejaron de ser unos funcionarios nombrados por el rey, y consiguieron convertir sus cargos en hereditarios. En esta situación de descomposición del poder real, a la muerte de Wifredo el Velloso (897), sus hijos se repartieron toda la herencia y pasaron a gobernar sus condados: Barcelona, Gerona, Osona, Besalú, Conflent, Urgel y Cerdaña. En este reparto, el condado de Urgel le correspondió a Sunifredo II de Urgel (897-948).

Según el historiador Antonio Ubieto Arteta, la lista de condes de Urgel que gobernaron de modo independiente en el condado (del mismo modo que lo hicieron los condes de Barcelona) es la siguiente:
 Fredol (c. 815)
 Aznar I Galíndez (c. 820-832), conde de Aragón y de Cerdaña
 Galindo I Aznárez (832-838), conde de Aragón y de Cerdaña
 Sunifredo I (c. 839-848), conde de Barcelona, Osona, Gerona, Cerdaña, Besalú y Conflent
 Salomón (848-868), conde de Cerdaña y de Conflent
 Wifredo el Velloso (868-897), conde de Barcelona, Osona, Gerona, Besalú y Conflent
 Sunifredo II (897-940)
 Borrell II (940-992), conde de Barcelona y Osona, Gerona

La primera dinastía de Urgel
Los condes de la primera dinastía independiente de Urgel fueron:

 Armengol I de Córdoba (992-1010)
 Armengol II el Peregrino (1010-1038)
 Armengol III de Barbastro (1038-1065)
 Armengol IV de Gerp (1065-1092)
 Armengol V de Mollerusa (1092-1102)
 Armengol VI de Castilla (1102-1154)
 Armengol VII de Valencia (1154-1184)
 Armengol VIII (1184-1209)
 Aurembiaix (1209-1231)

Sunifredo II de Urgel murió en 948 sin descendencia. El condado lo heredó su sobrino Borrell II, que luego sería conde de Barcelona, y además lo fue de Gerona y Osona. Borrell II murió en 992. En su testamento repartía la herencia entre sus dos hijos: Barcelona, Gerona y Osona para Ramón Borrell (992-1017), y el condado de Urgel para Armengol I (992-1010). El conde Armengol I es el primero de una dinastía que gobernó el condado desde finales del  a principios del .

Originalmente el condado de Urgel correspondía, aproximadamente, a la actual comarca del Alto Urgel. En el , aprovechando la disgregación del califato de Córdoba que se divide en varios reinos de taifas, el condado de Urgel se va extendiendo por las tierras anteriormente ocupadas por los musulmanes: en el año 1000 se conquistó la región de Ponts; durante los años 1024-1026 se ocupa todo el valle de Artesa de Segre; en  1018-1020, se conquista el valle de Meiá; entre 1034 y 1048, con la  ayuda de Arnal Mir de Tost, a quien fue vendida Artesa de Segre en 1038, Armengol II expandió el dominio de Urgel sobre Áger, que con el tiempo se convertiría en la capital del Vizcondado de Ager. Para frenar el empuje de Ramón Berenguer de Barcelona, Ramiro I de Aragón selló una alianza con Armengol II acordando el doble matrimonio de su hija Sancha con Armengol III de Urgel, y de Isabel, hija del conde urgelino, con su propio hijo primogénito Sancho Ramírez, heredero del trono de Aragón. De este modo el Condado de Urgel y el Reino de Aragón establecen una sólida alianza, y la unión de sus fuerzas permiten a Ramiro I conquistar los castillos de Laguarres, Lascuarre, Capella, Caserras, Falces, Luzás, Viacamp y Benabarre. Así impedían a Ramón Berenguer I el acceso al Cinca. Ramón Berenguer había comprado castillos en la zona, en tierras que los condes catalanes reconocieron pertenecer al condado de Ribagorza, parte del reino de Aragón.

Cuando muere Ramiro I, el sucesor Sancho Ramírez mantiene su alianza con Armengol III de Urgel apoyada por el papa, para emprender la cruzada de Barbastro con la ayuda de cruzados venidos de Francia, que terminó con la conquista de Barbastro en 1064. La importante ciudad musulmana pasó a formar parte del Reino de Aragón y su gobierno fue confiado como tenencia a Armengol III de Urgel, por cuya razón es conocido como «el de Barbastro». En 1065 el conde de Urgel murió en tierras de al-Ándalus, probablemente en Monzón y se perdió Barbastro reconquistada por los musulmanes de la taifa de Zaragoza, que no sería recuperada por los cristianos hasta la conquista de Pedro I de Aragón, el año 1101. Armengol III también se alió con el conde de Barcelona Ramón Berenguer I contra los musulmanes y contra el condado de Cerdaña, acordando que Urgel recibiría la tercera parte de todas las conquistas a cambio del compromiso de que el conde de Urgel participaría en todas las expediciones de Ramón Berenguer. Otros enclaves conquistados por Urgel en este período son Guisona (1020-1024), Santa Liña (1036), Cubells y Camarasa (1050), y Agramunt (1070).

La conquista de la sierra de Almenara (1078) permitió incorporar al condado los actuales Urgel Mediano y Bajo Urgel, hasta Barbens y Liñola. Además, en el año 1096 Guillermo, hijo de Armengol IV, heredó, por parte de su madre Adelaida, el condado de Forcalquier. En 1105 el conde leonés Pedro Ansurez, regente en nombre de su nieto Armengol VI, conquistó Balaguer, que acabaría convirtiéndose en la capital del condado.

El conde Armengol VI, llamado «de Castilla» por haberse criado en Valladolid, destacó por su participación en diversas campañas contra los musulmanes. Fue uno de los participantes en la expedición encabezada por Ramón Berenguer III contra Mallorca en 1114, y al servicio del rey Alfonso I de Aragón tomó parte en la conquista de Zaragoza. Los castillos de Castellón de Farfaña y de Algerri se conquistaron en 1130. En 1149 Armengol VI y Ramón Berenguer IV conquistaron Lérida. El conde Armengol recibió una tercera parte del territorio leridano en señorío y sus súbditos constituyeron la masa principal de repobladores.

La decadencia de la casa de Urgel se empieza a manifestar con Armengol VII, conde que prefiere pasar la mayor parte de su tiempo en el reino de León, y deja el condado en manos de la ambiciosa familia Cabrera, vizcondes de Áger. Al punto que Armengol VIII, hijo del anterior, tuvo que luchar contra su vasallo y cuñado el vizconde Ponce III de Cabrera, al que venció finalmente en 1191 gracias al apoyo del rey Alfonso II de Aragón.

En 1208 Armengol VIII testó en favor de su hija Aurembiaix y del posible primogénito varón, y en su defecto, de sus hermanas Marquesa (casada con Ponce III de Cabrera, vizconde de Cabrera y Áger) y Miracle (casada con Gómez González de Traba, conde y señor de Trastámara). Si todas ellas muriesen, el condado pasaría a un pariente, Guillermo de Cardona (hijo de Ramón Folch III de Cardona, vizconde de Cardona, y de Isabel Sibila de Urgel, a su vez hija de Armengol VI). Pero cuando en 1209 muere  Armengol VIII, y de acuerdo con las costumbres catalanas —que, contrariamente al derecho aragonés, no permitía que heredara una mujer— Giraldo IV de Cabrera (hijo de Ponce III y de Marquesa de Urgel) mostró su pretensión a la dignidad condal. Ante esta situación, la esposa de Armengol VIII, Elvira de Subirats, recurrió a la protección del rey Pedro II de Aragón, a cambio de la cesión de sus pertenencias y de los derechos al condado, lo que se hizo efectivo en un pacto acordado en Lérida el 31 de octubre de 1209, por el que Elvira de Subirats recibió del rey de Aragón cinco mil morabetinos como compensación a su renuncia al derecho sobre Urgel. En el documento conservado (ACA, Pergaminos de Pedro II, n.º 344) Pedro II especifica que la cesión de la condesa viuda Elvira de Subirats no se hacía en perjuicio de su hija, Aurembiaix. En 1210, el rey Pedro II y la condesa Elvira acuerdan esponsales de futuro del entonces niño de dos años Jaime I de Aragón con Aurembiaix, donde ella aportaba como dote precisamente el condado de Urgel, y el primogénito del rey de Aragón, el condado de Pallars, con otras villas. Pero todos los planes se truncaron cuando Geraldo de Cabrera se apropió del condado, lo que provocó el ataque inmediato de Pedro II de Aragón, que lo sitió en Balaguer y lo hizo prisionero. De este modo el rey de Aragón sometió a su dominio el condado de Urgel. A la muerte en la batalla de Muret del rey aragonés en 1213 la nobleza obtuvo la libertad de Geraldo de Cabrera, que nuevamente accedió al gobierno de Urgel. Aurembiaix, que estaba prometida a Jaime I, no llegó a consumar esta boda, ya que fue prometida y casada con el noble castellano Álvaro Pérez.

En las Cortes de Monzón de 1217, Jaime I de Aragón y Geraldo de Cabrera se reunieron para  acabar sus litigios acerca del dominio sobre el condado de Urgel. Geraldo, vizconde de Cabrera, se comprometía con Jaime I el Conquistador a devolverle Agramunt, Balaguer y otras villas de Urgel a cambio de una importante cantidad de dinero, en concepto de prenda. En caso de que Aurembiaix devolviese al rey dicha cantidad, se le entregaría el condado y en caso contrario, el vizconde Geraldo devolvería el dinero obtenido a cambio de Urgel. En 1218, en virtud de este acuerdo, Geraldo de Cabrera aún no usaba el título de conde de Urgel. Desde entonces hasta 1222 el condado termina finalmente en manos de Geraldo, quizá a raíz de la muerte de la condesa Elvira de Subirats, quien en su testamento legaba el condado a su hija Aurembiaix. A fines de 1222, en Terrer (Zaragoza) el ya conde de Urgel y Jaime I de Aragón firman paces, reconociendo el rey de Aragón a Geraldo como Conde de Urgel. En 1227 aparece ya un nuevo conde de Urgel, Ponce de Cabrera, hijo de Geraldo.

Finalmente, Aurembiaix, ya adulta, buscó el apoyo de Jaime I para reclamar los derechos del condado de Urgel, ahora en manos del descendiente de Geraldo. El rey de Aragón, Jaime I, se decidió a recurrir a las armas para invadir Urgel. Ocupó Tamarite, Albesa, Agramunt y Pons, y puso sitio a Balaguer. Tras varias vicisitudes, en 1231 Jaime I consigue situar al condado de Urgel definitivamente en la órbita de la Corona de Aragón, si bien mantuvo Urgel hasta comienzos del  su independencia nominal y una dinastía propia.

La segunda dinastía de Urgel

Los condes de la segunda dinastía de Urgel fueron:

 Ponce I de Urgel (1236-1243)
 Armengol IX de Urgel (1243)
 Álvaro I de Urgel (1243-1267)
 Armengol X de Urgel (1267-1314)

La muerte, sin descendencia, de la condesa Aurembiaix (1231), significó la  extinción de la primera dinastía de Urgel. Empezó entonces, un período de disputas y guerras entre los distintos reyes que querían incorporar el condado a su corona, así como la casa de Cabrera, heredera del condado por su parentesco con la primera dinastía de Urgel. Jaime I, en 1236, y por medio del convenio de Tárrega, concedió la posesión del condado de Urgel a Ponce de Urgel de Cabrera; posteriormente, la cuestión del dominio de Urgel provocó dos revueltas nobiliarias durante el reinado de Pedro el Grande (1285-1291), revueltas que el rey consiguió dominar.

Ponce I consiguió en 1242 que Jaime I le devolviese la ciudad de Balaguer, que recuperó su rango de capital del condado. Tras la muerte casi simultánea de Ponce y de su heredero Armengol IX, el condado pasó al segundo hijo de Ponce, Rodrigo, que mudó su nombre para ser conocido como Álvaro I de Urgel, que llegó a Urgel procedente de Castilla con apenas catorce años. Mientras tanto, los nobles del condado ya habían acordado la boda del joven conde con Constanza de Moncada, sobrina del rey Jaime I. Sin embargo, Álvaro repudia a su esposa para casarse con Cecilia de Foix, lo que desencadenó un período de guerra civil. Tras la invasión del condado por tropas de las familias Moncada y Cardona, entre otras, y la entrada de Jaime I en los castillos de Agramunt, Oliana y Liñola, una gran coalición de nobles decidió dar su apoyo a los condes Álvaro y Cecilia. En 1260 se llegó a una tregua, pero las vacilaciones del conde hicieron que las negociaciones entre ambos bandos fracasaran y Álvaro tuvo que refugiarse finalmente en Foix, donde murió al poco tiempo, en 1267. Tras la llegada al poder del joven Armengol X, hijo de Álvaro y Cecilia, se reanudó la guerra civil. Con la ayuda de los condes de Foix y del Pallars, Armengol X y su hermano Álvaro, vizconde de Áger, se enfrentaron al rey Pedro III de Aragón, quien conquistó Balaguer y los hizo prisioneros. Conducidos a Lérida, permanecieron en cautiverio durante al menos un año hasta conseguir el perdón real. A partir de entonces, Armengol X fue leal a los reyes de Aragón hasta su muerte en 1314. En su testamento dejó el condado en manos del rey de Aragón a cambio de 100000 sueldos jaqueses y la entrega de 15000 sueldos barceloneses a su viuda, y con la condición de que el infante de Aragón Alfonso contrajese matrimonio con su sobrina-bisnieta Teresa de Entenza; dicho enlace se celebró en Lérida en noviembre de 1314.

La tercera dinastía de Urgel

Los condes de la tercera dinastía de Urgel fueron:

 Teresa de Entenza (1314-1327) junto a su esposo Alfonso IV de Aragón (1314-1336), que le sobrevivió.
 Jaime I de Urgel (1336-1347)
 Pedro II de Urgel (1347-1408)
 Jaime II el Desafortunado (1408-1413)

Armengol X de Urgel nombró heredera universal a su sobrina-bisnieta Teresa de Entenza, casada con el infante Alfonso el Benigno, hijo de Jaime II el Justo. Posteriormente, el primogénito de Jaime II renunció a la corona y los derechos de la misma pasaron a su hermano Alfonso el Benigno, que heredó la corona a la muerte de su padre Jaime II en 1327. El rey Alfonso el Benigno (1327-1336), separó el condado de Urgel de la herencia de su primogénito, el infante Pedro el Ceremonioso, concediéndoselo a su segundo hijo, Jaime I de Urgel, quien sólo tenía ocho años, por lo que el rey siguió gobernando el condado hasta su mayoría de edad.

Jaime I de Urgel mantuvo una relación compleja con su hermano, el rey Pedro IV, con períodos de acercamiento alternados con otros de enfrentamiento. Jaime estuvo presente a menudo en el consejo real, e incluso ejerciendo de procurador de los reinos, aunque luego rompió sus relaciones con el rey cuando este proclamó heredera a su hija Constanza, marchando a Zaragoza para ponerse al frente de la Unión aragonesa, por lo que en 1347 el rey llegó a acusarlo de traidor y a desafiarlo a combate singular. No obstante, asistió a los segundos esponsales del rey en Barcelona ese mismo año y ambos hermanos fueron vistos cabalgando juntos por las calles de la ciudad. Jaime I murió pocos días después a causa de unas fiebres, cuando tenía apenas 27 años, por lo que corrió la voz de que su propio hermano lo había envenenado.

Su hijo, Pedro II, también era un infante al suceder a su padre, por lo que ejerció la regencia condal su madre, Cecilia de Cominges. Tras alcanzar la mayoría de edad, Pedro I contó con la confianza de su tío el rey, quien en 1363 le otorgó el mando de las fuerzas que defendían Teruel, Monreal y Daroca y, posteriormente, la baronía de Fraga. Llevó a cabo importantes construcciones en su condado, como el castillo de Agramunt, la iglesia de Castellón de Farfaña y los claustros de Áger. Se casó en dos ocasiones, y de su segundo matrimonio nació quien sería su sucesor y último conde de Urgel, Jaime II, llamado el Desafortunado.

Al morir sin descendencia el rey Martín el Humano (1410), el conde Jaime de Urgel, bisnieto de Alfonso el Benigno, era uno de los aspirantes a la corona. Sin embargo, en 1412, y en el Compromiso de Caspe, se proclama rey de la Corona de Aragón al príncipe castellano Fernando de Antequera, quien, por línea materna, era nieto de Pedro el Ceremonioso y sobrino de Martín el Humano. En 1413, Jaime de Urgel se rebela contra Fernando de Antequera (Fernando I, 1412-1416); dominada la revuelta, el rey desposeyó de todos sus dominios a Jaime, condenándole a prisión perpetua. Fue entonces cuando el condado de Urgel se incorporó a los dominios de la Corona de Aragón.

Véase también
 Marca Hispánica
 Alto Urgel
 Plana de Urgel
 Urgel
 Noguera

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Condado de Urgel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Cyber Security and Incident Management
Cyber Security Threats
3 Lessons | 3 Quizzes
How Internal Threats Occur
How External Threats Occur
The Impact of Threats
System Vulnerabilities
System Vulnerabilities 1
Legal Responsibilities
Legal Responsibilities 1
Physical Security Methods
1 Lesson | 1 Quiz
Hardware & Software Security Measures
Further Security Measures
Network Types
Network Topologies & Architecture
Modern Trends & Interpreting Schematics
Storage & Software Components
Network Transmission
Assessment of Vulnerabilities
Assessing Vulnerabilities
Assessment of Risk Severity
Assessing Risk Severity
Risk Assessment Approach
Cyber Security Plan
Cyber Security Plan 1
Internal Policies
General IT Policies 1
Incident Response Policy 1
Disaster Recovery Policy
External Service Providers
Forensic Collection of Evidence
Desktop Forensics
Systematic Forensic Analysis
Forensic Analysis Requirements
Evaluating Findings
Cyber Security and Incident Management Cyber Security Threats How Internal Threats Occur
An internal threat refers to the risk of somebody from the inside of a company who could exploit a system in a way to cause damage or steal data. These kinds of threats are particularly troubling, as employees are expected to be trusted individuals that are granted extended privileges, which can easily be abused.
To better understand internal threats, we will learn about what kind of damage an employee can do from the inside, alongside the unsafe practices that allow them to engender digital mayhem.
This lesson we'll learn about:
Employee sabotage and theft of data and/or physical equipment
Unauthorised access by employees to secure areas and administration functions
Weak cybersecurity measures and unsafe practices
Accidental loss or disclosure of data
Media Attachments: Presentation
1. Employee Sabotage and Theft
Employees have the privilege of accessing a wide range of physical equipment inside of a company, with only trust to prevent them from damaging or stealing it. This means that hardware like hard drives, containing lots of important data, can be physically stolen from the company; otherwise, the data on it can be transferred to a USB flash drive and then revealed and duplicated online.
Additionally, employees could purposely damage the businesses equipment or data, such as by deleting the data, or smashing a hard-drive.
Alternatively, disasters like fires, floods, power loss and even terrorism can occur. This can, of course, destroy equipment and the data it stores. Some of these are naturally occurring, but they can also be caused on maliciously on purpose as part of an attempt to sabotage the business.
There have been numerous high profile cases of employee sabotage, most notably the Yahoo email leaks. Research further into this to discover just how many people were affected.
2. Unauthorised Access by Employees
As employees already have access to a system within a company, they may be able to obtain access to areas of these computers they shouldn't, such as a colleague who leaves themselves logged in, or a room left unlocked providing access to a server.
They may also sometimes have, or maliciously obtain, administrative privileges that allow them to perform further administrative functions, such as changing the access rights of other users or deactivating network security tools.
These issues can be a key point for launching further attacks, such as the sabotage and theft we looked at previously or providing access for an external threat to cause harm.
Much like the previous section, there have been several cases (but not as high profile) of users getting enough privilege to demote those around them and take control of a network. Research some of these.
3. Weak Cyber Security Measures and Unsafe Practices
By not having appropriate digital and physical security, a company increases the chance of a vulnerability being exploited, especially from the issues risen previously like theft.
For example, if the server(s) for a company's network are left in an unlocked room, anybody could walk into it and damage/steal property. Whether a disgruntled employee or a visitor walking into the business that hasn't been properly security vetted.
Furthermore, these security vulnerabilities may be accidentally exploited by an ordinary employee, by doing something simple as viewing an untrustworthy website – a virus could be unintentionally downloaded that could affect the entire network.
Now that you know what some of these security vulnerabilities are within companies, research into how you would prevent some of these from occurring. We'll also look into this in future lessons.
4. Accidental Loss or Disclosure of Data
As stated above, the same security vulnerabilities that allow malicious behaviour may also permit simple accidents to occur and cause a lot of damage.
For example, a person may carry their laptop to and from work. When doing so, they may forget it on the train back home one day – this means that anybody that gets a hold of the laptop may have access to all the information stored on there, potentially exposing important data.
Another example of this could be an employee simply accidentally deleting data from a folder or spilling a drink on a device.
Some of these accidents can be a result of the limited time invested into properly training and monitoring staff. Educating staff on how to keep their devices secure and acceptable use of the businesses IT systems, will prevent a wide range of threats.
Furthermore, by monitoring, such as with keyloggers, access logs and remote monitoring software, we can ensure poor practices are not being followed and can identify where the damage occurred.
There are plenty of examples of people forgetting laptops and other devices on public transport, try and find the worst example online of an employee forgetting something important on the train.
Employees can physically steal or damage computer equipment without appropriate security measures.
Sometimes the threat of damage to computer equipment can be from natural disasters, such as fire and flooding, or from threats that cannot be fully prevented such as power loss or terrorism.
Employees or visitors may be able to get access to sensitive data without an appropriate user privilege system in place.
Even with a user privilege system, if an employee gains access to administrative privileges they can cause harm, such as removing security software and changing access rights to other users.
Without physical security for network servers and storage, employees can walk in and damage or steal equipment without consequence.
Without or with weak antivirus software, any ordinary user could accidentally access an untrustworthy website and download malware that could spread throughout a network.
Employees could quite simply forget something on a train, potentially permanently losing data or having it revealed online.
Without proper staff training or monitoring, employees can access sites with malicious content on that could infect the network.


A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Airport — Parking Problem Solved!
I had to catch a flight from Seattle to Los Angeles this weekend, and I had no idea what I was going to do with my car while I was gone. There was no way I was going to pay $24-plus a day to park my ride in the airport parking garages.
While I was sitting at the Jack In The Box having a milkshake with my daughter, we were watching all the traffic go by and Willow noticed a lot of shuttle buses driving past. Now that her reading is improving (she's 6 years old), she started reading some of the words on the buses.
"What is Wally Park, Mom?" she asked me.
Funny thing that she asked me that, otherwise I never would have heard of them. Have you ever done the park-n-fly thing when heading out of the Seattle airport? What's your favorite one to use?
I grabbed my cellphone and started searching for cheap off-site parking at Sea-Tac, and discovered an online coupon for Wally Park!
There are so many other cheap options with coupons if you make your reservation online, all you have to do is get your Google fingers cracking and keep searching for ones that cost less than $11 a day, some even as low as $7.95!


Since the weather in Florida is nice during the winter months, we have a bunch of dog shows here. It begins in Ocala, then goes to Orlando, then to Brooksville, and then again to Ocala, next to last is Lakeland, and finally Tallahassee.
Brooksville and Ocala are fun shows. They are in rural areas mostly and are held outside with a tent covering the staging area by each ring.
These cities are located about mid way up Florida, so colder than Miami.
I showed Blondie, the xolo, my friend's Portuguese Water Dog, Rumour, and helped out with Rough Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs. I did pretty well with all of them.
We aren't going to Lakeland and Tallahassee this year.
Posted in Dogs and tagged brooksville, del rey, del rey xolotizcuintli, dogs, junior handling, junior showmanship, ocala, portuguese water dog. Bookmark the permalink.


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Patriots Rumors: Vikings' Stefon Diggs sparks trade talk; Offensive lineman cut for Watson
Diggs has 13 catches for 209 yards and a touchdown this season. [Image Source: UNB! Sports/YouTube]
Diggs recently followed several Patriots stars on Twitter, including veteran quarterback Tom Brady.
by ZeeGee Cecilio (article) and Lawrence Lease (video)
October 1, 2019 at 4:43 PM Updated on October 1, 2019 at 11:13 PM
Patriots Rumors: Vikings' Stefon Diggs sparks trade talk - Video
The New England Patriots are in need of another veteran wide receiver when they cut talented wideout Antonio Brown after just 11 days with the team. The lack of another dependable receiver came to light in their 16-10 win over the Buffalo Bills in Week 4. In that game, veteran quarterback Tom Brady struggled big-time in finding his target, completing just 18 of 39 passes for 150 yards and no touchdown with an interception. After the game, Brady was questioned if he missed Brown's on-field presence, but the veteran quarterback sidestepped the question. However, it cannot be denied that the Patriots and Brady need another target that could boost their offense.
The Patriots could turn to Minnesota Vikings wideout Stefon Diggs, who recently fueled trade rumors to New England with his social media activity. According to Steve DelVecchio of Larry Brown Sports, Diggs sent Patriots fans into frenzy when he followed several New England stars on Twitter, including Brady, fellow wide receiver Julian Edelman and running back James White.
Diggs further fueled rumors when he posted an emoji of a face without a mouth. In four games this season, Diggs has tallied just 13 catches for 209 yards and a touchdown. Last season, Diggs caught 102 passes for 1,021 yards and nine scores for the Vikings, who are currently last in the NFC North with a 2-2 mark. The Vikings are just 24th in the NFL in terms of yards per game and 18th in scoring despite having several weapons on offense and a veteran quarterback under center in Kirk Cousins.
If the Vikings' struggles continue, Diggs might be open to a trade, but his five-year, $72 million contract could become a huge stumbling block. The Patriots recently signed Brown to a one-year deal worth $15 million, but they released him 11 days later after reports about a sexual assault civil suit filed by his former trainer came to light.
Patriots want Gordon to be more involved on offense
This season, wide receiver Josh Gordon has lived up to expectations in his return from an indefinite suspension. Gordon is the Patriots' second-best wide receiver with 221 receiving yards in four games, behind Edelman's 226. However, offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels believes that Gordon can step up his production and expand his role on offense.
"I need to do a better job of finding ways to get him the ball throughout the course of the game in whatever role or position that we're asking him to play," said McDaniels.
Patriots create room for Watson
Mike Garafolo of NFL Media reported that the Patriots are set to waive offensive lineman Caleb Benenoch to create room for tight end Ben Watson, who is slated to return following a four-games suspension after failing an offseason PED test. The Patriots signed Benenoch after placing Isaiah Wynn on injured reserve on Sept. 17. Watson could play in Week 5 when they Patriots take on the Washington Redskins.
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ZeeGee Cecilio
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Lawrence Lease
Blasting News recommends Tom Brady keeps 'bromance' with Edelman alive, makes fun of failed 'high-five' with ref Mike Evans: 'Tom Brady is the greatest player to ever play the game, happy he's on our side' Brady critic Nick Wright changes tune, calls TB12 'amazing' for his performance vs Saints Kirk Herbstreit praised for his classy act towards Ohio State Buckeyes players Joe Maddon fired as Chicago Cubs manager JC Jackson says Pats' defense is No. 1 in NFL; Redskins told to bench Haskins vs Patriots '90 Day Fiance: The Other Way': Kenneth says his relationship is not acted Video '90 Day Fiance: The Other Way:' Sumit is facing backlash for choosing Jenny Video


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Q: How to set this array based on 2 other arrays in Amibroker? I have these 2 arrays signal_arr and value_arr in Amibroker.
From these 2 arrays, I want to output an array output_arr such that when signal_arr is 1, it will follow the value of value_arr. When signal_arr is 0, output_arr will retain the value of value_arr when signal_arr was last 1.
This is best illustrated by an example.
signal_arr =  [ 1   0   0   0   1   0   0   1   0   0 ]
value_arr =   [0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4]
output_arr =  [0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2]

A: Use ValueWhen.
output_arr =  ValueWhen(signal_arr, value_arr);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Happy Wednesday, how are you all? Another week nearly over, can you believe how quickly this month is going?
By now, I can imagine that most of you have your Christmas decorations up, and that includes your stockings. I find that filling stockings are a lot harder than trying to find presents for people. Do you find it hard too? Sometimes I just want to fill them up with sweets and chocolate, but it's not very ideal. So to help myself and any of you who face the same struggle, I have come up with a list of great stocking fillers.
That my lovelies is all the ideas I have. I don't do the whole hanging a stocking thing anymore, but I hope I have given those of you who do some inspiration. I would love to know if you still hang out stockings and if you do, what do you get in them? Leave a comment below.
Thank you for reading, I hope you enjoyed the post, if you did don't forget to leave a like and a comment. Have a wonderful evening and enjoy the rest of your week.
Hi. There is some great ideas there. Might have to do my own stocking filler.


On the dawn of June 22nd the Kudung of Shamar Rinpoche, accompanied by His Holiness Karmapa Thaye Dorje arrived at the Karmapa International Buddhist Institute (KIBI) in Delhi, India. His Eminence (HE) Jamgon Kontrul Rinpoche, HE. Beru Khentse Rinpoche, Ven.Shangpa Rinpoche, Ven. Lama Sherab Gyaltsen Rinpoche and many other Rinpoches along with monks and disciples were present to receive the kudung.
In KIBI, daily pujas led by His Holiness Karmapa are being conducted for Shamar Rinpoche.
Everyone wishing to pay their last respects to Shamar Rinpoche's kudung can do so during the dates and venues mentioned below.
Any announcements pertaining programs at different venues will be made available accordingly.


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Q: AVLTree copy causing segmentation fault c++ I have a TreeAVL class that until that point worked perfectly fine as is working my Node class.
I'm trying to implement a copy constructor for AVLTree and for this reason I'm trying to use an internal function called copy .
My test cause a segmentation fault inside the copy  function when it tries to attribute a value to a node.
Here is the code and I point where is the error:
template <class T>
TreeAVL<T>::TreeAVL(const TreeAVL<T> &other)
    : root(nullptr)
{
    copy(other.root, root);
}

template <class T>
void TreeAVL<T>::copy(const Node *root, Node *&node) const
{
    if (root != nullptr)
    {
        // Left node
        Node *newNodeLeft = new Node(root->left->value);
        // This is where the segmentation fault happen
        node->left = newNodeLeft;
        copy(root->left, node->left);
        // Right node
        Node *newNodeRight = new Node(root->right->value);
        node->right = newNodeRight;
        copy(root->right, node->right);
    }
}

void main() {
TreeAVL<int> a1;
   a1.insert(1);
   a1.insert(2);
   a1.insert(3);
   a1.insert(4);
   a1.insert(5);
   TreeAVL<int> a2(a1);
}

I can provide more code if needed. Could you help me please?
Thanks.

A: You are not checking if root->left is null before dereferencing the pointer. Same applies to root->right.
template <class T>
void TreeAVL<T>::copy(const Node *root, Node *&node) const
{
    if (root != nullptr)
    {
        if (root->left != nullptr) { // Left node
            Node *newNodeLeft = new Node(root->left->value);
            // This is where the segmentation fault happen
            node->left = newNodeLeft;
            copy(root->left, node->left);
        }

        if (root->right != nullptr) { // Right node
            Node *newNodeRight = new Node(root->right->value);
            node->right = newNodeRight;
            copy(root->right, node->right);
        }
    }
}