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European Enforcement Order and notaries
Categories: Contract Law
Typology: Case Law
Tags: Enforcement proceeding - European Enforcement Order - Notaries
The fact were the following. Mr Zulfikarpašić, a lawyer, concluded an assistance and representation contract with Mr Gajer, his client, who failed to settle the invoice issued.
Mr Zulfikarpašić brought an application for enforcement before a notary against Mr Gajer, on the basis of that invoice, which was classified as an 'authentic document' under the local Law on Enforcement. The notary issued a writ of execution based on that document which became definitive in the absence of any objection by the debtor.
Mr Zulfikarpašić applied to a notary for certification, as a European Enforcement Order, of that writ of execution.
That notary nonetheless took the view that the conditions required for the issuing of the certificate applied for had not been met. He observed that the claim must be regarded as uncontested. Pursuant, first, to Article 3(1)(a) to (c) of the EEO regulation (Regulation (EC) No 805/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims), only claims which have been the subject of court proceedings and second, to Article 3(1)(d), only those claims expressly agreed to in an authentic instrument, a term which, for the purposes of the provisions of that regulation, should cover the document drawn up by a notary such as the writ of execution issued on the basis of an 'authentic document', would be regarded as uncontested.
However, such a writ would not fulfil the condition of the debtor's express agreement to the claim.
The notary also observed that, although it is specifically provided, in Article 4(7) of Regulation No 805/2004 that, in Sweden, in summary proceedings concerning orders to pay, the expression 'court' includes the Swedish enforcement service, neither that provision, the other provisions of that regulation nor those of other EU legal instruments relating to enforcement proceedings place notaries in Croatia on the same footing as a 'court'.
The notary referred the case to the local Court.
The case finally reached the Court of Justice. It delivered its judgment on 9 March 2017 (case C‑484/15, Ibrica Zulfikarpašić v Slaven Gajer):
"1. [The EEO Regulation means] that, in Croatia, notaries, acting within the framework of the powers conferred on them by national law in enforcement proceedings based on an 'authentic document', do not fall within the concept of 'court' within the meaning of that regulation.
2. Regulation No 805/2004 must be interpreted as meaning that a writ of execution adopted by a notary, in Croatia, based on an 'authentic document', and which has not been contested may not be certified as a European Enforcement Order since it does not relate to an uncontested claim within the meaning of Article 3(1) of that regulation".
(Altalex, 24 July 2017. Article by Emmanuel Guinchard)
Second Chamber
Judgment 9 March 2017 (*)
(Reference for a preliminary ruling — Judicial cooperation in civil matters — Regulation (EC) No 805/2004 — European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims — Requirements for certification as a European Enforcement Order — Concept of 'court' — Notary who has issued a writ of execution based on an 'authentic document' — Authentic instrument)
In Case C‑484/15,
REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Općinski sud u Novom Zagrebu — Stalna služba u Samoboru (Municipal Court of New Zagreb — Samobor Permanent Service, Croatia), made by decision of 7 September 2015, received at the Court on 11 September 2015, in the proceedings
Ibrica Zulfikarpašić
Slaven Gajer,
THE COURT (Second Chamber),
composed of M. Ilešič, President of the Chamber, A. Prechal, A. Rosas, C. Toader (Rapporteur) and E. Jarašiūnas, Judges,
Advocate General: Y. Bot,
Registrar: M. Aleksejev, Administrator,
having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 14 July 2016,
after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
– the Croatian Government, by A. Metelko-Zgombić, acting as Agent,
– the Spanish Government, by V. Ester Casas, acting as Agent,
– the European Commission, by C. Cattabriga, S. Ječmenica and M. Wilderspin, acting as Agents,
after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 8 September 2016,
gives the following
1 This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Regulation (EC) No 805/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims (OJ 2004 L 143, p. 15).
2 The request has been made in proceedings between Mr Ibrica Zulfikarpašić and Mr Slaven Gajer regarding an application for a European Enforcement Order certificate in respect of a writ of execution, adopted by a notary, in Croatia, based on an 'authentic document'.
Legal context
3 According to recitals 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 18 of Regulation No 805/2004:
'(3) The European Council meeting in Tampere on 15 and 16 October 1999 endorsed the principle of mutual recognition of judicial decisions as the cornerstone for the creation of a genuine judicial area.
(5) The concept of "uncontested claims" should cover all situations in which a creditor, given the verified absence of any dispute by the debtor as to the nature or extent of a pecuniary claim, has obtained either a court decision against that debtor or an enforceable document that requires the debtor's express consent, be it a court settlement or an authentic instrument.
(7) This Regulation should apply to judgments, court settlements and authentic instruments on uncontested claims and to decisions delivered following challenges to judgments, court settlements and authentic instruments certified as European Enforcement Orders.
(10) Where a court in a Member State has given judgment on an uncontested claim in the absence of participation of the debtor in the proceedings, the abolition of any checks in the Member State of enforcement is inextricably linked to and dependent upon the existence of a sufficient guarantee of observance of the rights of the defence.
(12) Minimum standards should be established for the proceedings leading to the judgment in order to ensure that the debtor is informed about the court action against him, the requirements for his active participation in the proceedings to contest the claim and the consequences of his non-participation in sufficient time and in such a way as to enable him to arrange for his defence.
(18) Mutual trust in the administration of justice in the Member States justifies the assessment by the court of one Member State that all conditions for certification as a European Enforcement Order are fulfilled to enable a judgment to be enforced in all other Member States without judicial review of the proper application of the minimum procedural standards in the Member State where the judgment is to be enforced.'
4 Article 1of that regulation provides:
'The purpose of this Regulation is to create a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims to permit, by laying down minimum standards, the free circulation of judgments, court settlements and authentic instruments throughout all Member States without any intermediate proceedings needing to be brought in the Member State of enforcement prior to recognition and enforcement.'
5 Article 3(1) of that regulation is worded as follows:
'This Regulation shall apply to judgments, court settlements and authentic instruments on uncontested claims.
A claim shall be regarded as uncontested if:
(a) the debtor has expressly agreed to it by admission or by means of a settlement which has been approved by a court or concluded before a court in the course of proceedings; or
(b) the debtor has never objected to it, in compliance with the relevant procedural requirements under the law of the Member State of origin, in the course of the court proceedings; or
(c) the debtor has not appeared or been represented at a court hearing regarding that claim after having initially objected to the claim in the course of the court proceedings, provided that such conduct amounts to a tacit admission of the claim or of the facts alleged by the creditor under the law of the Member State of origin; or
(d) the debtor has expressly agreed to it in an authentic instrument.'
6 Article 4 of that regulation provides:
'For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply:
1. "judgment": any judgment given by a court or tribunal of a Member State, whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order, decision or writ of execution, as well as the determination of costs or expenses by an officer of the court;
2. "claim": a claim for payment of a specific sum of money that has fallen due or for which the due date is indicated in the judgment, court settlement or authentic instrument;
3. "authentic instrument":
(a) a document which has been formally drawn up or registered as an authentic instrument, and the authenticity of which:
(i) relates to the signature and the content of the instrument; and
(ii) has been established by a public authority or other authority empowered for that purpose by the Member State in which it originates;
(b) an arrangement relating to maintenance obligations concluded with administrative authorities or authenticated by them;
6. "court of origin": the court or tribunal seised of the proceedings at the time of fulfilment of the conditions set out in Article 3(1)(a), (b) or (c);
7. in Sweden, in summary proceedings concerning orders to pay (betalningsföreläggande), the expression "court" includes the Swedish enforcement service (kronofogdemyndighet).'
7 Article 5 of Regulation No 805/2004, entitled 'Abolition of exequatur', provides
'A judgment which has been certified as a European Enforcement Order in the Member State of origin shall be recognised and enforced in the other Member States without the need for a declaration of enforceability and without any possibility of opposing its recognition.'
8 Chapter III of that regulation, which contains Articles 12 to 19, sets out the minimum standards for uncontested claims procedures, in particular those relating to the service of the document instituting the proceedings or an equivalent document and to the provision of information to the debtor.
9 Article 12 of that regulation, entitled 'Scope of application of minimum standards', provides:
'1. A judgment on a claim that is uncontested within the meaning of Article 3(1)(b) or (c) can be certified as a European Enforcement Order only if the court proceedings in the Member State of origin met the procedural requirements as set out in this Chapter.
2. The same requirements shall apply to the issuing of a European Enforcement Order certificate or a replacement certificate within the meaning of Article 6(3) for a decision following a challenge to a judgment where, at the time of that decision, the conditions of Article 3(1)(b) or (c) are fulfilled.'
10 Article 16 of Regulation No 805/2004, entitled 'Provision to the debtor of due information about the claim', provides:
'In order to ensure that the debtor was provided with due information about the claim, the document instituting the proceedings or the equivalent document must have contained the following:
(a) the names and the addresses of the parties;
(b) the amount of the claim;
(c) if interest on the claim is sought, the interest rate and the period for which interest is sought unless statutory interest is automatically added to the principal under the law of the Member State of origin;
(d) a statement of the reason for the claim.'
11 Article 25(1) of that regulation, relating to the certification of authentic instruments, states:
'An authentic instrument concerning a claim within the meaning of Article 4(2) which is enforceable in one Member State shall, upon application to the authority designated by the Member State of origin, be certified as a European Enforcement Order, using the standard form in Annex III.'
12 Article 30(1)(c) of that regulation provides that the Member States are obliged to notify the European Commission of 'the lists of the authorities referred to in Article 25 … and any subsequent changes thereof.'
13 Pursuant to that provision, the Republic of Croatia notified the following list:
'Courts having jurisdiction, administrative authorities, notaries and natural and legal persons associated with public authorities who are authorised to issue enforceable documents or enforceable titles in respect of uncontested claims under the applicable national legislation.'
Croatian law
14 Article 31 of the Ovršni zakon (Law on Enforcement, Narodne novine, br. 112/12, 25/13 and 93/14) provides:
'(1) Under this law, an authentic document means an invoice … an extract from accounting records, a legalised private document or any document considered to be an official document under specific rules. The calculation of interest is also regarded as an invoice.
(2) An authentic document shall be enforceable if it includes reference to the identity of the creditor and of the debtor, as well as the subject matter, nature, scope and due date of the pecuniary obligation.
(3) In addition to the information referred to in paragraph 2 of this article, an invoice sent to a natural person who does not carry on a registered activity must inform the debtor that, in the event of non-performance of the pecuniary obligation that has fallen due, the creditor may apply for enforcement based on an authentic document.
15 Article 278 of that law is worded as follows
'Notaries shall decide on applications for enforcement based on authentic documents in accordance with the provisions of this law.'
16 Article 281(1) of that law sets out the conditions under which notaries may adopt writs of execution based on an 'authentic document', while paragraphs 2 to 8 of that article relate to the procedure followed in the event that the notary does not adopt such a writ.
17 Article 282 of that law provides for an appeal, by way of opposition, against a notary's writ of execution and establishes the procedure for examining such appeals.
18 Article 283(1) of the Law on Enforcement provides that the notary is to append, at the applicant's request, the order for enforcement to an authenticated copy of the writ of execution that the notary has issued if, within eight days of expiry of the deadline for lodging an opposition, no opposition has been lodged.
19 Article 356 of that law states:
'The provisions of this chapter are governed by the procedure for the issue of a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims in accordance with Regulation [805/2004] creating an enforcement procedure based on the European Enforcement Order.'
20 Article 357 of that law provides:
'In the Republic of Croatia, the following have the power to issue:
– certificates enforcing other official documents which are enforceable in the Republic of Croatia under the provisions of Article 25(1) of Regulation [No 805/2004],
'the courts, administrative authorities, notaries and natural and legal persons associated with public authorities who are authorised to issue enforceable copies of European Enforcement Orders handed down by a national court which relate to uncontested claims'.
'(1) The certificates referred to in Article 9(1), Article 24(1), Article 25(1) and Article 6(3) of the Regulation shall be issued without a prior hearing of the debtor.
(2) The authority or person who issued the certificate shall be required to automatically provide an authenticated copy to the debtor.
(4) if the notary finds that the conditions for the issuing of the certificates referred to in the first paragraph of this article are not fulfilled, he shall forward the application for certification, together with a copy of the relevant instruments or documents, to the municipal court of the place where the notary has his office in order to adopt a decision. The notary is obliged to explain why he considers that the necessary conditions for accepting the party's application are not fulfilled.'
The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling
22 Mr Zulfikarpašić, a lawyer, concluded an assistance and representation contract with Mr Gajer, his client, who failed to settle the invoice issued.
23 Mr Zulfikarpašić brought an application for enforcement before a notary against Mr Gajer, on the basis of that invoice, which was classified as an 'authentic document' under the Law on Enforcement. On 12 February 2014, the notary issued a writ of execution based on that document which became definitive in the absence of any objection by the debtor.
24 On 13 November 2014, Mr Zulfikarpašić applied to a notary for certification, as a European Enforcement Order, of that writ of execution.
25 That notary nonetheless took the view that the conditions required for the issuing of the certificate applied for had not been met. The notary observed that, according to Article 3(1) of Regulation No 805/2004, the claim must be regarded as uncontested. Pursuant, first, to Article 3(1)(a) to (c) of that regulation, only claims which have been the subject of court proceedings and second, to Article 3(1)(d), only those claims expressly agreed to in an authentic instrument, a term which, for the purposes of the provisions of that regulation, should cover the document drawn up by a notary such as the writ of execution issued on the basis of an 'authentic document', would be regarded as uncontested. However, such a writ would not fulfil the condition of the debtor's express agreement to the claim.
26 That notary also observed that, although it is specifically provided, in Article 4(7) of Regulation No 805/2004 that, in Sweden, in summary proceedings concerning orders to pay, the expression 'court' includes the Swedish enforcement service, neither that provision, the other provisions of that regulation nor those of other EU legal instruments relating to enforcement proceedings place notaries in Croatia on the same footing as a 'court'.
27 Accordingly, pursuant to Article 358(4) of the Law on Enforcement, the same notary referred the case in the main proceedings to the Općinski sud u Novom Zagrebu — Stalna služba u Samoboru (Municipal Court of New Zagreb — Samobor Permanent Service, Croatia) for that court to rule on the application for certification submitted by Mr Zulfikarpašić.
28 In those circumstances, the Općinski sud u Novom Zagrebu — Stalna služba u Samoboru (Municipal Court of New Zagreb — Samobor Permanent Service, Croatia) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
'[Do] the provisions of the Law on Enforcement, concerning the European Enforcement Order, comply with Regulation No 805/2004, that is to say, in Croatia in relation to the issue of a writ of execution based on an authentic document in enforcement proceedings, [does] the term 'court' include notaries, [can] notaries … issue European Enforcement Orders in respect of definitive and enforceable writs of execution based on authentic documents when those writs have not been contested, and where the answer is in the negative, [can] the courts … issue European Enforcement Orders in respect of writs of execution based on an authentic document prepared by a notary, when the content of those writs relates to uncontested claims, and in such a case what form should be used?'
Consideration of the question referred
29 The question referred may be divided into three parts.
First part of the question
30 By the first part of its question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Regulation No 805/2004 must be interpreted as meaning that, in Croatia, notaries, acting within the framework of the powers conferred on them by national law in enforcement proceedings based on an 'authentic document', fall within the concept of 'court' within the meaning of that regulation.
31 The Croatian and Spanish Governments submit that an affirmative answer should be given to that question. The terms 'court' and 'court proceedings' used in that regulation cover not only courts in the strict sense, but also, in general, any authority where it exercises an essentially judicial function, which is the case here. For its part, the European Commission submits that the answer to that question should be in the negative.
32 As a preliminary point, it should be recalled that, according to settled case-law of the Court of Justice, the need for a uniform application of EU law and the principle of equality require that the wording of a provision of EU law which does not expressly refer to the law of Member States in order for its meaning and scope to be determined must normally be given an independent and uniform interpretation throughout the European Union; that interpretation must take into account the context of the provision and the objective pursued by the relevant legislation (see judgment of 13 October 2016, Mikołajczyk, C‑294/15, EU:C:2016:772, paragraph 44 and the case-law cited).
33 As regards the scheme of Regulation No 805/2004, it should be observed that, although that regulation makes several references to the concepts of 'court' and 'court proceedings', it does not specify the constituent elements thereof. Thus, Article 4(6) of that regulation defines the concept of 'court of origin' as 'the court or tribunal seised of the proceedings at the time of fulfilment of the conditions set out in Article 3(1)(a), (b) or (c)'. Article 4(1) of that regulation defines the concept of 'judgment' as 'any judgment given by a court or tribunal of a Member State'.
34 Article 4(7) of that regulation provides that, in Sweden, in summary proceedings concerning orders to pay (betalningsföreläggande), the expression 'court' includes the Swedish enforcement service (kronofogdemyndighet). Since that article relates specifically to the authority that it mentions, notaries, in Croatia, do not fall within that article.
35 It should also be noted that, unlike, for example, Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession (OJ 2012 L 201, p. 107), whose Article 3(2) specifies that the term 'court', for the purposes of that regulation, encompasses not only the judicial authorities, but also any authority competent in that area which exercises judicial functions and which satisfies certain conditions listed in that provision, Regulation No 805/2004 does not include any general provision having such an effect.
36 That finding is supported by the case-law relating to Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ 2012 L 351, p. 1), according to which Article 3 of that regulation, which provides that the term 'court' encompasses the Swedish Enforcement Authority and notaries in Hungary, does not include notaries in Croatia (see, to that effect, the judgment delivered today, Pula Parking, C‑551/15, paragraph 46).
37 It is therefore necessary, as was noted in paragraph 32 of this judgment, to examine the concepts of 'court' and 'court proceedings' in the light of the objectives pursued by Regulation No 805/2004, the interpretation of which is requested by the referring court in the present case.
38 In that regard, it should be observed that it is apparent from the wording of Article 1 of that regulation that that regulation seeks to ensure, for uncontested claims, the free circulation of judgments throughout all Member States without any intermediate proceedings needing to be brought in the Member State of enforcement prior to recognition and enforcement.
39 According to recital 10 of that regulation, that objective cannot, however, be attained by undermining in any way the rights of the defence (see, by analogy, judgment of 14 December 2006, ASML, C‑283/05, EU:C:2006:787, paragraph 24 and the case-law cited).
40 Moreover, it is apparent from recital 3 of Regulation No 805/2004 that the principle of mutual recognition of judicial decisions constitutes the cornerstone for the creation of a genuine judicial area. That principle is based in particular on mutual trust in the administration of justice in the Member States to which recital 18 of that regulation refers.
41 The principle of mutual trust between the Member States is, in EU law, of fundamental importance given that it allows an area without internal borders to be created and maintained, founded on the high level of confidence which should exist between the Member States (judgment of 5 April 2016, Aranyosi and Căldăraru, C‑404/15 and C‑659/15 PPU, EU:C:2016:198, paragraph 78).
42 That principle results, under Article 5 of Regulation No 805/2004, in the recognition and enforcement of judgments which have been certified as European Enforcement Orders in the Member State of origin, in the other Member States.
43 The preservation of the principle of legitimate expectations, in a context of the free circulation of judgments as noted in paragraphs 38 and 39 of this judgment, requires a strict assessment of the defining elements of the concept of 'court', for the purposes of that regulation, in order to enable the national authorities to identify judgments delivered by other Member States' courts. Compliance with the principle of mutual trust in the administration of justice in the Member States of the European Union which underlies that regulation requires, in particular, that judgments the enforcement of which is sought in a Member State other than that of the Member State of origin have been delivered in court proceedings offering guarantees of independence and impartiality and of compliance with the principle of audi alteram partem.
44 In the present case, it should be noted that, pursuant to the provisions of the Law on Enforcement, in Croatia, notaries have the power to give decisions by writ on applications for enforcement based on authentic documents. Once the writ has been served on the defendant, the latter may lodge objections. A notary before whom an admissible, well-founded opposition to a writ issued by that notary is raised in timely fashion is to transfer the file to the court with jurisdiction and the court must take a decision on the opposition.
45 It follows from those provisions that the writ of execution based on an 'authentic document', issued by the notary, is served on the debtor only after the writ has been adopted, without the application by which the matter is raised with the notary having been communicated to the debtor.
46 Although it is true that debtors have the opportunity to lodge objections against writs of execution issued by notaries and it appears that notaries exercise the responsibilities conferred on them in the context of enforcement proceedings based on an 'authentic document' subject to review by the courts, to which notaries must refer possible challenges, the fact remains that the examination, by notaries, in Croatia, of an application for a writ of execution on such a basis is not conducted on an inter partes basis.
47 According to Article 12 of Regulation No 805/2004, a judgment on a claim that is uncontested within the meaning of Article 3(1)(b) or (c) of that regulation can be certified as a European Enforcement Order only if the court proceedings in the Member State of origin have met the minimum standards referred to in Chapter III of that regulation.
48 Article 16 of that regulation, read in the light of recital 12 thereof, provides for the communication of 'due' information to the debtor in order to enable him to arrange for his defence and thus ensure the inter partes nature of the proceedings leading to the issuing of the enforcement order capable of giving rise to a certificate. Those minimum standards reflect the EU legislature's intention to ensure that proceedings leading to the adoption of judgments on uncontested claims offer adequate guarantees of respect for the rights of the defence (see, to that effect, judgment of 16 June 2016, Pebros Servizi, C‑511/14, EU:C:2016:448, paragraph 44).
49 A national procedure whereby a writ of execution is adopted without service of the document instituting the proceedings or the equivalent document, and whereby information is provided, in that document, to the debtor about the claim, having the effect that a debtor is aware of the claim only when that writ is served on him, cannot be classified as inter partes.
50 In the light of the foregoing considerations, the answer to the first part of the question is that Regulation No 805/2004 must be interpreted as meaning that, in Croatia, notaries, acting within the framework of the powers conferred on them by national law in enforcement proceedings based on an 'authentic document', do not fall within the concept of 'court' within the meaning of that regulation.
The second and third parts of the question
51 By the second and third parts of the question, which it is appropriate to examine together, the referring court asks, in essence, first, whether Regulation No 805/2004 must be interpreted as meaning that a writ of execution prepared by a notary, in Croatia, based on an 'authentic document' and which has not been contested may be certified as a European Enforcement Order and, second, whether that regulation must be interpreted as meaning that the power to issue such a certificate lies with notaries or as meaning that that power lies with the national courts.
52 Article 3 of that regulation, headed 'Enforcement titles to be certified as a European Enforcement Order', lays down the conditions under which a claim is to be regarded as uncontested by distinguishing between the situations referred to in paragraph 1(a) to (c) of that article, which relates to claims established in the context of court proceedings, and those referred to in paragraph 1(d) of that article, which relates to claims expressly agreed to by the debtor in an authentic instrument.
53 While it is apparent from the answer to the first part of the question that the writ of execution adopted by a notary, in Croatia, based on an 'authentic document' cannot be classified as a court decision, on the ground that that national authority does not have the status of court and that, therefore, it cannot be considered that that writ is issued in the context of court proceedings, it must still be examined whether such a writ may be classified as an authentic instrument relating to an uncontested claim for the purposes of Article 3(1)(d) of Regulation No 805/2004.
54 In that regard, Article 4(3) of that regulation defines an authentic instrument either as a document which has been formally drawn up or registered as an authentic instrument, and the authenticity of which, relating to the signature and the content, has been established by any authority empowered for that purpose, or as an arrangement relating to maintenance obligations concluded with administrative authorities or authenticated by them.
55 It must be stated that, although, in the Croatian legal order, notaries are empowered to draw up authentic instruments, the uncontested nature of the claim established by a writ of execution adopted on the basis of an 'authentic document' is lacking.
56 In accordance with recital 5 of Regulation No 805/2004, Article 3(1)(d) of that regulation provides that an authentic instrument may be certified as a European Enforcement Order only to the extent that, in that instrument, the debtor has expressly agreed to the claim.
57 In the main proceedings, the notary issued a writ of execution based on an 'authentic document', namely the invoice issued by Mr Zulfikarpašić in respect of an assistance and representation contract, an invoice which was unilaterally drawn up by the lawyer. It is not apparent from the content of that writ that the debtor expressly agreed to the claim.
58 Moreover, the absence of any objection by the debtor cannot be placed on the same footing as express agreement to the claim, for the purposes of Article 3(1)(d) of Regulation No 805/2004 since that agreement must appear in the authentic instrument which is the subject of the certification.
59 In the light of the foregoing considerations, the answer to the second and third parts of the question is that Regulation No 805/2004 must be interpreted as meaning that a writ of execution adopted by a notary, in Croatia, based on an 'authentic document', and which has not been contested may not be certified as a European Enforcement Order since it does not relate to an uncontested claim within the meaning of Article 3(1) of that regulation.
60 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:
1. Regulation (EC) No 805/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims must be interpreted as meaning that, in Croatia, notaries, acting within the framework of the powers conferred on them by national law in enforcement proceedings based on an 'authentic document', do not fall within the concept of 'court' within the meaning of that regulation.
[Signatures]
* Language of the case: Croatian.
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Aberrational Theology
Male Priests Marry In Anglican Church's First Gay 'Wedding'
Category: Aberrational Theology
By Jonathan Wynne-Jones,
Religious Affairs Correspondent
Last updated: 7:10 PM BST 15/06/2008
An Anglican church has held a homosexual "wedding" for the first time in a move that will deepen the rift between liberals and traditionalists, The Sunday Telegraph can disclose.
Two male priests exchanged vows and rings in a ceremony that was conducted using one of the church's most traditional wedding rites " " a decision seen as blasphemous by conservatives.
The ceremony broke Church of England guidelines and was carried out last month in defiance of the Bishop of London, in whose diocese it took place. News of the "wedding" emerged days before a crucial summit of the Anglican Church's conservative bishops and archbishops, who are threatening to split the worldwide Church over the issue of homosexual clergy.
Although some liberal clergy have carried out "blessing ceremonies" for homosexual couples in the past, this is the first time a vicar has performed a "wedding ceremony", using a traditional marriage liturgy, with readings, hymns and a ' Eucharist.
Both the conservative and liberal wings of the Anglican communion expressed shock last night.
The Most Rev Henry Orombi, the Archbishop of Uganda, said that the ceremony was "blasphemous." He called on Dr Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to take decisive action if the Anglican Church were not to "disintegrate". Archbishop Orombi added: "What really shocks me is that this is happening in the Church of England that first brought the Gospel to us.
"The leadership tried to deny that this would happen, but now the truth is out. Our respect for the Church of England will erode unless we see a return to traditional teaching."
The Rt Rev Michael Scott-Joynt, the Bishop of Winchester " " a powerful conservative figure " " said that the service represented a wedding "in all but name". He said: "Strictly speaking it is not a marriage, but the language is clearly modelled on the marriage service and the occasion is modelled on the marriage service. This clearly flouts Church guidelines and will exacerbate divisions within the Anglican Communion."
The bishop said that it was up to the Rt Rev Richard Chartres, the Bishop of London, to act, adding that it would become a high-profile test case of Church authority.
Click http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2130668/Male-priests-marry-in-Anglican-church%27s-first-gay-%27wedding%27.html to read complete article.
FAIR USE NOTICE: This article contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of religious, environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond "fair use" , you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.
Bill Alnor
Steven Boot
Brian Broderson
Charley Carle
Christopher Fisher
Mike Gendron
D. E. Isom
Berit Kjos
Jan Markell
Michael Nessim
Scott Noble
Mike Oppenheimer
Philip Powell
James Jacob Prasch
Bill Randles
Rubin Rothler
Sandy Simpsom
Calvin Smith
Dave Royle
Salvador Ung Hayworth
Bill Walthall
Emergent Church
Items of Various Interest
Popular Teachers
Purpose Driven
Word Faith
Comforting Those Who Mourn
dental mission
Elon Moreh
In the Land
Israel Missions
Kenya Missions
Missions in Rome
Nessim Muse
Philippine Garbage Dump Children
South Africa Missions
Tanzania Missions
USA Missions
Render to Caesar
Religions and Cults
Ruckmanism
New Moriel Video, Jan 1, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Aceasta este o listă de filme franceze din 1914:

Note

Legături externe
 Filme franceze din 1914 la Internet Movie Database
 Filme după an la Cinema-francais.fr

Filme din 1914
franceze
Liste de filme franceze

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Nicotina es una coproducción entre México, Argentina y España estrenada el 3 de octubre de 2003 y dirigida por Hugo Rodríguez.

La película narra en tiempo real las peripecias de un hacker, un dúo de estafadores, un matrimonio de barberos, y otro matrimonio de farmacéuticos. Todos estos personajes se ven envueltos en una serie de sucesos conexos con desenlaces trágicos relacionados al tabaquismo.

Argumento
La historia se ubica en la Ciudad de México. Un hacker llamado Lolo (Diego Luna) es requerido para un trabajo por dos estafadores: Tomson (Jesús Ochoa) y el Nene (Lucas Crespi), que planean vender datos confidenciales y claves de cuentas bancarias pertenecientes al Banco Cantonal de Zúrich, a cambio de veinte valiosos diamantes, a un grupo de criminales liderado por Svoboda (Norman Sotolongo), un misterioso contrabandista de nacionalidad rusa, acompañado por Andrei (Alexis Sánchez), otro contrabadista ruso.

Lolo hackea los complicados sistemas de seguridad del banco para conseguir las claves, y a su vez utiliza su tiempo libre para espiar a su vecina Andrea (Marta Belaustegui), a través de cámaras de seguridad que él mismo había instalado en su apartamento anteriormente sin que ella lo supiera. El enamoramiento de Lolo hacia Andrea asciende a obsesión, ya que a través de dichas cámaras vigila todos sus comportamientos, su cotidianeidad y sus conversaciones telefónicas. Lolo tiene registro de toda la vida de Andrea y posee una vasta cantidad de discos compactos y casetes con dicha información.

Cuando Andrea recibe en su casa a Carlos (Eugenio Montessoro), con quien mantiene una relación por interés ya que él le ofrece un oportuno lugar en la orquesta filarmónica que dirige, Lolo se pone celoso e intenta interrumpir este encuentro interviniendo el teléfono de Andrea y reproduciendo mensajes de su buzón de voz, haciendo que Carlos se vaya. En ese momento Andrea puede oír desde su ventana hacia la vivienda de Lolo el mismo sonido de los mensajes que transmitía su teléfono, y logra darse cuenta de que ha sido espiada por su vecino.

Lolo finalmente logra copiar los datos de las claves a un nuevo CD, pero Andrea logra infiltrarse en su departamento y enciende en llamas todo el material digital que él posee sobre ella (en el cual se encontraba también el CD que acaba de grabar para los criminales rusos), y vuelve a su piso sintiéndose totalmente afligida y humillada.

Mientras tanto, Tomson y Nene discuten sobre las probabilidades de muerte que poseen los fumadores de tabaco. Un rato después llegan al edificio donde vive Lolo y lo convencen de que vaya con ellos al encuentro con los criminales rusos, a lo que finalmente accede.

El trío llega al motel donde se hospedan los rusos y les entregan el CD. Cuando Andrei intenta chequear la veracidad del mismo, se topa con imágenes de Andrea. En ese momento los criminales rusos creen que han sido estafados, entretanto Tomson y Nene creen que el disco estaba siendo copiado por ellos, esto desata una violenta confusión que desemboca en una balacera. Andrei es asesinado y Svoboda logra escapar herido de bala y se escabulle en una barbería. Mientras que Nene también resultó herido y Tomson lo lleva a una farmacia local para que curen su herida.

En la farmacia se encuentra Clara (Carmen Madrid), quien tiene problemas con su matrimonio, ya que su esposo Beto (Daniel Gimenez Cacho) la maltrata bajo la excusa de que está dejando de fumar y tiene los nervios de punta, en parte por su torpeza, como también porque ella también fuma a escondidas. Clara, luego de que su marido se va a dormir, es abordada por los delincuentes obligándola a curar la herida de Nene, ella sin saber que hacer acepta tratando de curar bajo presión la herida de Nene pero llega su marido, con lo cual Nene debe esconderse. Beto habla con un policía amigo (quien le prestó una escopeta y le advirtió que había algunos hombres armados; refiriéndose a los estafadores) y cuando este se retira, Tomson se acerca a la farmacia para buscar a Nene, pero Beto se encuentra ahí y le dispara con la escopeta. Al darse cuenta de esto, Nene acribilla a Beto y sale de la farmacia para encontrarse con el cadáver de su amigo, y al no poder hacer algo al respecto, continúa buscando a Svoboda.

Mientras tanto en la barbería, atendida por Don Goyo (Rafael Inclán) y su esposa Carmen (Rosa María Bianchi). Un matrimonio también con tensión debido a sus problemas financieros, ella lo maltrata a él diciéndole que no hace nada para cambiar las cosas, obligandolo a llamar a su primo con changas. El responde siempre que los momentos son difíciles y que jamás aceptaría ayuda de su primo delincuente. En eso llega Svoboda que llama a una colega por teléfono y le cuenta que posee los diamantes intactos "en la panza" (se encontraban en el vientre de una muñeca de trapo que él llevaba consigo), y que se encuentra herido de bala. Mientras Goyo le corta el cabello, el criminal ruso amenaza a la pareja de barberos con un revolver a pelarlo por completo, pero al cabo de un rato muere desangrado en la peluquería. Carmen oyó atentamente la conversación telefónica que tuvo el ruso con su colega antes de morir, y se convence de que los diamantes realmente se encuentran en el estómago del criminal, matando a un policía amigo de Goyo quien había llegado de casualidad y también el miedo de este de abrirle la panza. Ella se enoja diciendo que tiene que hacer todo sola, con lo cual decide hacerle una incisión en el abdomen al cadáver de Svoboda para luego descubrir que no había absolutamente nada allí.

Nene destroza las puertas de la barbería y entra armado, encuentra la muñeca de trapo con los diamantes y se la lleva, pero Carmen atina a dispararle en la espalda y le ordena a Goyo que lo vaya a buscar y traiga los diamantes. Goyo, harto de los oprovios de su esposa, sigue a Nene pero solo consigue ver cómo este muere desangrado en la calle a causa del balazo propinado por Carmen. Pronto, Goyo se esconde mientras ve cómo Carmen es detenida por la policía en la barbería y logra escapar.

Lolo se queda con los diamantes y vuelve a su departamento. Este enciende una jarra con agua, la cual resbala sobre el fuego de la hornilla hornalla y provoca una fuga de gas mientras sigue queriendo espiar a Andrea, pero esta tapa todas las cámaras. En venganza, este decide llamar a su otro amante, Diego, por lo que lo llama haciéndose pasar por el portero, y que ella necesita verlo, y se encuentra a Andrea en la cama con Carlos, causando gritos en ese departamento. Mientras Lolo ríe victorioso enciende un cigarrillo y muere instantáneamente por combustión espontánea, debido a la fuga de gas que había ocasionado y había tomado todo el departamento cerrado en el que estaba.

Posteriormente se muestra una escena donde dos policías investigan el cuerpo de Nene y se oye una explosión, la cual sería la que se produjo en el piso de Lolo y concluye con una frase irónica de la hermosa esposa del farmacéutico, sobre el consumo de tabaco, mientras que Goyo, escondido, llama por un teléfono público al primo de Carmen preguntándole si tenía un trabajo para él.

Reparto
 Diego Luna, como Lolo.
 Lucas Crespi, como Nene.
 Jesús Ochoa, como Tomson.
 Rafael Inclán, como Goyo.
 Rosa María Bianchi, como Carmen.
 Norman Sotolongo, como Svoboda.
 Carmen Madrid, como Clara.
 Daniel Giménez Cacho, como Beto.
 Marta Belaustegui, como Andrea.
 José María Yazpik, como Joaquín.
 Martha Tenorio, como Eulogia.

Banda sonora

Temas
 Absynthe - Terrestre
 Puedo Llegar a Tener [Somos lo Mismo] -  Andrea Echeverri y Julio Preciado
 Fiebre - Diálogo: "Cáncer al Pulmón"
 Calladita Se Ve Más Chula - Terrestre
 Nena
 Yiri Bon ("Yiri Yiri Bon") - Beny Moré,
 Diálogo: "Breve y Bueno"
 Broncota - Terrestre
 Esta Tarde Vi Llover - Juan García Esquivel
 Fiebre - César Costa
 Diálogo: "Las Cosas Que Valen la Pena en la Vida"
 Nico y Tina - Terrestre
 MacAbron - Terrestre
 Diálogo: "No Te Desconectes..."
 Dos Hojas Sin Rumbo - Julio Preciado
 Traigo Plomo - Terrestre
 Chupo Faros - Terrestre
 Diálogo: "!!!! Mira Como Me Pones... !!! "
 Pero Te Extraño - José José
 Nadie Es Perfecto - Mariano Osorio
 Quiero Dormir Cansado - Emmanuel
 Fiebre Fiebrecita [Redo Mix - Terrestre] - Instrumental
 Diecinueve Balazos - Terrestre
 Diálogo # 15: "Ya Ves?"
 Luz Azul [Nicotina Mix] - Aterciopelados
 Yiri Bon ("Yiri Yiri Bon") [Las Etiquetas Mix] - Beny Moré,
 Luz Azul [Fase Mix] - Aterciopelados
 Fiebre [Sweater en LA Playa Nava Mix] - César Costa

Véase también
cine en México

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial

Películas de Diego Luna
Películas de Jesús Ochoa
Películas de Carmen Madrid
Películas de Daniel Giménez Cacho
Películas de humor negro
Películas ambientadas en la Ciudad de México


Howie Richards aka Howie Tee is name known throughout the country who says "I love music and love to play it for my fans with a style of my own". A down-to-earth person who is on the quiet side, best known as D Master of D Ole Skool loves to spend time with his friends and family considers himself a person who also likes to have quality time to reminisce and most definitely loves to laugh and make people laugh as well. Howie Tee today is a renowned veteran a self taught DJ from back in his Malick Comprehensive days has many adoring fans. The many years of music in his repertoire makes him one of the best DJ's in Trinidad and Tobago; no doubt this keeps him constantly striving to improve and do better.


text:
Q: How to read an xml in parts using XmlReader? I have the following extension method to read rows from an excel file. However, the excel file is too large (more than 500K rows and 900 columns) and I was hoping if there is anyway to read the excel file in parts (e.g. 5K rows at a time).
static IEnumerable<XElement> StreamRows(this OpenXmlPart part)
    {
        using (StreamReader stringReader = new StreamReader(part.GetStream()))
        using (XmlReader xmlReader = XmlReader.Create(stringReader))
        {
            xmlReader.MoveToContent();

            while (!xmlReader.EOF)
            {
                if (xmlReader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element && xmlReader.Name == "row")
                {
                    XElement el = XElement.ReadFrom(xmlReader) as XElement;
                    if (el != null)
                    {
                        yield return el;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    xmlReader.Read();
                }
            }
        }
    }

Instead of using 'yeild' I tried adding the XElements to a List (for every 5K rows) and returning the List, but that took more time to execute than desired.
I am out of ideas and any help is appreciated.

A: Try to use ClosedXML. You can find this here: https://closedxml.codeplex.com/ and NuGet: https://www.nuget.org/packages/ClosedXML/
This library completly support operations on Excel documents (after version 2007, e.g .xlsx files)
Have fun ;)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Doughton may refer to:

People
 Robert L. Doughton (1863–1954) North Carolina politician
 Rufus A. Doughton (1857–1946) North Carolina politician, brother of Robert
 Shannon Doughton, alias of musician Britt Walford

Places
 Doughton, Gloucestershire, England, hamlet, location of Highgrove House
 Doughton, Norfolk, England, hamlet


text:
WHEN QUEENS COLLIDE - THE MOVIE
WHEN QUEENS COLLIDE, the definitive documentary on the art of drag, nears wrapping principal photography. Our crew, with 30 Emmys to their credits, have been shooting for over four years and have amassed over 350 hours of dazzling footage of L.A's top drag performers both in and out of drag.
Go backstage, behind the scenes, and get to know drag superstars, MOMMA, KAY SEDIA and BRIDGETTE OF MADISON COUNTY. Experience the wit of JACKIE BEAT, MISS COCO PERU, MZ. ALANNA, CHI CHI LARUE and the impresarios of club Dragstrip 66, GINA LOTRIMAN and DJ PAUL V. You will get to know the men who bring these hilarious "women" to life.
You'll also meet such bright, up and coming talents as TV perennial guest star WILLAM BELLI, CASSANDRA FEVER the "New" Elvira, KELLY MANTLE and the exotic RAJA!
Experience the comic genius of THE BOOFONT SISTERS, MAUREEN LAYER and the perpetually pregnant, ROXY MOUNTAINS.
See what a myriad of Hollywood stars have to say on the art of drag and their take on our talented performers. Over 21 celebrities log in including: ALEXIS ARQUETTE, BEA ARTHUR, BRUCE VILANCH, CASSANDRA "Elvira" PETERSON, DEE WALLACE, GEDDE WATANABE, JIM J. BULLOCK, JUDY TENUTA, MINK STOLE, PHYLLIS DILLER, RICHARD SIMMONS, as well as West Hollywood Mayor/Councilman: JOHN DURAN.
Gain insights into drag with eminent psychiatrist, Dr. JAY M. SMITH, as well as side-splitting reminiscences from both celebrities and performers alike.
Learn the history of drag from expert drag historian, BENNETT SCHNIEDER, who consulted on the cult hit; PRISCILLA, QUEEN OF THE DESERT and is none other than drag nun, SISTER UNITY DIVINE of THE SISTERS OF PERPETUAL INDULGENCE.
Take a "Walk on the Wild Side" with Andy Warhol Superstar HOLLY WOODLAWN, who was hired to put the sass into Dustin Hoffman's Dorothy Michaels for TOOTSIE.
Our performers have been on such network TV shows as NIP/TUCK, NYPD BLUE, BOSTON LEGAL, INVASION, MY NAME IS EARL, WHOOPI, CSI-NY, NUMBERS, WILL & GRACE, THE SHIELD, CSI- MIAMI, CANE, WOMEN'S MURDER CLUB as well as being in such major motion pictures as STOMP THE YARD and FLAWLESS with Robert De Niro, indie favorites GIRLS WILL BE GIRLS and BILLY'S HOLLYWOOD SCREEN KISS along with countless theatrical shows and opera's directed by Franco Zeffirelli.
Be held spellbound by the uncanny illusions of legendary JIM BAILEY and his reminiscences on his illustrious career. You'll see that Jim not only has a huge fan following but is endorsed on camera by such celebrities as SHARON GLESS, DEBBIE REYNOLDS, EARL HOLIMAN, Academy Award winner MARGARET O' BRIEN, BETTY GARRETT and former Miss America, LEE MERIWETHER.
WHEN QUEENS COLLIDE is a highly entertaining and enlightening look at the men behind the make-up and the gender bending art involved in drag.
©2008. CONTENT: DIZZY DAMES LLC. DESIGN: ACTORWEBDESIGN. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.


text:
Lauren Daigle Performs on NBC's 'Today with Hoda and Jenna'
Grammy-winning singer Lauren Daigle performs a special rendition of the title track from her album, "Look Up Child," recorded especially for NBC's 'TODAY with Hoda and Jenna'.
We have that performance right here!
Related: Lauren Daigle Performs on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
Of the special "stripped down" arrangement and performance Daigle shares, "this song is about how to stay light in heavy times and I hope it brings some light to everyone's day."
The COVID virus and quarantine brought Lauren's headlining world tour to a screeching halt, but that did not stop Lauren from making music and making an impact. She recently appeared on the Kelly Clarkson show where she and Kelly talked about how much they miss the fan interactions. And while sequestered in, Lauren has launched a podcast, called "Daigle Bites"; which captures Lauren's warm, fun, and silly personality.
Related: Lauren Daigle Performs on The Ellen Show
Lauren's World Tour is scheduled to resume in February 2021.


text:
Venezuelan president accuses US of planning coup; declares emergency
by Dawood Rehman | Published on May 16, 2016 (Edited May 16, 2016) 
CARACAS (Web Desk) – Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro has extended a state of emergency in the country for an additional 60 days in an apparent attempt to hold onto power under the threat of a recall election. Maduro addressed the
CARACAS (Web Desk) – Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro has extended a state of emergency in the country for an additional 60 days in an apparent attempt to hold onto power under the threat of a recall election.
Maduro addressed the nation amid protests in order to declare a "constitutional state of emergency…to tend to our country and more importantly to prepare to denounce, neutralize and overcome the external and foreign aggressions against our country."
In addition to extending the state of emergency, Maduro called for military exercises to prepare for "any scenario" including foreign invasion.
President Maduro also addressed the threats to his power, claiming the United States was actively promoting a coup to have him removed from office, the UPI reported.
"Washington is activating measures at the request of Venezuela's fascist right, who are emboldened by the coup in Brazil," he said. "We have already seen the image of the oligarchy signing and removing power to the people."
Under the Venezuelan constitution, the President of Venezuela is the head of state and head of government of Venezuela.
Hugo Chávez served the longest uninterrupted period in office with 11 consecutive years, starting after his restoration to power in April 2002 and until his death in March 2013. The current president, Nicolás Maduro, was elected to his first term in 2013.
While Maduro vowed to complete his term, which is set to end in 2019, US officials said such a scenario seemed unlikely even if he managed to prevent a recall election demanded by opposition protesters.
The country faces massive inflation, expected to reach 700% within this year, as well as shortages of food and other goods.
US intelligence officials reported they believe a crisis in the country is "imminent."
"This is really not the case that the US is rooting for any outcome other than there not be an economic meltdown or social violence," one official said.
"There are reasons for concern that over the summer as Venezuela gives importance to payments on debt over imports that these events could spiral."
Meanwhile, reports have emerged of citizens stealing basic necessities such as flour, chicken and underwear as the country's hydroelectric power output has faced outages due to severe droughts.
The capital city of Caracas has also become a hotbed of violence as protests rage both against and in favor of Maduro.
"You can hear the ice cracking. You know there's a crisis coming. Our pressure on this isn't going to resolve this issue," one US official said.


After completing a BA in Art History and English Literature at Auckland University, English-born Jo Hawley moved to Melbourne in 2000, and been ensconced in her practice ever since. In 2012 she completed the Advanced Diploma of Engineering Technology – Jewellery, at NMIT, where her work continued to delve into questions on proportion and scale, interior vs exterior spaces, the play of light on metal and the difference simple changes to surface treatment make to the feel or look of a piece, making the same pieces appear exceedingly delicate or very solid.
Jo is inspired by sculptural forms and architectural details, which reveal themselves in her work. The monumentality of simple forms – regardless of scale – are subtly integrated into the form, line, surface and contours of Jo's jewellery. Her work is about simplicity and subtlety – about allowing shapes and forms to speak for themselves without needing additional decoration and detail.


I'm trying to migrate an application from WildFly 8 to 10. After migration PicketLink SSO Federation stopped work properly. I'm got this error after redirection from Identity Provider to Service Provider.
It looks like an issue caused by PicketLink version downgrade on WildFly 10.
But it doesn't has effect.
Make sure you have the same PicketLink version on WildFly 10 as you have on WildFly 8.
Indeed, WildFly 8.2.0 has picketlink-federation-2.6.0.Final as a module, while WildFly 10 features 2.5.5.SP1.
2.7.0.Final is necessary and sufficient for my needs. So I always had to install this version on top of all WildFly versions. Also I tried latest 2.7.1.Final but encountered an issue with redirect binding and downgraded back to 2.7.0. So PicketLink version upgrade should be made with caution.
Thank you for your help. I upgraded PicketLink version from 2.5 to 2.6 on WildFly 10.


Portable air conditioners is not as popular as the permanent air conditioners which can be found in various buildings. However, there are actually some great reasons for people owning the portable AC unit. It will be smart choice for people who do not have traditional AC unit in their home. At the same time, they actually can save money and also energy use by using portable unit instead of the traditional one. Because it is not common choice yet to have portable AC unit, people might find difficulty for choosing the best one. There are some factors to consider if they want to buy the portable unit after all.
First of all, people really need to make sure that they involve the cost before they buy any portable AC unit. The portable AC unit is offered for home use and commercial use. Because of the different purposes, it is sure that the price range will be different as well. Nevertheless, there are some elements which can cause price difference of portable AC unit product. The main element cannot be separated from the performance of the portable AC unit. People also have to spend more money if the portable AC unit can also play as dehumidifier and heater.
People can have different reasons for buying portable AC unit. Some people just want to use the unit in a room only and they just look for the way for saving money and energy use by using the portable unit. However, there are some other people who think that they really want to be able for moving the unit from one to another room. In this circumstance, they really need to consider about the size of the unit when buying it. It will be hard for moving the unit if it comes with large size. It is better to measure the space as well before buying the unit for ensuring that it can fit in the spot for long term.
People maybe will not think hard about the size of the room when they want to buy traditional air conditioner unit. However, we can make sure that room size is very important consideration for buying the portable air conditioner unit. Most portable AC unit is not designed for cooling the entire apartment or house. It will be more useful for cooling certain room. That is why it is better for people to know the performance of the portable AC unit based on the room size for making sure that it is able to keep the room cool. Bigger BTU needed for room with larger size.
The energy use of portable AC unit will depend on the way people use the portable unit for sure. People need to consider about the energy use of the portable unit because it can affect the energy bills. There is no need to worry because they can make proper consideration about the energy use of the portable unit from the Energy Star rate added to every product. If people want to save energy use with portable unit, they need to choose which comes with thermostat which can be programmed. Proper maintenance will be a great help for saving energy on portable AC unit.
Air conditioner works by venting out the hot air for keeping the room cool. In this circumstance, people have to pay attention about the ventilation of the portable AC unit. Most products come with window venting kit but they need to make sure that they place the unit close to the window. If they want to place it far from the window, they need to consider about the maximum width of the window kit for portable air conditioners.
LG LP0817WSR 115V Portable Air Conditioner with Remote Control in White for Rooms up to 150-Sq. Ft.
10,000 BTU portable air conditioner cools areas up to 350 sq. ft.
Refer page 15 of user manual for troubleshooting steps.
Maximum power consumption: 1250 W / 10.8 A . Power supply: 115 V / 60Hz / 1 Phase . Max. window kit length = 46" , Min. window kit length = 20".
Amana AMAP081AW Portable Air Conditioner with Remote Control in White for Rooms up to 250-Sq. Ft.
This entry was posted in Home & Kitchen and tagged Best Portable Air Conditioners, Portable Air Conditioners, Top 5 Best Portable Air Conditioners on April 1, 2019 by Admin.


eyoControl is a set of MIDI controllers for the iPad to work with your Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) software or MIDI instrument, as a control surface or a virtual instrument/controller.
– Surface: a control surface with traditional Mixer View with per-track buttons/knobs/faders, and a Panel View with quick access to the status of 64 tracks. Supports major DAW software such as Logic, Cubase… (read details about DAW support at http://eyosido.com/eyocontrol/surface).
– Transport: a simple Transport Bar including a large Timecode display, large control buttons and scrub wheel to operate basic play/record operations with your DAW/recorder software.
– Pad: a 4/6/8/12-pads MIDI controller with tap-location sensitive (controls MIDI note velocity) pads suitable to play drum parts. Each pad has a configurable color/MIDI channel/note. A global velocity slider adds up to the velocity control of each pad.
– Keys: a dual keyboard MIDI controller with separate MIDI channels assignable per keyboard. Choose among three key widths per keyboard, and customize key colors. A global velocity slider controls note velocity.
– mXY: a multi X/Y controller featuring four independent, highly configurable X/Y controllers. Choose assignments among 55 MIDI Continuous Controllers or Pitch Bend. Each axis can be swapped, muted, reversed, mirrored… X/Y controllers can also be merged in a single coordinate system to create special effects when moving altogether.
eyoControl communicates with your DAW through the iPad's WIFI connection using either the native iPad wireless MIDI capabilities (CoreMIDI) or eyoControl Server (OS X only) for advanced connectivity options. Using a CoreMIDI compatible MIDI interface for the iPad or equivalent, you can connect your iPad to the MIDI ports of your synthesizer and take advantage of mXY, Pad or Keys to control the sounds of your synth. (no DAW or WIFI required in this configuration).
NOTE: eyoControl is a set of MIDI controllers, it does not produce sound by itself!
– iPad running iOS 4.2 or above.
– a local WIFI connection or a CoreMIDI compatible MIDI interface for iPad or equivalent.
– a laptop/desktop computer running either OS X 10.4 or above, or Windows XP/Vista/7 (rtpMIDI required when using Windows) or other system compatible with the iPad wireless MIDI protocol.
– a Digital Audio Workstation software / audio sequencer with MIDI support or a MIDI instrument.


Please join us for our Easter Day Celebration, this Sunday, April 21st @ 9:30am.
Holy Week is just around the corner!
St. Alban's has a full week of services during Holy Week, starting with Palm Sunday on the 14th at 9:30am! We start in the Parish Hall. Everyone is welcome and we look forward to meeting you!
We have great services this Christmas, starting with Advent which leads us to our Christmas Eve and Christmas Day Services.
All Advent Sunday services begin @ 9:30am and include the lighting of the Advent wreath and the placing of symbols on our Jesse Tree. On Sunday the 9th we have Lessons, Poetry and Hymns along with the Holy Eucharist.
Our Christmas Eve service includes beautiful prelude music along with congregational hymns @ 10:30pm, the service starts at 11:00pm on the evening of December 24th.
Christmas Day service, on December 25th, begins at 9:30am and includes the Holy Eucharist and wonderful Christmas hymns!
We celebrate the Feast of St. Alban every year on the Sunday closest to June 22. Please join us June 24 for a picnic after the liturgy!
In July on the Sunday closest to Independence Day, we have a special liturgy incorporating readings from historic writings of the United States, and the celebration of Holy Eucharist. Please join us July 8 at 9:30 am.
Although there is a lot of construction around the church, we are still having services and we have plenty of parking in the back of the church. Please don't hesitate to come to our Sunday Services at 9:30am, we would love to have you!
Celebrate Holy Week at St. Albans!
St. Alban's has a full week of services during Holy Week, starting with Palm Sunday! Everyone is welcome and we look forward to meeting you!
The Sunday before Easter, when the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem is celebrated in many Christian churches by processions in which palm fronds are carried.
The ritual meal which commemorates the events of the Exodus is called the Seder. The primary aim of the Seder is to transmit to future generations the story of the Exodus, the central event in Jewish history. Ideally, a family gathers around a table in its own home to celebrate the Seder, sharing in a meal which symbolizes their consciousness as a people and their faith in the future. The Exodus story pertains to all persons, since it tells of the right of all persons to be free.
This service anticipates the church's ancient prayers for the last three days of Holy Week. Tenebrae means "shadows" and refers to the gradual extinguishing of candles and lights as the service proceeds, until only one candle remains.
Is the Christian holy day falling on the Thursday before Easter. It commemorates the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles as described in the Canonical gospels, and gives us the warrant for all of our celebrations of Holy Communion.
After the Maundy Thursday service during Holy Week, the pre-sanctified Bread and Wine are processed into the Chapel. During the all-night vigil, parishioners are invited to sit, to meditate, pray and read at any time from the close of the Thursday Liturgy till the beginning of the Good Friday evening Liturgy.
The Shrove Tuesday pancake supper has been cancelled.
Ash Wednesday is on February 14th. Services will be held at 12:10pm-1:00pm and 7:00pm. We hope to see you there!
The St Alban's Annual Meeting is this coming Sunday, the 28th of January following the Eucharist at 9:30am. There will be a brunch before the meeting. All our welcome!
Join us at 9:30 am this Sunday, July 2nd, for a liturgy including readings from the Declaration of Independence, Abigail Adams, Chief Seattle, and Frederick Douglass.
Also on July 4th at 9:30 am will be our Independence Day Liturgy.
We celebrate the Feast of St. Alban every year on the Sunday closest to June 22. Please join us June 25 for a picnic after the liturgy!
In July on the Sunday closest to Independence Day, we have a special liturgy incorporating readings from historic writings of the United States, and the celebration of Holy Eucharist. Please join us July 2 at 9:30 am.


Recent statistics show that while 66 percent of colleges and universities reported that information about them had been discussed on social media channels that could damage their reputations, only 23 percent said they used these channels for communications during a crisis. Onlinecolleges.net compiled this informative look at what schools need to know about managing sticky situations on social media sites. In addition to statistics on how well schools are coping with crises online, there are also tips for drafting and implementing a crisis policy.
Recent statistics show that while 66 percent of colleges and universities reported that information about them had been discussed on social media channels that could damage their reputations, only 23 percent said they used these channels for communications during a crisis.
Onlinecolleges.net compiled this informative look at what schools need to know about managing sticky situations on social media sites. In addition to statistics on how well schools are coping with crises online, there are also tips for drafting and implementing a crisis policy.


Born 1911, Santiago, Chile, died 2002, Civitavecchia, Italy.
abstract expressionist and surrealist art, mainly interested in building space. By geometry wanted to show the trauma after the Second World War. He was a thinker and activist.
Museum of Latin American Art, Digitalization of Molaa's Permanent Collection, December 16, 2009, Long Beach, California.


Candy Crush Saga has three words in the title, but game developer King only got a trademark approved for the first one. That doesn't mean, however, that the second two are fair game. It turns out a few weeks ago King filed a Notice of Opposition with the USPTO regarding someone else's trademark request. The application in question was for The Banner Saga, a turn-based PC RPG. King objects because it includes the word 'saga.' Yes, seriously.
It's important to note that the development house behind The Banner Saga (Stoic) is not seeking a trademark simply on the word 'saga,' but the entire name of its game. King says that because it already has several trademarks that include the word saga, Stoic's trademark should be denied. This would effectively force the developers to change the name of the game. King is taking advantage of the opposition period to try and block this trademark – it's the same opportunity other developers will have as soon as King's candy trademark is published.
It is generally agreed that unique terms like 'The Banner Saga' or 'Candy Crush Saga' are different than suggestive ones like just 'saga.' It would be very difficult to make the claim that you came up with the whole term Candy Crush Saga without knowing about the existing game, but that's what makes it easier to obtain and enforce as a trademark.
Even though this situation has some fundamental differences when compared to the candy trademark, they both involve King jealously guarding single words to reinforce its brand. This isn't necessarily about the trademark system being broken like copyright law is – trademarks are usually enforced in a more narrow manner. Problems arise when the trademark owner is particularly litigious and has deep pockets. King's behavior thus far isn't encouraging.


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package headfirst.designpatterns.combining.decorator;

public class MallardDuck implements Quackable {

	public void quack() {
		System.out.println("Quack");
	}

	public String toString() {
		return "Mallard Duck";
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


BILL SHERMAN won the 2008 Tony Award for Best Orchestrations for In the Heights and the 2008 Grammy Award as the co-producer of the In The Heights Original Broadway Cast Album. He also won the 2011 Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song-Children's and Animation for Sesame Street's "What I Am" and the 2014 Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song-Children's and Animation for Sesame Street's "The Power of Yet" as well as the 2018 Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song-Children's and Animation for Sesame Street's "A Song About Songs" featuring Sia. He was also nominated for a 2009 Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music for the theme music to AMC's "Storymakers." Bill is the Music Director of Sesame Street, The Electric Company, and Nature Cat on PBS and HBO as well as Julie's Greenroom on Netflix. Recently, he produced the Hamilton Original Broadway Cast Album with The Roots for Atlantic Records and composed the music for All Things Must Pass, a documentary about the rise and fall of Tower Records directed by Colin Hanks. He was also the Music Supervisor for "Hello, World!" a new series on The Discovery Channel. He is a co-host of Questlove Supreme on Pandora with Ahmir Thompson of the Roots and Phonte Coleman of Little Brother.
He is a proud member of NY's premier hip-hop, improv and comedy group, Freestyle Love Supreme that traveled to the Aspen, Edinburgh, Melbourne and Montreal comedy festivals. He is a graduate of Wesleyan University.
Copyright 2019, Pop Music Misery, Inc.


Following a series of shows at SXSW and a gorgeous live session with KUTX, Freedom Fry will play a hometown show in celebration of record release on June 4th at School Night. Stay tuned for additional dates to be announced.
Freedom Fry's music, which heavily bleeds the warmth and sunshine of their home state of California, skirts the lines between pop, folk, and alt rock and can be heard in over 50 films, shows, and commercials including Judd Apatow's Love, Showtime's Shameless, Grey's Anatomy, and in high-profile ads for fashion labels such as Lanvin and Madewell. They have performed in Europe and throughout the U.S. with the likes of Stromae, Phantogram, and X Ambassadors as they continue to independently amass over 60 million streams to date.


Spell Bound starts off pretty much immediately where Waking the Witch left off. Savannah realizes that the wish she made to trade her powers for a little girl's wellbeing actually came true, and is horrified to find that her magic is gone. Soon, Savannah and Adam realize that a group desperate for the secret to immortality is after supernaturals, and will stop at nothing to use them for their own means. People from their inner circle are disappearing, and they will have to get close enough to this group to stop them before more of their own are killed or sacrificed.
Yes, Spell Bound has all the action you've come to expect from the Otherworld series, but it's really about Savannah coming to terms with herself without her powers. She manages to alienate Adam, who she's secretly (or not so secretly) in love with, and is sometimes downright childish. She does a lot of growing in this book, and really does come into her own, not only as a sorcerer, but as a mature woman. I was delighted that Cassandra DuCharme, vamp queen extraordinaire, got lots of page time in this one, and the author also amps up the tension between Adam and Savannah. The stars come out in Spell Bound, and Ms. Armstrong has set the stage for the final book in the series, with the promise of some major smackdown to come! Can't wait!
book review, fantasy, kelley armstrong, magic, savannah levine, spell bound, urban fantasy, women of the otherworld series.


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Q: Napili Template Header Top Overlap I have a custom header I want to put on my Napili community template, however, it keeps overlapping the search bar.
Before:

After :
How can I "push down" the search bar and make this section dynamic to the size of the header? The header is a custom lightning component.

A: As of now, When you use custom header, you need to implement search functionality.
See this idea:

Allow header to be customized in Napili Communities Template
When creating a new community via the Napili template, it's rather limited with what you can do with the header.  I can change the background image, action colors, navigation bar, and I can also implement a completely new header if I wish.  However, if I implement a new header, then I also have to implement the my profile widget, the global search widget, and the logo as well if I want.
I should be able to customize the "standard" header by doing the following:
Changing the background color of the header (I currently do this by hacking a solid color image as the background image)
Adding custom components to the header itself or taking standard components away, like the global search bar.


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NewsTravelEat & DrinkThings To DoDealsMore
NewsMontreal
Photos Of New Quebec City Tram Have Us Excited For The Future Of Transit In The Province
Pretty soon, the whole province will have accessible and reliable public transit networks.
Teddy Elliot
Published December 10 2019
Updated December 10 2019 at 11:27 PM
Réseau structurant de transport en commun
Photos of the new Quebec City tram, the Réseau Structurant, were released and it has us excited for the future of public transit in our province.
It seems as though soon enough all of Quebec will have reliable public transit networks!
Get all the details below!
Visit MTLBlog for more headlines.
The future of public transit in the province of Quebec is looking brighter than ever. Thanks to projects in Montreal like the REM and the Blue Line extension, Quebec politicians are making efforts to fast-track investment into transit networks across the province. The new Quebec City tram, the Réseau Structurant, is just one of these incredible projects that are currently underway. Renderings from the Réseau have us excited about the potential for transit investments in not only the major cities but across the whole province.
The project was greenlit this summer after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the government would help fund the project. The project is expected to cost $3.3 billion with funding from federal, provincial, and municipal governments.
To help get the project off the ground, Montreal Mayor Valérie Plante transferred $800 million of her city's share of federal infrastructure funding. In exchange for this contribution, the provincial government agreed to help fund Montreal's future Pink Line tramway.
The province's two largest cities will soon be connected like never before. Montreal's many other projects include a proposed extension of the Yellow Line.
For other cities across Quebec, the future is looking brighter than ever for transit projects to take shape.
Quebec City's tramway will be completed in 2026. It aims to take over 10,000 cars off the road and will remove 150,000 tonnes of CO2 over 15 years.
At 23-kilometres, it won't be anywhere near the scale of Montreal's network. Still, the tramway will connect Quebec City's west and east ends in an under-40 minute trip.
For those who have spent any time in Quebec City, you know that this tramway is an absolute necessity. With service from 5 a.m. to 1 a.m., Quebec City residents will finally have an efficient public transit system that they can rely on.
The city used to have a tramway until it was decommissioned in 1948. Since then, the city has had to rely on a sometimes sketchy bus network. The tramway will service some 140,000 residents and will make getting around the city a breeze.
READ ALSO: ARTM Released A Map Of What Montreal's Public Transit Network Will Look Like In The Future
Much like the REM in Montreal, Quebec City's tramway will be fully integrated into the city's infrastructure. 35 stations will be handicap accessible and 26 stations will be directly connected to the city's bike path network.
Along with integration, Quebec City will add another 7 bus lines to their network and open a new 'trambus' - an articulated electric bus route that will run the 15-kilometre east-west portion of the lower city.
Montreal and Quebec City will not be the same once their public transit projects are fully operational. It's an exciting time to live in Quebec!
Stay tuned for more public transit news from Montreal and across the province right here on MTL Blog!
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Review: Hidden Ink by Carrie Ann Ryan | The Biblioholic ~ Read more. Sleep less.
Hailey and Sloane's happily ever after was hard won. Shoot the battle had started before they'd even met. They both carried those battle scars and the weight wasn't only physical. Friends for years, they had circled around each other and fought against their inevitability. Finally giving in to their feelings, they had to put their ghosts to rest, accept their flaws, and learn to count on each other for love, support and acceptance. The characters were endearing, their stories were heartbreaking, and their beginning was beautiful.


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A 80 Sappho a Naprendszer kisbolygóövében található aszteroida. Norman Robert Pogson fedezte fel 1864. május 2-án.

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Kisbolygók listája

Jegyzetek

A Naprendszer kisbolygói

vec:Lista de asteroidi#80 Safo


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Chof Daled Teves Farbrengen this Sunday Night
This Sunday night, January 6, there will be a farbrengen at Tzemach Tzedek in honor of the 200th year since the histalkus of the Alter Rebbe on Chof Daled Teves.
Maariv will be at 8:00 PM followed by the farbrengen.
The Alter Rebbe and founder of Chabad Chassidism, Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812), passed away on the eve of the 24th of Teves, at approximately 10:30 pm, shortly after reciting the Havdalah prayer marking the end of the Shabbat.
The Rebbe was in the village of Peyena, fleeing Napoleon's armies, which had swept through the Rebbe's hometown of Liadi three months earlier in their advance towards Moscow. He was in his 68th year at the time of his passing, and was succeeded by his son, Rabbi DovBer of Lubavitch.
Stardom 101: Lipa Goes To College
By Sandy Eller, The Jewish Press
He is a singer, an entertainer, a performer, a composer, a lyricist and perhaps the most revolutionary force to ever hit the Jewish music world. But for the last two years, Lipa Schmeltzer has donned another guise, trading his microphones for textbooks and the concert stage for the classroom, as the colorful artist has headed to school in pursuit of a college degree.
Schmeltzer's dream of obtaining a higher education began approximately two years ago as he drove past the local community college and began to contemplate the possibility of earning a college degree. Stopping off at the registrar's office, Schmeltzer inquired as to the enrollment requirements and was told he needed a high school diploma.
"I never got an education other than biblical stuff," reported Schmeltzer. "I called up someone in New Square and he got me a paper saying I had graduated high school."
Not surprisingly, the registrar at Rockland Community College, a two-year school which is part of the State University of New York system, informed Schmeltzer that the paper he was holding was of little value. As English is actually Schmeltzer's second language, he spent eighteen months working towards his high school equivalency diploma, taking classes at the Rockland County Board of Cooperative Educational Services as well as studying with private tutor Chaim Glovinsky in order to pass the series of five tests which would award him a General Equivalency Diploma and allow him to enroll in college.
In fact, Schmeltzer views his time at RCC as an opportunity not only for his personal growth but that of other Jewish students as well. Rabbi Dov Oliver, director of the RCC Hillel, which also doubles as a Chabad House, had nothing but praise for the college's most well known musical personality.
"From his first days at RCC, Lipa has been here offering to do whatever he could," reported Rabbi Oliver. "He has helped me put tefillin on kids and he brought his entire family for our annual Shabbat dinner. He made kiddush, sang zemiros, did badchanus and literally made his way to every single table in the room, making everyone feel good. Once, at our weekly parsha shmooze, Lipa spoke about his life, how unlikely it was that he would have ended up in college, explaining that you never have to accept your circumstances as the end game, you can control your own destiny and work towards what you believe. He made a very powerful impression on the students."
A one bedroom condo is available for rent in Blueberry Hill. Walking distance to Tzemach Tzedek. Available with basement or without. Please call 646-770-0001.
Help Cheder Chabad Avoid Its Fiscal Cliff Today


Home >> Family >> Should kids play video games?
Toby is five years old and Gabe is three. They have both been playing video games since before they were two. They even got their own tablets for Christmas last year when they were just two and four. With a game developer dad and a blogger mum it was probably inevitable that they would be early gamers, but should kids play video games at all?
There are reports all over the media telling us that too much screen time is damaging our children's brains, behaviour and health. It's no wonder that parents worry about the amount of time their kids are spending in front of screens. I know I do and it's something that I've written about before. But is all screen time created equal? Does an hour spent watching TV with little or no interaction have the same effect as an hour spent playing an engaging game on a console, computer or tablet?
According to this article in the Guardian the amount of time spent on screens isn't really the problem, it's what children are doing when they're using them.
Are video games useful for children?
There is such a huge range of video games available these days. They've certainly come a long way since we got our first home computer back in 1982 and played games like Frogger and PacMan! Of course there are lots of games now that I wouldn't let my two young children play, but there are literally thousands of games with educational content that I am happy to see them playing.
And it's not just playing educational games that can have benefits. There are plenty of other reasons why playing video games can actually help your child's development. Strategy games help them to learn problem solving skills; video games can be social; they can improve concentration; they help develop hand eye co-ordination and dexterity.
Despite having a tablet each, Toby and Gabe often play together on one – they talk about the game, help each other, and come up with different ways of solving problems (and I would be lying if I didn't say they fight a bit too, but that's siblings!) At three years old Gabe will concentrate on a game on his tablet for longer than anything else. He will play the same thing over and over again until he gets it right. And he has learnt so much from video games – he knows things that have definitely come from games that he wouldn't know otherwise.
Most of the boys game playing so far has been on their touch screen tablets, but as Toby gets older he is also learning to use a computer. Now he is in Year 1 he has some maths homework to complete online and so is starting to find his way around a keyboard. He sometimes plays old keyboard controlled games with Barry like Jet Set Willy 2.
More recently Toby and Gabe have enjoyed watching their Daddy playing a Zelda game on an old Nintendo GameCube we have. Even though they aren't actually playing they are so involved in the story and the decisions that need to be made through out the game. They also enjoyed getting involved with Little Dragons Cafe that we recently reviewed.
Toby has shown an interest in wanting to learn how to use the game controller so Barry wrote a little PC game for him called Super T: Arcade Kid. It features a little Toby character which you move up and down to collect coins as the game scrolls along. It's simple but a really great way to get used to using the controller. You can even buy it yourself (and pay what you feel) if you'd like to give it a try with your kids!
I think the most important thing with young children and video games is that you always make sure you know what they're are playing. We have a subscription to Amazon Kids Unlimited which they play on their Fire tablets. It allows me to restrict their access to content according to their age. They're happy getting to play loads of different games and I'm happy because I know they can't access anything inappropriate. We always keep an eye on their behaviour when they are playing too – we've actually stopped them playing some games (usually ones involving fighting) because it obviously affects their behaviour, and not in a good way.
On balance I think there's absolutely no reason why kids shouldn't play video games, and in fact plenty of reasons that they should! As parents we just need to be aware of what they're playing, and I'm all too aware that this will probably be harder the older my two get. If video games are something that Toby and Gabe enjoy, and something that they can learn from playing, then I definitely won't be stopping them any time soon.
How about your children? Do they play video games or are they something you keep them away from? I'd love to hear your views on this so please do leave me a comment.
As T has got older, we've allowed him a bit more screen time as time has gone as we feel that technology is an integral part of challenging the brain and learning. We all learn in different ways, after all. So much so that I've been really tempted to buy him his own little tablet for learning.
Like you said, it's all about balance. If I know we've had bit of a telly or movie day because the weather has been horrid or T has been poorly, then the next day we'll do something else or go out and have zero screens.
Also, it's very well known that schools use technology (even coding) in their curriculum, so why wouldn't I want him to be technologically minded before school.


Seeing is believing. The NU7400 55" Samsung 4K HDR Smart TV delivers breathtakingly flawless details. Raising the bar with HDR10+ technology, this voice-controlled UHD TV brings a stunning visual experience to your living room for everything from binge-watching your favourite shows to checking the sports highlights.
Bought this online, Open Box...bought 17 Mar, got Mar 20 !!, bought it because of the V stand, it can be put on a narrorer cabinet...was Easy to set up, even for me, i think maybe because it was already checked / calibrated by "Geek Squad"..connected easily via our cable, a few passwords later with the cable remote it WORKED... I luv it, my husband did not want one (so big)... well guess who,,,,, is glued in front, golf/sports/ etc... the sound is very good, loud enough for our room 12/18, It is sitting beside the patio door, west side of house... the picture is great even in bright daylight.. fun to watch action movies, ie as in the 'life of Pi"..& my dogs like barking at the strange animals now on the big screen :) So, Now i will wait for my computer nerd son to teach me how to use the smart features... very good price... & so far very happy with the purchase, and the Best Buy Service...especially in their stores..
really impressed with this TV, highly recommend it.
My last Samsung lasted 10years of heavy use. I hope this one last as long or longer. This is the first smart TV I've owned and am quite impressed with the performance. The picture is very sharp and the built-in speakers can fill the room. IMO it is a very good TV and you should not be disappointed.
Excellent quality for a great price!!
We bought this TV 2 weeks ago, so far its been a great TV crisp picture, great color specially when you use a 4K hdmi cable, we need to buy a good sound bar the TV sound is not that good and not that loud. Over all Samsung didn't disappoint!


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DOING A PHD IN AFRICA
African Studies Association
Punchng, August 2019
kujenga amani, July 2019
Codesria
The roots , June 2019
Happy Students
Directory of Doctoral Programmes in Africa
Search by Institution, Country, Disciplines and Course
Doing A PhD in Africa (DAPIA) is a nonprofit, nongovernmental association incorporated as a company limited by guarantee in Ghana. It began in February 2017, led by Titilope Ajayi, a PhD student at the University of Ghana and a writer-researcher with a passion to raise the profile of higher education on the continent. Her initial motivation was to fill a gap in information and networking space targeted at doctoral scholars in Africa. This she did through a Facebook group that grew from a handful of members in 2017 to almost 600 by early 2019. As numbers grew and exchanges advanced, it became clear that DAPIA needed to position itself as a platform to more formally contribute to improving access to quality doctoral study in Africa as well as the associated conditions. The platform has thus positioned itself accordingly.
PHILOSOPHY/GUIDING PRINCIPLES
– The centering of Africa and African experiences of life and doctoral study are at the core of DAPIA and all its activities. Therefore, we try to adopt and infuse African(ist) perspectives in everything that we do.
– Giving back and paying forward: Inculcating in everyone associated with DAPIA, particularly those who benefit financially or otherwise, the need to give back and pay forward any knowledge or support that they receive, particularly to universities and students who do not ordinarily have access to the more prestigious African doctoral support schemes.
– Representation in diversity: DAPIA aims to have representation in its management and operations from across the continent with due attention to gender and other social markers. Our planning and activities factor experiences and knowledges from multiple African contexts and worldviews.
Promote access to information by collating and facilitating access to all relevant information. This includes information about funding, fellowships, research projects related to Africa/requiring grounded Africa expertise, conferences, jobs (academic and non-academic) and topical debates related to key concepts and discourses in and concerning Africa. Our key innovation is our comprehensive searchable database of available PhD courses at African universities which you can access here [hyperlinkl].
ii. Facilitate access to doctoral education through:
● Information
● Promoting the relevance of African PhDs by deepening awareness of scholars' social responsibility and encouraging research on concrete development issues.
● Fundraising of resources to support PhD students
iii. Be and provide space for networking and collaboration
We do this both by offering space for scholars to come together and exchange as well as through targeted efforts to involve members in specific projects. In a recent example, the group helped to recruit from among its members three female doctoral scholars for a book project on African women's studies to be published in 2019 by a prominent publisher. DAPIA also put together, again from among its members, a panel on gender, migration and mobility at the Nordic Africa Institute's conference in September 2018.
iv. Contribute to personal and career development through peer and mentor support and guidance based on individual member stories of their doctoral study experiences. The aim of this is as much to provide lessons, support and encouragement as to identify potential problem areas where scholars may need assistance.
v. Offer substantive support
Ultimately, DAPIA is intended to serve as an interface through which doctoral scholars can access some funding (hardship grants) as well as experiential opportunities with universities and other knowledge institutions, either in Africa or with strong interests on the continent.
vi. Be a voice on doctoral study in Africa by documenting lived experiences of doctoral study at African universities and advocating for change as appropriate.
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