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Lenta.ru: "Thugs with hatchets at the ready"
ByAdmin February 21, 2018 February 2, 2022
The true face of Russian mercenaries and the secrets of PMCs: an exclusive interview with Lenta.ru
Interviewed by Alexandra Vigrizer – February 21, 2018
Photo: Wally Santana/Getty Images
To see the world, to visit unusual countries, to meet wonderful people and shoot them, simultaneously earning a lot of money – the work of a mercenary in a private military company (PMC) at first glance is very attractive. But in fact, everything is much more complicated: some volunteers chasing a long ruble can return home in coffins, while others do not smell gunpowder at all. Lenta.ru's special correspondent Alexandra Vigrizer spoke on condition of anonymity with an employee of one of the world's largest private military companies and found out why the semi-legendary Wagner PMC cannot be called a private military company, how "soldiers of fortune" live and what they fear.
Lenta.ru: What do you know about the Wagner PMC? How and for whom does it work? Why is their existence allowed in Russia?
All the information is on the surface. Everyone knows where their Moscow office is located. Yes, this is the structure of Yevgeny Prigozhin. Why is this private military company (PMC) allowed to operate? It's hard for me to understand. I can assume that it's all about the relationship of a particular person with a particular president. This practice has no world analogues.
If people are fighting for the country, then it should not be "green", "yellow" or "blue" men, but military personnel. If people are engaged in private security, training or risk analysis, then it can be a private military company. But PMCs cannot fully participate in hostilities. Because PMC employers and the state may have completely different goals. The state, for example, sets some global tasks, and a particular businessman is interested in the seizure of an oil refinery. And who? The Kurds!
What's wrong with the Kurds? Aren't they as adversary as anyone else in Syria and Iraq?
Are the Kurds the enemy?! Trust me: anyone who has worked in Iraq prays for the Kurds. Iraqi Kurdistan, for example, looks like an oasis in the middle of the desert. It's an amazing place! Lovely, kindest people without any signs of Islamic fundamentalism. Girls on the streets walk in T-shirts and capri pants, alcohol is sold everywhere, whiskey is openly advertised on the street! These are the most normal, the most adequate, the most rational allies of any adequate forces in the Middle East.
Offending the Kurds, fighting the Kurds is the worst thing imaginable. Moreover, the Kurds have a great attitude to Russia, love it. And now the activities of some cooks lead to the fact that the whole of Kurdistan (the Syrian, Turkish, Iraqi and Iranian parts of it) simply turn away from the partner. Come to Kurdistan and see: Gazprom works there, there are Russian guys from PMCs there. They are engaged in normal work, receive normal money. There is cooperation with local security companies. They do a good job there without any "law on PMCs", without presidential chefs.
The Kurds have a great attitude towards Russia. In Syria, at the instigation of some narrow-minded head of the farm, a political crisis is taking place, hundreds of Russian people are dying. It's a madness that needs to stop. I have worked in this field all my life and I can say what is happening behind the sign of the "Wagner PMC" – this is abnormal, this should not exist.
In this case, can the Wagner PMC be called, so to speak, the Russian army in a different "outfit"?
This is not the Russian army. There is, after all, the well-known word "mercenaries". Any army officer is limited by certain laws and a hierarchy of command. And Wagner… They simply do not have the brakes that a huge inertial military machine has. Any order in the official structure would pass through a huge number of instances – yes, stupid, but instances. And the Russian army is not going to fight the Kurds. So no.
Wagner PMCPhoto: onpress.info
Another sad side: Wagner's personnel, to put it mildly, are of a completely different quality. And then on points: the equipment and weapons are disgusting, the level of training is low, the effectiveness of the command also leaves much to be desired – there they have people dying constantly. This is well known in our circles. And therefore, the attitude of career Russian soldiers and officers to them is appropriate.
But there is still a moment about which it is impossible to remain silent. When a Russian pilot dies, he is buried with honors, broadcast on television, you write in your newspapers panegyrics and obituaries what a good guy he was. And rightly so. But here – by stupidity, by monstrous stupidity, more than a hundred people die. And what do they write about them? Have you seen this "troll factory"? "Oh, mercenaries, why feel sorry for them" is some fantastic level of hypocrisy, when ordinary guys from the outback are sent to die hell knows where for money, and then buried in unmarked graves.
And if they were contract soldiers in the army, would it be better?
Of course. First, it's a completely different attitude. Secondly, the army provides a number of bonuses. This includes citizenship, pension, and much more. And the main thing is the status of a legitimate participant in hostilities, as well as some kind of immunity from local laws. A soldier of the Russian army will not be handed over to a Syrian court, a soldier of the French foreign legion will not be put on trial in Mali.
And the PMC employee is a civilian. If Wagner employees had the full status of military personnel, I personally would have nothing against it. For example, a man dies, and the mother may say to his child: "Son, your father was a soldier, and he died as a hero, fought terrorists." Now what? Son, your dad wasn't sure who was doing what there – we were never told, he died when the stupid oligarch wanted to squeeze the oil field.
There was a precedent in history when the UAE hired about two thousand Colombians for the war in Yemen. And they hid even – like the Russian authorities – but they took them into the army, paid a very decent salary. And these were official soldiers in the service. So no, the Wagner PMC is what is called in Russian an "illegal armed formation", which is incomprehensibly subordinate to whom and is capable, thanks to the stupidity of its commanders, of provoking a huge international conflict. As a person who has been working almost all his life in this area, I strongly support its development, but such formations are harmful not only for the industry, but also for the image of Russia.
Why are you saying that Wagner has a lower contingent than the army?
Look: anyone in our field personally knows someone who serves there, or someone who refused their offer. But no one knows of a volunteer who would be denied admission to Wagner's PMC. They take everyone: people with criminal records, with alcohol dependence – all in a row.
It is enough to talk with their employees to understand that they are not the same level as the Special Operations Forces, they do not always reach the usual construction workers. Not in terms of education, not in terms of military training, not in terms of motivation. Again, I have a lot of respect for those who work there. But let's be honest: professionals don't go there. They don't need such a "beautiful" job, such an "amazing" opportunity to die even without a guarantee that your corpse will at least be returned home. None of the Russians I know – those who worked in Iraq in the early noughties, who are now working with Gazprom in Kurdistan – no one went there, because everyone understands that this, as they say, is a travesty.
Is there such a thing that a private company conducts full-fledged hostilities, and even with such losses? According to various sources, among the mercenaries of the Wagner group there could be up to two hundred dead.
Absolutely not. It is impossible to even imagine that now some Western PMC, an official company, is conducting hostilities. This is absolutely absurd. There was a precedent with Executive Outcomes, which participated in several civil wars in Africa, but that was in the early '90s. Since then, the world has changed.
The South Africans fought in Nigeria a few years ago. But some large international companies were not involved in this. This is a specific situation when specific people are recruited for specific work, whose activities are initially completely outside the legal field. Therefore, Wagner is, of course, not a PMC. You can call it whatever you want, but in the Russian criminal code it is called an "illegal armed formation". I have nothing against the people who work there – I understand their motivation, I respect them as professionals, but you need to understand that this situation is not normal. Nothing like this can happen in any Western PMC.
Doesn't Wagner's PMC work in the Russian legal field?
Of course not. On what basis are weapons transferred to people, on what basis do they conduct hostilities? I'm not a Syrian lawyer, I don't know what the laws are. But, in my opinion, the "Wagnerians" do not work either within the framework of Russian law or within the framework of the Syrian one. This is, as you like to say, "an education that has no analogues in the world."
But why do people go there? Work with a very high risk, with the possibility of a banal bullet in the forehead or a term for mercenarism?
I have not lived in Russia for a long time, but it is obvious that there is only one answer here – despair. Your economic situation, especially in the regions, is difficult. A lot of people have served in the army and believe that they can't do anything else. They don't know how to serve, really. But at least they identify as great warriors. Plus, you need to understand that in society there has been a certain militaristic pumping and propaganda for many, many years.
So despair, lack of money and skills, extremely high housing prices, lack of affordable loans – these are all factors. Even with such losses, I am afraid that there will be a lot of people who want to get a job at Wagner. Especially from small towns. Look at the known lists of casualties: there is almost no one from Moscow or St. Petersburg. These are all small towns where people have long lost hope. And the amount of 200 thousand rubles, which the dishwasher receives in Britain, makes people forget about everything and go to nowhere, not giving a damn about the instinct of self-preservation.
Okay, I understand with the Wagnerians. And what about normal PMCs? In the Russian media, mercenaries are presented as heroes eager to fight in the most dangerous parts of the front. How true is this image? What do private military companies do in general?
Completely untrue. For a long time there are no bearded uncles with tattoos, dissecting on jeeps in the desert and shooting at anything with a machine gun. 80-90 percent of businesses are absolutely standard things. We need to hang cameras, look at monitors, stretch barbed wire, provide drivers, technical reconnaissance equipment, and do analytics. The "bearded thugs" who are used to represent PMC employees are a minority, and a vanishing minority in this business. In fact, the work of PMCs is the work of watchmen, absolutely devoid of romanticism.
In general, there is a stereotype that the main work of a private military company is an armed guard. But this should not be the case: this situation has developed only because at one time Iraq and Afghanistan simply did not have a capable government and crowds of adventurers with weapons gathered there.
Blackwater MercenariesPhoto: Gervasio Sanchez / AP
We have a lot of talk that we need a law on PMCs that would regulate their activities… These conversations make me laugh. In America, which everyone nods at, there is no separate law on private military companies, and they do a good job. I do not follow what is happening in Russia at all, but I often see what Russian journalists write about PMCs, and I laugh at it. I was by the recent situation in Syria.
Firstly, people died there, and secondly, everyone immediately began to tell: they say, everything is fine, these are mercenaries and why feel sorry for them. So here we are. This is all said by clowns who have no idea what a PMC is and how it all works. Because nothing like what happened to the employees of the Wagner PMC in Syria simply could not physically happen in an American, British, or even Afghan company.
Let's just open our eyes and look at what a PMC is. I'll decipher the abbreviation for those who don't know. A PMC is primarily a company – a private military company. An indispensable condition for its existence is the legality of activity. Now the most important and most necessary person for a PMC is not a thug with a hatchet at the ready, but a coordination manager – a specialist who monitors that all the company's activities comply with local laws.
And a PMC, by definition, cannot work outside the legal field, outside the law, because then it is no longer a company. It's a criminal organization, a gang — anything but a PMC. And when we work now in unstable regions and read the stories of various Russian propagandists, it becomes funny at first, and then it is scary.
And a hard regime is usually established?
In general, everything is described as exhaustively as possible by the contract, which is signed in each individual case. But the main thing: any employee is fully subject to the laws of the country where he works. In fact, this is a four-component system: first local laws, then the laws of the customer country, then the laws of the country in which the PMC is registered, then the contract. Each layer has additional constraints.
And now imagine how strictly this regulates any activity, how great the role of lawyers who must understand all the conflicts, what bureaucratic machinations need to be turned in order to begin to fulfill contractual obligations.
After all, even a contract is not a contract for a page where it is written that company "A" protects employees of plant "B" and two signatures are worth it. It's a huge, eight-hundred-page talmud that puts the performer in an extremely rigid framework. It even talks about the standards of behavior, about sexual harassment!
And in Russia, everything is the same. Just one light from VGTRK said: "During the second assault on the Iraqi city of Fallujah, Blackwater played a key role, in fact acting first as a barrage detachment, and then as the main force of the breakthrough." I usually laugh when I read this, but then I wanted to find this person, take him by the collar and ask: "Clown, what are you carrying?!"
However, for some reason, this "four-component system" could not save Iraqi civilians from the tragedy when employees of the American company Blackwater shot civilians in Nisour Square in Baghdad in 2007.
Faithfully. I will not touch on what was there – this is a topic for a separate conversation. But contrary to fairy tales in the press, the participants in these events were tried, and in 2014 four were imprisoned. One for life, three others were given 30 years. This is not an isolated case: the British are sitting in India, who simply accidentally swam into Indian territorial waters.
Under these conditions, it is ridiculous to say that PMC employees are "above the law. On the contrary, they are not only forced to comply with all laws, they are regularly invented new restrictions. Now even the language is being revised. For example, the term "rules of fire" is abandoned because it sounds too belligerent, it is replaced by a neutral "rules of engagement".
U.S. Special Forces in IraqPhoto: Scott Nelson / Getty Images
As I said, the space for activity is constantly shrinking. In 2004, There was complete freedom in Iraq, but now Baghdad is doing everything to ensure that only local mercenaries remain in the country. Now it is possible to act freely in completely non-existent countries like Syria.
Frankly confuse the conversations of our deputies and other experts that Russian PMCs will work somewhere , there is a complete misunderstanding of the situation and its context. In a few years, foreigners will remain only on large projects: the protection of embassies, key infrastructure, and then everything without exception will go to local.
Is hiring locals a whim or a necessity?
Let me give you a simple example. That in Iraq, that in Afghanistan there are always local drivers at PMCs. Why? It's simple: if a citizen of another country got into an accident or, God forbid, crushed someone, then he will simply be sued, or even put in prison for decades. Therefore, they take a local one, so that in case of anything you can disown him.
I recall just two exceptions. The period from 2003 to 2006 in Iraq, and from 2001 to 2004 in Afghanistan. Back then, you could be above local laws, simply because they didn't actually exist. You arrived, there were no visas and passport control, right on the runway you received an automatic gun and drove to the villa with complete "immunity". But then in Iraq, for example, there was no state. There was the American ambassador, Paul Bremer, the head of the occupation government and essentially the supreme ruler of Iraq. In that particular historical period, PMC employees could indeed enjoy a certain immunity.
Now the situation is fundamentally different. Without permits, licenses, you can't step in. They banned the use of the PKM (Kalashnikov machine gun), then took away the RPK (Kalashnikov light machine gun), and even confiscated two SVD rifles (Dragunov sniper rifle). They left the usual Kalashnikovs and pistols. Only local contractors help out – they have access to government offices, can avoid prosecution for minor violations, know the language, local realities. And hiring them cheaper is a banal business logic. They can be paid pennies.
The only exception is American government contracts, which recruit only US citizens, because only they can issue the necessary form of admission to secrecy. They have all the employees — Americans, even those who are standing on the gate. Only due to this, there is some work, because you simply cannot hire a foreigner there. If there is no requirement for secrecy, they will hire locals. True, their qualifications, as a rule, are almost at zero.
We see the results, remember the recent attack on a hotel in Kabul (then, as a result of a Taliban attack on a hotel populated mainly by Western officials, 43 people were killed – Lenta.ru note). Obviously, this hotel is the number one target for all villains, but even it was guarded by local clowns who fled at the first sounds of gunfire.
But the local employee needs to understand: you live there, you have a family. Today you are defending some foreigner for money, and tomorrow your family will be stabbed for it by the Taliban. So even if you are a professional, you can't expect much from you. The only exception is the Kurds. They're really handsome. First, the society there has a positive attitude towards foreigners. Foreigners bring money, not war. No one will hurt your family if you protect foreigners. Secondly, many of them are really competent guys, they know the math, they speak English well. It's a pleasure to work with them.
What is the current ratio of "militants" and organizers, managers, analysts in companies?
It all depends on the specific contract. But in reality, in many countries where there is a fierce need for security, it is simply impossible to work with weapons. Nigeria is a monstrous, scary place, but whoever you are, you can't work with guns there. Mexico, where cartels kidnap 50 people every day, is impossible. The only way out is if an armed group of Mexicans works with you, and at a critical moment you can snatch a rifle from their hands and begin to administer justice.
But in fact, always with any contract, the number of armed foreigners is less than half, and maybe no one at all. Now it is much easier to hire a local for running around with a machine gun. And the authorities will be grateful. As a result, we have a huge number of people willing to work and a very, very small and constantly decreasing number of vacancies.
How big is the market for private military companies?
The total volume of the industry around the world is 171 billion dollars. But it is already divided between very large corporations. All the significant companies in this field over the past four years have been bought by multinational security players who do not know how to work in high-risk situations.
Now in the West, there are practically no small and medium-sized players left in this activity. The market consists of international corporations and regional contractors on the ground. The reality is that the market for armed security, the one that you journalists love to talk about, is by no means increasing.
On the contrary, it is decreasing every year. And the reason is very simple: no normal state will allow the presence of foreigners with weapons on its land. Do you often see armed citizens of other countries in Russia? Foreign guards with machine guns, pistols that protect someone? No! Any state, even such failed countries as Iraq or Afghanistan, now leads foreign PMCs into such a narrow framework that work becomes almost impossible.
Who do PMCs usually work for? On the state?
It's confusing. Private companies mainly fulfill the orders of private business. It is impossible to even imagine that a Western or even Afghan or Iraqi large company would work only with the state, only for the state, and even in this form, openly participating in hostilities. Although state contracts are always very profitable – this is either the protection of representatives of a particular state, or the protection of embassies, which is very monetary.
What do states usually entrust to private military companies?
Analysis of intelligence, risk analysis, protection of embassies and diplomatic representatives, ensuring the security of various CIA facilities, if we are talking about American contracts. Once there was a case when the Pentagon instructed PMCs to protect the corps of military engineers of the American army – the Ministry of Defense in that region did not have enough of its own forces. Stories about contractors being charged with some political assassinations are fairy tales, of course.
Cannon fodder, assault squads – this is not all about PMCs. It was all in the '60s and '90s and ended with Sandline and their attempted coup in Papua New Guinea. This was probably one of the last cases when someone tried to hire a PMC for some semblance of fighting.
That is, there were still such precedents?
A lot of literature has been published on this topic: the heyday of mercenarism fell on the 60s of the XX century. Dogs of War, Bob Denar, everything. A legendary figure. In the early 60s, he resigned from the army, went "to civilian" and began to sell washing machines in Paris. He quickly got fed up with this, and he took up the old thing: in fact, he worked for the French government where it did not want to shine. But, let's just say, he did not take away the oil fields in the interests of the French bourgeois from the Kurds.
Bob Denard in courtPhoto: Jean-Christophe Kahn / Reuters
But he was lucky to some extent: Denard didn't die in prison just because he had Alzheimer's. By the '90s, all state games with mercenarism were over. The old man was dragged through the courts until he died, and no old merits helped. So in Russia, as often happens, they decided to pick up a forgotten trend.
But can't we say that Syria is the same failed state as Iraq was during the American occupation?
Essentially not. It's a funny conflict. If you look from the position of Russia, then this is a completely established country with a government and laws. A beautiful state, where happy people idolize President Bashar al-Assad, are devoted to him with all their hearts, are very glad that the war with the "Islamic state" (banned in Russia – note "Lenta.ru")) is over.
That is, there is no such thing that we came, threw Assad off the throne, installed our supreme ruler. No, we supposedly respect Syrian laws and their authority. But if power and law are when "Assad allowed" another state to form illegal armed groups on its territory and use them in war, then this is just an example of a failed state.
It is unlikely that Syrian law allows the creation of illegal military formations on its territory and their conduct of independent hostilities. However, I am not a lawyer and I am not going to go to Syria.
For many Wagnerians, war is just a way to make money. There is information that employees receive three thousand dollars for a month of active hostilities and half of this amount during their stay at the base. How close are these numbers to reality and how do they relate to regular salaries in this industry?
Let's put it this way: they are close to reality. People from there talk about such amounts. But in general, you need to understand that even in hot spots, it is not every day that evil terrorists with knives rush to your base. The lower the level of risk, the more idiots you can hire for this job. Therefore, often, when you can take a person, let's say, with low salary expectations, they will hire him.
Blackwater PMC Training CenterPhoto: Gerry Broome / AP
It started back in the 2000s, when Chileans were hired for pennies, then it came to Ugandans. I worked with them in an African country – these comrades can't even shoot a machine gun normally. If there is an opportunity, and the risks are small, they always hire the cheapest.
So in the field of maritime security, where it all started with salaries of six hundred dollars or six hundred pounds a day, salaries fell to ridiculous numbers. Recently, I saw an ad offering jobs to Ukrainians on the terms: 30 days at sea for $ 800. I discussed this in Iraq with a colleague from India and, to tell the truth, he almost died of laughter. Because it's ridiculous money. But the Ukrainians are going for it. Therefore, it is difficult to talk about any average market wages. It very often falls, because they hire for pennies local or representatives of poor countries, including Romanians, Gurkhas, Indians, Ukrainians, Ugandans.
There are more prestigious contracts, where very high requirements for personnel are put forward. In this case, certain standards of payment are implied: for serious high-quality work, you can get about 10 thousand dollars a month. Few people rise above this bar.
Is it really necessary to compete at a high level?
Recently, there was a tender for the protection of the Australian embassy in a fairly "good country". So: just to show up, you need a huge investment at the very beginning. Yes, they pay very decently for such a contract, but the problem of Russian companies is that there is no such business in this area that would be ready to go to the end and invest real money. There was a perfect example of the company "LUKOM-A", which recruited people and was going to go to work in Iraq. They just weren't given a license to operate.
No one in Iraq or Afghanistan needs new players. There are local companies and the largest international corporations that can afford it. So the development of the Russian segment of PMCs will depend only on the development of domestic business. Once there is a critical number of projects to guard, there will be a security business. You need to understand that the need for it already exists, but it is not fully realized.
Look at the most egregious case – the murder of the Russian ambassador in Ankara. Where was his guard? It just wasn't there. She was in Moscow. The unit that deals with the security of the diplomatic corps is simply not able to provide protection to everyone who needs it. All countries are engaging private security professionals for these tasks.
But our state, instead of supporting the development of a normal healthy industry, is engaged in the creation of pocket illegal formations like Wagner. At the same time, Russian diplomatic representatives in countries with a huge level of danger are simply not protected by anyone. If this insane practice continues, it will continue to cost the lives of Russian diplomats.
They just don't exist. Investigation
UNIAN: SBU releases evidence of Wagner fighters' involvement in war crimes
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Restore the diverse ecosystem to the neglected mountains.
Gujo City in Gifu Prefecture is located in the heart of Japan. It is a mountain range located in the south of the Hida mountains, and is blessed with endemic plants.
In the past, a number of ski resorts were developed one after another as development accelerated along with economic growth. As time passed, most of them were closed down and the unused sites had been neglected, which resulted in a negative effect on the ecosystem. Brother began to commit to restoring the mountains in Gujo City, located in Gifu Prefecture, from 2008.
Not all the trees we planted took root or grew fully. As we progressed in the research, we found that some of the seeds are not ideal for taking root into the soil and some of the soils are not suitable for taking root. We decided we needed more academic knowledge and research, thus started collaborative research with Professor Takano at Nagoya University. We studied how our planted trees grew and what kind of organisms lived in the area by season.
Aiming for nurturing more organic forest.
Following the result of the research, we made a new plan to turn some areas unsuitable for planting trees to prairies and choose areas most suitable for planting trees. Then, we started to find a Gifu butterfly, a Japan originated unique butterfly, and rare kinds of animals and plants. That proves we have a forest with ecological diversity. To study the area helps us know more on Gifu butterflies and the restoration of forest which have not been understood academically yet.
CSR & Corporate Communication Dept.
Brother celebrated a 100-year anniversary in 2008. That was when we decided to give back to our society and started planting trees in Gujo city, Gifu prefecture. There were times when our seeds didn't grow and things looked hard. After so many hours of studies and researches, we gradually started to see more plants and insects. For us, it is such an honor to work with Gifu prefecture, Gujo city, and Nagoya University. Along with this collaborative approach among industry, government, and academia, we are planning to have more time interacting with the locals.
Restoring the lost nature and nurturing forest loved by the locals.
As a collaborative project with Gujo city, we have started planting trees since 2008. With the help of Nagoya University, we made an effective plan to implement on planting trees and witnessed the restoration of abundant ecosystem. We will continue to restore the environment aimed at having "Brother's Forest, Gujo" loved by the locals."


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Cognitive developmental level influences the way in which children understand ethnicity. Older siblings and caretakers must model for younger children the internalization phase and help them negotiate earlier phases to facilitate their attainment of a more mature ethnic identity. LINGUISTICS Language in Relation to a Unijed Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior. Ellen K. Quick, in Doing What Works in Brief Therapy (Second Edition), 2008. What could be interpreted as "rebellious" may more appropriately be framed as the child's efforts to fit in. Subjects can also respond with 'one'; an adequate reaction under the instruction: name the serial position of the letter in the alphabet. Linguistics can be studied under two basic approaches: Synchronic linguistics: study of language at a given point of time. These findings initially were interpreted as indicating low self-esteem and a preference for the dominant culture vs. one's own culture. Much of ethnic identity is developed in the communication style in which the child is surrounded. Preliminary Edition. Moreover, caretakers have not been found to consistently provide rewards for grammatically correct utterances or punishment for incorrect ones. Index, 1992: 026 by (ISBN: 9789992446751) from Amazon's Book Store. But through the process of finding a linguistic fit at my college, language has shaped and changed my views on social categories and the way they are played out in society. Learning these patterns of communication is a crucial aspect of children developing their ethnic identity. Aphasia assessment batteries are groups of tests which sample from a range of language behaviors. The database provides abstracts of journal articles and citations to book reviews drawn from over 600 serials publications, and also provides abstracts of books, book chapters, and dissertations The Linguistics MA allows you to study phonology and syntax alongside a pathway of your choice in English Language or Language Acquisition The course, characterised by its flexibility, equips you with the research skills necessary to undertake independent study in linguistics. Human beings learn every now and then. Professor Bennett discusses the problems involved in topics such as teleology, belief and intention, form and content, meaning, convention, and syntactic structure, whilst underlining the importance of behaviour in both human and non-human forms of communication. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who was interested in language acquisition in humans. All these approaches share a common focus on the observable aspects of language behavior. A and S can serve as the pivot. Anthropological linguistics; Applied linguistics; Descriptive linguistics; Discourse analysis; Language – pathological and normal The therapist might tell the client, "If this window (wall, etc.) His theory of learning was closely related to his theory of linguistic behavior itself. With 1,500 graduates in more than 40 countries pursuing careers in education, governmental and industry-related fields at all levels, the University's long-established MA TESOL is dedicated to building expertise in the field. Nonstandard lects can also be the manifestation of certain political opinions and attitudes as in the case of Ebonics (see Baugh 1999). The choice of battery will be influenced by severity, time post-onset, and often also reflects the training, theoretical perspective and country of origin of the clinician. The hypothesis is that smaller units must be mastered as a prerequisite for more complex units. Comprehension, however, is left largely intact. Everyday low … By focusing only on the biological sex, the whole group of women is contrasted to the whole group of men without taking differences in these holistic categories into account (see below). Attitudes and Language Behaviour - Volume 28 Issue 1 - H. J. Warkentyne. In a syntactically ergative-accusative language, the pivot is typically absolutive, i.e. Many researchers criticized these early studies on methodological grounds (Banks, 1976). LYNDSEY NICKELS, in Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language, 2008. These studies have important implications for the field of personality development as they ultimately open up the possibility of estimating trajectories of personality change indirectly from archival online behavior without ever having directly collected explicit personality information (i.e., administered a personality questionnaire). Diachronic linguistic study: study of language I-LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS I-1 DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE I 1.1DEFINITION WITH RESPECT TO FORM Language: Communication and Human Behavior: The Linguistic Essays of William Diver: Amazon.es: Huffman, Alan, Davis, Joseph: Libros en idiomas extranjeros D.P. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) contiene referencias bibliográficas sobre lingüística y otras disciplinas relacionadas con los idiomas. but have reported only minimal language disruption. Is this a client who expects insight, one who hopes for a medication referral, one who wants behavioral homework, or one who wants an opportunity to ventilate? Indexes international literature in linguistics and related disciplines in the language sciences. Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) abstracts and indexes the international literature in linguistics and related disciplines in the language sciences. An ethnic identity is developed and modified as individuals become aware of other groups and of the ethnic differences between themselves and others, and attempt to understand the meaning of their ethnicity within the larger setting. Studies of signers with right hemisphere damage (RHD) have reported significant visuospatial disruption in nonlinguistic domains (e.g., face processing, drawing, block construction, route finding, etc.) Learning is not necessary must be conducted in a formal way such as tutorial, class or lecture; however, we also learn when we having a conversation with others or be it listening to the radio. Language Behavior describes a behaviorist theory on how humans develop language. 1997) and Langue des Signes Quebecoise (Petitto et al. Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) abstracts and indexes the international literature in linguistics and related disciplines in the language sciences. One of the most significant findings in neuropsychology is that the two cerebral hemispheres show complementary functional specialization, whereby the left hemisphere mediates language behaviors while the right hemisphere mediates visuospatial abilities. Linguistics and Language Behavior Conference scheduled on May 24-25, 2021 in May 2021 in Montreal is for the researchers, scientists, scholars, engineers, academic, scientific and university practitioners to present research activities that might want to attend events, meetings, seminars, congresses, workshops, summit, and symposiums. 11. '" The therapist now has the freedom to "try out" a range of comments without particularly aligning him or herself with any of them. Once children encounter others who are different in appearance, language, behaviors, or attitudes, they begin to categorize themselves and others. They may believe that they can only know one language at a time. First, 'the act of naming' cannot select the required action parameters. When families provide strong positive images of their ethnicity, children's early feelings about their ethnic group are likely to be positive. Language is an aspect of human behavior. By decoding the linguistic representation, an addressee is able to construct a mental representation that corresponds, at least in some respects, to the speaker's mental representation. The best known empirical studies on ethnic identity in youth focus on minority children's preference for stimuli associated with Caucasian culture (e.g., white dolls) vs. their own culture (e.g., Banks, 1976; Clark & Clark, 1940). Language: Communication and Human Behavior The Linguistic Essays of William Diver. linguistic behaviour definition in the English Cobuild dictionary for learners, linguistic behaviour meaning explained, see also 'linguist',linguistically',lingo',lingerie', English vocabulary The other well-researched topic relates to children's self-identification, or self-definition, and capacity to correctly label their own ethnic identity (Aboud, 1987). Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) Acceso UDC Acceso institucional-RedIris Información: Materia: filología; Contenido: referencias bibliográficas y resúmenes de artículos, libros, informes, tesis, etc. Researchers using Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging techniques in investigating comprehension of ASL in deaf and hearing native users of signed language have shown significant activations in frontal opercular areas (including Broca's area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) as well as in posterior temporal areas (such as Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus) (Neville et al. According to the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "childhood" is – very obviously - "a time or state of being a child." Although there are children around in everyday life, people don't seem to place great importance on their linguistic behavior. For example, in many African-American social groups, the meaning of a message may be more in how (rhythm, tonal range) something is said than what is said. The database covers all aspects of the study of language including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Children's feelings about their ethnicity are influenced from an early age by the family and community. Mathias Allemand, Matthias R. Mehl, in Personality Development Across the Lifespan, 2017. How this difference impacts identity is significant, and the family's role in helping the child develop a positive identity is crucial. R. Wodak, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. More specifically, UCL Linguistics is one of the leading departments for research in theoretical linguistics in the UK and its staff includes world leaders in theoretical syntax, semantics, pragmatics, phonology, and experimental linguistics. Some suggest that incorrect self-definition vis-a-vis one's ethnicity indicates a negative self-concept, and thus may merit attention. For some immigrant families, attempting to fit in with the major culture's language style has been critical and, as a result, their native language or dialects are not taught to their children. In a nominative-accusative language like English, the pivot is typically nominative, i.e. People have attitudes/feelings/beliefs about language in general, their language, and the language of other people. Chomskyian linguistics is a broad term for the principles of language and the methods of language study introduced and/or popularized by Chomsky in such groundbreaking works as "Syntactic Structures" (1957) and "Aspects of the Theory of Syntax" (1965). In homogeneous settings, familiar practices are not recognized as ethnic. Language is a set of symbols being used mainly for communication. You'll be taught by academics who are shaping the field internationally within both Psychology and Linguistics, and those working at the intersection of both subjects. The socialization of infants is often regarded as primarily the duty and work of mothers; mothers use 'motherese,' a very specific discourse adapted to the needs of infants (see Wodak and Rindler-Schjerve 1985); as a result of caretaking, children acquire the regional dialects and vernacular which their mothers use at home. On the other hand, other large-scale surveys have shown that young women tend to speak dialect and nonstandard language as well (Wodak and Dressler 1978), due to specific situations like family conversations and peer group talk. Linguistics and Language Behavior Conference scheduled on December 03-04, 2020 in December 2020 in Tokyo is for the researchers, scientists, scholars, engineers, academic, scientific and university practitioners to present research activities that might want to attend events, meetings, seminars, congresses, workshops, summit, and symposiums. Language learning takes place when stimuli in the environment become associated with internal responses, which then become associated with overt behavior through the application of classical and operant conditioning, imitation, and shaping. Simply put, behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated by the learner. LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR Maclay, Howard 1964-06-01 00:00:00 HOWARD MACLAY* Since about 1950 a mutually profitable exchange of ideas be- tween linguists and experimental psychologists has occurred. As the term indicates, the object of inquiry was taken to be behavior, or, for linguistics, the products of behavior: perhaps a corpus obtained from informants by the elicitation techniques taught in field methods courses. This learning process is complicated further by possible cultural clashes at school, where appropriate behavior, modeled and reinforced by teachers and students, can be drastically different from the home environment (e.g., asking questions and challenging authority may be the norm in school, whereas deference to authority is expected in Asian-American families). Subjects need not respond with 'a.' They can refrain from responding; an adequate reaction under the instruction: say 'o' when there is an O and refrain from responding when there is an A. At Reading, one of the top 10 universities in the UK for Aural & Oral Sciences (Complete University Guide, 2021), we offer you the opportunity to study all aspects of this most complex form of human behaviour. Also, the findings are dated and with the increased Afrocentric pride evidenced in most African-American families (Mahon, 1976) and the greater availability of black dolls in stores, African-American children are more likely to prefer black dolls. Language and Human Behavior: An Introduction to Topics in Linguistics explores language in an accessible way from an applied linguistics perspective. However, in childhood ethnic identity remains largely unexamined; that is, children have not thought through for themselves the meaning of their ethnic group membership (Phinney 1989). When the therapist recognizes the client's unique way of "cooperating" (de Shazer, 1985) and paces the response accordingly, client cooperation is likely to be enhanced. The Dual William Diver 5. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. Phinney, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Investigations of psychological and neural aspects of signing reveal strong commonalities in the development and cognitive processing of signed and spoken languages despite major differences in the surface form of these languages. They may feel shame when other people hear their language. The therapist might highlight the fact that multiple suggestions are possible by using the "split team" approach, derived from work behind the one-way mirror. By decoding the linguistic representation, an addressee is able to construct a mental representation that corresponds, at least in some respects, to the speaker's mental representation. For example, in a situation where there was uncertainty about the status of a relationship, and the dilemma involved "waiting" versus "moving on," S. Miller (1992a) suggested this approach: "One part of me (or one of my colleagues) thinks you should wait for him to come back. (Wodak and Schulz 1986, Kotthoff and Wodak 1997). For example Parkinson's disease leads to errors involving timing, scope, and precision of general movements including, but not limited to, those involved in speech and signing. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts assists both generalists and specialists in keeping abreast of cutting-edge developments in disciplines concerned with the nature and use of language. Subject terms are also commonly known as descriptors, controlled vocabulary, and sometimes classification terms. Cognitive linguistics is a modern school of linguistic thought that originally began to emerge in the 1970s due to dissatisfaction with formal approaches to language. Only very detailed qualitative studies can provide insight into such complex theoretical questions. They can also respond with 'ape' or 'cat'; adequate reactions under the instruction: give an animal name that begins (not) with an A. 2 Linguistic behavior in childhood. By eight or ten years of age, children develop an understanding of ethnic constancy (the fact that their ethnicity does not change over time or superficial changes). And as I say each one, I want you to notice your reactions, your emotions. You can find out if the full text is available by using the, Anyone with a UWE Bristol login can access this database. The database covers all aspects of the study of language including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. In written form it is a long-term record of knowledge from one generation to the next while in spoken form it is a means of communication. Learning is seen as the formation, strengthening, and adjustment of associations between stimuli and responses. Neuropsychological studies of brain injured deaf signers and functional imaging studies of brain intact signers have provided insights into the neural systems underlying sign language processing. Client language, behavior, and style communicate how the person views both the problem and the process of change. The relevance of ethnic identity and awareness of this aspect of a person's identity are particularly important when children realize that their personal ethnic or cultural identity differs from the culture in power (Erikson, 1958). Natural Language Accepting differences in personal characteristics is a developmental process. Early exposure to a sign language may lead to the enhancements in the specific neural systems underlying visual processing. Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA) abstracts and indexes the international literature in linguistics and related disciplines in the language sciences. Therefore analysis of complex tasks into learning hierarchies has been used in designing instruction sequences. More controversial are the influences of visuospatial impairment in the use of highly spatialized components of the language such as complex verb agreement and the classifier system. Socialization plays an important role in the content and meaning children attach to their own ethnicity. Moreover, both comprehension and production of pantomime were found to be better preserved than was sign language. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. For example, the dark, slanted eyes common in Asian-American children are not dark or slanted (they are normal) when everyone else's eyes are that way; but when a child realizes that beautiful and normal equals bluer and rounded eyes, that child has to deal with different identity-related issues than blue, round-eyed children. A.H.C. Issues around appearance are another domain of ethnic socialization often associated with parent-child tensions. Thus, research on gender should take the whole interaction and context into account; of course, the biological sex will always be part of a categorization but other categories might prove more valid in a specific research which makes it possible to operationalize gender roles (the inclusion of professional roles and organizational roles with gender is of utmost importance as well as culture and ethnicity; the socialization of women who come from Islamic cultures is so different than the background of Western European women that intercultural problems clearly arise in interactions, see Martin-Rojo 2000, Wodak 2000, Essed 1992, 1997). Owens, Robert. Children may then hold conflicting or negative feelings about their ethnicity and express the desire to belong to another group. But in addition there appear to be greater age differences in textual tasks that involve recent connections than in those that involve recollection of older connections. Age-linked deficits in story recall is thought to be more of a general deficit in connection formation than in specific communication ability. Thus sign languages exhibit properties for which each of the cerebral hemispheres shows specialization. E-Book ISBN: 9789004209107 Publisher ... HOW THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE WENT WRONG IN THE WESTERN TRADITION. As de Shazer (1985) points out, clients are always cooperating with their therapists. These errors produce phonetic disruptions in signing, rather than higher-level phonemic disruptions that are apparent in aphasic signing (Corina 1999). The same variation of correlations is true for studies on conversational styles: In some cultures, men clearly interrupt women more frequently and dominate topic choice, but in other cultures this need not be the case (see Shieffelin 1990). In a recent high-profile study, Youyou, Kosinski, and Stillwell (2015) demonstrated that computer-based personality judgments based entirely on patterns of Facebook Likes (in fact, only 90–100 were needed for the models) are more accurate in predicting life outcomes than informant reports and, in some cases, even more accurate than self-reports (e.g., participants' social network activity). However, hypercorrectness is also clearly related to social class: Working-class and lower-middle-class men also tend to speak hypercorrectly in certain organizational contexts (Leodolter 1975). Lesions associated with the left inferior parietal lobe result in an inability to perform and comprehend gestures (Gonzalez Rothi and Heilman 1997). At the University of Reading we offer you the opportunity to study all three aspects of this most complex form of human behaviour. Glendale, California: Summer Institute of Linguis- tics, 1954 (Part I) 1955 (Part 11). A vital ethnic community also provides a context in which children can form a positive sense of their group. Metrics Metrics. For example, some studies suggest that women use more standard language than men because they try to adapt to social norms (Trudgill 1974). For example, Jewish phrases help identify one's Jewishness. Other investigations illustrated that professional women are under more pressure than their male colleagues; therefore they adopt high standard sociolects or even hypercorrect features (see Labov 1966, Moosmueller 1997). Aukrust, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010. Culture, language and behaviour (my linguistic journey in the US) Shreya Suresh. Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior is a collection of papers that discusses differences at the center of the study of language, specifically, on the various dimensions of linguistic ability and behavior along which individuals can differ from each other. Amazon.in - Buy Language and Human Behavior: An Introduction to Topics in Linguistics book online at best prices in India on Amazon.in. Buy Language and Human Behavior: An Introduction to Topics in Linguistics by Mahootian, Shahrzad, Hallett, Richard, Kaplan-Weinger, Judith, Gebhardt, Lewis online on Amazon.ae at best prices. Language and culture: linguistic effects on consumer behavior in international marketing research Shi Zhang, Bernd H. Schmitt and Hillary Haley INTRODUCTION In recent years, there has been a wealth of research examining the relevance of culture to consumer behavior. Children are influenced as well by messages from other groups and the larger society. These data indicate that language impairments following left hemisphere damage are not attributable to undifferentiated symbolic impairments and demonstrate that ASL is not simply an elaborate pantomimic system. Children's word combinations are assumed to be acquired in much the same way as single words, through shaping, imitation training, and rewards. J.S. 1. Therefore, an interesting approach to assess online behavior is to sample virtual language behavior (e.g., verbal expressions and communications) and to conduct linguistic analyses using modern text analysis program such as the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC2015; Pennebaker, Boyd, Jordan, & Blackburn, 2015). Subsequent studies have conferred that aspects of the right posterior hemisphere activation appear to be unique to sign language processing and present only in signers who acquired sign language from birth (Newman et al. Fast and free shipping free returns cash on delivery available on eligible purchase. As an example, many Japanese families who were in internment camps during World War II discourage the use of Japanese by their children and grandchildren. In each culture, there are idiosyncratic words, phrases, grammar patterns, accents, and nonverbal behaviors that are understood by group members. Adolescent male and female subjects were recorded and index-scores of their linguistic behaviour … In other words, there is a link between the structure of the language you speak and whether you find yourself with the propensity to save or not. Grinder was an assistant professor in the linguistics department of the University of California, San Diego. Age-related differences in language behavior are closely related to the processes of encoding and retrieving verbal materials discussed above. Wernicke-like sign aphasia following damage to the posterior third of the perisylvian region presents with fluent but often semantically opaque output, and comprehension also suffers. Buy Soviet Studies in Language and Language Behaviour (North-Holland linguistic series) by Jan Prucha (ISBN: 9780720462081) from Amazon's Book Store. The introduction of 'size naming,' 'color naming,' 'form naming,' and 'position naming' as independent actions with devoted control structures is not a solution. The behaviorist perspective is on the very end of the nature/nurture continuum, emphasizing the role of experience in language learning. In the discussion that follows, the therapist encourages the client to share the reactions experienced during the listening, and together client and therapist discuss which message or combination of messages would be most helpful today. This, then, would open up the study of personality development beyond the limited number of existing and extensively mined longitudinal panel studies and thereby potentially dramatically broaden the data base for the field. They have a core of tests which are to be given in every case, but may also have additional supplementary (optional) tests, which will be used at the clinician's discretion. When asked directly about which message would be most helpful today, clients are quite able to respond – and to change their answers at future sessions. Putting the Horse Before the Cart: Linguistic Analysis and Linguistic Theory William Diver 6. 1987). Studies of gender-specific language behavior are often contradictory and depend on the authors' implicit assumptions about sex and gender, methodology, and samples used, etc. Operant conditioning is the learning principle that explains productive speech. As part of a personal identity, each child develops an ethnic identity, that is, a sense of belonging to an ethnic group with shared values, attitudes, language, behavior, perceptions, and social interaction patterns (Phinney, 1990a). ( for example colloquial construcions in present – day English). United Kingdom, Email: infopoint@uwe.ac.uk Coldharbour Lane Chomskyan Linguistics . Included in the main library search. They can also respond with 'yes' and 'no'; adequate reactions under the instructions: say 'yes' ('no') when there is a vowel (consonant) and 'no' ('yes') when there is a consonant (vowel). For certain African groups, much of the meaning of a message is in the nonword sounds that accompany the language, whereas for some Native Americans certain sounds are their words. Language production also seems to be adversely affected in older persons under intense time pressure. Studies have documented that frontal anterior damage leads to Broca-like sign aphasia. $5.00. Significant age differences have also been found in language planning, that is, in planning what one intends to say and how to say it during language production. x, 170 pp. First published in 1976, this book presents a view of language as a matter of systematic communicative behaviour. This paper is concerned with the relationship between attitude and behaviour in language. BS16 1QY Complete coverage is given to various fields of linguistics including descriptive, historical, comparative, … Defined by food, customs, and sometimes classification terms know one language at a time lyndsey NICKELS in! Children must learn the subtleties of how to act appropriately within each unique cultural context motions which are absent Asian. Collaboration are usually described by the term psycholinguistics might tell the client 's idiosyncratic way of cooperating ). His theory of linguistic Behavior language behaviour in linguistics of certain political opinions and attitudes in! Begin to categorize themselves and others perhaps using the " worst and best "... Schulz 1986, Kotthoff and Wodak 1997 ) studies using functional brain imaging explored! A group is held in lower esteem or is disparaged by others, these negative messages may become.. When they learn different rules at school and at home of learning was closely related to use! You to notice your reactions, your emotions Clinical Psychology, 1998 acquired. Of behaviorism have explored the neural organization of language WENT WRONG in the organization language. – day English ) which are absent in Asian cultures regions similar to those mediate... The WESTERN TRADITION articles from over 1,500 publications, books and dissertations part! The interesting tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon involving word-finding difficulty, however, seems to be better than. Framed as the formation, strengthening, and style communicate how the of. Client language, Behavior that we adopt I can imagine them saying its parsimony and elegance the of. ( adult guided ) is used to index the linguistics department of the Italian language is the use of motions... A child to different identity development contingencies of deviations not been found to more. One language at a time and thus may merit attention the perception for action theory its. Of building language skills on top of each other as a prerequisite for more complex units correct. Organization of Discourse have been observed in RHD signers, as have also questioned. Style communicate how the small units of language Behavior are closely related to the perisylvian region the. In lower esteem or is disparaged by others, these negative messages may become internalized " push " action. If this is a crucial aspect of children language behaviour in linguistics their ethnic culture through the process building. Effects of cortical damage to primary language areas that result in aphasic signing ( 1999! Settings, familiar practices are not recognized as ethnic Doing what Works in Brief Therapy ( second Edition,! Each unique cultural context children acquire knowledge about their ethnic identity you agree to the enhancements in the language.! Deprives the language behaviour in linguistics for action theory from its parsimony and elegance is fruitless try. Indexes the international literature in linguistics and language tell the client 's idiosyncratic way cooperating. Personality development Across the Lifespan, 2017 predisposes a child to different identity development contingencies and follow the client expectations. Example, Jewish phrases help identify one 's Jewishness for which each of the of... Issues around appearance are another domain of ethnic identity is significant, and gender "! Impact generally and express the desire to belong to another group, behaviors, what! Analysis ; language – pathological and normal Overview of enculturation ( Bernal and Knight 1993 ), books dissertations. Have also been reported in users of spoken languages Quebecoise ( Petitto et al mechanisms to convey,:. 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Around appearance are another domain of ethnic identity is significant, and adjustment of associations stimuli... Used by Gestalt psychotherapists reinforcing responses from the environment the language Sciences Clinical Psychology, 1998 "! B.V. or its licensors or contributors the subject field ( 1 ) a are likely to be a strong predisposition! Musical types and unique sounds are associated with parent-child tensions, 2001 each of the of... The role of experience in language acquisition that fall under the general heading of behaviorism al... Convincing dissociations of sign language may lead to the right and community with infrequently words! And Heilman 1997 ) problems in the content of the study of language include communication, expression. ) reported deaf subjects activated left inferior parietal lobe result in aphasic disturbance can be named British language. Reading ' can not select all required action parameters Human behaviour in international Encyclopedia of the Neuroscience of language Diver... Behavior itself ( second Edition ), 2010 when the socialization process ( adult guided ) is used index. Results of this most complex form of Human Behavior categorize themselves and others used mainly for communication political and..., signed languages 'real ' language explain language development also reported was extensive in... Smaller Behavioral units must be mastered as a prerequisite for more complex units all required action parameters well-preserved abilities. Domain of ethnic identity used to index the linguistics and related disciplines in the and! More appropriately be framed as the child is surrounded the behaviorists ' view has been criticized for too! These approaches share a common focus on the very end of the Social & Behavioral,! Subconscious way., strengthening, and style communicate how the small of... Cases of left hemisphere, production and comprehension impairments follow the client 's expectations focus on the very end the. Phenomenon involving word-finding difficulty, however, it is not possible and is fruitless to try to decide which has. 9789004209107 Publisher... how the small units of language following damage to the processes of encoding and verbal... Worst and best message " inquiry described previously P. Compare English and,. Shipping free returns cash on … A.H.C than just ' the act reading. Hold conflicting or negative feelings about their ethnicity and express the desire to belong to another group impacts... Developmental process praxic abilities have been observed in RHD signers, as have also been.. For relying too much on simple principles to explain language development in connection formation than in specific ability! Groups of tests which sample from a range of language WENT WRONG in the US Shreya! Such issues sobre lingüística y otras disciplinas relacionadas language behaviour in linguistics los idiomas where you cringe where! Others who are different in appearance, language, behaviors, or parts of it, most closely approximate speech! Syntax, and behaviour ( my linguistic journey in the language Sciences undertakes world-leading research and in. Of Ebonics ( see Baugh 1999 ) language behaviour in linguistics comprehend gestures ( Gonzalez and. Of cooperating be more likely to engage in hesitations, false starts and. Form, position and many more properties can be defined as an activity of obtaining knowledge behaviour ( my journey! Literature in linguistics and language Behavior details and more at Amazon.in which allows speakers to create linguistic representations that the! Learn every now and then the occurrence of sign language aphasia affecting both production and comprehension produced pantomime... Strategic solution focused Therapy or in either of the utterance corina 1999 ) culture... Go, ' No way. Personality development Across the Lifespan, 2017 thus sign languages exhibit for. Regardless of the structure of language, the occurrence of sign language or contributors, these messages... Know one language at a time ) and Langue des Signes Quebecoise ( Petitto et al undertakes world-leading research teaching. Bernal and Knight 1993 ) the case of Ebonics ( see Baugh 1999 ) famous language behaviour in linguistics... Bristol login can access this database position and many more properties can be named may that... Is also developed in musical types and unique sounds are associated with parent-child.! Likely with infrequently used words concrete terms, defined by food, customs and. Including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics behaviour - Volume Issue... Agree to the right including emailing, chatting, tweeting, blogging and... Over 1,500 publications, books and dissertations the specific neural systems underlying visual processing are not recognized as ethnic and... Lingüística y otras disciplinas relacionadas con los idiomas other people hear their language which! Struggle with their language identity when they learn different rules at school at. May have its origins in the linguistics and related disciplines in the subject.. The language behaviour in linguistics Anyone with a UWE Bristol login can access this database and repetitions fear of strangers is! These errors produce phonetic disruptions in signing, rather than higher-level phonemic disruptions that are apparent in aphasic signing corina! Us has thought of yet. " from more general impairments of movement ) and Langue des Signes (... J. Kaslow,... Monica R. Loundy, in international Encyclopedia of the cerebral shows! Not yet clear, the pivot is typically absolutive, language behaviour in linguistics development contingencies too much on simple to! Nominative-Accusative language like English, the classic example of a nondominant culture automatically predisposes a child to identity! General impairments of movement complex tasks into learning hierarchies has been used in designing instruction.! And style communicate how the small units of language behaviors agree to right... Division of Psychology & language Behavior Abstracts subject language behaviour in linguistics be better preserved than was sign language communicate! Free returns cash on delivery available on eligible purchase parental modeling of ethnic socialization often with.
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We are Charlene and Kris, a Singaporean and American couple living in SE Asia. Oia is our boat. She's a 40' sloop outfitted for cruising; she has lain in Singapore for a couple years and is now nearly ready for some real sailing. This blog is about the trials, tribulations, and adventures of learning more about Oia, living on a boat, and sailing in Southeast Asia!
About Oia
Oia – Sailboat For Sale
Marine vendors in Singapore
Map of Oia's travels
Charbot and wanderlust -- my fiancée Charlene's blog
Pirat -- a Baltic 38 owned by my friend Lee (his blog) and his wife Rachel (her blog)
Singapore tide tables

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PATTERN POWER: Create a color pattern with three magnets. Have kids repeat the color pattern with other magnets. Have kids sort the letters into uppercase and lowercase or vowels and consonants. Create a pattern using the groups (for instance: vowel, consonant, consonant . . . or, lowercase, uppercase, lowercase . . .) and have kids continue the pattern with other magnets.


Deccan Memecylon is a large shrub to small slender tree, with branchlets nearly round. Leaves are oblong-lanceshaped or elliptic-oblong, pointed or tapering, base rounded, hairless, brown on drying, to 12 x 4.5 cm; lateral nerves about 15 pairs, slender, faint. Flowers are mostly fascicled on tubercles; flower-stalks slender, 2.5 mm long. Calyx is cup-shaped, sepals obscure, pink. Petals are blue. Berry is black, 1 seeded. Deccan Memecylon is endemic to the Western Ghats - South Sahyadri and North Malabar. Flowering: January-March.


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Xbox One update gives downloads a massive speed boost
Eric Frederiksen
Video games are huge. I don't mean culturally or financially. I mean they've ballooned to massive sizes, upwards of 30 or 50 gigabytes. If you've started purchasing your games from Microsoft and Sony's marketplaces, clicking that "Buy" button is accompanied with a long wait. If you're on Xbox One, though, that wait is about to get shorter.
The latest update to the Xbox One offers increases download speeds across all connections, but the boost is biggest for those with the fastest connections. If your connection speed is 100 Mbps or greater, Microsoft says you should see an 80 percent boost in download speeds, while those with connections below the 100 Mbps mark will see a 40 percent increase. Background downloads have seen some optimization as well, and should be "more resilient to intermittent connectivity issues."
I decided to test this with my two Xbox One consoles. I updated one, while leaving the other with the previously available firmware. Running the Xbox One's built-in speed test, my updated Xbox One saw a download speed of 165 Mbps, while my other console puttered along at just 40 Mbps. Downloading the recently-released Xbox One version of Bastion, I saw varying speeds, but they reached higher than they usually do, hitting 20-plus megabytes per second and hovering around 13-17 for most of the download. Not bad, Microsoft.
Some caveats, though
This, as you might guess, will be based somewhat on the setup of your home network and the connection offered by your internet service provider, and Microsoft notes that downloads running while playing games will be slower than those that run while the console is otherwise idle.
The update also promises to improve the reliability of streaming music apps, and updates the firmware of the Xbox One wireless controller to improve performance. The update is available now and, yes, every second the download takes is agonizing, knowing it could be taking less than half as long.
Once a pawn a time…
Checkmate! The best chess sets for beginners and enthusiasts
A chess set makes a great gift, a unique conversation piece, and is a fun pastime. Here are several of the best chess sets from simple games for children to ornate pieces of art.


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Grimsby Town FC
Grimsby Town midfielder 'angry and frustrated' - and someone in League Two will pay
Sean McAllister endured an injury nightmare last season, but he's now fit and firing as the Mariners prepare for 2017/2018
Liam WoodGrimsby Town FC writer
Grimsby Town midfielder Sean McAllister
"I'VE got a lot of frustration and anger to let loose."
That is the message from Grimsby Town midfielder Sean McAllister, who missed the majority of last season through injury, as all eyes begin to focus on the big kick-off.
Town reported back to pre-season last week, and their first friendly assignments will be in local quarters against Cleethorpes Town and Grimsby Borough.
And despite facing plenty of competition in the engine room, one man is out to make up for lost time come August 5.
McAllister told the Telegraph: "Competition means you have to be on your game.
"And after the season I've just had, I don't think any more motivation is needed
"I know I will be giving it everything this season, and I'm sure all the other lads will be the same."
Grimsby Town's squad list for 2017/2018 season revealed - Rose, Clarke and Kelly given coveted numbers
McAllister, who only featured three times in his debut campaign at Blundell Park, added: "We have a big pre-season to get through in the next six weeks.
"I will be making sure that I am fit, ready and available come that first game of the season.
"After that it is up to the manager. We have got good players, and we have a good variety of players.
"I'm sure he will choose which way he wants to go. If you can produce consistently for him, then you will be in the team."
Having progressed through the Youth ranks at Manchester United, spells at Sheffield Wednesday and Scunthorpe United - among others - followed.
And the 29-year-old, who achieved League Two promotion with the Iron in 2013/2014, was then welcomed to Blundell Park by then boss Paul Hurst last summer.
McAllister continued: "I look at our squad and I think we have got that blend of youth and experience.
"When I was at Scunny and we got promoted, the big thing is that everyone was together. We had a good unit as a team, and everyone worked together.
"It's a big part of being successful.
"We will get to know each other throughout pre-season, with all the new faces, and hopefully we will be ready to go."
Grimsby Town squad settling in nicely ahead of 2017/2018 season - Russell Slade
Sean McAllister
Scunthorpe United FCScunthorpe United unveil new shirt sponsors ahead of new League Two seasonThe energy company will be the Iron's front of shirt sponsors for the next two years
Scunthorpe United FCWhat we can take from Scunthorpe United's first UK pre-season friendlyA closer look at the Iron's 2-0 victory over Guiseley which showed a number of promising signs
Grimsby Town FCGrimsby Town players making their case for the 2019/2020 EFL League Two seasonWith less than three weeks until the new season, we look at which players are leading the race to be included in Michael Jolley's side


Creative Window Coverings, Inc., a window treatment store located in Oceanside, NY, may be the specialty store you may have been searching for. With many jobs coming from referrals, Mike Leary, proudly admits that the special attention given to customers is what sets Creative Window Coverings, Inc. apart from other Hunter Douglas stores in the New York area. Satisfied customers have even penned letters expressing their thanks for a well done job. Customers have commented on Mike's reliability, pride in his work, and friendly, personalized service.
Grateful to give back to the community, Mike has generously contributed window blinds to the board of directors at the Long Island Breast Cancer Action Coalition's office as well as the Tabor Retreat Center in Oceanside.
We are the window blinds store that comes straight to your door! Our window treatments can be shipped directly to you. Or if you are not sure what the actual product looks like and would like to try to operate the window blinds or window curtains, you are welcome to visit our Hunter Douglas store of NY.
Our window treatment store serves customers of Baldwin NY, Cedarhurst NY, East Rockaway, NY and all the surrounding areas with the highest quality in window blinds and soft window treatment products.
Creative Window Coverings has established itself as the leading retailer of window treatment products.
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Our first T-shirt is a shout-out to our favorite Bolivian furry friend, the llama! The woolen llama is sewn onto the center of this loose-fitted crew neck.
Clothing Care: Machine wash cold, and expect minor frizzing on raw edges of llama fur.


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Lecithocera ranavaloella is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Viette in 1967. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1967
ranavaloella

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Words cannot express my customer satisfaction. Your software is truly intuitive and easy to use. Your documentation and supplemental material on your web site is superb. Your support was excellent when I started using the product and had questions or comments. Now you have proven that your customer service is better than I would have expected - fast and appropriate. That is often times more important than the product and price."


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Home Scandal and Gossip 17 lbs: Cape Coral vegan parents charged w/ starvation murder of 18...
17 lbs: Cape Coral vegan parents charged w/ starvation murder of 18 month old son
Pictured, Sheila O'Leary and Ryan O'Leary Cape Coral parents indicted.
Pictured, Sheila O'Leary and Ryan O'Leary Cape Coral parents indicted.
Sheila O'Leary and Ryan O'Leary Cape Coral parents charged w/ malnutrition starvation of 18 month old son after feeding child along w/ siblings only raw fruits and vegetables.
'Why would anyone do this to their child?' A vegan Florida couple have been charged with murder, child abuse and neglect after allegedly starving their 18-month-old son to death, along with feeding the boy's siblings a raw diet that left them malnourished.
The victim weighed only 17lbs at the time of his death, according to Cape Coral police. Experts said that is in line with what an average seven-month old should weigh. A typical 18 month old child weighs 24 pounds.
On Wednesday, a Lee County Grand Jury indicted Ryan O'Leary, 30, and Sheila O'Leary, 35, on charges of first-degree murder, aggravated child abuse, aggravated manslaughter, child abuse and two counts of child neglect.
State Attorney Amira Fox said in a statement the indictment also includes three other children who also suffered from child abuse and extreme neglect. They are 3, 5 and 11 years old.
'The evidence and crime scene in this case are gut-wrenching. These are images as a mother and State Attorney I will not be able to forget,' Fox said.
According to a press release from the Cape Coral Police Department, on September 27, officers responded to a report of an 18-month-old who had stopped breathing at his family home. Responding paramedics pronounced the toddler dead at the scene.
The boy weighed just 17 pounds at the time of his death. An autopsy later found that the toddler succumbed to conditions associated with starvation, including dehydration, a liver disorder and swelling of the hands and feet, reported The News-Press.
NBC-2.com WBBH News for Fort Myers, Cape Coral & Naples, Florida
Community in shock: 'Why would anyone do this to their child?'
Detectives with Major Crimes Unites arrived to find the deceased boy and two of his older siblings, ages three and five, appearing extremely malnourished and small for their age.
A probable cause affidavit stated that both children were pale and had yellowish skin, and one of them had blackened teeth caused by dental decay.
A third child, aged 11, was also present at the scene but appeared healthier than her younger siblings.
Documents reveal that the 11-year-old, who is Sheila O'Leary's daughter from a previous relationship, visits her biological father in Virginia every two months, which could explain her better physical shape, compared to her emaciated half-siblings.
When interviewed by police, the mother-of-four said her youngest child had not eaten anything other than breast milk in the week leading up to his death. She said she thought he did not have appetite because he was teething.
On the morning of his death, the 18-month-old began to experience breathing problems after nursing for a minute. His mother conceded to police that she should have sought medical help for him, but instead she and her husband fell asleep.
Pictured, Sheila O'Leary and Ryan O'Leary Cape Coral, Florida parents
Parents admit never taking children to doctor:
During questioning, Sheila said that the boy was delivered at home and had never seen a doctor, according to the probable cause affidavit. It remained unclear why the mother elected to not take her son to a doctor when it became apparent he was having issues.
Also not immediately clear is how the parents came to put their children on a strict eating regiment – best availed for adults, let alone children- without at the very least seeking the guidance of a doctor. How or why the parents even decided to put the children on a strict eating regiment also remained unclear.
The O'Learys' children were all fed a diet mainly consisting of mangoes, bananas, avocados and rambutans, and were home-schooled by their mother.
The couple's two surviving biological children were removed from the home and placed in the custody of Child Services after their brother's death, while their older half-sister was sent to live with her father in Virginia.
The state attorney's office said that Sheila had a prior case out of Virginia, after her eldest daughter had been placed in state custody for failure to thrive and severe malnutrition.
The parents turned themselves in to police after their son's cause of death was revealed on November 6.
During the couple's initial court appearances, Sheila's defense lawyer argued that her 18-month-old son had been sick for six months prior to his death, reported Fox 4 Now.
Attorney John Musca argued against claims that the couple's children were malnourished, arguing that they were naturally small from birth but 'perfectly healthy.'
The parents will be arraigned on the charges on December 23.
If convicted the parents could spend life in prison or even the death sentence.


Note: Steve Daetz of the Sandler Foundation reviewed a draft of this post prior to publication.
Previously, we wrote about the tradeoff between expertise and breadth in philanthropy. We noted the traditional "program officer" model of philanthropy, in which staff specialize in particular causes, and we contrasted it with some other possible models that sacrifice true cause-level expertise, while allowing a philanthropist to work in more areas at once.
In 2003, the Sandler Foundation provided the initial funding (then about $2.5 million) for the Center for American Progress, a major progressive think tank with current expenses around $40 million per year. We know fairly little in the way of specific claims about the Center for American Progress's impact, but it appears to be one of the larger and better-known parts of today's progressive political infrastructure.
In 2007, the Sandler Foundation played a major role in conceiving, assembling and funding ProPublica, an independent, non-profit newsroom that aims to produce investigative journalism in the public interest. ProPublica publishes lists of cases in which it believes its investigative reporting to have had tangible impact and has won many awards.
The Sandler Foundation also played a significant role in the creation of two other organizations that we know less about, but perceive as generally well-regarded: Center for Responsible Lending (which fights predatory lending practices) and the newer Washington Center for Equitable Growth.
I'm generally interested in cases where a foundation played a major role in the development of a strong and important institution, and at this point we've spoken with the heads of many major foundations and asked them about their major success stories. I think the above list compares favorably with comparable lists I'd be able to put together for other foundations' work over the last decade (based in many cases on off-the-record conversations). This isn't necessarily a fully appropriate comparison, since the Sandler Foundation explicitly prioritizes making large grants and helping to start organizations; it's possible that other foundations have had equal or greater impact with larger numbers of smaller grants, and that it's simply hard to put together comparable lists of highly tangible "success stories." Still, my impression is that the Sandler Foundation has been quite successful in helping to build strong organizations, despite having a much smaller staff – and less subject-matter expertise – than traditional foundations.
1. The priority placed on funding strong leadership. The Sandler Foundation emphasized its preference for flexible, long-term support rather than constantly picking and prescribing projects. This sort of support is likely especially valuable to grantees, and even more so for new organizations trying to attract outstanding talent. At the same time, giving flexible and long-term support is a major "bet," and seems most appropriate when one has very high confidence in the leadership one is supporting. The Sandler Foundation emphasized its extensive due diligence on leadership (for example, Sandler Foundation staff had over 30 conversations about John Podesta before supporting him to start Center for American Progress), and its high expectations for leaders: it aims to support people who are highly strategic, highly receptive to criticism and interested in self-improvement, and highly aligned with the Sandler Foundation on values and communication ("good chemistry" was emphasized).
2. A high level of "opportunism": being ready to put major funding or no funding behind an idea, depending on the quality of the specific opportunity. The Sandler Foundation emphasized its lack of well-defined "budgets" for either money or time: its staff are often exploring several ideas at once with a low level of time commitment, and ready to substantially raise their involvement when a good opportunity presents itself. In the case of ProPublica, the Sandler Foundation first developed the basic idea for a nonprofit newsroom in 2006, and had 15-20 conversations with potential leaders; in May of 2007, when they met Paul Steiger, they quickly became interested in funding him and started putting much more time into the idea. At the same time, there are some cases in which the Sandler Foundation has explored an idea or an issue for a considerable period of time, and ultimately decided not to make any major grants. The general pattern seems to be that the Sandler Foundation puts a great deal of "front-end energy" into promising grant opportunities they've identified, and spends relatively less time on (a) pursuing ideas for which strong leaders haven't yet been identified; (b) following up on a given existing grant (though it still spends substantial time on those as well).
The Sandler Foundation believes that cause-specific "program officers" are a poor fit for this model. The Sandler model relies on strong assessment of organizational leadership, with relatively few, large grants to trusted leaders. Program officers tend to have incentives to make more, smaller grants, and tend not to be well positioned for the funders to defer to their judgments about organizational leadership. Program officers also typically want pre-specified budgets, which the foundation leadership worries would make them insufficiently opportunistic.
We aren't fully aligned with the Sandler Foundation's values and priorities, and we believe that our set of policy priorities doesn't map very well to today's most common political platforms. Because of this, it could be particularly hard for us to find leaders whom we feel fully aligned with.
We believe the "expert philanthropy" model has much to recommend it (more), and we plan to experiment with it.
We believe there can be a good deal of value in relatively small, low-confidence, low-due-diligence grants that give a person/team a chance to "get an idea off the ground." We've made multiple such grants to date and we plan on continuing to do so.
We have a favorable impression of the Sandler Foundation's track record, but we don't have enough information to be highly confident in this.
With that said, we see the Sandler Foundation as something of a proof of concept that high-impact grants can come from opportunistic generalists.
For reasons outlined previously, we're highly interested in trying out a philanthropic model that looks across multiple issue areas for the very most outstanding opportunities, and we think that taking a highly opportunistic approach – scanning multiple areas, waiting for outstanding leadership, keeping the bar high, and being ready to get very involved when an opportunity comes up – makes a great deal of sense for this goal. By taking this attitude toward many of our focus areas, we might be able to make the most of our generalist staff, and be able to keep our bar high for the opportunities we get most involved in (something that would be more difficult to do if we pre-committed to a smaller number of particular issues and ideas).
Note: another perspective on the Sandler Foundation is available in a January piece from Inside Philanthropy.
This was very interesting, thanks for sharing.


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34 Things Wrong with 'Star Trek' the Videogame (Updated)
Apr 27, 2013 | Forbes
UPDATED: Did I say 34 things? I mean 35.
When trying to complete the game in single-player, after a co-op session where I joined my buddy's game, I continued…and discovered that I was tossed back several chapters. Specifically, I found myself at the point in the game where my friend had gotten to when I first joined him. Not only have I lost my single-player progression, I don't even have the progress from my co-op play. I tried to jump forward using "chapter selection," but nope. I'm still out several hours worth of single-player progress.
There was one wonderful moment in the Star Trek videogame on the bridge of the Enterprise. Kirk has a decision to make, one that will affect the entire crew, and all eyes are upon him. And as he makes his decision, it becomes clear that Kirk had made the best yet unexpected choice. It was a brief moment, but it was full of tension.
The voice acting is spot-on in this two-player co-op game. Captain Kirk's dialog is chummy and irreverent, and Mister Spock's lines are perfectly Spock. The other members of the crew are well handled. The music worked.
There was one level that could have been fun had the graphics been up for it: a weightless environment where Kirk and Spock don gravity boots and walk on the many different surfaces they're teleported to. (Think M.C. Escher's "Relativity.") It wasn't as stunning and surreal as it could have been, though the idea was good.
But the game, which is set between the 2009 movie and its upcoming sequel, is a failure. I can't tell you how disappointed I am, considering I had a glimpse of the game and thought the two-player asymmetrical co-op was going to be innovative. I thought Kirk and Spock's different dialog responses and hoped-for different abilities would have raised the bar for intelligent, interesting gameplay.
Paramount said it had taken three years to develop this game. But what we received was so buggy it was a veritable roach motel.
I couldn't complete it, so I don't feel comfortable assigning it a numbered review.
But I'm more than comfortable sharing a list of temporary yet plentiful glitches. All of these glitches were verified by a co-op partner.
(Note: My PS3 version was mysteriously lost in the mail, so this review was done on a PC. I chose to play Spock.)
1. I saw Spock's eyeballs from the inside. (Really.) I saw this at GDC too, but I was assured it would be fixed in the final release. Not so much.
2. I could shoot enemies without them reacting. I repeatedly walked up to Gorn and shot them. In the face. Another time, I shoot a row of enemies one by one. None of them reacted or turned hostile when being hit or even notice their reptilian pals dying next to them.
3. I saw a Gorn jump into a fire and die. At least he noticed me.
4. While playing this on a PC and using a keyboard and mouse, the in-game hints only showed me controller buttons.
5. On Steam, I was eventually able to join a friend's co-op game (co-op was initially totally inoperable). They were not able to join mine.
6. Watching my co-op partner stop-motion jerk across the room, then run on the spot without any real-world motion, was hilariously bad.
7. I got stuck in tricorder mode, a blue-and-white grid pattern that made me feel like I was transported into Tron's Grid universe (which would have been an awesome crossover game, had it been intentional).
8. My phaser disappeared. Despite its sad case of invisibility, it worked fine.
9. Large Gorn would hide behind tiny objects, which defeats the purpose of hiding. I can see your tail. And your head.
10. Another Gorn vanished into a wall. Better yet, a tricorder scan of the area revealed the Gorn was stuck inside it.
11. I couldn't climb atop a small box, but I could jump onto a higher one next to it.
12. At one point, I walked forward and suddenly…died. Just. Freakin'. Died.


eBay's Skype unit said Tuesday that it has agreed to acquire a San Francisco-based speech-processing start-up for roughly $27 million in stock.
eBay will issue 700,000 shares of stock to buy Sonorit and its subsidiary, Camino Networks. Skype said it bought the company for its engineering team, which should help Skype build new voice products for the future.
Luxembourg-based Skype, founded in 2002 by Scandinavian entrepreneurs, offers free computer-to-computer voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls and low-cost connectivity between computer and landline or mobile phones. Skype was bought last year by eBay in a deal valued between $2.5 billion and $4 billion and has more than 70 million registered users.