When I first started off with this baking thing, my brownies turned out cakey. Not bad to taste, but not fudgy and chewy like a brownie should be, you know?
And that just wasn't acceptable. Brownies should be moist and fudgy, with perfectly crackly tops. A really good brownie doesn't need vanilla ice-cream or chocolate sauce or whipped cream on top. It should be unbelievably good just by itself.
And. I did it. I made that brownie. Or Martha Stewart did. Since then, I've made this recipe so many times, I've lost count. Over the years, I've made little changes here and there till I found the perfect texture and flavour combination. I've made them extra dark and even added peanut butter and they never go wrong! I decided to update this post with fresh photos and a video (just before the recipe).
The one thing I really had to get right with brownies was the crust. That thin, light-brown, crackly, flaky crust that forms on top. I had no idea how to guarantee it till I came across this valuable tip. Beat the eggs and sugar like your life depends on it and before you add anything else to the mixture. It guarantees a lovely wafer-like crust to complement the chewyness.
The best fudgy brownies with that perfect crackly crust!
Preheat the oven to 175 C. Line an 8" square pan non-stick baking paper, leaving a little overhang. If using a 'not non-stick baking paper', you will need to lightly grease it.
In a bowl placed over a pot of simmering water, melt the butter, chocolate and cocoa until you have a smooth mixture (see notes). Let this cool while you get the rest of the batter ready.
Sift the flour, baking powder and salt, if using, in a bowl and set aside.
Beat the eggs, sugar and vanilla in a large bowl till pale, about 4 minutes. This is where you're ensuring a crust forms, so beat away! An electric mixer will get the best results.
Add the cooled chocolate mixture to the egg mixture and beat again till combined.
Finally add the flour mixture and stir until well combined.
Pour into the prepared dish, smoothen the top and bake for about 20 to 25 minutes till a toothpick poked in the center comes out with only a few moist crumbs.
Allow the brownies to cool completely at room temperature before slicing. Best stored at room temperature in an airtight tin for 2 days in humid environments, after which they can be kept in the fridge for a week, or even frozen for a month. Happy baking!
*The world is divided into whether brownies need baking powder or not. I've tried these with and without, depending on if I want super fudgy, or just fudgy. With baking powder, these brownies have a little bit of 'lift', but do not become cakey. Without, they taste like actual bits of fudge. Delicious either way!
*The eggs are what contribute to the flakey crust so I can't suggest a substitution but the Internet is filled with vegan recipes and I've heard flax eggs/chia eggs work, but I've not tried them myself.
*Feel free to stir in about ⅓ cup of chopped walnuts or chocolate chips into the batter, if you like a little something extra in your brownies.
*Make sure you don't overheat the chocolate. I've landed up with a too-thick batter which results in brownies with lumpy tops, usually because I left the chocolate on the heat too long. If the chocolate is almost melted through, but has some larger chunks still left, take it off the heat and stir vigorously. It will melt completely in the heat of the bowl itself.
*I've also used a shallow 9x5 rectangular pan to bake these brownies. They will take a few minutes more to get done, and will be a little thicker, as you can see in the recipe thumbnail.
I tried this recipe and it came out very good. Thank you for sharing.
Hey Gayatri, I made these brownies and they were seriously awesome. This was my first attempt EVER at baking and it turned out delicious. I got the flaky crust too, but the edges got baked more than the center, maybe because I have only a microwave convection oven. Thanks a million!
Hi Beejal, I'm so happy to hear that! The edges do get a little crustier, that's perfectly fine and the edges are my favourite bit 🙂 I hope you'll keep baking!
Oh My God. I made these yesterday and they were divine! My previous brownie recipe was great too but this is beyond belief. These were a hit in my Pyjama party with the kids as well as the adults. I couldn't resist taking a bite of some leftovers right before making this comment. Like u always say, it's dangerous having desserts lying around in the house.
Thank you Gayatri , Yours are the best recipes ever .
These look really great, and I really want to try them out! I just have a question about oven settings. Do you bake these with both rods on or single rod (top or bottom in that case)? Also, my OTG has a convection option. Are these baked with the fan on or off?
Hi Shalini, I can't comment on the convection part or the fan part because my oven is a regular OTG and is not fan-forced. On the bake setting only the lower coil comes on. I'm not sure if that helps but I would advise looking up your oven brand and model to get more info. Happy baking !
Thanks so much for your reply Gayatri!
I have the new Morphy Richards 52 L. Honestly, they have unnecessarily complicated by giving too many setting modes. There isn't much info online, nor supporting literature with it. Even the demo guy had no clue (he kept repeating Nan Khatai ke liye yeh setting, cake ke liye yeh – 2 out of 6 modes!).
I'm learning by hit and trial. Will try this recipe without fan, and lower rod on!
I read on another blog somewhere that with convection on, the temperature setting can be around 20 degrees lower for the same recipe (bec the fan circulates the heat around leading to faster cooking). Noting this down here, might help someone else like me!
Hey, u have got to know that i love your recipes and all my guests enjoy everything that u write and i make. Being a vegetarian, i had to alter some recipes to replace the eggs but nonetheless. In fact my vegetarian dense chocolate loaf that i made after following your recipe was claimed to be better than theobroma's. There couldn't be a better compliment for me than that. U go girl! Ur website has me baking something every other day.
Hi Ashwini 🙂 you have no idea how happy that makes me! Thank you so much for trying out these recipes and I'm glad you've been able to make them eggless too 🙂 hope you continue baking!
Hey! Can I use Morde Dark Chocolote (they have a dark compound as well but i don't know the difference) for these brownies? If not, anything else you'd reccommend? Thanks!
Hey Prakriti, yes that should work fine, in fact the pure dark chocolate is better than compound. Morde isn't really considered very high quality but I use it often because it's affordable 🙂 I've also recently come across Mii Special Coverture on Big Basket and at Food Hall, which I really like though it's a little more expensive. Happy baking!
hey! just started making these and realised the ingredients says baking powder, but the method says baking soda. which do i use? thanks!
I'm so sorry about that Prakriti, thanks for pointing it out! It's baking powder, updated the recipe too. If you look at the Nutella brownies here http://thedessertedgirl.com/2014/05/23/the-fudgiest-nutella-brownies/ you'll see I actually omitted the baking powder for even fudgier brownies 🙂 Happy baking!
It's powdered sugar, not granulated?
Happy to hear that! I baked these in a square 8″ x 8″ pan and got about 9 super large brownies. Depends on how many rows you cut them into. Hope you love them!
I totally agree with you on your brownie philosophy. They should be fudgy, fudgy, fudgy! 🙂 These look perfect.
Hey what was the size of pan you used for these brownies?
8×8 should be good, I used a rectangular pan though.
Thank you! Yes, everything goes with coffee 🙂 Let me know if you try these 🙂 You have a lovely blog!!
This brownies deserves all the points! It looks divine!
I'm so glad you liked them!! Thank you for trying them out! And I think I just got lucky with the crust, because it wasn't exactly the same the next time I made them 🙂 Will always taste awesome though!
And now we need a 'valuable tip' on how to photograph from/in the balcony by your recipe!


What does a city do when homeless people die?
Gun control advocates point to Australia for inspiration in ending gun violence. The Australian Ambassador to the United States, Joe Hockey, thinks they should stop.


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'Humanized' deer attacks woman checking the mail in Maryville, Tenn.
by: News Channel 11 Staff
Posted: Nov 5, 2019 / 10:48 AM EST / Updated: Nov 5, 2019 / 10:48 AM EST
Maryville, Tenn. (WJHL)- Authorities with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency said a woman checking the mail outside of an East Tennessee business was seriously injured after a deer attacked her.
TWRA officials said a humanized white-tailed buck deer was outside of a business on North Springview Drive in Maryville as a woman was checking the mail when the deer, "came up behind her and slammed into her back knocking her to the ground. "
The news release said, "The deer then circled around her and began goring her with its antlers. The woman shielded herself from further injury and latched on to the deer's antlers. The deer then drug her around and continued the attack."
Three people nearby were able to help the woman and eventually separate her from the deer.
That woman, who has not been identified, was taken to the Blount County Memorial Hospital to be treated for serious injuries.
Authorities investigating the incident found the deer at a residence near where the attack happened and said the deer "was wearing an orange collar around its neck and officers observed it acting unnaturally humanized."
That deer was removed from the home and euthanized.
TWRA officials said there is still an ongoing criminal investigation and preliminary information suggests the deer was raised by humans from a very young age. "This is an unfortunate example of the consequences that come from habituating and humanizing wild animals," the release stated. "In the case of humanized white-tailed buck deer, TWRA sees several situations where they become aggressive towards humans, oftentimes women when rutting activity begins."
No further information was immediately available.
More Tennessee Stories
Newport police searching for missing teenager
by WATE Staff / Jan 17, 2020
NEWPORT, Tenn. (WATE) — Police are looking for a missing, 15-year-old that may have run away early Tuesday morning.
The Newport Police Department is asking for the public's assistance in locating Joy Elizabeth Barrett, 15. Barrett is described as being 5-foot-3, weighing approximately 130 pounds.
by WATE 6 staff / Jan 17, 2020
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. (WATE) -- Family of a child who passed away Tuesday at the University of Tennessee Medical Center confirmed to News Channel 11's sister station, WATE 6 On Your Side, that the 12-year-old died of the flu.
Paloma Olivia Harris, 12, died suddenly of the flu on Jan. 14 at UT Medical Center, according to her obituary.
Former cafeteria manager at Jefferson County school indicted for theft
DANDRIDGE, Tenn. (WATE) - A former school cafeteria manager in Jefferson County has been indicted for stealing money students used to pay for food.
Christina Morris, a former cafeteria manager at Patriot Academy in Dandridge has been indicted for theft under $1,000 dollars and official misconduct after investigators determined she stole $1,660.75 collected from the school cafeteria from November 2018 to March 2019.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is an introductory class that encourages students to experiment with painting, drawing, sculpture, sensory objects and building. Parents work alongside their children, helping them develop familiarity with the studio environment and art materials.
Located in Oak Park's Art District. Blocks from the CTA Blue Line and a few blocks west of 290. Street parking available. Cafe down the street if parents need to grab a coffee.
No refunds; only credit for a make-up.


Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College & Hospital, Pimpri, Pune - 411018.
- Host, agent and Environmental factors. Prevalence of dental caries in India and abroad.
- Introduction, History, Physiology of Fluoride, sources, Community water fluoridation, school water fluoridation and Defluoridation, toxicity, safety dose, systemic and topical fluoride.
- Levels of prevention for dental caries.
- Pit and fissure sealant.
- Host, agent and Environmental factors. Prevalence of periodontal disease.
. Prevention and control of Periodontal Disease.
- Levels of prevention for periodontal disease.
Epidemiology and Prevention and control of malocclusion.
Epidemiology and Prevention and control of oral cancer.
Host, agent and Environmental factors. Prevalence of oral cancer.
Levels of prevention for oral cancer.
- Introduction, classification, ideal requisites, uses.
- Plaque Indices- Sillness and Loe index.
Periodontal Indices- Russell's periodontal index, CPITN, CPI.
- Dental fluorosis Index- Dean's fluorosis index and Community fluorosis index.
- Malocclusion indices- DAI index.
- PHC, Elements of primary health care, Principles of primary health care.
- Health care system in India.- Public sector, private sector, indigenous systems voluntary health agency, National health program and National oral health care program.
Health agencies around the world.
Dental council of India, Dentist's Act 1948.
Dental Jurisprudence and Consumer Protection Act.
- Areas for consideration - planning, finance, setting up of fees, quality care, records, Legal implications, Consumer related aspects.
Child psychology and behavior management.


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Ryerson University Library
CENG 706 Shakespeare and Performance
Journals and Articles
Peer Reviewed / Scholarly
Video, DVD, Streaming Video
Free Shakespeare Resources Online
Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project
"CASP is the first research project of its kind anywhere in the world devoted to the systematic exploration and documentation of the ways in which Shakespeare has been adapted into (and out of) a national, multicultural theatrical practice. One of the defining features of Canada's cultural (theatrical) heritage is the extent to which it relies on a dialogue with traditional Shakespearean theatre."
Version 2, launched in 2007 includes more multimedia files and "new pages on new areas of research with an emerging focus on French Canada; a huge amount of special resources, including documents, books, scholarly articles, reviews, images, and the like; a literacy video game and perhaps the most comprehensive and intensely multi-mediated study guide of Romeo and Juliet ever created."
A video and performance archive at MIT directed by Peter S. Donaldson. In addition to open access video, the site includes essays, interviews and many useful links.
RhymeZone Shakespeare Search
This search engine serves as a type of concordance allowing users to search for words or phrases in Shakespeare's plays and poetry.
William Shakespeare (from Bartleby.com)
Includes the full text of the plays, poetry, and selected critical commentary that is out of copyright and available in the public domain.
Shakespeare Documented (from the Folger Shakespeare Library)
Presents digitized versions of primary documents relating the Shakespeare's life, work, and influence.
Victorian Illustrated Shakespeare Library by Michael John Goodman
<< Previous: Video, DVD, Streaming Video
Next: Theses and Dissertations >>
URL: https://learn.library.ryerson.ca/CENG706
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Subjects: English
Tags: adaptations, drama, film, performance, plays, Shakespeare, stage, theatre
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Samsung Galaxy J5 Pro 2018 Smartphone performance in 2018 is really unbelievable. The Launched Price Of This Samsung Galaxy J5 Pro 2018 (Expected Price) is Rs. 25,512 In Nepal. Though mid-range phones, traditionally, don't have the leading processors, the J5 Pro performs admirably. The software is responsive and smooth, allowing easy multitasking and switching between apps. With a fast and accurate fingerprint scanner for security access, users enjoy a high-end feature on a budget device.
While the phone's display is not full HD, it has a high-quality resolution (especially for the price) which results in vibrant colours on the Super AMOLED panel. The blacks are also deep and rich, giving the phone an overall beautiful visual display.
Colours: Black, blue, gold, and pink.
As with any mid-range or budget device, you will find some sacrifices are made. The Samsung Galaxy J5 Pro 2018 does not offer the lightning fast processing of a flagship model, nor does it offer the latest top-of-the-line options. But, nonetheless, it's a phone worthy of our attention.
For smartphone shoppers on a budget, there are many devices to choose from. Samsung devotees will find that the Samsung Galaxy J5 Pro 2018 ticks all the boxes. But those, too, who are considering trying out these popular Androids will discover a premium handset with some exceptional features…and all at a fraction of the price.


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Hockey Lessons Key For Viper Alumni Brownlee's Music Career:
Here is an article I found on former Vernon Vipers defenceman Chad Brownlee. This article is from February but I thought I would post it anyways.
Brownlee a current Country music star is a 2011 CCMA Rising Star award winner, also a recipient of his first JUNO Award nomination in February of 2013. Brownlee played two years in Vernon (2001-03). In 113 regular season games with the Vipers, Brownlee collected (14-goals-28-assists-42-points). Brownlee was drafted in 2003 in the 6th round, by the NHL Vancouver Canucks but retired from hockey after a short stint in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) with the Idaho Steelheads before becoming a Country music star.
Chad Brownlee's Player Profile:
http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=72703
This was in the Prince Albert Daily Herald Newspaper:
Hockey lessons key for Brownlee's music career
Perry Bergson
Chad Brownlee knows a little about performing under pressure.
The Canadian country music singer was drafted in the sixth round by the NHL's Vancouver Canucks in 2003 after two seasons of Junior A hockey with the Vernon Vipers in the BCHL.
From there, the defenceman went on to play four years with the Minnesota State Mavericks in Mankato, Minn. serving as captain for the NCAA squad during part of his 135-game career with the team. He played 35 games with the ECHL's Idaho Steelheads in 2007 before calling it quits due to a combination of concussions and a pair of bad shoulders that both required surgery.
"I wouldn't be the same artist-entertainer-songwriter that I am today without those years of hockey," Brownlee says from his Langley, B.C. home, "It teaches you dedication, discipline and what it takes to be successful at what you do and how many hours it takes to be spent on your craft and be proficient at it and to have a product that people are drawn to. And it also gives you a thick skin. When you have coaches yelling an inch from your face and making you feel real small, you build a bit of a backbone and you find out who you are. I do take that with me with the music. I don't think I would be as successful as I am now without those years of hockey."
Brownlee plays the E.A. Rawlinson Centre on Thursday, March 26 at 7:30 p.m. Tickets are $48.30. He will be joined by label-mates Jess Moskaluke and Bobby Wills.
There's even a neat tie-in to his previous career. The 30-year-old singer is auctioning off a guitar made of hockey sticks that he will be playing at times during the tour. The proceeds will go to the Tim Horton Children's Foundation.
"We're going to be playing it on stage throughout the tour so it's going to get a little bit of love before the person who bids on it gets it."
Brownlee will be doing 26 shows in 30 days, something he refers to as Groundhog Day but in a different place with different people every day.
Moskaluke, a Langenburg, Sask., product, had a gold record and hit with Cheap Wine and Cigarettes and was named Female Vocalist of the Year in 2013 at the Saskatchewan Country Music Association Awards.
Wills is a Calgary singer who placed three singles in the Top 15 last year.
Brownlee's last trip to Prince Albert came when he opened for Dean Brody on Feb. 5, 2013. He says he's looking forward to returning to the well-regarded soft-seat theatre.
"I'm not really the party guy," he says. "We've done some tours where it's more of the uptempo and drinking crowd. It's nice to have that theatre where you can kind of get into a more dynamic show as far as breaking it down and having a real listening audience. I'm looking forward to being at the E.A. Rawlinson Centre."
He says the show is new, bringing a new dynamic and a different side of himself to the stage.
In 2010, he released his debut self-titled album, earning a nomination for the CCMA Rising Star Award and winning the Canadian Country Music Conference best new artist showcase award.
He has since released Love Me or Leave Me in 2012 and The Fighters in 2014.
When the hit singles started to come, they came quickly. In 2013, Crash hit No. 10 and Where the Party At? peaked at No. 13. A year later Fallin' Over You (No. 10), Just Because (No. 11) When the Lights Go Down (No. 14) all hit the Top 40.
He also received a Juno nomination for top country album and a pair of Canadian Country Music Association award nominations for top male artist in 2012 and 2013.
After a series of singles in 2011 and 2012, Brownlee broke through in early 2013 with the Top 10 single Crash.
Brownlee says he can't pinpoint where the momentum really started, saying that he thinks it was an accumulation of the singles that had gone to radio.
"Momentum can carry a lot of energy with it and if you can find a way to harness that energy and continue it for as long as you can," he says. "It's very healthy. We do live in an industry of a quick rise, quick fall so if you can find a way to create longevity, it's important."
He's hoping to return to the studio after the tour ends with some material he's written. The very earliest it would come out is year's end but 2016 is more likely.
Music has been a part of Brownlee's life for a long time.
He had played piano as a child and tenor saxophone in middle school.
He started writing in his first year of university, two years after he picked up a guitar. He says his hockey teammates were aware of his songwriting and very supportive.
Brownlee would play at parties after games when the guys were sitting around.
"You'd be surprised at some of the songs they requested," he laughs. "A big tough guy wanting some Enrique Iglesias song to be played or something. That's awesome."
In his fourth year of university, he wrote a song called The Hero I See as a tribute to a youngster named Anthony Ford he knew who was suffering from leukemia.
"I think that song, as a songwriter, really motivated me to do it more because I saw the impact that it can have and the good that it can do."
The song raised raising thousands for the Anthony Ford Foundation and earned Brownlee a nomination for the NCAA Hockey Humanitarian Award.
Brownlee later included Ford in the title track called The Fighters.
After choosing to leave hockey, Brownlee did a day job for a few years, only moving to a full-time career a couple years after releasing his debut single in 2009.
Even he questions his choice of professions.
"I went from the unstable world of professional sports to the equally or even more unstable world of the entertainment industry," he says. "You really do have to trust your intuition and you have to have a love for it because if you don't, you're going to be stopped at your first moment of failure because obviously there are a lot of moments of failure for all success stories. If you have that love for it, it helps to break down those barriers and jump over the obstacles. This is such a tough industry and you really have to believe in yourself and your music and have people around you who believe in the same thing."
Brownlee now skates once a week with the Canucks alumni and started a beer league team with his buddies in Langley so he does still share in the camaraderie that's such a big part of hockey.
He chuckles when asked what a 15-year-old Chad Brownlee's reaction would be to his success in music rather than hockey.
"He would probably start with a little bit of laughter and say 'Well, the NHL is what I'm meant to do.' At 15, I would have believed that 100 per cent. I think the one thing that I can tell other 15-year-olds is at that moment, that is your dream and it might be your dream for the rest of your life. You might be successful but be prepared for your dreams to change and it's OK if they do.
"I think if I had known that, it would have been a little bit easier transition for me from hockey to music. We become different people and we become interested in different things and our heart lies in different areas."
Posted by vipersdiehardfan at 7:00 AM
Former Viper Dancs Listed On Giants Prospects List:
Capitals Sign Viper Alumni Bigos:
Exhibition: Salmon Arm 4 Vernon 3 Overtime
Game Preview: Exhibition-Salmon Arm @ Vernon:
Exhibition: Salmon Arm 6 Vernon 1
Game Preview: Exhibition-Vernon @ Salmon Arm:
Vets In Viper Crease:
Vernon-Langley Trade:
Vernon Vipers 2015-16 Schedule:
Vipers Trim Camp Roster To 31
Vipers Lose Loyal Fan-Season Ticket Holder: R.I.P ...
Vipers Cut Roster Down To 32 Players:
Former Vernon Lakers Defenceman Purinton Charged W...
Vipers Blue-White Game: Team White 7 Team Blue 3
3rd & Final Day Report From Vipers Training Camp:
Todosychuk Joins Griffins' Crease:
Day 2 Report From Vipers Training Camp:
A Closer Look At The Vipers Training Camp Roster:
Ferner High On Recruits:
Blog Enters Seventh Season:
Vipers Training Camp Schedule:
Ducks Sign Ex Vernon Viper Santorelli:
Vipers Sign New Deal With Kiss FM:
Former Viper D-Man Wilson Named To ECAC Hockey All...
Vipers Grab Zandee From West Kelowna:
Spruce Kings Trade Ex Viper Defenceman Meek To Cow...
Rockets Hire Williamson:
Manchester Monarchs Add Ex Viper Scofield To Teams...
Vernon-West Kelowna Trade:
Spartak Moskva Sign Viper Alumni Genoway:
Thunder Add Former Vipers Gore & Ullrich To Teams ...
Rockets Name Former Viper Williamson New Head Coach:
Vipers Deal For Veteran D-Man:
Vernon-South Shore Trade:
Vipers Acquire Pellah:
Former Vipers Trainer Auerbach Named To Canada's U...
Wheeling Nailers Add Ex Viper Gill To Teams Season...
Former Vipers Zaba & Magowan Leave Capitals:
Hockey Lessons Key For Viper Alumni Brownlee's Mus...


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Under 11 Lions progress in the cup
by Mike Stephenson on October 9th, 2012
Mid Solent Youth League Under 11 Challenge Cup Round 2
Fareham Town v Crofton Saints Lions at Henry Cort School, Fareham
This was a good win by the Lions on a wet a slippery pitch following heavy overnight rain. Fareham Town competed well and fought hard to stay in the match but fell away in the last fifteen leaving the visitors comfortable winner at the end. Although the Lions largely dominated the match they were hit three times on the break whilst pushing upfield pressing home attacks on the Fareham goal, a legacy of the Lions style of play. Nevertheless, the home side took their chances well. The Lions replied through Harry O'Malley, Josh Fox (3) and Kai Sterne (3) his third hat-trick in just five matches so far this season. With a bit of steadiness in front of the goal the margin could have been greater.
On form for the Lions were Scott Faulkner and Josh Fox, who, despite being on the end of some robust tackling at times, gave the home side plenty of problems with their pace and mazy runs.
Next up in the quarter finals will be AFC Portchester Castles which will be a tough test for the Lions following their hard-fought 4-3 win against them previously in the League.
Final Score: Fareham Town 3 - 7 Crofton Saints Lions


On October 14 through 16, Richard Gowan participated in the Challenges Forum, an annual peacekeeping conference in Beijing. The Challenges Forum is a strategic and dynamic platform for dialogue among policymakers, practitioners and academics on key issues and developments in peace operations. The aim is to shape the debate by promoting awareness of emerging issues and identifying key challenges facing military, police and civilian peace operations.


Periwinkle Guest Lodge is an appealing 4-star holiday haven at Plettenberg Bay, situated alongside the Robberg Beach and overlooking the beautiful Robberg Peninsula. Guest rooms are equipped for luxury living and are in harmony with the sea and the mountains around the lodge. All but one have private balconies with superb views. On-site a spa and gym cater to wellness and fitness needs, and off-site the countless delights of the Garden Route invite discovery.
There's currently no specials at Periwinkle Guest Lodge.
Periwinkle Guest Lodge does not have facilities for conferences.


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Baseball: Past and Present
Games and Podcasts
The Intriguing Idea Guiding Tampa Bay Ray's Pitching
The Tampa Bay Rays continue to redefine conventional pitching roles.
One of the many wonders of the past few years has been the Tampa Bay Rays. The Rays have made the playoffs the last 3 years, including a World Series appearance in 2020 and finishing with the best record in the American League in 2021. They have managed all this success while playing in a tough division. The thing that makes them so hard to explain is their lack of star power.
When looking at other teams that have reached the Ray's success in the past few years, you find the Dodgers with players like Betts, Seager (now Turner), and Muncy just to name a few. These are players that have had seasons where they end up in the MVP discussion. Similarly, the Astros have seen great success with players like Altuve, Bregman, Brantley, Tucker, and Alvarez. All of them are feared hitters that have added massive value to the offense. The Rays, on the other hand, only have a few players that have produced amazing offensive numbers over the course of a season.
Instead of using sheer star power to overwhelm opponents, the Rays seem to find untapped potential in average relievers and make the most of all their appearances. Their winning formula often includes close games controlled by multiple relievers.
The Winning Formula
Last year, the Rays had 58 wins in relief. This was 9 more than the next closest team, the San Francisco Giants. Rays relievers were also tasked with getting more outs than any other team's relievers. The team started 37 games with pitchers that worked largely in relief throughout the year. The Rays were the first team to really lean into this idea of pitcher versatility. Openers, which the Rays were the first to begin using heavily, often pitch the first inning or two to face the most difficult hitters in a lineup before handing it off to someone else who may go through the entire order the second time around. Ray's pitchers averaged 4.6 innings per start. Every other playoff team was at least 5 innings.
The Rays use of the bullpen may be where the future is headed but they remain ahead of the pack at the present moment. Many teams have moved toward more bullpen innings to allow starting pitchers more rest and hopefully prevent injuries. The difference is many teams still covet their starters as their best pitchers and the starters are the ones that must set up the team for a win. In short, the starting pitchers are the main attraction. Meanwhile, the Rays seem to be moving toward no pitching stars at all, opting for a group of unknown but effective relief arms instead.
Some of the Rays Roster Moves Do Not Make Sense
Perhaps the best display of the Rays reliance on their bullpen can be seen in last year's trade deadline. Tyler Glasnow was supposed to be a huge part of the Ray's success. When he was lost for the season, Rich Hill became the guy that seemed poised to fill that spot. The Rays decided, instead, to trade away Rich Hill without getting a different key starter in return. In only half a season, Hill accumulated the fifth most innings for the Rays. Tyler Glasnow ended the season just behind him.
So, how did the Rays fill this hole in their pitching? They doubled down on their practice of versatile pitching roles.
Another trade made before the deadline had sent away shortstop Willy Adames and reliever Trevor Richards. In return, the Rays received relievers J.P. Feyereisen and Drew Rasmussen. Both would play important roles for the team. Rasmussen came in with a 4.24 ERA in 17 innings. He had not started a game since he was last in the minor leagues in 2019. Yet, he ended up starting 10 games with the Rays and making 10 more appearances from the bullpen with a 2.44 ERA. September was particularly productive for Rasmussen as he threw 24 innings and only gave up 4 runs. Feyereisen made 36 appearances of his own, lowering his ERA as well. They also resorted to other pitchers for innings like Collin McHugh who had only recently switched from starter to reliever. The Rays had 31 pitchers throw less than 50 innings for the team over the course of the season.
When it comes to utilizing pitchers effectively, the Rays consistently seem to find the right mix of pitchers to get effective innings.
The Tampa Bay Rays Have Placed Themselves at the Forefront of Baseball Innovation
It's not surprising the Rays have led this new line of thinking about pitching. Their situation actually supports this fluidity quite well. For starters, they are a lower-budget team that has always been willing to try new tactics that seem promising. There also seems to be a sense of trust that they can develop pitchers to perform excellently in the majors. We can see this trust on display in trades that have sent away proven MLB talent for prospects and journeymen. Most teams would be hesitant to make these trades but the Rays never shy away from the opportunity and the players they receive in return always seem to play an important role in the team's success. They have also built one of the best defensive outfields in baseball. With outfielders that cover a lot of ground, the Rays may have more flexibility in the type of pitchers that can be successful.
The Tampa Bay Rays are truly an interesting team. They never support a star-studded roster that fans look at and see World Series Champions. Yet, the results the last few years have shown them to be very close. I think much of the baseball world will have their eyes on the Rays these next few years. They will be watching to see if the team can get that first title and to see what new ideas they will come up with.
Data via Rays Team Pitching page at baseballreference.com.
Logan Haney
Baseball, Pitching
Baseball, Modern, Pitching, Rays
One response to "The Intriguing Idea Guiding Tampa Bay Ray's Pitching"
Baseball in the Year 2000 – Baseball: Past and Present says:
[…] Read More: The Tampa Bay Rays have been leading innovation in baseball the past few years. The way they handle … […]


Ahn, J.; Shin, D.; Kim, K.; Yang, J. Indoor Air Quality Analysis Using Deep Learning with Sensor Data. Sensors 2017, 17, 2476.
Ahn J, Shin D, Kim K, Yang J. Indoor Air Quality Analysis Using Deep Learning with Sensor Data. Sensors. 2017; 17(11):2476.
Ahn, Jaehyun; Shin, Dongil; Kim, Kyuho; Yang, Jihoon. 2017. "Indoor Air Quality Analysis Using Deep Learning with Sensor Data." Sensors 17, no. 11: 2476.


text:
Somatization, but not depression, is characterized by disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, indicating increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and lowered kynurenine aminotransferase activity.
Maes M, Galecki P, Verkerk R, Rief W.
Journal Article 2011; 32(3): 264-273 PubMed PMID: 21712776 Citation Keywords: Adult, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Biomarkers, Depressive Disorder:genetics, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase:genetics, Kynurenic Acid:metabolism, Male, Psychiatric Status R.
BACKGROUND: Reduced plasma tryptophan occurs in depression and somatization. Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) with consequent synthesis of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) and lowered tryptophan are associated with the onset of depression in the puerperium and during interferon-alpha treatment. Depression is accompanied by lowered kynurenic acid, a neuroprotectant, or increased kynurenine, a neurotoxic TRYCAT.
AIMS AND METHODS: To examine plasma tryptophan; kynurenine; kynurenic acid; the kynurenine / tryptophan (KY/TRP) ratio, indicating IDO activity; and the kynurenine / kynurenic acid (KY/KA) ratio, indicating kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) activity, in somatization; depression; somatization + depression; and controls. Illness severity is measured by the Somatic Symptom Index (SSI), the Screening for Somatoform Symptoms (SOMS), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).
RESULTS: Tryptophan is significantly lower in patients than in controls and lower in somatization than in depression. KY/TRP is significantly increased in somatization. Kynurenic acid is significantly lower in patients than in controls, and lower in somatization than in depression. KY/KA is significantly higher in somatization and somatization + depression than in depression and controls. There are significant correlations between the severity of somatization, but not depression, and KY/TRP and KY/KA (positive) and tryptophan (negative). Kynurenine and kynurenic acid are significantly correlated in controls, somatization + depression, and depression, but not in somatization.
CONCLUSIONS: Somatization is characterized by increased IDO activity and disorders in KAT activity and an increased neurotoxic potential. The TRYCAT pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of somatizing and "psychosomatic" symptoms through effects on pain, gut motility, the autonomic nervous system, peripheral NMDA receptors, etc. Even more, biological disorders, such as aberrations in the TRYCAT pathway, which are considered to be a hallmark for depression, are in fact attributable to somatization rather than to depression per se. Future research in depression on the TRYCAT pathway should always control for the possible effects of somatization....
Maes M, Galecki P, Verkerk R, Rief W.	Somatization, but not depression, is characterized by disorders in the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, indicating increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and lowered kynurenine aminotransferase activity. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2011 Jan; 32(3): 264-273
Relation between functional polymorphism of catalase gene (-262C>T) and recurrent depressive disorder.
Galecki P, Szemraj J, Zboralski K, Florkowski A, Lewinski A.
Journal Article 2009; 30(3): 357-362 PubMed PMID: 19855359 Citation Keywords: Adult, Alleles, Catalase:genetics, Chi-Square Distribution, Depressive Disorder:genetics, European Continental Ancestry Group:genetics, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genotype, Humans, Male, Oxidative Stress:genetics, Patient S.
: Numerous studies have provided information indicating the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of depressive disorder (DD). The antioxidative system protects against the effects caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase (CAT) is one of antioxidative enzymes observed to change their levels in the course of depression. The enzyme decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), whose overproduction is a result of many processes taking place in depression. Therefore, functional polymorphism of the CAT gene can be a candidate marker of the risk of depression. The presented study assessed the correlation between -262C>T polymorphism of the CAT gene, which influences the increase of CAT expression and activity, and the risk of depression development. The study, carried out on a homogeneous group recruited from the Polish population, enrolled 149 healthy subjects and 149 depressive patients. The groups were age-matched. The obtained results indicate no correlation between -262C>T polymorphism of the CAT gene (both with respect to genotype distribution and allele frequency) and the risk of depression. Nevertheless, further studies assessing the correlations between depression and polymorphism of the genes encoding antioxidative enzymes on larger groups of subjects should be undertaken....
Galecki P, Szemraj J, Zboralski K, Florkowski A, Lewinski A.	Relation between functional polymorphism of catalase gene (-262C>T) and recurrent depressive disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009 Jan; 30(3): 357-362


PIONEER SETTLER OF THIS SECTION PASSES ON TO HIS REWARD.
In Fayette County on the rural route No. 5 between Schulenburg and Weimar is the fine country home and ranch of Harris Taylor Green, who has spent the greater part of sixty years in this one locality. His success as a farmer is above the ordinary, and while his life has been a part of this section of developing Texas for so many years his name also suggests some interesting family relationships and influences that have been steadily exerted for better things morally and socially.
There is authentic information concerning only three generations of the family, but tradition is that Mr. Green's ancestors took an active part in the Revolutionary war. The grandfather, Jesse Green, Sr., was during the first half of the nineteenth century a planter and slaveholder in Alabama and later in Choctaw County, Mississippi. He married Jemimah Lee, daughter of Richard Lee of Virginia. Both of them died in Mississippi, and their estate was divided before any of their children came to Texas. The first of their children was Rev. Lee Green, who entered the Baptist ministry and was engaged in preaching over Fayette, Lavaca and Colorado counties until he was ninety years old. After the war he was also a merchant at Hallettsville, and his last years were spent in Yoakum. His wife was Lucretia Middleton, and both are buried in the cemetery at Hallettsville. The children of Rev. Lee Green were: Jesse, who was a lawyer and died at Hallettsville; John M., district judge of the Victoria District; Judge Pleasant, county judge of Lavaca County; Holly, of San Antonio; Hicks, who died as a young man; Sarah, deceased wife of John M. Hatchett; Jemimah, who married Mr. Shoemaker and is deceased; Demarius, who died unmarried; Lula, deceased wife of Mr. Rogers. The second child of Jesse Green Sr. was Jesse Jr., whose career is taken up in a following paragraph; Harris, the third, died in Leon County leaving a family; Ananias spent his last years at Seven Rivers, New Mexico, and left a family; Betsy married Mr. McAdams and spent her life in Leon County; Jemimah married Charles Quinn and died at Plantersville, Texas, leaving some children.
Jesse Green, Jr., was born in the vicinity of Selma, Alabama, in 1820, and grew up in that locality. About the time he reached his majority he moved to Choctaw County, Mississippi, and took possession of a new plantation purchased by his father. He was a man of good education for his time, and gave his active years to farming, with the aid of slaves, which he brought with him to Texas. He came from Mississippi to the Lone Star State in 1850, making the journey overland in the familiar fashion of the time, his wife and children riding in the old "carry-all,'' and that and other vehicles were drawn by mules and ox teams. They crossed the Mississippi at Rodney. The chief incidents of the trip that have been handed on to the present generations concerned the difficulties of bad roads, since the good road movement had not yet dawned. It is possible that the Rev. Lee Green preceded this caravan on his way to Texas. Jesse Green joined a little settlement at Black Jack Spring at the head of West Navidad in Fayette County, where he purchased land and lived with his family until 1854. In that year he paid $1,500 for about 1,100 acres of the James Sergeant league, where his son, Harris, now lives. His death occurred the year following, in 1855. However, he had taken an active part in the pioneer life of this section.. He was a justice of the peace; was church clerk of the Missionary Baptist Church at Black Jack Springs, having donated five acres of land for schoolhouse purposes and the Baptists holding their meetings in the school building. In the same locality he also built a gin operated by horsepower, probably the only one in a great expanse of country at that time and evidences of this old landmark could be seen even in recent years.
Jesse Green married Mary Spencer. Her father, William Spencer, who married a Miss Lang, of Pennsylvania German stock, was a wealthy farmer and owner of many slaves in Choctaw County, Mississippi, where both he and his wife died. The Spencer children were: James, who was killed as a Confederate soldier; Mrs. Green; Dr. Henry, who practiced medicine at old Terryville in Dewitt County and at Independence, where he educated his children, and then located in Falls County, where he died; Mrs. Benjamin Moore, Mrs. Vance, Mrs. Berson, Marion and Albert, all of whom lived in Mississippi. The children of Jesse Green and wife were: William W., who died soon after the war as a result of the hardships of his life as a soldier; Jesse Clinton, who died at the age of twelve; Harris T.; James A., of Karnes County; and Sarah Jemimah, wife of George Williams, of Schulenburg. The mother of these children, who died April 1, 1874, having been left a widow subsequently married John S. Black, and her daughter by that union, Frances, married Lewis Porter. Mr. Black died in 1885.
Harris Taylor Green, whose ancestry has thus been traced, was born in Mississippi July 29, 1849, and was an infant member of the caravan whose journey has been described. The great Civil war was in progress during his teens, and while in school at old Lyons a company of youths was formed and drilled in the expectation that in time their services would be required by the South, but he made no real effort to get into the scenes of active hostilities. Most of his education was acquired in the old Baylor University when it was located at Independence while Dr. William Carey Grain was its chief executive. In 1869 he drove cattle over the old Chisholm trail to Abilene, Kansas, and invested the proceeds of that work in college tuition. He spent two years at Baylor, lacking eight months of graduation. He also did some teaching there, as assistant in the branches of grammar and arithmetic. When he left school he was in poor health, and anticipated that he might be in the early stages of pulmonary disease, but with the active outdoor life of the farm he quickly mended and has become physically stronger until today he is as robust as possible for his frame.
Farming has been his career and profession. His first home in Texas was a log house both at Black Jack Springs and on his present farm. Soon after his father's death his mother erected a plank house of cedar lumber which came from cedar brakes owned by the family on Buckner's Creek in Fayette County. An old log house with "stack" chimney stands on his farm, erected long before the war and still used for one of his tenants. His present residence was erected in the fall of 1873. Although the old homestead was divided among the heirs, Mr. Green has since purchased some of the interests and owns over 500 acres originally belonging to his father, and his total holdings aggregate 900 acres, partly in Fayette and partly in Colorado County. His revenues have come from cotton, corn and stock, and while he was a cattle feeder in former years, he has lately devoted much attention to mules. Mr. Green is a member of the Baptist Church. During the existence of the Weimar Institute he was at one time president of the board.
December 18, 1873, he married Miss Mary M. Black, a daughter of John S. Black, who as already mentioned married Mr. Green's mother. Mrs. Green, who was born December 6,1850, and died September 1,1883, had children as follows: Jesse T., who is a rural mail carrier at Weimar and by his marriage to Emma Frazier has William, John, Charles and Mary Emma; Milton A., who practiced law at [Yoakum] as partner of Judge John M. Green until his health broke, is now recovering his strength on a farm in Fayette County and by his marriage to Verna Burford has a son, Milton Burf ord.
After the death of his first wife Mr. Green married Miss Mary E. Morrow, a daughter of James and Mary V. (Armstrong) Morrow, Alabama people who came from Mississippi to Texas and were married here. Her mother is now Mrs. August Koltermann, whose parents were John and Sylvia (Land) Armstrong. Besides Mrs. Green the Morrow children were: Fannie, wife of William Black of Weimar; James of Mesa, Arizona; Martin, deceased;. Thomas, who died at Odessa, Texas; while of the Koltermann union there is a son, Frederick William, a farmer near Weimar.
Harris Taylor Green died December 26, 1931 and is buried in Weimar Odd Fellows Cemetery.


AUSTIN, Texas — A police chief in Texas says he's firing an officer who fatally shot an unarmed, naked 17-year-old last month.
Austin Police Chief Art Acevedo said Monday that he's indefinitely suspending Officer Geoffrey Freeman.
Freeman's lawyers with the Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas say they will appeal.
Acevedo says that means the indefinite suspension then would not become a firing unless it's upheld by an arbitrator.
Acevedo says the indefinite suspension was issued because of policy violations that occurred in the shooting of David Joseph on Feb. 8. An autopsy released late last week showed he had an anti-anxiety drug and marijuana in his system at the time of the shooting.
Joseph was black, as is Freeman.


text:
Recently I got the chance to attend the Bamboozle Roadshow which included both incredibly historic bands like Third Eye Blind and Simple Plan but also bands just starting out in the music scene like All Time Low and Great Big Planes. Simple Plan is arguably one of the most historic and successful on the tour and clearly showed it at their set that evening. The crowd was huge and hanging on every word they sang including a great reaction to the first track out from their new record '€œYou Suck At Love'€.
I got the chance to sit down with Pierre and Sebastien from the group a few hours prior to their set and we talked about everything from what the young kids are teaching them on this tour to how they feel they'€™ve matured over all of this time. Being the original line up from when they began is something incredibly rare and something that surely makes this band a common favorite. The boys are currently working on their next record and are sure to be back on the road here in the US soon so keep these boys on your radar! They are here to stay!
I know you guys have been around for a while and a lot is going on for you recently but if you were to cover another band on this tour to start, who would it be and what song?
Pierre: I'€™d probably cover a Third Eye Blind song.
Sebastien: Yeah, Third Eye Blind song.
Pierre: Because they'€™re the coolest!
Sebastien: Yeah, they'€™ve got a lot of great songs over the years. It would be fun to do a whole set of just like our favorites. That would be great. The classics!
Pierre: I would do '€˜Motorcycle Drive By'€™.
Sebastien: Yeah that one! '€˜Graduate'€™ for sure, '€˜Jumper'€™. Any thing off the Blue record.
Pierre: What song would you cover?
Sebastien: Oh I would just pick a set list.
Pierre: Look at you!
Then like you said before the roadshow comes to an end tonight, but it'€™s been a while since you'€™ve toured the US. How is it to be back? See these audiences again?
Pierre: It'€™s awesome. It'€™s cool to see kids that we haven'€™t seen in a long time. People that we actually, we remember from those shows. Like hey it'€™s been five years. It'€™s pretty amazing. I think it'€™s good for us and we'€™ve been around the world so much and doing more stuff internationally that it'€™s good to come back here and hit up the US again.
Sebastien: Yeah no we'€™ve always had fun touring here and it'€™s just a little ten day trip but I believe it'€™s an idea of what'€™s to come on this next record touring wise.
I know you have a new record coming out. Is it finished or still a work in progress?
Pierre: The songs are all ready to go. We just have to go in to the studio to record it.
That'€™s exciting! What can fans look forward to with this new record since it has been a while since the last record?
Sebastien: Actually, it'€™s a fun record you know. I think it'€™s a little bit of a mix of everything we'€™ve ever done before so it'€™s definitely a lot of energy, young and fun but also it'€™s an evolution at the same time and it'€™s going to be great. We'€™re playing a new song on this tour. A song called '€œYou Suck At Love'€ and I think it'€™s really representative of what we'€™re doing with this next record.
How do you normally go about the writing process? Is it one person, is it more collective?
Pierre: Well Chuck and I do most of the initial writing and like the melody and lyrics and all of that. The rest of us get together and then that'€™s where it all comes together. Work on parts, make it real!
What was the first CD you bought as a kid?
Sebastien: CD? The first CD for me was Offspring'€™s '€œSmash'€. That was the first one I bought. I think I got this like whole case of Metallica cd'€™s from my dad but Offspring was the first.
Pierre: I think it was a Lagwagon cd. Lag wagon'€™s '€œDuh'€ and it was an import. It was an import so it was like 24 dollars at the record store. It was weird.
The line up has never changed for this band-
Pierre: Yep! Same band from the beginning.
Sebastien: That is rare! Ten years!
Very. So being a band for ten years and being together for so long, how do you think you'€™ve matured being the same group of people with all of this success?
Pierre: I think we just learn more about ourselves every year. We learn how to just pick our battles and when something isn'€™t really that important to you to not fight about it. Also, just understand what we all want to do as a band instead of what we all personally want. You can'€™t be like '€˜Oh I don'€™t want to do this show'€™ '€˜I don'€™t want to do this'€™. We'€™re good at realizing what'€™s best for the band.
And then with this new record, is there going to be more touring like you said?
Pierre: Absolutely! A lot more in the US. We kind of feel like we maybe neglected the US with the last record because we were so busy going around the rest of the world. We really couldn'€™t find a good tour to do here so this time around we'€™re definitely going to put more emphasis on the US. Really kind of come back to our fans who have been waiting for a long time. We'€™re neighbors! It'€™s easy. We should come visit more often.
Sebastien: Canada'€™s just like another state.
Pierre: Yeah.
Over the years, you have done a lot of touring. What'€™s one of the crazier things you'€™ve seen?
Sebastien: Something that'€™s always very crazy is when we go to Mexico or South America. We try to do signings but people are very intense. Very crazy there and sometimes when we drive away from the venue, they'€™ll follow us. Running after the cars, banging on the windows. It'€™s surreal you know. It makes you feel like the Beatles almost. The running of the bulls. Have you ever seen that movie 28 Days Later? It'€™s like that movie except they aren'€™t zombies, they'€™re kids and they don'€™t want to eat our brains.
Then when you started this band, did you ever think you were going to get to this point you'€™re at today?
Pierre: I didn'€™t think so. I thought we would be pretty big in Canada, like putting on pretty good shows in our area. That would be cool, that would be awesome. I never though it would be that wide spread around the world.
Sebastien: No, it'€™s always like you can dream about it but you never say kids are going to love us but when it does happen it'€™s amazing.
Well I think that'€™s all I have for you guys. You'€™re fast talkers!
Sebastien: We'€™re quick.
Pierre: We rehearsed!
Sebastien: (laughs) We had your questions forwarded!


text:
Elina Vähälä Plays Bartók
Rudolfinum, 16 January 2023 at 7.30 pm. Public dress rehearsal at 9.30 a.m.
Apollon Quartet
Studio 1, 9 January 2023 at 7:30 p.m.
Child of Heaven, Be Welcome
Studio 1, 19 December 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
Ceremony of Carols
St Agnes Convent, 15 December 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
Written for the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra: Martin Smolka
Rudolfinum, 5 December 2022 at 7:30 p.m. Public dress rehearsal at 9.30 a.m.
Oscar-winning Music by E. W. Korngold
Rudolfinum, 28 November 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
Breathtaking!
Studio 1, 13 November 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
Janáček – Rubinstein – Tchaikovsky
Rudolfinum, 7 November 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
Svátky hudby in Prague
Rudolfinum, 25 October 2022 at 7.30 pm.
In Between Worlds
DOX+, 20 October 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
Queyras Plays Dvořák
Rudolfinum, 10 October 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
The music festival of F. L. Věk
Dobruška, factory hall Koenig & Bauer Grafitec, 25 September 2022 at 5.00 pm.
Concertino Praga 2022: Final Competition Round in Concert
Rudolfinum, 16. September 2022 at 7.00 pm.
Václav Luks & Roman Patočka
St Agnes Convent, 8 September 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
World Premiere – Written for PRSO
Rudolfinum, 28 June 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
Beethoven's Seventh Symphony
Alexander Liebreich and Leila Josefowicz
The Four Seasons
St Agnes Convent, 6 June 2022 at 7:30 p.m.
A Faust Symphony
Rudolfinum, 9 May 2022 at 7:30 p.m. Public dress rehearsal at 9:30 a.m.


54 Different Scholarship Opportunities for Minority Students-Several for STEM Majors.
Stewardship Science Graduate Fellowship - The Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE NNSA SSGF) program provides outstanding benefits and opportunities to students pursuing a Ph.D. in the areas of high density physics, nuclear science, and properties of materials under extreme conditions and hydrodynamics. The fellowship includes a 12-week research experience at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, or Sandia National Laboratories. Participants will receive a $36,000 yearly stipend, full tuition and fee payment, $1000 yearly academic allowance, expenses to attend yearly conferences, and a 12-week research practicum. In addition to graduate students in their first and second year, the program is also open to senior undergraduates. For additional information and to access the application, please visit www.krellinst.org/ssgf. For any questions or concerns, email the Krell Institute at ssgf@krellinst.org or call 515-956-3696.
STEM Graduate Fellowship for HBCU Alumni Enrolled in Graduate School in Pennsylvania, New Jersey or Delaware.


text:
Q: How to realize right IEnumerator interface for multiple foreach? I have a code like:
        class T : IEnumerable, IEnumerator
        {
            private int position = -1;

            public T() { }

            public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { return this; }

            public object Current { get { return position; } }

            public bool MoveNext()
            {
                position++;
                return (position < 5);
            }

            public void Reset() { position = -1; }
        }

//Using in code:
T t = new T();
foreach (int i in t)
 //to do something

In the code above all is working fine but when I use next:
foreach (int i in t)
   if (i == 2)
     foreach (int p in t)
       //print p
   else
       //print i

It prints (in brackets second loop): 0 1 (3 4) 2 instead of 0 1 (0 1 2 3 4) 2 3 4
I tested It on List and Collection and they do It right.
How can I to achive what I need?

A: You can't because you have made your code surface a single enumerator, itself a mistake IMO. A  better version would be, for me:
class T : IEnumerable<int> {
    public IEnumerator<int> GetEnumerator() {
        int i = 0;
        while(i < 5) {
            yield return i;
            i++;
        }
    }
    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() { return GetEnumerator(); }
}

The compiler will create the right devices to achieve this with separate enumerators.
Unless you are writing for .NET 1.1, then if you find yourself manually writing an enumarator, there's a very good chance that you are doing it the hard way, and getting it wrong as a bonus.
If you really must do it the hard way:
class T : IEnumerable<int>
{
    public T() { }

    public IEnumerator<int> GetEnumerator() { return new TEnumerator(); }
    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() { return GetEnumerator(); }
    private class TEnumerator : IEnumerator<int>
    {
        private int position = -1;
        public int Current { get { return position; } }
        object IEnumerator.Current { get { return Current; } }
        void IDisposable.Dispose() {}
        public bool MoveNext()
        {
            position++;
            return (position < 5);
        }
        public void Reset() { position = -1; }
    }
}

The significance here is that different instances of TEnumerator allow the same T instance to be iterated separately.

A: foreach (int i in t)
   if (i == 2)
     foreach (int p in t)
       //print p
   else
       //print i

First always use braces, while you indenting matches what will happen another if in there will confuse things.
foreach (int i in t) {
   if (i == 2) {
     foreach (int p in t) {
       //print p
      }
   } else {
       //print i
   }
 }

But you problem: you only have one counter per instance of T, and you are using the same instance. Therefore you do through once. If you want to allow concurrent enumerations the enumerator object will need to be separate with GetEnumerator returning a new instance each time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Federal and state regulations, as well as institutional policy, require that a student maintain satisfactory academic progress (SAP) towards their degree in order to receive financial aid.
To measure progress, Student Financial Services evaluates a student's academic record at the completion of each academic year, reviewing both the quantitative (the maximum time frame and completion rate) and the qualitative (cumulative grade point average) as a student pursues her/his degree. Failure to meet these standards will result in the suspension of financial aid eligibility, which may include federal, state and institutional aid.
*Summer Semester: Credit hours attempted during the summer semester will be included in the calculation of SAP standards just as any other period of enrollment.
Completion Rate: Students must maintain a minimum course completion percentage for progress each academic year of at least 67%. This is calculated by dividing the number of credits earned by the credits attempted. Credits transferred from another institution count towards attempted and earned credits.
Maximum Time Frame: Per federal guidelines, the maximum time frame for program completion for federal Title IV funds is defined as 150% of the credits required to complete the degree or certificate program as defined by Cedar Crest. (For example: Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice= 120 credits x 150%= 180 credits. 180 credits is the maximum that can be attempted with federal Title IV funds.) The maximum credit standard for graduate degree programs are based upon the minimum program credit requirements published in the Cedar Crest College Graduate Catalog. Cedar Crest College funded aid is limited to a maximum of 10 full-time semesters. The maximum number of credits allowed will be based upon the credit maximums for a single degree, even when a student is pursing more than one major at one time or there is a change of academic major.
Repeated Coursework: Students may repeat a previously passed course one time if a better grade is required for the major/minor and maintain financial eligibility, assuming all other academic progress requirements have been met. Repeated course work counts toward the 150% completion time frame.
Transfer Credits: Credits transferred from another institution count towards attempted and earned credits.
Audited Courses: Students do not earn any academic credit for audited courses. They do not count in the calculation of attempted credits.
Pass/Fail Courses: These courses count in attempted and earned credits.
Withdrawals: These are counted as courses attempted and count toward the maximum time frame.
The qualitative requirement establishes a minimum cumulative grade point average for all students to reasonably progress through their program of study. The following chart identifies the minimum standards required for students to achieve and maintain satisfactory academic progress for undergraduate and certificate programs. Graduate programs require a minimum 3.0 GPA.
Cedar Crest Academic Scholarship Recipients: Students who are recipients of Cedar Crest College merit scholarships and awards must maintain full-time enrollment and GPA standards of the specific scholarship to maintain award eligibility. Students should refer to the merit scholarship and awards section of the specific Cedar Crest Course Catalog they enrolled under (year admitted to the College) for more details.
Students who fail to meet the Satisfactory Academic Progress Standards will lose their financial aid eligibility immediately. They will be notified in writing by Student Financial Services. Students may reestablish eligibility by successfully completing the required number of credits and/or by attaining the overall required grade point average by the end of the next semester without receiving financial aid. If the student fails to meet the maximum time frame standards, the student will not receive any additional financial aid for the remainder of their degree.
As a part of the appeals process, the student must provide information about why she/he failed to maintain SAP standards, and what has changed in the student's situation that will allow her/him to demonstrate satisfactory academic progress at the next evaluation. Meeting with an academic advisor (Academic Services) to create an academic plan may be required.
Appeals are evaluated by the Financial Aid Appeal Committee. Students should make payment arrangements if necessary while waiting on the Committee's decision if necessary. The student will be notified of the Committee's decision in writing. The decision of the Committee is final. There is no secondary or director appeal process. If an appeal is denied, students can only be reinstated for aid eligibility if they satisfy all deficiencies. If an appeal is approved and the student does not fulfill the conditions of his or her probation or academic plan, the student will not be eligible for aid for any future semesters during their academic career unless the student satisfies all academic deficiencies.
*Please note that any appeal granted by Cedar Crest College to its Satisfactory Academic Progress Policy is not applicable to the Pennsylvania State Grant program. A separate appeal process must be completed directly with the Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency State Grant Division.
Students who have had an appeal approved will be placed on probation for one semester and will have their financial aid reinstated for the probation semester. If the student fails to maintain the SAP standards at the end of the semester, she/he will lose financial aid eligibility until SAP standards are met.
If a student on financial aid probation meets the terms of the probation, the student will be permitted to continue to receive financial aid for a subsequent semester. If a student does not meet the terms of the probation, the student will lose eligibility for financial aid at that time.
Financial aid eligibility may be reinstated after a student meets the SAP standards, quantitative and qualitative, as defined above. Students who retain eligibility by completing required coursework must notify the Student Financial Services in order to have their progress reevaluated, and financial aid reinstated.
*It is the student's responsibility to inform Student Financial Services of all grade changes (ex. From "I" to "B") to ensure that the SAP status is reviewed.
Students must use the College's published requirement for notification of withdrawal in order to be subject to the College's refund policy regarding tuition/fees/other charges. Information about withdrawal procedures can be found in the Academic Policies and Services section of the catalog or by contacting the Registrar's office or Student Financial Services.
It is a student's responsibility to notify the College when it is necessary to withdraw from course enrollment (from individual courses or from all courses) for any reason. Withdrawal or Leave of Absence Notification can be made through the Registrar's link at My.CedarCrest.edu on the College's student web information system. Students must have a valid User ID and password to access this function. For additional information regarding Withdrawal or Leave of Absence procedures, please refer to the Academic Policies and Services section of the catalog. Students who withdraw from all courses during a semester or session, either by official notification to the College, or by failing to remain enrolled in courses as expected without notification to the College are considered to have Withdrawn/Separated from the College and are subject to the Financial Refund Policy for Students Withdrawing/Separating from the College.
If a student is withdrawing from individual courses during a semester, but will continue to be enrolled in remaining courses, or receives a letter grade for any course that session, they are not considered to have withdrawn or separated from the College and may be subject to a refund of individual course charges under the Financial Refund Policy for Students Withdrawing from Course(s). Assistance with the withdrawal process can be obtained through Academic Advising, the Registrar's Office or Student Financial Services. Resident students must notify the Director of Residence Life whenever they plan to vacate a residence hall prior to the end of their contract period. Students who are withdrawn from the College or from housing for disciplinary reasons are not eligible for any refund, except pro-rated board, unless required by federal, state, or other regulations.
Students withdrawing from the College (or from all classes) after the first day of the semester, but prior to the 60% point of the semester, will have all tuition, fees designated as refundable, and financial aid (federal Title IV funds, state funds and institutional aid) pro-rated based on the number of calendar days remaining in the semester. Calendar days are calculated as the number of calendar days completed out of the total number of calendar days in a semester, excluding scheduled semester breaks of five days or more. After the 60%point of the semester, no adjustment to tuition, fees or financial aid will be made. Resident students will receive a 90% refund if terminating their housing contract within the drop/add period (first week of the semester). After the close of the drop/add period, no refund of room charges will be made. Board charges (meal-plans) will be pro-rated to the 60%point of the semester and a pro-rata refund will be issued to the student. There is no refund of the Resident Communication Fee after the semester begins. Title IV financial aid recipients will have the unearned portion of financial aid (grants and/or loans) returned to the Title IV funding source, in accordance with the federal Return of Funds policy governing Title IV assistance.
Recipients of Title IV financial aid who are subject to a calculation of eligibility after withdrawal will have funds returned to Title IV programs in the following order, as applicable: Unsubsidized Direct Stafford Loan, Subsidized Direct Stafford Loan, Perkins Loan, Direct PLUS (Graduate Student), Direct PLUS (Parent), Pell Grant, FSEOG, TEACH Grant, other Title IV assistance. Detailed Title IV policy regarding the adjustment of federal financial aid funds is available by request through Student Financial Services.
Student Financial Services will review requests, from otherwise dependent applicants, to be considered independent for federal and institutional assistance on a case-by-case basis.
Federal regulations require that a student be able to answer "yes" to one of the following questions found on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) in order to be considered independently of parental information when applying for financial aid. You may be required to provide proof to Student Financial Services if you answer "yes" to certain questions in this section before you will be considered independent for financial aid.
Will you be 24 prior to January 1 of the current award year?
Will you be working on a master's or doctorate program (such as an MA, MBA, MD, JD, PhD, EdD, graduate certificate, etc.) in the coming academic year?
Are you married (also answer "yes" if separated but not divorced?
Do you have or will you have children who will receive more than half of their support from you (please refer to FAFSA you are completing to find out specific date range for this question)?
Do you have legal dependents (other than your children or spouse) who live with you and receive more than half of their support from you (please refer to FAFSA you are completing to find out specific date range for this question)?
Did your high school or school district homeless liaison determine that you were an unaccompanied youth who was homeless or were self-supporting and at risk of being homeless (please refer to FAFSA you are completing to find out specific date range for this question)?
Did the director of an emergency shelter or transitional housing program funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development determine that you were an unaccompanied youth who was homeless or were self-supporting and at risk of being homeless (please refer to FAFSA you are completing to find out specific date range for this question)?
Did the director of a runaway or homeless youth basic center or transitional living program determine that you were an unaccompanied youth who was homeless or were self-supporting and at risk of being homeless (please refer to FAFSA you are completing to find out specific date range for this question)?
Student has voluntarily or involuntarily been removed from the parents' home due to an extreme situation that threatens the student's health and/or safety.
Incapacity of parent(s) in cases such as imprisonment, mental or physical illness or the inability of the student to locate parent(s).
Other extenuating circumstances that can be sufficiently documented.
Unusual expenses related to personal living (e.g. wedding expenses, credit card bills, home mortgage or school loan payments, car payments, legal expenses, other miscellaneous consumer item expenses).
One year bonus incomes such as lottery or gambling winnings, pension payments.


ORLANDO, Fla. – April 30, 2015 – In a lawsuit advancing more slowly than grass grows, a new judge is pushing for a trial this summer over a neighborhood association's complaint that landscaping meant by a resident to be environmentally friendly is not aesthetically appropriate.
Jeffrey and Renee Parker were sued in 2012 by Summerport Residential Property Owners' Association Inc. after they planted a type of grass they chose because it needs less watering and fertilizing. But it was not specifically permitted by association rules.
The case is seen as a test of the "Florida friendly" law enacted in 2009 to promote yards that conserve the state's environment. The law says associations can't prohibit Florida-friendly landscaping but it doesn't spell out who determines which types of plants qualify.
The Parkers' lawyer, Barbara Billiot Stage, said during a hearing last week that nearly three years of litigation had accomplished little. Afterward, she blamed Summerport for using its greater financial strength to drag out pretrial proceedings.
"We have invested a lot with nothing being done," said Stage, who specializes in legal matters of homeowner associations. She is not charging the Parkers, who are covering fees and expenses and are vulnerable to paying association legal fees if they lose the case.
Summerport's lawyer, the second to handle the lawsuit for the association, said he does not know why the case is in its third year.
"I want to get it to trial," Robert Taylor said to Judge Tina Caraballo.
A complicating issue is the Parkers' claim – which association lawyers have denied – that they tried to get association approval but were ignored.
"Our other South Florida community association attorneys and I will continue to keep a close eye on the outcome of this case," Laura Manning-Hudson said in her blog post.
Stage said her client's choice of Bahia grass and other plants squarely meets the goal lawmakers had in mind when they passed the Florida-friendly law.
"It is the right plant in the right place," Stage said.
Summerport's lawyer said the law does not give final say to homeowners.


text:
package io.permazen.parse.func;

import com.google.common.collect.Lists;

import io.permazen.SessionMode;
import io.permazen.parse.ParseSession;
import io.permazen.parse.expr.ConstValue;
import io.permazen.parse.expr.Value;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.EnumSet;

public class ListFunction extends SimpleFunction {

    public ListFunction() {
        super("list", 0, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    @Override
    public String getHelpSummary() {
        return "Creates a list of items from explicitly provided values";
    }

    @Override
    public String getUsage() {
        return "list(item, ...)";
    }

    @Override
    public EnumSet<SessionMode> getSessionModes() {
        return EnumSet.allOf(SessionMode.class);
    }

    @Override
    protected Value apply(final ParseSession session, Value[] params) {
        return new ConstValue(Lists.transform(Arrays.asList(params), item -> item.get(session)));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In java, base class reference can be assigned objects of sub class. When methods of sub class object are called through base class's reference.
The mapping / binding or function calls to respective function takes place after running the program, at least possible moment. This kind of binding is known as "late binding" or "dynamic binding" or "runtime polymorphism".
In the above programs, the statement r.display( ), calls the display() method and based on the object. That has been assigned to base class reference. i.e. r. But the mapping / binding as to which method is to be invoked is done only at run time.


As most of you are aware by now, each year I like to walk one of the many Caminos. It is the tradition that each peregrino carries a scallop shell. It is the symbol of St James. You can see my shell in the photo of me collapsed in front of the Santiago City Limits sign.
Each year I carry a shell from somewhere special. The first year the shell was given to me in Hout bay, South Africa. Last year, my shell was a gift from someone in Wellington, New Zealand (I also carried smaller shells for my two granddaughters which I carefully left, with words of dedication, at a significant place on the Camino Português).
This year, I am going to ask one of my readers – you in fact – if you would kindly donate a scallop shell to be my symbol on the Via de la Plata from Sevilla to Santiago de Compostela in September this year. It will travel on my rucksack, every footstep of the way for over 1,000km.
Send it from your country- wherever that may be – with your best wishes, and I shall carefully carry it for the whole of the Camino to the Cathedral of St. James in Santiago, where I shall definitely be giving thanks for having finished my walk.
At the end of the walk, I frame the Compostela and the shell together and they all hang in pride of place in TOPO in Farndale.
(Note – I would have asked for two shells as I shall also be doing a riding Camino, from Shetland to the Scilly Isles in June, but I do not want to stretch your goodwill too far).
Looking forward to someone taking me up on this request.
Next postGetting ready for the BIG ride.


text:
Q: Minimize size of docker image I am building a docker image for running yarn jobs.
In order to install yarn, I need curl to fetch the package repository. After installing yarn, I am not really interested in curl anymore so I purge it again.
But this has no effect on the resulting docker image size since the layer with curl installed is still and underlying image layer (as far as I understand docker images).
I am less interested in this specific case (curl and yarn) but in general how to minimize my docker image in such a scenario. How can I "purge" a no longer needed underlying layer in my docker image?
Example Dockerfile for reference:
FROM ubuntu:focal

# Updating and installing curl (not required in final image)
RUN apt update && apt install -y curl

# Using curl to install yarn
RUN curl -sS https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/pubkey.gpg | apt-key add - &&\
        echo "deb https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/ stable main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yarn.list && \
        apt update && apt install -y yarn

# Doing cleanup (no positive effect on image size)
RUN apt purge -y curl && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* && apt autoremove -y && apt clean -y

EDIT:
Just for clarification:
ubuntu/focal on it's own is just 74 MB in image size.
After running apt update it's at 95 MB
After apt installing curl wget git it's at 198 MB
Even purging all these installations doesn't bring me back to the 74 MB
multi-stage builds are a nice concept which I will look into.
This question although is about wheather or not it is possible to reduce a single image size again.

A: You can build your image using a multi stage Dockerfile.
For example:
FROM ubuntu:focal AS building_stage
RUN apt update && apt install -y curl
RUN curl -sS https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/pubkey.gpg | apt-key add - &&\
        echo "deb https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/ stable main" | tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yarn.list && \
        apt update && apt install -y yarn
RUN yarn install # or whatever you want to do with yarn

FROM ubuntu:focal AS running_stage
COPY --from=building_stage /root/node_modules .

After building this Dockerfile, the final image doesn't contain either yarn and curl, but it has necessary files for your final image to run. I didn't know what you wanted to do with yarn, so I couldn't show a pure example from your sample, but multi stage builds are probably the thing you want to use.


text:
An educational Forum based on new
historical and scientific discoveries
Article # 3
Joseph and the Amarna Kings
© Ahmed Osman 2002
Historian and Scholar
http://www.ahmedosman.com
Overview and comments by contributing
scholars, researchers and scientists
Click to order Ahmed's books
WHO WAS JOSEPH?
THE MUMMY OF PATRIARCH JOSEPH IN THE CAIRO MUSEUM
Who was the king who appointed Joseph, of the coat of many colors, as his minister and during which period of Egyptian history did he live? Since the start of archaeological digging in Egypt more than a hundred years ago, scholars have been trying to answer this question.
It seemed to me like a flash of inspiration, an unexpected moment of revelation when I felt that I was about to resolve a problem to which many gifted scholars had devoted their minds without success for more than a centuryÑidentifying a major biblical figure as the same person as a major Egyptian historical figure. It was a problem to which I had devoted twenty-five years of my own adult life. As part of the quest I had left my native Egypt and moved to London, lured by the superior facilities the United Kingdom offered for biblical and historical study and research. One cold night fifteen years ago, unable to sleep, I slipped out of bed, made a pot of tea and settled down by the fire to read, as I often did, the stories of the Bible. I opened it at the account in the Book of Genesis of the life of Joseph the Patriarch.
Patriarch Joseph is said in the Bible and the Quran, to have been sold as a slave into Egypt. It was his own brothers who handed him over to a trade caravan, as they became jealous when Jacob their father gave him a coat with many colors. An Egyptian official bought the young Hebrew boy and made him overseer over his house, but when his mistress falsely accused him of trying to seduce her, Joseph was sent to prison. Two years later, Joseph was set free by Pharaoh, who also appointed him as one of his ministers, when he was able to interpret the king's dream.
Father to Pharaoh
As a result of a famine in the land of Canaan, Joseph's brothers went down to Egypt to buy corn there. Joseph recognized Jacob's sons when they arrived, but they did not recognize him in his Egyptian costume; he kept his identity secret. The famine in Canaan persisted, however, and caused Joseph's half-brothers to return to Egypt on a second corn-buying mission. On this occasion Joseph invited them to have a meal in his house and, in an emotional moment, he revealed his identity to his brothers. They were ashamed of what they had done to him when they sold him as a slave, but he asked them not to feel any sense of guilt: "For God did send me before you to preserve life, and He has made me a father to Pharaoh," he said.
"Father to Pharaoh." It was this statement that caused my excitement that night. Egyptian officials were usually given the title "Son of Pharaoh," but "Father to Pharaoh" was a rare title and only few people had it. Immediately the name of Yuya came to my mind. Yuya served as a minister and commander of the military Chariots for Amenhotep III (c. 1405-1367BC) of the 18th dynasty. Among his many titles, Yuya bore one that was unique to him, it ntr n nb tawi, the holy father of the Lord of the Two Lands, Pharaoh's formal title. The reason for Yuya to get this unique title was the fact that the king, Amenhotep III, married Yuya's daughter Tiye and made her his great wife, the Queen of Egypt. For this reason also, Yuya became the maternal grandfather of the monotheistic king, Akhenaten.
Could Joseph the Patriarch and Yuya be one and the same person?
An Israelite In the Valley of the Kings
The tomb of Yuya and his wife Tuya was found in 1905, three years after Theodore M. Davis had obtained a concession to excavate in the Valley of the Kings. The site of the tomb, the only one in Egypt to be found almost intact until the discovery of Tutankhamun's seventeen years later, occasioned some surprise. Davis provided the money, while the actual work was carried out by British archaeologists. There is a narrow side valley in the Valley of the Kings, about half a mile long, leading up to the mountain. Eight days before the Christmas of 1904, James Quibell started the examination of this side valley. A month later, he decided to transfer the men back to the mouth of the side valley, and by February 1 they had exposed the top of a sealed door that blocked the stairwell, and in few days time Davis and his group were able to enter the tomb, in which they found the sarcophagus of Yuya and of his wife, Tuya, including their mummies. Although both Yuya and his wife were known from Egyptian history, neither was considered particularly important. Nor, as far as anyone was aware, did either of them possess royal blood, which one would expect when they enjoyed the privilege of burial in the Valley of the Kings.
The evidence that I was finally able to find convinced me that Joseph, the son of Jacob and Yuya, the Egyptian minister, were one and the same person.
Yuya a Semite
Other than sharing the unique title of "Father to Pharaoh," both Joseph and Yuya were foreigners in Egypt. Many scholars have commented on Yuya's foreign appearance. For instance, Arthur Weigall, one of the archaeologists involved in the discovery of Yuya's tomb, wrote: "He was a person of commanding presence . . . He has the face of an ecclesiastic, and there is something about his mouth that reminds one of the late Pope, Leo III." Henri Naville, the Swiss Egyptologist, took the view that Yuya's "very aquiline face might be Semitic."
The difficulties scribes had with his name also point to Yuya's foreign origin. Eleven different spellings were found on his sarcophagus, three coffins and other funerary furniture. Egyptian names usually indicated the name of the god under whose protection a person was placedÑRa-mos, Ptah-hotep, Tutankh-amun and so on. It therefore seems that Egyptians must have named him after his own God, Yhwh (Jehovah), and that is what the scribes were trying to write, with spellings that included Ya-a, Yi-ja and Yu-i.
The way Yuya was buried also points to his not having been Egyptian. His ears were not piercedÑunlike those of most royal mummies of the 18th Dynasty, the time when Yuya saw service under both Tuthmosis IV and his son, Amenhotep IIIÑand the position of his hands, facing his neck under the chin, is different from the usual Osiris form in which the dead man's hands are crossed over his chest.
Grafton Elliot Smith, the British anatomist who examined Yuya's mummy in 1905, raised the question of his non-Egyptian appearance. Smith wrote in his report; "His (Yuya's) face is relatively short and elliptical, . . . His nose is prominent, aquiline and high-bridged; . . . The lips appear to be somewhat full. The jaw is moderately square . . . When we come to enquire into the racial character of the body of Yuya, there is very little we can definitely seize on as a clear indication of his origin and affinities . . . The form of the face (and especially the nose) is such as we find more commonly in Europe than in Egypt."
The king also gave Joseph an Egyptian wife and an Egyptian name, the first element of which is "sef." Manetho, an Egyptian historian who wrote the history of his country to Ptolemy I during the 3rd century BC, mentions that Amenhotep III had a minister called Sef. It seems that the name "Jo-sef" or "Yo-sef" in Hebrew and "Yu-sef" in Arabic, was composed of two elements: one Hebrew, "Yu," which is short for Yahweh, and the other Egyptian, "sef."
Objects in the Tomb
In the biblical account of Joseph the Patriarch, on his appointment as minister, he received three objects from Pharaoh as insignia of office, a ring, a gold chain, and a chariot. These three objects were also found in Yuya's tomb.
Although the royal ring was not found in Yuya's tomb, written evidence was found to show that Yuya was bearer of the king's ring. This is clear from Yuya's titles, "bearer of the seal of the king of Lower Egypt" as well as "bearer of the ring of the king of Lower Egypt." A significant find in the tomb also was a gold chain that had fallen inside Yuya's coffin, and come to rest beneath his head when the tomb robbers cut the thread that held it in place. A small chariot was also discovered in the tomb.
The Age of Wisdom
Of Joseph's death and burial the Book of Genesis says that he died at the age of a hundred and ten: "They embalmed him and put him in a coffin in Egypt." Since as long ago as 1865, when the British scholar Charles W. Goodwin suggested the age the biblical narrator assigned to Joseph at the time of his death was a reflection of the Egyptian tradition, this idea has become increasingly accepted by Egyptologists.
Sir Grafton Elliott Smith, the anatomist who examined Yuya's mummy after its discovery, said in his medical report that Yuya was not less than sixty at the time of his death. Smith was unable by facial appearance alone to judge the exact age, but Henri Naville, who translated Yuya's copy of The Book of the Dead, wrote in his subsequent commentary on it that ". . . the artist wished to indicate that Iouiya (Yuya) was a very old man when he died: therefore he made him quite a white wig . . ."
Such apparent discrepancies about age are easily resolved. As the average age to which people lived at the time was about thirty-five, ancient Egyptians considered old age to be a sign of wisdom, and those who attained long life were looked upon as holy figures. Both Joseph and Yuya were considered wise by Pharaoh.
Of Joseph he said: "There is nobody as discreet and wise as you." Yuya is described on his funerary papyrus as "the only wise who loves his god." The age Egyptians ascribed to those who lived to be wise was one hundred and ten, irrespective of how old they actually were. Amenhotep son of Habu, an Egyptian magician in Yuya's time, was said to have lived one hundred and ten years although the last information we have about him puts his age at eighty.
The City with Many Gates
It is not solely a comparison of the Old Testament account of the life of Joseph the Patriarch and Egyptian historical records that point to Joseph and Yuya having been one and the same person. According to the Koran, the sacred Muslim book, before their second visit to Egypt, Joseph's half-brothers were given some advice by Jacob, their father:
"O, my sons! enter not
All by one gate: enter ye
By different gates. . ."
This advice indicates that the city they visited on their trade missions, which had many gates, was either Memphis, the seat of the royal residence south of the Giza Pyramids, or Thebes, on the east bank of the Nile.
The same story is found in Jewish traditions: "His brothers, fearing the evil eye, entered the city at ten different gates" (Midrash Bereshith Rabbah 89). As Jacob is said to have voiced his concern before his sons set off on their second mission it is reasonable to assume that he heard about the nature of Thebes on their return from their first visit. Thebes was known throughout the ancient world as "the city with many gates," and the Greek poet Homer mentioned it around the 8th century BC as "the hundred-gated city." These were not references to gates through a profusion of walls, but to entrances belonging to its many temples and palaces.
The Time of Yuya and Joseph
As the name of Pharaoh who appointed Joseph as his minister is not given in the holy books, scholars looked for some other details in the story of Joseph, to help them in fixing his time. They noticed that the "chariots," were mentioned three times in the Book of Genesis:
1 - When he was appointed as a minister, Pharaoh gave Joseph a chariot,
2 - Joseph used a chariot to go out to welcome his father Jacob and the rest of the tribe of Israel when they arrived in Egypt,
3 - When the Israelites went to bury their father Jacob in Canaan, Joseph took with him "both chariots and horsemen."
The Bible story of Joseph's elevation to high office states that Pharaoh provided him with a second chariot to ride in. This suggests his responsibility for the chariotry, a view supported by the fact that a chariot was found in Yuya's tomb. It was the custom in ancient Egypt to place in a tomb objects that had a special significance in the life of a dead person.
Early Egyptologists, however, were deceived when they attempted to fix Joseph's time in the light of this information. For up to a decade or two ago, it was thought that the Hyksos kings who ruled Egypt for about a century and half before the 18th dynasty kicked them out, were the first to introduce the chariot into Egypt. As the Hyksos were themselves of Canaanite origin, it was easy to place Joseph the Hebrew during the period of their rule in Egypt. However, all Hyksos sites at the eastern Nile Delta have now been excavated, and no remains of chariots have been found in any of them, neither any written nor drawn reference to chariots. It is now generally accepted that the Egyptian kings of the 18th dynasty were the first to introduce the chariot.
It has also been established that it was only in the later 18th Dynasty, the time when Yuya lived, that the chariotry became separated from the infantry as a military arm, and that Yuya, as chief minister to Amenhotep III, is the first person we know of to bear the titles Deputy of His Majesty in the Chariotry as well as Officer of the Horses.
Short statements:
* In the Book of Genesis, the last part of the Joseph story states that when Joseph died "they embalmed him, and he was put in a coffin in Egypt." One need only to look at the mummy of Yuya, now in Cairo Museum, to be convinced that this is the mummy of Joseph.
* In the century since his tomb was discovered Yuya has become a largely forgotten figure. Today he lies hidden in a plain box in a corner of the first floor of Cairo Museum. I made a visit there, something of a pilgrimage, once I was satisfied that I had identified him correctly as the biblical Joseph the Patriarch who was instrumental in bringing the Israelites down from Canaan to settle in Egypt.
* Establishing Yuya as Joseph the Patriarch, and knowing precisely when he lived, led to the identification of a host of biblical figures as Egyptian historical figures, including David, from whose house the promised Messiah would come, Solomon, Moses and the real founding father of the twelve tribes of Israel.
* The Old Testament provides us with two contrasting versions of the length of the Israelite Sojourn in EgyptÑfour hundred years and four generations. Which of these is correct has been the subject of considerable debate among scholars. Once the identities of Yuya and those other historical figures had been clarified, however, it also became clear that the correct length of the Sojourn was four generations, or no more than about a hundred years.
Historian, lecturer, researcher and author, Ahmed Osman is a British Egyptologist born in Cairo
His four in-depth books clarifying the history of the Bible and Egypt are: Stranger in the Valley of the Kings (1987) - Moses: Pharaoh of Egypt (1990) - The House of the Messiah (1992) - Out of Egypt (1998)
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Editors Note: The Egypt segment of the Forum brings to your attention one of the most evocative issues on the philosophical/theological horizon.
It calls for a clarification of age-old stories and a reintegration of new findings on a world stage that begs for unity and reconciliation. This important development offers an opportunity for dialog and discovery; for understanding and conciliation, for healing and empowerment.
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