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Permeability of Hydrophilic
Supervisors: Vladan Milovic Professor Per Artursson
Investigations of the integrity and transport characteristics of 2/4/A1 cells
have been done in this report. The cell line was isolated from rat fetal
intestinal epithelial cells and transfected with thermolabile SV40 large T
antigen.
These cells proliferated at 33 �°C, but eliminated the antigen and ceased
proliferating at a non-permissive temperature (39�°C). At 39�°C 2/4/A1 cells
started to differentiate but simultaneously the cells also underwent massive
cell death.
When cultured at 37�°C these cells formed confluent and tight monolayers that
seemed to have paracellular transport characteristics similar to that of the
human intestine. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the development of
multilayers at 33�°C, monolayers at 37�°C and defects in the cell layer due to
apoptosis at 39�°C.
Different immunostainings of ZO-1, E-cadherin and vinculin confirmed formation
of tight and adherence junctions. Transepithelial resistance reached a plateau
of 25-35 Ohm.cm2, which was similar to the small intestine. In transport studies
2/4/A1 cell line monolayers selectively restricted the permeation of hydrophilic
permeability markers proportional to molecular weight and discriminated more
accurately between the molecules of intermediate molecular weight compared to
Caco-2 cells.
These results indicated that 2/4/A1 cells could be used as a model for
hydrophilic drug absorption.
The small intestine plays a crucial role in the absorption of drugs and
nutrients. Exogenous substances cross a series of barriers during the process
of intestinal absorption: (1) the aqueous boundary/mucus layer, (2) a single
layer of epithelial cells, and (3) the lamina propria, which contains the blood
and lymph vessels that then transport the absorbed drugs to other parts of the
body (Artursson 1991).
The cell monolayer is comprised of two parallel barriers: the cell membrane and
the tight junctions. Most drugs are absorbed by a passive diffusion across the
cell membrane by the transcellular route, or across the tight junctions between
the cells - the paracellular route. Drug transport can also be carrier mediated,
when the drug utilizes transporters located in the cellular membrane.
Transcytosis is another kind of active transport, in which macromolecules can be
transported across the intestinal epithelial cell in endocytosed vesicles.
The hydrophilic and charged drugs are absorbed after passing through the
paracellular route, the water-filled channels between the cells (Artursson
1991). Rates and extent of the paracellular transport are, therefore, highly
influenced by the structure and size of the tight junctions as well as by the
size of the molecules. Only small and hydrophilic drugs can pass between the
cells rapidly and completely; permeation of larger molecules can be limited
proportionally to their size and lipophilicity (Hillgren et al. 1995).
Simple assay methods are needed for drug absorption studies. Excised intestinal
tissue, isolated cells, membrane vesicles and in vivo models have distinct
limitations, which have been previously discussed in detail (Audus et al. 1990;
Artursson 1991; Hillgren et al. 1995). The most suitable method for the study of
drug intestinal transport appeared to be the use of cultured intestinal
epithelial cells. This model has several advantages over conventional drug
absorption models: (a) it is less time-consuming; (b) it enables rapid
evaluation of methods for improving drug absorption; (c) it allows an
opportunity to use human rather than animal tissues; (d) it can minimize
expensive and sometimes controversial animal studies.
Human colorectal carcinoma cell line Caco-2 is nowadays the most widely used and
the best explored model for drug intestinal transport (Hidalgo et al. 1989;
Artursson 1990; Artursson & Karlsson 1991). This cell line displays spontaneous
enterocytic differentiation in culture and forms a polarized monolayer with
apical brush borders and well differentiated tight junctions (Hidalgo, 1989).
Drug transport studies across the Caco-2 cell monolayers showed a satisfactory
correlation with other in vitro absorption models, e.g. rat intestinal segments
(Artursson et al. 1993) and in vivo drug absorption (Lennernäs et al., 1995),
although a considerable variability has been reported, being related to
heterogenity, a number of sub populations, and number of passages (Walter &
Kissel, 1995).
Caco-2 cells however, form monolayers that resemble colonic rather than small
intestinal epithelial cells. Due to its well-formed tight junctions, Caco-2 cell
monolayers have a transepithelial electrical resistance of 260 Ohm.cm2 which is
similar to the transepithelial electrical resistance of the colon rather than of
the small intestine (Hillgren et al. 1995). Therefore, there is a need to
investigate drug intestinal transport in a model which has apparent transport
characteristics corresponding to the human intestine, and several studies have
been attempted to characterize a cell line that can be used for this purpose.
A novel intestinal epithelial cell line (2/4/A1) is derived from the rat fetal
intestinal epithelial cells conditionally immortalized with thermolabile SV40
large T antigen, pzipSVtsa58 (Paul et al. 1993). According to the original
report, these cells form more leaky monolayers, with paracellular transport
characteristics similar to that of the human intestine. When cultured at 32�°C
these cells continually proliferate and display few markers of intestinal
differentiation. However, after being switched to a non-permissive temperature
(39�°C), these cells cease proliferating and exhibit a more markedly
differentiated phenotype. They form a polarized monolayer covered with a few
microvilli; tight junctions are also present (Paul et al. 1993; Hochman,
personal communication).
The 2/4/A1 cell line has been preliminary investigated in this laboratory. It
appeared that cells grown at 39�°C underwent massive apoptotic cell death
simultaneously with differentiation, and that those grown at permissive
temperature continued proliferating and form multilayers. However, when grown at
an intermediate temperature (37�°C), the cells underwent apoptosis to a lesser
extent, but maintained their proliferative capacity sufficiently to form tight
and continuous monolayers.
The aim of this study was to investigate permeability of paracellular marker
molecules across the 2/4/A1 cell line monolayers and to look at the
characteristics of the cell line.
2/4/A1 cells were expanded in flasks at 33�°C, in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented
with 2% fetal calf serum, 10 mM Hepes, 2 mM L-glutamine, 200 mg/ml geneticin, 1
mg/ml BSA, 2 mg/ml dexamethasone, 20 ng/ml EGF, 50 ng/ml IGF-I, 10 mg/ml insulin,
10 mg/ml transferrin and 10 ng/ml selenic acid (ITS premixTM, Collaborative
Research), with 5-6% CO2 and 95% humidity.
The cells were seeded on Transwell polycarbonate filter inserts (Ø 6.5 mm)
coated with ECL extracellular matrix (entactin-collagen IV-laminin; Promega,
Madison, Wisconsin, USA), at a density of 100,000 cm2 in a serum-free RPMI 1640
medium supplemented with 10 mM Hepes, 2 mM L-glutamine, 200 mg/ml geneticin, 1
mg/ml BSA, 2 mg/ml dexamethasone, 20 ng/ml EGF, 10 mg/ml insulin, 10 mg/ml
transferrin and 10 ng/ml selenic acid.
Transport studies
Paracellular markers of different size and molecular weight labelled with 14C or
fluorescein were used: mannitol (MW 182), fluorescein (MW 376), lucifer yellow
(MW 450), polyethylene-glycol 4000 (MW 4000), and dextran (MW 50,000). The
experiments were performed at 37�°C in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution pH 7.2 under
"sink conditions". When PEG 4000 was used unlabelled PEG 4000 was also added to
the donor solution to limit possible drug metabolism. The labelled marker
molecules, 250 ml, were added to the apical side of the monolayer and after 20,
40, 60 and 80 minutes the inserts were moved to new wells and 500 ml samples
taken from the basolateral solution. Prior to the experiments samples of 50 ml
were taken from the apical solutions for measurements of the initial
concentration (C0). All solutions were preheated to 37�°C, and a heating plate
was used when the wells were moved. Transport was measured over time (days 1-10)
and compared with the values obtained from Caco-2 monolayers used as standard.
The radioactivity of the samples was determined using a standard liquid
scintillation technique. The apparent permeability coefficient was calculated as
described before (Artursson 1990), using a Microsoft Excel 4.0 software package
(Macintosh Power PC computer and Microsoft Office software) and templates
modified by K. Palm.
Electrophysiological measurements
Transepithelial electrical resistance, short circuit current and
potential difference were measured by an in-house computer-based automatic
system using a single unit Transwell diffusion chamber (Gråsjö & Karlsson,
unpublished results). Development of electrical parameters in 2/4/A1 cells was
studied over time (days 1-10). The data was processed using a Lab View software
package modified by Gråsjö et al.
Cell morphology
2/4/A1 cells were routinely monitored under phase-contrast microscope each day.
At appropriate time points nuclei were stained with DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-
phenylindolole, Molecular Probes, Leiden, Holland). The percentage of apoptotic
nuclei was quantified according to the method of Aharoni et al. (1995). Cells
grown on filters at different temperatures were examined by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) after fixation in glutaraldehyde and dehydration with
1% osmium-tetroxide and 1% uranyl acetate. The presence of actin was assessed by
direct immunofluorescence with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. Development of
tight junctions were studied by indirect immunofluorescence to ZO-1 protein, and
adherence junctions by immunostaining to E-cadherin and vinculin.
Immunohistology slides were processed under laser scanning confocal microscope
(Leica, Heidelberg, Germany) and images were obtained by Silicon graphics
software package.
If not otherwise indicated, cell culture media and supplements were purchased
from Life Technologies AB, Täby, Sweden. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to SV40
large T antigen were from Oncogene Science, Uniondale, New York, USA, and
rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin from Molecular Probes, Leiden, Holland. Rabbit
polyclonal antibodies to ZO-1 were obtained from Zymed Laboratories Inc., San
Francisco, USA, and mouse monoclonal antibodies to human E-cadherin from
Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Mouse monoclonal antibodies
to human and rat vinculin were from Serotec, Oxford, UK.
Numerical data is expressed as the mean + SD of four to six experiments. One-way
ANOVA (corresponding to unpaired one-tailed Students t-test) was used to compare
means. A 95% probability was considered significant. RESULTS
Growth of 2/4/A1 cells
2/4/A1 cells seeded on ECL coated filter supports showed different growth rate
dependent on the temperature. At 33�°C 2/4/A1 cells proliferated rapidly, growing
exponentially until day 4 after seeding and forming multilayers consisting of
immature enterocytes. Growth was significantly reduced at 37�°C and the cells
formed monolayers. There was a decrease in cell number at 39�°C and 10 days after
seeding only 15% of the initial number of cells remained attached to the matrix.
Apoptosis, as calculated per 1000 cells, was present at 33�°C to a negligible
extent, although the proportion of apoptotic cells raised steadily at 39�°C.
After 10 days no nuclei without apoptotic morphology were noted at this
temperature. Number of apoptotic cells did not differ at the remaining two
temperatures (Figure 1).
As estimated qualitatively by the immunohistochemical detection of SV40 large T
antigen, the presence of the antigen was a prerequisite for growth in 2/4/A1
cells. SV40 large T antigen was present in the entire nuclei at 33�°C, less
prominent at 37�°C, and poorly stained in the nuclei at 39�°C (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Expression of SV40 large T antigen in 2/4/A1 cells seeded at 33�°C, 37�°
C and 39�°C. Bar indicates 10 mm.
Figure 3. ZO-1 (A,B,C), E-cadherin (D,E,F), and actin (G,H,I) in 2/4/A1 cells
seeded at 33�°C, 37�°C and 39�°C. Bar indicates 5 mm.
Figure 4. Vertical sections of 2/4/A1 cell layers seeded to 33�°C (A,C,E) and 37�°
C (B,D,F) stained to ZO-1 (A,B), E-cadherin (C,D) and vinculin (E,F). Bar
indicates 5 mm.
Development of tight and adherence junctions
As estimated by the appropriate antibodies, ZO-1 protein was present in 2/4/A1
cells grown at all temperatures. Its distribution, however was uneven in the
multilayers at 33�°C, reaching an intensively stained network at 37�°C. At the
non-permissive temperature the ZO-1 pattern was discontinuous, indicating
loosening of cell-to-cell contact preceding cell death (Figure 3, A-C).
Adherence junctions were also present at all temperatures. E-cadherin formed a
dotted network distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm at both 33 and 39�°C; the
pattern was located more closely near the cellular membrane at 37�°C (Figure 3,
D-F). Actin filaments were well developed at all three temperatures, showing
stress fibers at 33�°C and being distributed evenly at 37�°C in the cell membrane.
At 39�°C the actin network indicated broadening of extracellular spaces and
defects in the monolayer (Figure 3, G-I).
ZO-1 protein was located diffusely across the membrane at 33�°C. On the contrary,
at 37�°C ZO-1 was located exclusively in the upper pole of the cell-to-cell
junctions, indicating that normal tight junctions are formed at 37�°C. At 39�°C
the ZO-1 formed a discontinuous pattern located at the upper pole of the
monolayer, but with clear defects in the staining pattern indicating defects in
the cellular layer. E-cadherin and vinculin were located below the ZO-1 band,
forming a dotted network of filaments accumulated around the cell membrane
(Figure 4). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the development of
multilayers at 33�°C, monolayers at 37�°C, and defects in the layer due to
apoptosis at 39�°C (Figure 5). Tight junctions occurred at all temperatures,
although those at 37�°C were longer and appeared tighter than those at 33�°C. At
all temperatures, at least within the time interval studied, the brush border
membrane surface remained undifferentiated, with few microvilli and without
visible brush borders. These data imply that 2/4/A1 cells may be presumably used
as a model of paracellular transport, in which the influence of brush border
enzymes and transcellular transport systems does not interfere with the
paracellular pathway.
This data indicates that well developed tight and adherence junctions occur when
2/4/A1 cells are grown at 37�°C. We therefore decided to evaluate 2/4/A1 cells
grown at 37�°C as a model for paracellular transport of hydrophilic drugs across
the small intestine.
Transepithelial resistance
TEER reached a plateau of 25-35 Ohm.cm2 after four days in culture. Resting
potential and short circuit current were low throughout the time studied, and
were consistent with the cellular morphology (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Transepithelial resistance, resting potential and short circuit
current of 2/4/A1 cell line monolayers seeded at 37�°C. Experiments were
performed in Hanks balanced salt solution at 37�°C. N=6.
Figure 5. Transmission electron microscopy of 2/4/A1 cells seeded at (a) 33�°C,
(b) 37�°C and (c) 39�°C. Bar indicates 5 mm.
Transport experiments were studied 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 days after seeding. 2/4/A1
cell line discriminated well between the paracellular markers of increasing
molecular weight, maintaining such a selective permeability throughout the
investigated period. Papp values for molecules with molecular weight around 400
were about 4.5x10-6 cm/s and correlated well to the human intestine (Figure 7).
When compared to Caco-2 cell line, 2/4/A1 cells had 40 to 250 times higher Papp
values and discriminated more accurately between the molecules of intermediate
molecular weight (Figure 8). Transport of mannitol and PEG-4000 in a calcium-
free medium showed a two-fold increase in comparison to normal values (Figure 9).
Since the adherence junctions can not function properly without calcium, this
data indicates that the permeation of the markers is restricted mainly to the
paracellular pathway
Figure 7. Permeability of hydrophilic marker molecules across 2/4/A1 cell line
monolayers. N=6.
monolayers (A) and Caco-2 cell line monolayers (B). Note that Papp values differ
aprox. 100-fold. N=6.
Figure 9. Permeability of mannitol (MW 182) and PEG-4000 across 2/4/A1 cell line
monolayers in Hanks balanced salt solution with (left) and without calcium
(right). N=4. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01.
Cell cultures have been broadly used in the studies of drug intestinal transport.
It has been generally accepted that the data obtained from the cell culture
models are easy to interpret, since the influence of adjacent structures
(submucosa, luminal enzymes, intestinal transit) has been minimized or
completely abolished. However, most of the cell culture models used for the
studies of drug intestinal transport are of cancer origin; there is a
possibility that their transport characteristics may differ from the normal
intestine. Furthermore, in Caco-2 cells the tight junctions are more similar to
the colon than to the small intestine; also, for instance, T84 cells correspond
to crypt cells, with a negligible role in the intestinal transport under in vivo
conditions, and the HT-29 cell line can be induced to mimic various cell types,
but also showed a number of phenotypic variations and appeared to be a poorly
reproducible model for drug intestinal transport (Artursson 1991; Hillgren et
al., 1995). In addition, cells which undergo spontaneous differentiation (e.g.
Caco-2) require to be kept in culture for several weeks, which obviously
increases the costs of maintenance and experiments. Several attempts to
cultivate normal intestinal cells appeared to be unsuccessful.
In order to overcome disadvantages of the use of cancer cell lines in studying
intestinal transport, we evaluated a conditionally immortalized rat fetal
intestinal epithelial cell line, 2/4/A1, as a possible alternative model. Such
cells can be isolated from transgenic mice (Whitehead et al,1991), or, as was
the case in our study, from rat fetal intestinal cells conditionally
immortalized with a thermolabile SV40 large T antigen (Paul et al, 1993). These
cells proliferate continuously at a permissive temperature (33�°C), but cease
proliferating and undergo apoptotic cell death at a non-permissive temperature
(39�°C). In the preliminary part of our study, we found out that 2/4/A1 cells
preserved certain proliferative capacity when kept at an intermediate
temperature (37�°C), presumably due to an incomplete elimination of SV40 large T
antigen. Growth rate at the intermediate temperature was significantly reduced
in comparison to the growth at a permissive temperature. Furthermore, we have
shown that 2/4/A1 cells at 37�°C developed well differentiated tight and
adherence junctions, which differed morphologically from the less developed
tight junctions observed at 33�°C. Our data also showed that intestinal transport
systems located at the brush border membrane of the absorptive cell remained
undifferentiated when 2/4/A1 cells were cultured at an intermediate temperature.
Permeability characteristics of the model appeared to be more similar to human
ileum than to human colon, as was the case with Caco-2 model: TEER values were
25-35 Ohm.cm2, similar to human ileum and slightly lower in comparison to the
human jejunum (Lennernäs et al 1995). In spite of a great variability of TEER
values in different clones and passage numbers of Caco-2 cells (Walter and
Kissel, 1995), TEER values in 2/4/A/1 cells, according to our data, remained
significantly lower than in any type or clone of the Caco-2 cells studied.
2/4/A1 cell line monolayers also selectively restricted the permeation of
hydrophilic permeability markers proportional to molecular weight and size.
Permeability of larger markers (PEG-4000, dextran) was negligible. This effect
can be attributed exclusively to the selective nature of tight junctions in
2/4/A1 cells, since the permeability decreased rapidly after a calcium-free
medium was introduced. Morphologic examination of the tight junctions (by
immunostaining to ZO-1 protein, data not shown) clearly supported the evidence
that tight junctions in 2/4/A1 cells were sensitive to calcium depletion and
showed subsequent impairment in their function.
2/4/A1 cell line monolayers discriminated well between the molecules of an
intermediate molecular weight, i.e. between 180 and 4000. Since most of the
drugs transported via the paracellular route have molecular weight within this
range, we conclude that 2/4/A1 cells fulfil the functional criteria to be used
as a model for the hydrophilic drugs that utilize the paracellular pathway when
absorbed in the human small intestine.
Artursson P. Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. I. A model for
studying the passive diffusion of drugs over intestinal absorptive (Caco-2)
cells. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:476-85
Artursson P, Karlsson J. Correlation between oral absorption in humans and
apparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2)
cell culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:880-6
Artursson P. Cell cultures as models for drug absorption across the intestinal
mucosa. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 1991; 8: 305-30
Artursson P, Ungell A-L, Löfroth J-E. Selective paracellular permeability in two
models of intestinal absorption: Cultured monolayers of human intestinal
epithelial cells and rat intestinal segments. Pharm Res 1993; 8: 1123-29
Artursson P. Cell cultures for characterization of intestinal drug absorption.
In: E. Sandell (Ed.), Industrial Aspects of Pharmaceutics. Swedish Pharm Press,
Stockholm, Sweden 1993: 274-284
Audus KL, Bartel RL, Hidalgo IJ, Borchardt RT. The use of cultured epithelial
and endothelial cells for drug transport and metabolism studies. Pharm Res 1990;
7:435-51
Hidalgo IJ, Raub TJ, Borchardt RT. Characterization of the human colon carcinoma
cell line (Caco-2) as a model system for intestinal epithelial permeability.
Gastroenterology 1989; 3:736-49
Hillgren KM, Kato A, Borchardt RT. In Vitro systems for studying intestinal drug
absorption. Med Res Rev 1995; 2:83-109
Lennernäs H, Palm K, Fagerholm U, Artursson P. Correlation between paracellular
and transcellular drug permeability in the human jejunum and Caco-2 monolayers.
Pharm Res (Suppl.) 1994; 10: 263
Paul ECA, Hochman J, Quaroni A. Conditionally immortalized intestinal epithelial
cells: novel approach for study of differentiated enterocytes. Am J Physiol
1993; 265: C266-78
Walter E, Kissel T. Heterogenity in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 leads
to differences in epithelial transport. Eur J Pharm. Sci 1995; 3: 215-30
Whitehead RH, VanEeden PE, Noble MD, Ataliotis MD, Jat PS. Establishment of
conditionally immortalized epithelial cell lines from both colon and small
intestine of adult H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;
90:587-591
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What can Grimsby Town expect at Swindon as they look to secure League Two safety?
Grimsby Town boss Michael Jolley (right) comes up against Swindon counterpart Phil Brown this weekend.
The League Two relegation fight could take a huge turn on Saturday as Grimsby Town make the long trip to Swindon.
A win for the Mariners could secure their safety in the Football League for another season, while a defeat could leave them in a perilous position.
Town fans will be keeping a close eye on events at the Hive and the New Lawn as Barnet host Newport County, while Chesterfield make the trip to Forest Green.
But after picking up four points from two crucial games against the bottom two, Michael Jolley will be hoping his side can take their form on the road and claim a first away win since November.
Ahead of Saturday, Town have been handed a big blow with the news that defender Zak Mills is unlikely to feature again this season following hernia surgery.
The Mariners though have been boosted by the return of two of their key players ahead of this weekend's game.
Ben Davies and Simeon Jackson were both able to take their places on the bench last week against Barnet, with the latter managing to get just over 15 minutes of playing time under his belt.
And the pair continued their comebacks as they started the reserves' 1-0 defeat to Walsall on Tuesday.
With Davies and Jackson back fit, Town are set to have just three players out for this weekend in Mallik Wilks, Charles Vernam and Paul Dixon.
Will Grimsby Town captain Nathan Clarke (right) be able to keep Swindon top scorer Luke Norris quiet?
Luke Norris is having his most successful season for Swindon since making the move from Gillingham in 2016.
The striker is the Robins' top scorer this season with 13 league goals to his name, including two in his last four games.
And those goals will have come as a huge relief to the 24-year-old, after he had gone ten games without a goal before ending his barren run in the 3-1 win at Cambridge.
Hoping to keep him quiet on Saturday will be Town skipper Nathan Clarke, who has rediscovered some form since returning to the heart of the defence.
The 34-year-old found himself out of the side when the Mariners made the trip to Coventry last month.
But since his return, the Mariners have kept two clean sheets in their last four games, including the crucial 1-0 win over Chesterfield, and Clarke will hope he can lead his side to just their second victory of 2018.
The Mariners ended a run of four games without a goal as they came from behind to beat Swindon 3-2 at Blundell Park back in November.
Jamille Matt opened the scoring for the hosts after just 11 minutes, but the Robins hit back through Keshi Anderson.
The visitors took the lead just two minutes later when James McKeown misjudged a header from Matt, leading to the ball trickling into his own net.
Town retook the lead in the second half through Siriki Dembele, before Mitch Rose stepped up with a late winner as he followed up on Sam Jones' initial strike.
TOMORROW (7.45pm kick-off): Coventry City v Stevenage.
SATURDAY (3pm kick-offs): Barnet v Newport County; Cambridge United v Cheltenham Town; Carlisle United v Luton Town; Crewe Alexandra v Morecambe; Exeter City v Crawley Town; Forest Green Rovers v Chesterfield; Lincoln City v Colchester United; Mansfield Town v Port Vale; Notts County v Yeovil Town; Swindon Town v Grimsby Town; Wycombe Wanderers v Accrington Stanley.
How will Town get on against Swindon?
Win - we're staying up!


text:
Q: CMake - How can I pass the windows SDK version to an ExternalProject built with msbuild? I have a CMake project which has an external dependency (Crypto++). The external project has a vcxproj file provided, so in order to add it to the build process, I added it like this:
ExternalProject_Add(CryptoPP
    SOURCE_DIR ${CRYPTOPP_SRC_DIR}

    CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""

    BUILD_COMMAND "${MSBUILD_EXE}"
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        "/p:IntDir=<BINARY_DIR>/obj/$<CONFIG>/"
        "/p:Configuration=$<CONFIG>"
        "/p:Platform=${CMAKE_VS_PLATFORM_NAME}"
        "<SOURCE_DIR>/${CRYPTOPP_PROJECT}"

    INSTALL_COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E make_directory <INSTALL_DIR>/lib
            COMMAND "${CMAKE_COMMAND}" -E copy <BINARY_DIR>/bin/$<CONFIG>/cryptlib${CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_SUFFIX} <INSTALL_DIR>/lib
)

This worked fine until I started using Windows 10. Now I'm getting this error: The Windows SDK version 8.1 was not found. Install the required version of Windows SDK or change the SDK version in the project property pages or by right-clicking the solution and selecting "Retarget solution".
I tried passing the SDK version from CMake, using the only related CMake variable I could find, by adding this flag to msbuild:
"/p:WindowsTargetPlatformVersion=${CMAKE_VS_WINDOWS_TARGET_PLATFORM_VERSION}"

However, I'm still getting the same error. I tried displaying the value of the CMAKE_VS_WINDOWS_TARGET_PLATFORM_VERSION variable, and it always seems empty.
Modifying the dependency vcxproj is not an option. I don't know in advance what SDK version whoever needs to build the project has installed, so that's not an option.
I can't find any way to obtain and pass the SDK version to the external project build, what am I doing wrong?

A: I found the problem. I forgot to set the platform toolset. I was building my CMake project with v100 so it doesn't need an SDK version. Because I didn't configure the platform toolset for the external project, it used the one set in the project which was the latest (v141) which needed an SDK version.
So adding this flag fixed my setup:
"/p:PlatformToolset=${CMAKE_VS_PLATFORM_TOOLSET}"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Take another trip to the "Lone Star State" with AXS TV Fights for Legacy Fighting Championship 24. Two crossover athletes, boxer Holly Holm and Olympic gold winning wrestler Henry Cejudo will look to continue their winning ways in MMA. Tune in Friday, October 11th for Holly Holm versus Nikki Knudsen, Henry Cejudo versus Ryan Hollis, plus a battle of unbeatens Carlos Diego Ferreira versus Chris Feist in the night's Main Event.
The action takes place LIVE from Allen, Texas starting at 10p ET | 7p PT only on AXS TV, your home for MMA.


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text:
Q: SQL One to Many join getting single result per join I want to export data from a SQL 2008 server to a file, csv or excel doesn't matter. In the database I have two entities, questions and answers. The problem is that the questions has multiple answers. A join will then result in multiple rows per each question. How can I do so the result is just one row per question and answers, just adding a new column per each answer. Like this:
Table structure:
Question
-------------
Id
Text
Category

Answer
-------------
Id
Text
IsCorrect
QuestionId

Example of result:
         Col1       Col2           Col3          Col4          Col5          Col6          Col7
Result1: Question1, Question1Text, Answer1Prop1, Answer1Prop2, Answer2Prop1, Answer2Prop2, null
Result2: Question2, Question2Text, Answer3Prop1, Answer3Prop2, Answer4Prop1, Answer4Prop2, Answer5Prop3

A: If you can produce a result with your joins containing all the questions and all the answers with multiple rows, like you describe, I think you could use a cursor to loop over all the questions and answers, and then have a temptable/"hashtable" (#tableOfAnswers) to hold your final result. For each answer for a question you alter the #table and add a new column.
Something like this might put you in the right direction.
If you have a result looking something like this:
(In my example I've stored the result below in a temp table called "#q")
QuestionId  text
1           answer1
1           answer2
1           answer3
1           answer4
2           answer1
2           answer2

Then you can declare a cursor on the result
Declare @questionId int
, @questionText varchar(max)
, @prevId int
, @colNo int = 1
, @colMax int = 0
, @i int = 1
, @sql nvarchar(max)
, @nulls nvarchar(max) = ''

Create table #tempTable
(
    QuestionId int not null,
    Col1 varchar(max) null
)

Declare question_cursor cursor for
Select QuestionId, text
From #q

Open question_cursor

FETCH NEXT FROM question_cursor
INTO @questionId, @questionText

Set @prevId = 0

WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
If (@prevId = @questionId)
Begin
    If (@colNo > @colMax)
    Begin
        Set @sql = N'alter table #tempTable add Col' + cast(@colNo as varchar) + ' varchar(max) null'
        exec sp_executesql @statement = @sql

        Set @colMax = @colMax + 1
    End

    Set @sql = N'update #tempTable set Col' + cast(@colNo as varchar) + ' = ''' + @questionText + ''' where QuestionId = ' + cast(@questionId as varchar)

    print @sql

    exec sp_executesql @statement = @sql
    Set @colNo = @colNo + 1
End
Else Begin
    Set @prevId = @questionId
    Set @colNo = 1

    while (@i <= @colMax)
    begin
        set @nulls = @nulls + ', null'
        set @i = @i + 1
    end

    Set @sql = N'insert into #tempTable values (' + cast(@questionId as varchar) + ', ''' + @questionText + '''' + isnull(@nulls, '') +')'

    print @sql

    exec sp_executesql @statement = @sql
    Set @colNo = @colNo + 1
End

FETCH NEXT FROM question_cursor
INTO @questionId, @questionText
END

Close question_cursor
Deallocate question_cursor

Select * from #tempTable

That will produce a result like this:
QuestionId    Col1    Col2    Col3    Col4
1             text1   text2   text3   text4
2             text1   text2   NULL    NULL

Not quite as elegant as .Net (or javascript even) would handle a problem like this.. But well, what you gonna do? :)
I hope that might shed some light on your problem :)
And for exporting it to a file I would just copy/paste the result in Sql Management Studio and paste it in Excel or something ;)


text:
HomeNewsCritics Say EPA Allowing More Time to Fix Lead-Tainted Water
Critics Say EPA Allowing More Time to Fix Lead-Tainted Water
The Trump administration overhauled the country's widely criticized, 29-year-old framework to eliminate toxic lead from drinking water, but critics charge that the new rule gives utilities far more time than before to finally replace old, lead-contaminated pipes.
The new rules come six years after the Flint, Michigan, water crisis highlighted ongoing, dangerous exposure of children and others in the city to the neurotoxin in drinking water, and the failures of officials on all levels to adequately protect local families at the time.
Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Andrew Wheeler said the new regulation, proposed by the agency in 2019, "requires more replacements than ever before" for aging water systems leaching lead.
"It will help ensure that all Americans have access to safe drinking water, regardless of what zip code they live in," Wheeler said. More than half of the residents of Flint were Black, and residents and advocacy groups have said systemic racism is behind the neglect of the water system and slow response to the crisis. Thousands of Flint children and adults were exposed to lead, which can damage young people's development and cause behavioral problems.
Changes in the rule include newly requiring utilities to test their water at schools and day-care centers nationwide and requiring water systems to tell the public the location of lead service lines.
But the changes also allow the country's water systems to go far more slowly than under the old rule to replace the millions of lead service lines in use around the United States — from 14 years for the worst contaminated systems under the old rules, to more than 33 years under the new ones, according to public health and environmental groups.
"So yes the old rule was terrible, but EPA has missed the opportunity 3 decades later to fundamentally fix the rule and to protect millions of kids from lead," Erik Olson, the senior strategic director for health at the Natural Resources Defense Council advocacy group, said in an email.
"It's a huge disappointment," Olson said.
Wheeler, the EPA administrator, defended the new rules, saying loopholes in the old rule were allowing replacement to drag on much longer than was stipulated.
The outgoing Trump administration has said that dealing with lead pipes and improving access to safe drinking water were priorities. The administration has rolled back dozens of protections for public health and the environment, and President Donald Trump also proposed eliminating environmental enforcement funding for minority and low-income communities in at least one annual budget. Congress has held the agency's funding generally steady, rejecting Trump's proposals for sharp cuts.
Navajo Nation Reached Settlements Over Mine Spill
Presidential Permit Allows Trans-Border Crossing of Hydropower Transmission Line for Canada to the U.S.
Debates Escalate After Officials Charged Over Flint Water Crisis
Badger Meter Expands Water Quality Offering With Acquisition of Analytical Technology
Indiana Communities Receiving Water Infrastructure Grants
Oklahoma Grants $205 Million for Kaw Lake Water Supply Project

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Work with Florida GIS data? Check out this new Yahoo! Widget (Konfabulator for those who haven't heard about the new update) that keeps track of the latest updates and additions to the FGDL. You can either download the data layers directly or view the metadata. Very slick, more organizations should look into these simple distribution methods (I'd still prefer RSS feeds).


We address the problem of incrementally modeling and forecasting long-term goals of a first-person camera wearer: what the user will do, where they will go, and what goal they seek. In contrast to prior work in trajectory forecasting, our algorithm, DARKO, goes further to reason about semantic states (will I pick up an object?), and future goal states that are far in terms of both space and time. DARKO learns and forecasts from first-person visual observations of the user's daily behaviors via an Online Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) approach. Classical IRL discovers only the rewards in a batch setting, whereas DARKO discovers the transitions, rewards, and goals of a user from streaming data. Among other results, we show DARKO forecasts goals better than competing methods in both noisy and ideal settings, and our approach is theoretically and empirically no-regret.


text:
let's discuss: nicknames…
I never really thought about names much until having kids and having the ability to choose someone's name that they'll use for the rest of their life. I was born: Nantaka Joy Deangdeelert…say that 10 times fast! My Thai name was very long and proved hard to say my entire childhood. I was that kid whose name was ALWAYS butchered on the first day of school every year. So, I ended up using my middle name because it was easier for people to say. In Thai culture, you are given a more traditional (and usually longer) first name, a shorter (easier to say) middle name that serves as your nickname, and then your last name is always super long. So culturally in my family, it was always expected that my middle name would be used more than middle names typically get used in American culture.
As we thought about naming both our kids, my husband and I both went into it knowing we wanted their first names to be easy to say and read because we both grew up with people having a hard time with our names. We gave both kids middle names with meaning to us but with no intention of their middle names being used on a regular basis. Our kids do have nicknames which are some derivation of their first names…Rubes for Ruby, Coconut for Coco, etc…pretty close to their real names but a playful spin as nicknames tend to be!
These days, with new babies born into a very modern day with all kinds of names being used, I find that names and nicknames run the gamut. I even see people naming a kid one name with the intention of calling them by a nickname right away that is not even close to their first name.
I also find that nicknames feel like they can only come from those who know you. Like, if someone tells me their name is "Christopher", I won't call him Chris unless he asks to be called by his nickname. Or when you know someone with a long name just goes by their first initial with their friends (like "Z" cause their name is super long), I feel like you need to know them before you get into the "circle of comfort" of nicknames.
What do you think? Do you have a nickname you go by pretty regularly? Who calls you by that name and who doesn't?
{Photos by Casey Brodley, dress is vintage from Grit, gold disco ball from Amazon.}
Catherine Cardona says:
My name is Catherine, but my parents always called me Cathy. In school, my friends usually called me that too. By the time college rolled around, I went by "Cat" since that's how people shortened my name. They kinda picked that one on their own! At work I go by Catherine, but it often gets shortened to Cat or Cath. Only 2 new people after high school called me Cathy- a college friend and my husband! Mostly because when he met me, he met my parents first and they called me Cathy. He doesn't say my name unless he's talking to other people. It's weird when he calls me Cathy. He usually shouts "BABE!". One time I asked why, and he said I never respond when he calls my name, but I always turn when he says that!
My husband just calls me hun. It's like I don't have a name anymore. lol. My family including my mom have always called me Venu. I don't know where it came from, but everyone has a nickname that ends in NU in my family. My cousin Melissa was Melu, etc. It's weird I know!
My friends call me J. My husband used to call me J Bomb when we were dating haha.
the cape on the corner says:
it's hard with a one syllable name to have a nickname that is an iteration of my name. some use my initial, but my family actually calls me a longer iteration of my name instead of my name. like blair will be blairy or blairzy.
My name is Caitlyn and I go by Caitlyn. Some people call me Cait and it's fine, I guess, but it's not my preferred name. (I should say that everyone else in my family went by their middle name…just because they liked it better.)
However, I named my daughter Elizabeth BECAUSE of the nickname possibilities. It's a classic yet flexible name.
AP Correia says:
Growing up, my siblings and cousins always went by nicknames which have been hard to lose as adults. My name (Arla) is always misunderstood (Carla? Marla? Aria?). So we gave our kids short names (Conrad and Ella) so they wouldn't have nicknames!
Sara Lee says:
My daughter's name is Evelyn. When we named her, we thought we would totally call her by the nickname Evie but Evelyn fits her so well. We do sometimes call her E but just occasionally. It will be interesting to see when she is older what she will prefer and also what her friends may call her???
Beth C says:
I'm an Elizabeth that goes by Beth. In fact, I cried in first grade when another Elizabeth wanted to go by Beth. A few years later she changed to Liz, & I was the only Beth again.
My daughter, Parker, is two months old, so we haven't given her a true nickname yet. I call her Sweet P… & my Little Bird (her middle name is Finch). I'm kind of excited to see what nicknames emerge as her personality develops more!
Nicknames are just fun! And kind of a must, since I picked very "adult" names for my kids (because they'll spend most of their lives as adults, so I didn't want cute-sy, little kid names). My little guy goes by his first initial, and my daughter goes by a name that sounds unrelated to her first name but is actually the traditional nickname for her very French name.
I'm a Christine and only 3 people in my life have called me Chris (my best friend, my cousin, and a guy friend named Chris). I love that it's special to our relationships.
Bess says:
My name is Elizabeth, but I go by Bess. It's not the usual nickname for Elizabeth, but it is one that's listed places as a nickname for it. My mom's mother's name is Elizabeth, and my dad's mother's name was Bess. So my parents used Elizabeth/Bess as a way to name me after both of them! When I started kindergarten, I wanted to go by Elizabeth, but by fifth grade, everyone called me Bess. Now it's how I introduce myself (except at coffee shops and restaurants where I get things like Beth, Best, or even Bev).
Sena says:
My husband is named after his father, so he has always gone by initials: HR. Now that we're having a son, he wants to carry he name on so we will call our son Harry. Only his father actually went by the name Harold. So it will be funny to see how "Harry" takes being known as only a nickname. My brother was also named Spence McCormick. But we've called him "Mick" for forever. My mom thought Mick would be a cute kid nick name, but figured he'd go by Spence eventually. Turns out, he is just going to go by Mick. With future kiddos I definitely want to give them easy names. Mine is Sena, which is always misunderstood (Tina/Gina/Christina) and the spelling is way complicated for people (Seena/Sina/Cena/Cina). So easy to spell and pronounce names are high on my list of priorities. 🙂
Niccole says:
My name is Niccole, but growing up my family almost exclusively called me Kiki, and no one knows why. It would make sense if people called me Nicki, and if my sister who was 2 at the time couldn't say that but could say Kiki.. but I was never a Nicki. ??♀ So the origin remains a mystery. When I turned 10 or so, I declared to no longer be Kiki. I was Niccole. But once my sister had kids 6 years ago, I wanted to be Kiki again to them. So here we are, almost 15 years later, and Kiki is back, and I love it 🙂
My name is Amanda, but most friends end up calling me Manda! In elementary school, one of my
guy friends made fun of me and told me that I looked like a moose (little boys are mean!) We're still good friends, and to this day a ton of my friends from high school refer to me as Moose. Now it's not a nickname to make fun of me, really just a funny story that stuck. I find nick names super interesting too! Sometimes you just can't predict what will come ?
I love nicknames! I love how they're different for each person that knows you. My name is Alyson so almost everyone calls me Aly, but growing up my dad called me Aly Pal my Favorite Gal. Definitely not shorter but a nickname none the less. My aunt shortened that to Al Pal and calls me that to this day (at 30). Only 3 other people in my life call me Al, it's nothing that's ever discussed it just works with who they are in relation to me.
I always think of what nickname my child will have when I eventually have one…it has ruled out so many names on my list!!!
My name is Melissa and my nickname is Lyssa (pronounced like Lie-sah)Not sure why my parents and siblings started calling me that. Majority of my family and friends call me Lyssa or Ly. I'm only called my first name at work and my in-laws and my husband. Whenever I tell people I'm often called Lyssa they are always pretty shocked hehe. Not sure why.
Ezgi says:
My name is Ezgi, it is a turkish name. The meaning is melody. Because my name is short, I don't need a nickname 🙂
I am soo happy to discover your blog.
I was a 3 lb, 6 oz baby who was handed the name Jennifer. I certainly overcame my low birth weight but now prefer Jen. My mom also has a string of nicknames for my brother and I, which are used exclusively by her. Mine include Feetie, Sweet Pea, Cindy (derived from Cinderella after a punshhment), and a few others that are too embarrassing to share. My brothers include things like Yo-Yo and Gaffer. They never caught on…
Dannyelle says:
I was named Dannyelle with the intention of being called Danny by my parents, but they never did. Instead at home I got Dell, which I never really liked. As a grown up my husband and close friends call me Dan. I hated that my name had a weird spelling growing up, but now I love it, even though I always have to spell it.
Erin Z says:
Born Erin Zieske I have had a few not-so-great nicknames in my life. When I was small, an elder in the church thought it would fun to naickname me and my friend "Grubs" and "Maggot" (Meghan). He saw two little girls in their Sunday finest and was like, "YUP. LETS DO THIS!" Hahahaha– sigh… I was literally Grubs Zieske until I moved away.
Then in college my initials caugh on. So, this the years where everyone called me "EZ". Not… the best. I remember one particularly embarrassing moment when a friend's dad could t remember my name in introductions and settled on calling this college girl in front of him "easy" to his adult friends.
Now, at 36, I respond to all correspondence with "Erin Z" but have no nickname any longer. A pretty impressive feat since all my friends rock pretty impressive ones like Sarge, Gilby, Spaghet, The Weasle, Fruitcup and Beard. Ha!
Steph M. says:
Being a Stephanie I have SO many nicknames! Very few people actually call me Steph outside of very close friends and family. Within my family I have 3 names depending who you talk to. My mom calls me Marshie (based on marshmallow which a neighbor said I looked like as a baby due to my pudginess and fair skin…ugh). My sisters call me Dessie(from my niece who was trying to say Stephy as a baby but couldn't pronounce it), but my dad has always called me by my middle name. He very rarely calls me Steph/Stephanie unless we're in public. This is my favorite because he and I are very close and I love that he's the only one that calls me it.
I love reading all the different nicknames people have and how they get them! Like my husband is a Ryan but his whole family calls him Chuck bc his older brother decided that should be his name instead. We now have a nephew named Charlie to carry on that family name…ha!
Rebekah is my name. My family calls me Becky. I also get Beckster, Becknita, Reba…
it is super funny to hear what people come up with.
My daughters name is Emorie (EM-ORE-E) and when she was a baby I called her Ree Ree which has transformed now into Reese. I get funny looks and lots of questions from other school parents when call her that and she comes or answers me. But I think it's a fun transformation. She has two beautiful names!
Yagirlcam says:
My name is Cameron, most of my friends call me Cam. My mom has always used the nickname, "Roo". She said I was so tiny when I was little so she called me Roo from Kanga and Roo off of Winne the Pooh.
I love that nickname!
Ha, I love that full circle story!!
I love how something random starts and just sticks with you!
I love that it's the 2nd part of your name vs. the usual nickname for Melissa would be Mel!
It's like Topher Grace who is "Christopher"
Thank you! And love that your name is so short and unique!
OMG that evolution of nicknames is impressive!! Thanks for sharing!
These stories are the best! Thanks for sharing!
Lyndsay // Coco Cake Land says:
I love our OG long name! It's lovely! My name kinda sucks for nicknames, I never had one that really stemmed from my name except of course "Lynds" which I hated for a while during my goth years, but am totally fine and happy with being called that now by family/friends … my sisters used to call me BUTCHAEA (pronounced Butch-A-ya) Which morphed in to Boosh. Interestingly enough I never got a complex from that, haha!! My oldest sister also used to call me Moy-buit (Moy Boy is little sister and buit is fart.) 😛
Teddy's full name is Theodore but he was Teddy from the moment he was plopped onto my chest after his birth I said "his name is Teddy!" I felt I ought to add Theodore as a full name for later … The full long name is kinda growing on me more lately too and it's cute to call him that occasionally …
PS I love how Coco is called Coconut!! Hehe.
My name is Karen and I'm only ever called Karen. My husband is Ramon but he goes by Ray. I've asked him if it's annoying to remember if you're Ray or Ramon in places but he says it's not a big deal. We named our first daughter Margaret, and she goes by Maggie (at home to us she's Chez). I picked the name for our second daughter, Annette (at home she's Pooks). I always loved that name, and also wanted a name that wouldn't be shortened. Ray's family tried calling her Annie the first few months (we even have a Christmas ornament from them with "Annie" engraved on it), but that didn't last long (thank goodness!).
Ha! It's fun to hear what sticks and what doesn't! Thanks for sharing!
My middle name is rarely used but the English version (Stella) is more popular than my first name.
For my first name, my family and close friends sometimes call me Ira. I've used the nickname on most social media, as I try to give as little info about myself as possible. Another nickname they have for me is "mouse", as I love those critters. My username everywhere is a reference to the latter, and now some internet friends call me "mouse" too.
Cheli says:
My name is Richelle, there is a family element as I was named for a lost uncle Richard. My family have always called me Cheli (shelly)… the funny thing with my nick name is that since it's spelled only with letters in my actual name, no one ever pronounces it right the first time… and my given name tends to actually be easier 🙂
Brianne says:
My husband and I definitely wanted to give our kids "adult" names with easy nicknames. So Julianne is Julie or Jules and Wesley is Wes. We both go by our nicknames too, so it just made sense to us.
LisaEmiko says:
My name is Lisa and my older brother's name is Christopher. My mother refuses to shorten his name to "Chris", although most friends call him that. However, she always shortens my short name to "Lis" (pronounced Lease), as if 4 letters are too hard to say!
I grew up not being able to say "Christopher", so I called him "Pissy", a name that I have continued to use into adulthood.
baiba says:
i also had my first name butchered at the start of each school year and still do 🙂 it was important for me to give my daughter an easier name but still stick to the tradition of having a Latvian first name.
Bremze is mother's Latvian maiden name and there is the occasional stumbling over it but i gave my daughter 2 fun middle names Bremze Bowie Fulham Hayward.. and she fits her names perfectly!
I'm one of the million 80s babies named Jennifer. I grew up only wanting to be called Jen (not Jennifer and NEVER Jenny), so that's what my family and friends called me until high school when my best friends started calling me Jenny just to mess with me, knowing I hated it. It stuck and by college I was even introducing myself as Jenny. So now my family calls me Jen, my friends and colleagues call me Jenny, and professionals (doctors, clients, etc.) call me Jennifer. I answer to them all!
Turkish Names says:
I don't really have a nickname but whenever he does my friend just says ali abay (abi) it means brother in my language my sisters call me that you know as a sign of respect but maybe he likes it the way they call me that so he makes it sound funny :)_ I don't know. Also this is different but maybe this name might be a nickname it's in my language again it can be used for pets too I think maybe that would be better, and that is boncuk (pronounced bonjuk) yeah it means beads in Turkish.


As hard as this may be to believe, NBC has renewed Chuck for a fifth and final season. That's right: your favorite Buy More Nerd Herder has lived to spy another day, all while continuing his Hart to Hart-y relationship with Sarah.
The renewal seemed unlikely, as Chuck saw series low ratings for most of its fourth campaign, but in a show of good faith to a loyal fan base (and because they don't have many other dramas on the schedule; see you never, The Event), NBC decided to return the show for 13-episodes in an effort to wrap the storyline up.
Fans have not been encouraged to celebrate with a sandwich from Subway, but there are worse ways to pay tribute.


The reception counter was custom designed by Empire to reflect the three corporate colours. Finishes were applied in a two pack paint with concealed LED lighting. Our Breeze C leg system was used throughout the offices and workstation area. With the emphasis on ergonomic support and infinite adjustment, the Ergohuman chair was used for all workstations and desks.
The meeting room table top was manufactured from a new "finger proof" black melamine board and fixed to a Milano base.


RocketBowl adds another dimension to the king of all leisure sports. At the '58 Kalamazoo World's Fair the lanes are curved, the balls are rocket-powered, and the future of bowling is now! Win cash, wager on matches against veteran RocketBowlers, play fast-paced Mini-Striker bonus levels, and unlock all the RocketBowl courses!
Want to let me read your MIND?


Run away turkey….little one to the rescue!
The team has been hard at work this week – winterizing gardens, clearing brush, driving to & from the meat processor, stacking firewood, and beginning to process Thanksgiving Turkeys. Hard to believe we're less than 4 weeks to market.
The weather has been ideal for working outdoors. We had our second but more significant frost this week resulting in the browning of the remaining vegetable plants in the garden.
Freezers are getting stocked for the winter so we can continue to provide quality meat most of the winter. Our last Fresh Chicken of the season will be soon.
We continue to be grateful for our relationship with Kinloch Farm and their incredible 100% Grass fed beef that follows the organic standards and is Certified Naturally Grown. We had another cattle delivery this week as we continue to grow our herd. Looking forward to expanding availability of our 100% Grass fed/finished beef to more markets next year and online all winter long.
Wouldn't it be nice to atleast have a rating system for products we still have to buy in the grocery store? While not exhaustive, the team at EWG has and continue to build a database of thousands of ratings on products found at stores. With a score of '0' being the best for your health and '10' being bad for you, this website is a good place to go when you want to double check the safety of that tube of toothpaste, shampoo, dishwashing soap, deoderant, etc.
Bookmark this site (www.ewg.org/consumer-guides) and pull it up the next time you're shopping.


The NEW Duncan Raptor Yoyo is a professional level non-responsive yo-yo that was specifically designed to take on the other, more expensive yoyos in its class. The Raptor Yoyo was used by Duncan Crew Member, Tomas Bubak, in the 2011 European Yoyo Contest, so that gives you an idea of the precision of this yoyo. The Raptor Yoyo is made from aircraft grade aluminum for perfect balance. It also has a bead blasted surface that comes in six different really cool colors. This yo yo has a Large Konkave C bearing and a silicone response system, allowing for unresponsive play.
Do not purchase this yoyo if you do not know how to perform a "bind." A bind is required to get the Raptor yoyo to return to your hand.
The NEW Raptor yoyo has a really unique look and it also comes with an all new candy dice for 5A play. It also features is fairly unique, and you won't find it on many other metal yoyos, side caps, even when they cost more than twice as much! If you aren't already aware, putting weight on different parts of a yoyo gives it a different feel of play, as well as different spin qualities because of the laws of physics as they relate to spinning objects. Adding the side caps gives the yoyo weight on the outside of the yoyo, which will add stability. The caps are also slightly rim weighted, which means that you'll also get a little bit of extra spin time. Adding weight to the rim of a spinning object will give it increased rotational inertia.
The New Raptor Yoyo comes with the a candy dice for 5A play, take your new Raptor where it has never gone before!
You might have noticed that many non-responsive metal yoyos are very expensive. Some of them cost more than $100. The beauty of this yoyo is that Duncan has taken most of the features of these high dollar yoyos and used their high volume purchasing power as a large manufacturer to create something that is extremely affordable. You might also want to buy extra Duncan silicone replacement pads (SG Stickers) for later, as they will eventually wear out.
You get the wide, flared gap shape that is designed for advanced non-responsive play. You get high quality aircraft grade aluminum that's just like those other, more expensive yoyos. You get a C bearing, which is the standard for non-responsive string play. You get a very smooth, bead blasted metal surface, so that you can perform grinding tricks with the best of them. And you get a yoyo that was actually used in high level competition by a real pro, so you know it's for real.
Duncan could have easily charged twice as much for this yoyo, and it would still be a good value when you compare it to other yoyos in this category. If you think about it, it's such a good deal, we think you should buy two of them. The Raptor yoyo works great for advanced, non-responsive string tricks. Buy yours today, from Yoyoplay.com, the world's best yoyo store.
Non-responsive play, so that you can only wake up the yoyo by performing a bind trick.


(Glen Carbon, IL and Lisle, IL) FASTechnology Group, LLC and Enternet LLC announced today that they have agreed to merge in order to better serve the Commercial Printing market that they each serve, and to continue strategic investment and product development into the increasingly complex newspaper packaging market. The companies have signed a letter of intent to merge, subject to diligence and customary formalities, all of which are expected to be completed by January, 2008.
Joe Hattrup will be the CEO of the combined company, whose name will remain FASTechnology Group, LLC. John Sprieser will retire shortly after closing and Bob Davidson, Enternet's President and COO, will direct the Newspaper Business division for a transition period. Each company's offices, in Glen Carbon and Lisle, IL, and Dallas, TX respectively, will continue to operate. It is expected there will be negligible turnover or discontinuity, as it is the companies' intention to fully support all clients and prospects.
FASTech customers/prospects should direct any questions to Joe Hattrup (+1 866 327-8324) while Enternet's contact is John Sprieser (+1 630 300 1711).


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Albany State
Bragg Memorial Stadium, Tallahassee, Florida Attendance: 18,870
Moussa guides Florida A&M to 23-13 victory over Albany State
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) Jeremy Moussa passed for 230 yards and a touchdown, Jose Romo-Martinez kicked three field goals and Florida A&M turned back Division II-member Albany State 23-13 on Saturday.
Albany State led 7-0 after the first quarter on the strength of Marcuis Fulks' 7-yard scoring run.
Florida A&M (1-2) pulled even at the 7:10 mark of the second quarter on De'Andre Francis' 1-yard TD plunge. Romo-Martinez connected from 29 yards out and Moussa hit Xavier Smith for an 8-yard score and a 17-7 halftime lead.
Romo-Martinez added 24- and 31-yard field goals to stretch the Rattlers' advantage to 23-7 after three quarters.
Dionte Bonneau completed only 8 of 24 passes for 144 yards with two interceptions for the Golden Rams. Fulks had a 1-yard TD run in the fourth quarter.
Moussa completed 16 of 29 passes with one interception for Florida A&M. Smith finished with eight receptions for 118 yards.
More AP college football: https://apnews.com/hub/college-football and https://twitter.com/AP-Top25. Sign up for the AP's college football newsletter: https://apnews.com/cfbtop25


Confinement of light in subnanometre gaps encounters a fundamental limit in the quantum tunnelling regime.
Savage, K. et al. Nature 491, 574–577 (2012).
Berndt, R., Gimzewski, J. K. & Johansson, P. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3796–3799 (1991).
Kinkhabwala, A. et al. Nature Photon. 3, 654–657 (2009).
Romero, I., Aizpurua, J., Bryant, G. W. & García de Abajo, F. J. Opt. Express 14, 9988 (2006).
Duan, H., Fernández-Domínguez, A. I., Bosman, M., Maier, S. A. & Yang, J. K. W. Nano Lett. 12, 1683–1689 (2012).
Ciracì, C. et al. Science 337, 1072–1074 (2012).
David, C. & García de Abajo, F. J. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 19470–19475 (2011).
Kern, J. et al. Nano Lett. 12, 5504–5509 (2012).
Zuloaga, J., Prodan, E. & Nordlander, P. Nano Lett. 9, 887–891 (2009).
Esteban, R., Borisov, A. G., Nordlander, P. & Aizpurua, J. Nature Commun. 3, 825 (2012).


The iris in the corner of my yard are out. I'd been watching them from my desk. Saturday morning they seemed still very tight. Sunday afternoon several of them were waving their flags.
bloom in sandy spring winds.
to record the short-lived iris blooms.
I like the poem even more than the photo, which is lovely.


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Kaduna govt explains gradual school reopening
.sets aside N1.8bn for resumption, renovation
Sola Ojo, Kaduna
Following the decline in the recorded cases of COVID-19 in the State, Kaduna State Government is gradually reopening its primary and secondary schools in the form of shift beginning this Monday, October 19.
According to the Commissioner for Education in the State, Dr Shehu Usman Muhammed, the experience gotten from the exit students (JSS3 and SS3) who were recently invited back to school for their examinations has shown that other classes can resume in batches.
To get this done, he said the state government has set aside about N300, million for COVID-19 protocols while another N1.5 billion has also been approved for the renovation of about 125 schools blown off by rain storm.
"From October 18, our SS2 boarding students will be resuming school while Day students will be resuming on the 19th. All SS 2 students, all JSS 2 students and all primary six students will come back to school to sit for the various exams that will promote them to the next classes", the commissioner said.
He further explained that each class will be accommodating a maximum of 20 students as a strategy to ensure social distancing and spread during the recommended four hours of blended learning per day.
He said, "a few weeks back, we invited our exit students because we wanted to prepare them a week ahead of junior secondary school examination and both WAEC and NECO for the SS3.
"That experience had taught us some lessons which we want to use now to invite other batches to return to school for one examination or the other.
"We have made adequate arrangement in our schools. This we shall monitor closely for two weeks and if we are satisfied that the arrangements we put in place work, we will then invite another category of students back to school until we can absorb all of them.
"We expect that each Day School has infrared thermometers while Boarding Schools will have mounted thermometers to check the temperature of their students as they come in or leave the premises.
"Second, we are providing washing hand base in all the schools. We are providing each student with a face mask. We also encourage parents to provide additional face mask and portable hand sanitizer for their children.
"We will also ensure social distancing with a maximum of 20 students per class with blended learning (online and class).
"We are also encouraging the shifting system. Some can come in the morning – between 8 am to 12 pm. Others will come in by 1 pm and finish by 5 pm. We are doing these to ensure adequate space, spread and less time for contacts among the students.
"We want to appeal to parents to arrange transportation system for their children to check community transmission of the virus. In every school, there is going to be a monitoring and compliance committee comprising of the school-based management committee (SBMC), staff, community and students' representatives which will be supported by the task force on COVID-19.
"At the initial stage, N200 million was approved for the school reopening. We have added about N100 million which has been approved and I am very sure if there is additional need to ensure we get it right, the Governor will also give approval", he added.
Tension in Enugu community over 'most senior' village claims
Police arraign 2 over alleged gang fight, breach of peace
APC clears Kano State LG poll
Intels sacks 600 workers: Labour demands immediate recall, gives 7-day ultimatum
In daring move, Minister bans #EndSARS protests
Benue: NSCDC restates commitment to tackle crime
CoVID-19: TFN kicks off radio school programme in Ogun
From Desmond Mgboh, Kano Kano state government has announced the imposition of a fresh ban on the...


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Story: Preserving the cultural landscape
History and biodiversity of the Muggio Valley
Ancient rural buildings, evidence of the past and unique biodiversity are hidden in the Muggio Valley.
The Muggio Valley, right at the southernmost tip of Switzerland, is known for its agricultural history and rare flora and fauna. The Ethnographic Museum of the Muggio Valley works in conjunction with other bodies to preserve this unique cultural landscape.
THE CHARACTER
Mark Bertogliati, curator of the Ethnographic Museum of the Muggio Valley
Every stone out there has a story to tell. And we have a wealth of farming history here.
Picturesque little villages dot the hills on the sides of the River Breggia. Despite the steep slopes interspersed with limestone layers, the landscape is anything but rugged with its leafy forests, brightly lit glades, flower-filled meadows, mountain pastures and charming hamlets. The Muggio Valley's biodiversity is extraordinary, with over 1,000 different types of plants alone – a third of all the species in Switzerland. Even the peony grows wild here. On top of that, the region is dotted with unique reminders of early traditional farming.
Nevertheless, urbanisation and modern farming methods are changing the cultural landscape. How can we protect the special character of the valley?
We spoke to Mark Bertogliati, forestry engineer and curator of the museum.
THE COMPLETE STORY
The cultural landscape, with its combination of forests, hamlets, terraced meadows and pastures, is truly eye-catching everywhere you look. The museum in Cabbio, for example, offers a stunning view of the upper valley and Monte Generoso. Scudellate and Roncapiano are great starting points for a hike. The region is in full, intense bloom.
What causes such rich vegetation?
"It's typical of limestone areas – the poor soil quality means a huge range of plants can develop without one species dominating. During the last ice age, there were also ice-free areas on the Monte Generoso, meaning that the flora and fauna have been able to develop here over a longer period of time than in other regions. On top of that, the land has also been influenced by the mild climate and the actions of the people living here in the past."
The most diverse areas are those open and semi-open buffer zones between forests and settlements, e.g. glades, meadows and fields. One example are the dry meadows that have been cultivated for thousands of years and are now of national significance, requiring a certain amount of cutting and care. It's the same for chestnut woods and cultivated field terraces.
Meanwhile, stone constructions provide great habitats for small animals and plants.
Traditional farming had a positive effect on nature. It created change where flora and fauna could adapt. Human intervention isn't always bad, despite what you might think.
So human intervention in the landscape has been positive?
"We have nothing to compare with before the presence of human settlements, but we do know that people have been here a long time and found a balance with nature. Until the start of the 20th century, agriculture had a limited effect as farming wasn't as intensive as today – it was more diverse. But things have changed, and that's the problem. Why? From a purely commercial point of view, farming dry meadows and terraced hill slopes is no longer viable. But if they're not taken care of, these important buffer areas can be lost. The forests grow along with the urban areas in the lower valley, and constructions start to collapse."
Stay in an authentic, stylish building in the town centre or in a grand villa: the Muggio Valley is full of great B&B accommodation, some newly renovated.
The guest book of former Hotel Bellavista, kept in the Muggio Valley Ethnographic Museum, shows signatures from 1867 onwards.
Did you know that the terraces of the Muggio Valley, slopes near the villages, are still visible today thanks to their exceptional state of preservation?
New stakeholders are needed to protect the valley, and they need to support the few surviving local farms. One of those is the Ethnographic Museum of the Muggio Valley, which opened in 1980. The museum works on maintaining dry-stone walls, mule tracks, chestnut woods, wells and buildings such as roccoli, graa and nevère and organise activity days with volunteers – a kind of flash mob. The museum's most famous project, Bruzella Mill, just goes to show how successful a renovation can be. It's not just enough to rebuild – there needs to be a purpose and people prepared to take on the hard work.
In this regard Mark states: "We're currently doing comprehensive research into whether small settlements on the Alpe Nadigh and Alpe Génor – some real picture-postcard scenes – can be brought back to life."
"The mix of nature, landscape and cultural history are what define the Muggio Valley."
TIPPS FOR YOU
Ethnographic Museum of the Muggio Valley (MEVM)
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Sport should be part of everyone's life.
Murat Pelit, paralympic athlete


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Decision Making under Severe Uncertainty
DESEVUN
How should we decide?
Project DUSUCA
Research: a guide
Slides and talks
Recorded talks and discussions
Confidence Tool
Uncertainty across disciplines
Tag: IPCC
Katharine Mach
April 29, 2020 May 23, 2020 Leave a comment
Earth Systems Science
Katharine Mach is an Associate Professor at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science and a faculty scholar at the UM Abess Center, focused on environmental science and policy. Her research assesses climate change risks and response options to address increased flooding, extreme heat, wildfire, and other hazards. From 2010 until 2015, she co-directed the scientific activities of Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which culminated in the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report and have supported diverse climate policies and actions, including the Paris Agreement.
Robert Lempert
April 3, 2020 May 23, 2020 Leave a comment
Decision support, Policy analysis
HEC Paris · Uncertainty: a view from Decision Support and Policy Analysis, with Robert Lempert
Robert Lempert is a principal researcher at the RAND Corporation and Director of the Frederick S. Pardee Center for Longer Range Global Policy and the Future Human Condition. His research focuses on risk management and decision-making under conditions of deep uncertainty. He is a convening lead author for Working Group II of the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report, and the inaugural president of the Society for Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty.
How can the IPCC's uncertainty framework be related to decision?
How can the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change's (IPCC) framework for assessing and communicating uncertainty be related to decision making? One way to attack this question is by confronting the framework with recent decision models proposed mainly by economists working on the theory of decision under uncertainty. The confidence-based decision model developed in the context of this project (see here or here) emerges as best equipped, among major existing approaches, to fully utilise the information provided by the IPCC. Moroever, the connection of IPCC conclusions with decision making via such a model brings out some an apparently novel recommendations for future uncertainty reporting.
For more details, see Climate Change Assessments: Confidence Probability and Decision by R. Bradley, C. Helgeson & B. Hill (forthcoming, Philosophy of Science).


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Home Tag Archives: Andersen Williams
Tag Archives: Andersen Williams
in : South America, Women's World Cup, Youth National Teams
By the 60-minute mark, the score still at 0-0: "Really, Canada won this game 3-0?"
Late winner from Williams gets Canada to U-17 Women's World Cup
in : Women's World Cup, Youth National Teams
Andersen Williams's 88th-minute header bounded right through a pack of Haitian defenders before it crossed the line — giving Canada a 2-1 win and a berth in the U-17 Women's World Cup.
Williams's two-goal effort propels Canada to victory over Costa Rica
in : CONCACAF, More Women's Soccer, Youth National Teams
Canada resumed play in the CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championships on Wednesday, beating Costa Rica by a 2-1 score thanks to a brace from Andersen Williams.
@patsylulu1 What is it with Eastern Europeans and the raw onions?4 hours


Thank you for your interest in Authenticity Book House (ABH). ABH accepts solicited and unsolicited manuscripts. Please read and follow the guidelines below to ensure your work parallels the goals and mission of ABH. We look forward to hearing from you!
Carefully examine our website to understand our mission and goals.
ABH dedicates itself to providing simplified pastoral training in bite-sized books to Swahili-speaking pastors and church leaders in East Africa. ABH seeks to provide theologically sound books, written at a 6th to 7th grade level and written with cultural relevance, to reach leaders with limited access to biblical education.
We publish our books in Swahili and English. Swahili versions generally go to Tanzanian printers so they can easily get to ministry sites. English versions generally go to printing through Amazon or a local Texas printing facility.
Evaluation by a group of editors and cultural consultants.
Developmental editing (some rewriting and rearrangement of material).
Addition of culturally relevant material and applicational questions.
Authors should have a willingness for their work to go through these evaluations and edits. We recognize authors often find it difficult to let go of their original words. While we make every effort to keep as much of an author's voice as possible, to make the most impact on our Swahili-speaking audience, all ABH editing decisions are final.
Variations may exist between a Swahili version of a work and the English version. Both versions undergo the editing process above to create the highest level of relevance.
Editors work with each manuscript to bring it into a 6th to 7th grade level if it doesn't arrive at ABH this way. We prefer authors attempt reaching this level before submitting manuscripts.
Each submission ABH receives undergoes an evaluation for publication and a brief critique. If ABH does not accept your manuscript, the critique comes back to you with your manuscript.
If ABH has an interest in your manuscript, notification will arrive electronically along with instructions regarding how to proceed.
All authors should hear from ABH within three months of submission, whether or not a manuscript is accepted for publication.
Bite-sized books tackle major theological issues in small, easily comprehended doses, without compromising biblical truths needed for spiritual growth and leadership. Rural East African pastors often become pastors shortly after becoming believers. Theological education starts from the ground up, in small bites.
Limit your manuscript to 13,000 words or less.
Limit the content to text, simple graphs or charts, and simple line illustrations (if needed).
Include a gospel presentation either directly or indirectly. This presentation may lie within the body of the manuscript or at the end.
Avoid cultural slang and colloquialisms to help with translation and cultural relevance.
Present the material as close to a 6th to 7th grade level as possible. If you cannot achieve this, ABH's trained editors will help.
Include appropriate documentation and support for your text.
Although legally you must cite your sources, avoid quotations and end notes as much as possible.
Align your text with inerrant Scripture.
Use plenty of active verbs and limit "to be" verbs to three or less per type-written 8.5 x 11-inch page.
Establish a story-telling style for your manuscript. Again, if you struggle with this element, ABH editors can help.
Include three thought-provoking application questions at the end of every section of your manuscript.
Eliminate "to be" verbs (am, are, is, was, were, etc.). Check each sentence to see where substitution of an action verb fits. Rewording may require rearranging sentences.
Remove unnecessary words such as "had," "has," or "have." Replace with action verbs whenever possible. Use your thesaurus as a resource.
In many cases "that" and "had" do not have a necessary role in a sentence. Remove them.
Remember to show; don't tell. Descriptive words and action verbs help the reader visualize your point.
The dirt path led through crops, to a clearing, and eventually a home. Our team of three stopped at a group of low-lying tepee-like structures, some made of sticks, others from grass. They looked unusual, but their purpose remained unclear to me as they appeared too small to function as dwellings.
A few chickens scratched and pecked at the ground, hoping to uncover a juicy snack. Two dogs slumbered peacefully. As I sat down, a duck wiggled into position in front of me. Within minutes twenty or more people of varying ages assembled in a ragged semi-circle, sitting on mats.
Later I learned we sat at the home of a local witch doctor and his family. Several people on mats around us were, in fact, clients in his "waiting room." Sitting in the circle, I explained twice the story of Jesus, who came to earth as a baby, died on the cross for our sins, and rose again from the dead. Then I asked if anyone wanted to pray a prayer of faith in him. Several followed my lead in prayer, including the witch doctor, I believe.
More than any other, this experience of sharing the gospel story of Jesus in a small Tanzanian village provided direction for this manuscript. Several thoughts occurred to me.
Assuming these prayers represented genuine prayers of faith, how would these people's new faith affect their understanding of life on Kome Island? Would they continue to sit in the waiting room of a witch doctor, wanting answers to life problems, or would they seek out God's view of the world and his answers for their problems? Would the witch doctor himself change his job or would he hold onto his job and simply stack his new faith on top of his old beliefs?
Every culture creates its own understanding of individual life and a person's place in the world. We call this a worldview. Development of worldviews occur regularly on Kome Island and everywhere else on the earth. I developed my own worldview growing up in the state of Iowa, in the United States of America.
But what changes about our views when we believe in Jesus? Do we understand the need to compare what we learn from our culture to what Scripture teaches?
God wants to create something new in all of us when we pray in faith to him. He wants us to leave behind our old man-created ideas and live according to his design of the world. If we pray a prayer of faith but don't evaluate our old beliefs against God's desires, we risk stacking truth on top of falsehood. As a result, our faith becomes confused and weak.
The lessons in this book focus on a biblical worldview and how we can learn to let go of the parts of our own worldviews that don't match God's. When we understand his truth, we see everything differently. We see life as it really is. Join me in looking at a biblical view of the world, and how we can allow God to transform our lives, from the inside out.
"When are you going to move on?" People asked me these kinds of questions regularly. I hate the words, "move on" and refuse to use them. How can someone ask me to move on from the one I loved and lived with for nineteen years?
I will never stop loving Brian. He was my best friend for twenty years. We parented three children together. We fought the enemy of cancer together. We laughed and cried together. We shared a faith that gave us hope.
I know our friends want us to find happiness when they tell us to move on. They really mean well, but they don't understand the loss of your best friend and lover. Most widows don't want to move on. We don't want to forget.
Yes, at some point we need to find a way to happiness. We need to make a new life for ourselves. But we will carry the grief with us. We eventually learn to live with a mix of joy and sorrow.
At this point, I feel happy on most days. I find great joy in my new life. But days still sneak up on me when the grief overwhelms and I feel completely hopeless. I tire of the grief when it hits, and I wish I could "get over it" and move on.
I like to say we move forward. We adapt to a new, different life. We learn to enjoy a new normal. We appreciate the gifts God gives us. We find happiness again. But the love, life, and memories we shared with the dead don't just go away because they left this earth.
Encouragers: Widows find it offensive when told to "get over" their spouse and "move on." Encouraging them to keep moving forward, however, helps give them hope. Please keep in mind that even when they find happiness again, they will continue to experience sad moments.
Author's name, address, email address, and phone number.
A statement describing how you believe your manuscript enhances the mission of ABH and your interest in joining this mission as a writer.
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A list of three people willing to send a letter of reference related to your Christian character and service to the Lord such as a pastor, colleague, friend, or employer.
Create an electronic version of your manuscript.
Format your manuscript using either Times New Roman or Arial font (12 pt.).
Number your manuscript pages and put your first and last name in a header.
5. Submit your manuscript, query letter, and proposal via the following link: https://abhbooks.submittable.com/submit/40362/manuscript-a-author-original. Be sure to read the instructions on the right sidebar when submitting your work for easy identification by our editors.
Authors only sign over copyright categories necessary for publishing and protection of a manuscript while it remains in production.
Authors receive 40% of royalties on book sales. The remaining royalties go toward supporting international pastors (20%) and supporting the work and ministry of ABH (40%).
ABH supports the writing and publishing process with new and seasoned authors.
ABH supports generous distribution of its books for the growth of Christ's kingdom.
The "Review" function in Word allows for authors to check grade level and other writing statistics. To get to this evaluation, highlight the section of your manuscript you want to check and run it through the "Spelling & Grammar" section of your tool bar. After the review is complete a box will show up with grade level information.


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L'Aqua Turčianske Teplice est un club slovaque de football. Il est basé à Turčianske Teplice.

Palmarès
 Championnat de Slovaquie de football D3 : 2006 (Stred)

Club de football disparu en Slovaquie
Club de football fondé en 1921
Club de football disparu en 2011

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Fabric: 100% Polyester. Pack weight about 35G.
Colors: 2 color patterns, blue & red .
Quality Status & Stock Reason: Good quality. We have shipped one container overseas already.
Packaging Details: 2 pcs (1 red + 1 blue) with printed paper header, 24 packs into one master carton, carton meas.: 34*17*7 cm, 0.9 kgs and 1.0kgs, totally 16,960 cartons, roughly 69 CBM.


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Last of three old downtown Norton hospitals comes down
Mike Still • Mar 19, 2019 at 8:50 AM
Crews began demolishing the former St. Mary's Hospital in Norton a week ago.
The structure is the last of three hospitals once located in the downtown Norton area. Norton Community Hospital moved to its current location in the west end of Norton in the 1970's, and its original structure overlooking the center of the city burned down around 1980.
The former Park Avenue Hospital on Park Avenue was demolished in the 1980s and the site is now a parking lot.
St. Mary's was replaced by a hospital - now Mountain View Regional Hospital - in Norton's east end in the 1980s, and the original building housed a mental health facility in the 1990s before it closed permanently.


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Dorwan Pin Code: Pin Code of Dorwan, PATNA District, BIHAR
Dorwan Pin Code, PATNA District, BIHAR: The PIN code for Dorwan, a neighbourhood in the Saidabah B.O of the PATNA district in BIHAR, India is provided.
Pin Code of Dorwan is 801104.
Dorwan Pincode and Post Office Overview
Area / Locality Name Dorwan
Post Office Name & Type ( BO/SO/HO) Saidabah B.O
Sub District Name Dulhin Bazar
Post office Address The Postmaster, Dorwan, Saidabah B.O, Dulhin Bazar, PATNA District, BIHAR, India.
Information about Dorwan Pin Code
The Dorwan Pin Code is 801104. It is a 6-digit postal code that is used to identify the location of a specific address in the city of Dorwan, located in the Indian state of BIHAR. This pin code is used by the Indian postal department to ensure that mail and packages are delivered to the correct location.
801104 Pin Code is for which area? The Pin Code 801104 is for Dorwan, a city located in the Indian state of BIHAR. This Pin Code is used to identify specific locations in the city and ensure that mail and packages are delivered to the correct address. The Pin Code is assigned by the Indian postal department and is used in conjunction with the street address to ensure that mail and packages reach their intended destination.
Postal Code of Dorwan
Dorwan Postal Code: The Postal Code for Dorwan, BIHAR, India is 801104. It is a 6-digit code used by the Indian postal department to identify the location of a specific address in Dorwan and ensure that mail and packages are delivered to the correct location.
Zip Code of Dorwan
Dorwan Zip Code: The Zip Code for Dorwan, BIHAR, India is 801104. It is a 6-digit code used by the Indian postal department to identify the location of a specific address in Dorwan and ensure that mail and packages are delivered to the correct location.
FAQs Related to Pincode of Dorwan, PATNA, BIHAR
What is the Pin Code of Dorwan?
The Pin Code of Dorwan is 801104.
How many digits does the Dorwan Pin Code have?
The Dorwan Pin Code has 6 digits.
What is the use of the Pin Code in Dorwan?
The Pin Code in Dorwan is used by the Indian postal department to ensure that mail and packages are delivered to the correct location.
What do the digits of the Dorwan Pin Code represent?
The first digit of the Dorwan Pin Code represents the region, the second digit represents the sub-region, the third digit represents the sorting district, and the last three digits represent the post office code.
Is the Pin Code for Dorwan unique to the city?
Yes, the Pin Code for Dorwan is unique to the city and is used only for addresses within Dorwan.
What is the Postal Code of Dorwan?
The Postal Code of Dorwan is 801104.
Can I use the Pin Code of Dorwan to send mail to other cities?
No, the Pin Code of Dorwan is specific to the city and can only be used for addresses within Dorwan. You will need to use the correct Pin Code for the city you are sending mail to.
What is the Zip Code of Dorwan?
The Zip Code of Dorwan is 801104.