text:
Battle of Hampton Roads
Battle of Hampton Roads explained
Conflict: Battle of Hampton Roads
(Battle of Ironclads)
Date: –
Place: Off Sewell's Point (modern-day Norfolk), near the mouth of Hampton Roads, Virginia
Result: Strategic Union Victory
Tactical Confederate Victory*
Union blockade maintained*
Confederate James River squadron remains a fleet in being
Combatant1: United States (Union)
Combatant2: Confederate States
Commander1: John Marston (senior officer present)
John L. Worden (USS Monitor)[1]
Commander2: Franklin Buchanan
Catesby ap Roger Jones
Strength1: 1 ironclad
5 wooden frigates
6 auxiliary boats
1 fort
2 wooden warships
1 gunboat
2 tenders
Casualties1: 261 killed
108 wounded
2 frigates sunk
*USS Cumberland
*USS Congress
1 frigate damaged
*USS Minnesota
Casualties2: 78 killed
17 wounded
1 ironclad damaged
Part Of: the American Civil War
The Battle of Hampton Roads, often referred to as either the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack (or Virginia) or the Battle of Ironclads, was the most noted and arguably most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies. It was fought over two days, March 8–9, 1862, in Hampton Roads, a roadstead in Virginia where the Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers meet the James River just before it enters Chesapeake Bay adjacent to the city of Norfolk. The battle was a part of the effort of the Confederacy to break the Union blockade, which had cut off Virginia's largest cities and major industrial centers, Norfolk and Richmond from international trade.[2] [3]
The major significance of the battle is that it was the first meeting in combat of ironclad warships, i.e., the and the CSS Virginia. The Confederate fleet consisted of the ironclad ram Virginia (built from the remnants of the under construction steam frigate USS Merrimack, newest warship for the United States Navy / Union Navy) and several supporting vessels. On the first day of battle, they were opposed by several conventional, wooden-hulled ships of the Union Navy. On that day, Virginia was able to destroy two ships of the Federal flotilla, and, and was about to attack a third,, which had run aground. However, the action was halted by darkness and falling tide, so Virginia retired to take care of her few wounded—which included her captain, Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan—and repair her minimal battle damage.[4]
Determined to complete the destruction of Minnesota, Catesby ap Roger Jones, acting as captain in Buchanan's absence, returned the ship to the fray the next morning, March 9. During the night, however, the ironclad Monitor had arrived and had taken a position to defend Minnesota. When Virginia approached, Monitor intercepted her. The two ironclads fought for about three hours, with neither being able to inflict significant damage on the other. The duel ended indecisively, Virginia returning to her home at the Gosport Navy Yard for repairs and strengthening, and Monitor to her station defending Minnesota. The ships did not fight again, and the blockade remained in place.[5]
The battle received worldwide attention, and it had immediate effects on navies around the world. The preeminent naval powers, Great Britain and France, halted further construction of wooden-hulled ships, and others followed suit. A new type of warship, monitor, was produced based on the principle of the original. The use of a small number of very heavy guns, mounted so that they could fire in all directions was first demonstrated by Monitor but soon became standard in warships of all types. Shipbuilders also incorporated rams into the designs of warship hulls for the rest of the century.[6]
Military situation
See main article: article and Peninsula Campaign.
The blockade at Norfolk
On April 19, 1861, shortly after the outbreak of hostilities at Charleston Harbor, US President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of ports in the seceded states. On April 27, after Virginia and North Carolina had also passed ordinances of secession, the blockade was extended to include their ports also.[7] Even before the extension, local troops seized the Norfolk area and threatened the Gosport Navy Yard in Portsmouth. The commandant there, Captain Charles S. McCauley, though loyal to the Union, was immobilized by advice he received from his subordinate officers, most of whom were in favor of secession. Although he had orders from (Union) Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to move his ships to Northern ports, he refused to act until April 20, when he gave orders to scuttle the ships in the yard and destroy its facilities.Nine ships were burned, among them the screw frigate . One (the old frigate) was towed away successfully.[8] Merrimack burned only to the waterline, however, and her engines were more or less intact. The destruction of the navy yard was mostly ineffective; in particular, the large drydock there was relatively undamaged and soon could be restored.[9] Without firing a shot, the advocates of secession had gained for the South its largest navy yard, as well as the hull and engines of what would be in time its most famous warship. They had also seized more than a thousand heavy guns, plus gun carriages and large quantities of gunpowder.[10]
With Norfolk and its navy yard in Portsmouth, the Confederacy controlled the southern side of Hampton Roads. To prevent Union warships from attacking the yard, the Confederates set up batteries at Sewell's Point and Craney Island, at the juncture of the Elizabeth River with the James. (See map.)[11] The Union retained possession of Fort Monroe, at Old Point Comfort on the Virginia Peninsula.[12] They also held a small man-made island known as the Rip Raps, on the far side of the channel opposite Fort Monroe, and on this island they completed another fort, named Fort Wool.[13] With Fort Monroe went control of the lower Peninsula as far as Newport News.[14]
Forts Monroe and Wool gave the Union forces control of the entrance to Hampton Roads. The blockade, initiated on April 30, 1861, cut off Norfolk and Richmond from the sea almost completely.[15] To further the blockade, the Union Navy stationed some of its most powerful warships in the roadstead. There, they were under the shelter of the shore-based guns of Fort Monroe and the batteries at Hampton and Newport News and out of the range of the guns at Sewell's Point and Craney Island. For most of the first year of the war, the Confederacy could do little to oppose or dislodge them.[16]
Birth of the ironclads
When steam propulsion began to be applied to warships, naval constructors renewed their interest in armor for their vessels. Experiments had been tried with armor during the Crimean War (1853–1856), just prior to the American Civil War,[17] and the British and French navies had each built armored ships and were planning to build others. In 1860 the French Navy commissioned, the world's first ocean-going ironclad warship. Great Britain followed a year later with .[18] [19] The use of armor remained controversial, however, and the United States Navy was generally reluctant to embrace the new technology.[20]
CSS Virginia
See main article: article and CSS Virginia.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory was an early enthusiast for the advantages of armor. As he looked upon it, the Confederacy could not match the industrial North in numbers of ships at sea, so they would have to compete by building vessels that individually outclassed those of the Union. Armor would provide the edge.[21] Mallory gathered about himself a group of men who could put his vision into practice, among them John M. Brooke, John L. Porter, and William P. Williamson.[22]
When Mallory's men searched the South for factories that could build engines to drive the heavy ships that he wanted, they found no place to do it immediately. At the best facility, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, building engines from scratch would take at least a year. Upon learning this, Williamson suggested taking the engines from the hulk of Merrimack, recently raised from the bed of the Elizabeth River.[23] His colleagues promptly accepted his suggestion and expanded it, proposing that the design of their projected ironclad be adapted to the hull. Porter produced the revised plans, which were submitted to Mallory for approval. On July 11, 1861, the new design was accepted, and work began almost immediately.[24] The burned-out hull was towed into the graving dock that the Union Navy had failed to destroy. During the subsequent conversion process, the plans developed further, incorporating an iron ram fitted to the prow. The re-modeled ship's offense, in addition to the ram, consisted of 10 guns: six 9inches smooth-bore Dahlgrens, two 6.4inches and two 7inches Brooke rifles.[25] Trials showed that these rifles firing solid shot would pierce up to eight inches of armor plating. The Tredegar Iron works could produce both solid shot and shell, and since it was believed that Virginia would face only wooden ships, she was given only the explosive shell.[26] The armor plating, originally meant to be 1inches thick, was replaced by double plates, each 2inches thick, backed by 24inches of iron and pine. The armor was pierced for 14 gunports: four on each broadside, three forward, and three aft.[27] The revisions, together with the usual problems associated with the transportation system of the South, resulted in delays that pushed out the launch date until February 3, 1862, and she was not commissioned until February 17, bearing the name CSS Virginia.[28]
USS Monitor
See main article: article and USS Monitor.
Intelligence that the Confederates were working to develop an ironclad caused consternation for the Union, but Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles waited for Congress to meet to request permission to consider building armored vessels; Congress gave this permission on August 3, 1861. Welles appointed a commission, which became known as the Ironclad Board, of three senior naval officers to choose among the designs that were submitted for consideration. The three men were Captains Joseph Smith,[29] Hiram Paulding, and Commander Charles Henry Davis.[30] The board considered seventeen designs, and chose to support three. First of the three to be completed, even though she was by far the most radical in design, was Swedish engineer and inventor John Ericsson's .[31]
Ericsson's Monitor, which was built at Ericsson's yard on the East River in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, incorporated new and striking design features, the most significant of which were her armor and armament. Instead of the large numbers of guns of rather small bore that had characterized warships in the past, Ericsson opted for only two guns of large caliber; he wanted to use 15inches guns, but had to settle for 11inches Dahlgren guns when the larger size were unavailable.[32] These were mounted in a cylindrical turret, 20feet in diameter, 9feet high, covered with iron 8inches thick. The whole rotated on a central spindle, and was moved by a steam engine that could be controlled by one man. Ericsson was afraid that using the full 30 pounds of black powder to fire the huge cannon would raise the risk of an explosion in the turret. He demanded that a charge of 15 pounds be used to lessen this possibility. As with Virginia, trials found that a full charge would pierce armor plate, a finding that would have affected the outcome of the battle.[33] A serious flaw in the design was the pilot house from which the ship would be conned, a small structure forward of the turret on the main deck. Its presence meant that the guns could not fire directly forward, and it was isolated from other activities on the ship. Despite the late start and the novelty of construction, Monitor was actually completed a few days before her counterpart Virginia, but the Confederates activated Virginia first.[34]
Opposing forces
The Confederate chain of command was anomalous. Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones had directed much of the conversion of Merrimack to Virginia, and he was disappointed when he was not named her captain.[35] Jones was retained aboard Virginia, but only as her executive officer. Ordinarily, the ship would have been led by a captain of the Confederate States Navy, to be determined by the rigid seniority system that was in place. Secretary Mallory wanted the aggressive Franklin Buchanan, but at least two other captains had greater seniority and had applied for the post. Mallory evaded the issue by appointing Buchanan, head of the Office of Orders and Detail, flag officer in charge of the defenses of Norfolk and the James River. As such, he could control the movements of Virginia. Technically, therefore, the ship went into the battle without a captain.[36]
On the Union side, command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron was held by Flag Officer Louis M. Goldsborough. He had devised a plan for his frigates to engage Virginia, hoping to trap her in their crossfire.[37] In the event, his plan broke down completely when four of the ships ran aground (one of them intentionally) in the confined waters of the roadstead. On the day of battle, Goldsborough was absent with the ships cooperating with the Burnside Expedition in North Carolina.[38] In his absence, leadership fell to his second in command, Captain John Marston of . As Roanoke was one of the ships that ran aground, Marston was unable to materially influence the battle, and his participation is often disregarded. Most accounts emphasize the contribution of the captain of Monitor, John L. Worden, to the neglect of others.[39]
March 8: Virginia wreaks havoc on wooden Union warships
The battle began when the large and unwieldy CSS Virginia steamed into Hampton Roads on the morning of March 8, 1862. Captain Buchanan intended to attack as soon as possible.[40] Virginia was accompanied from her moorings on the Elizabeth River by Raleigh and Beaufort, and was joined at Hampton Roads by the James River Squadron, Patrick Henry, Jamestown, and Teaser. When they were passing the Union batteries at Newport News, Patrick Henry was temporarily disabled by a shot in her boiler that killed four of her crew. After repairs, she returned and rejoined the others.[41]
At this time, the Union Navy had five warships in the roadstead, in addition to several support vessels. The sloop-of-war and frigate were anchored in the channel near Newport News. The sail frigate and the steam frigates and [42] were near Fort Monroe, along with the storeship .[43] The latter three got under way as soon as they saw Virginia approaching, but all soon ran aground. St. Lawrence and Roanoke took no further important part in the battle.[44]
Virginia headed directly for the Union squadron. The battle opened when Union tug Zouave fired on the advancing enemy, and Beaufort replied. This preliminary skirmishing had no effect.[45] Virginia did not open fire until she was within easy range of Cumberland. Return fire from Cumberland and Congress bounced off the iron plates without penetrating, although later some of Cumberlands gunfire lightly damaged Virginia.
Virginia rammed Cumberland below the waterline and she sank rapidly, "gallantly fighting her guns as long as they were above water," according to Buchanan.[46] She took 121 seamen down with her; those wounded brought the casualty total to nearly 150.[47]
Ramming Cumberland nearly resulted in the sinking of Virginia as well. Virginia's bow ram got stuck in the enemy ship's hull, and as Cumberland listed and began to go down, she almost pulled Virginia under with her. At the time the vessels were locked, one of Cumberland's anchors was hanging directly above the foredeck of Virginia. Had it come loose, the two ships might have gone down together. Virginia broke free, however, her ram breaking off as she backed away.[48] [49]
Buchanan next turned Virginia on Congress. Seeing what had happened to Cumberland, Lieutenant Joseph B. Smith, captain of Congress, ordered his ship grounded in shallow water. By this time, the James River Squadron, commanded by John Randolph Tucker, had arrived and joined Virginia in the attack on Congress. After an hour of unequal combat, the badly damaged Congress surrendered.[50] While the surviving crewmen of Congress were being ferried off the ship, a Union battery on the north shore opened fire on Virginia. In retaliation, Buchanan ordered Congress fired upon with hot shot, cannonballs heated red-hot. Congress caught fire and burned throughout the rest of the day. Near midnight, the flames reached her magazine and she exploded and sank, stern first.[51] Personnel losses included 110 killed or missing and presumed drowned. Another 26 were wounded, of whom ten died within days.[52]
Although she had not suffered anything like the damage she had inflicted, Virginia was not completely unscathed. Shots from Cumberland, Congress, and Union troops ashore had riddled her smokestack, reducing her already low speed. Two of her guns were disabled and several armor plates had been loosened. Two of her crew were killed, and more were wounded. One of the wounded was Captain Buchanan, whose left thigh was pierced by a rifle shot.[53]
Meanwhile, the James River Squadron had turned its attention to Minnesota, which had left Fort Monroe to join in the battle and had run aground.[44] After Virginia had dealt with the surrender of Congress, she joined the James River Squadron despite her damage. Because of her deep draft and the falling tide, however, Virginia was unable to get close enough to be effective, and darkness prevented the rest of the squadron from aiming their guns to any effect. The attack was therefore suspended. Virginia left with the expectation of returning the next day and completing the task. She retreated into the safety of Confederate-controlled waters off Sewell's Point for the night,[54] but had killed 400 enemy sailors and had lost two. The Union had lost two ships and three were aground.
The United States Navy's greatest defeat until World War II caused panic in Washington. As Lincoln's Cabinet met to discuss the disaster, the frightened Secretary of War Edwin Stanton told the others that the Virginia might attack East coast cities, and even shell the White House before the meeting ended. Welles assured his colleagues that they were safe as the ship could not traverse the Potomac River. He added that the Union also had an ironclad, and that it was heading to meet the Virginia.[55]
March 9: Monitor engages Virginia
Both sides used the respite to prepare for the next day. Virginia put her wounded ashore and underwent temporary repairs. Captain Buchanan was among the wounded, so command on the second day fell to his executive officer, Lieutenant Catesby ap Roger Jones. Jones proved to be no less aggressive than the man he replaced. While Virginia was being prepared for renewal of the battle, and while Congress was still ablaze, Monitor, commanded by Lieutenant John L. Worden, arrived in Hampton Roads. The Union ironclad had been rushed to Hampton Roads in hopes of protecting the Union fleet and preventing Virginia from threatening Union cities. Captain Worden was informed that his primary task was to protect Minnesota, so Monitor took up a position near the grounded Minnesota and waited.[56] "All on board felt we had a friend that would stand by us in our hour of trial," wrote Captain Gershom Jacques Van Brunt, Minnesotas commander, in his official report the day after the engagement.[57]
The next morning, at dawn on March 9, 1862, Virginia left her anchorage at Sewell's Point and moved to attack Minnesota, still aground. She was followed by the three ships of the James River Squadron.[58] They found their course blocked, however, by the newly arrived Monitor. At first, Jones believed the strange craft—which one Confederate sailor mocked as "a cheese on a raft"—to be a boiler being towed from the Minnesota, not realizing the nature of his opponent. Soon, however, it was apparent that he had no choice but to fight her.[59] The first shot of the engagement was fired at Monitor by Virginia. The shot flew past Monitor and struck Minnesota, which answered with a broadside; this began what would be a lengthy engagement. "Again, all hands were called to quarters, and when she approached within a mile of us I opened upon her with my stern guns and made a signal to the Monitor to attack the enemy," Van Brunt added.[57]
After fighting for hours, mostly at close range, neither could overcome the other. The armor of both ships proved adequate. In part, this was because each was handicapped in her offensive capabilities. Buchanan, in Virginia, had not expected to fight another armored vessel, so his guns were supplied only with shell rather than armor-piercing shot.[60] Monitors guns were used with the standard service charge of only 15lb of powder, which did not give the projectile sufficient momentum to penetrate her opponent's armor. Tests conducted after the battle showed that the Dahlgren guns could be operated safely and efficiently with charges of as much as 30lb.[61]
The battle finally ceased when a shell from Virginia struck the pilot house of Monitor and exploded, driving fragments of paint and iron through the viewing slits into Worden's eyes and temporarily blinding him.[43] As no one else could see to command the ship, Monitor was forced to draw off. The executive officer, Lieutenant Samuel Dana Greene, took over, and Monitor returned to the fight. In the period of command confusion, however, the crew of Virginia believed that their opponent had withdrawn. Although Minnesota was still aground, the falling tide meant that she was out of reach. Furthermore, Virginia had suffered enough damage to require extensive repair. Convinced that his ship had won the day, Jones ordered her back to Norfolk. At about this time, Monitor returned, only to discover her opponent apparently giving up the fight. Convinced that Virginia was quitting, with orders only to protect Minnesota and not to risk his ship unnecessarily, Greene did not pursue. Thus, each side misinterpreted the moves of the other, and as a result each claimed victory.[62]
Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory wrote to Confederate President Davis of the action:[63]
The conduct of the Officers and men of the squadron … reflects unfading honor upon themselves and upon the Navy. The report will be read with deep interest, and its details will not fail to rouse the ardor and nerve the arms of our gallant seamen.It will be remembered that the Virginia was a novelty in naval architecture, wholly unlike any ship that ever floated; that her heaviest guns were equal novelties in ordnance; that her motive power and obedience to her helm were untried, and her officers and crew strangers, comparatively, to the ship and to each other; and yet, under all these disadvantages, the dashing courage and consummate professional ability of Flag Officer Buchanan and his associates achieved the most remarkable victory which naval annals record.
In Washington, belief that Monitor had vanquished Virginia was so strong that Worden and his men were awarded the thanks of Congress:[64]
Resolved . . . That the thanks of Congress and the American people are due and are hereby tendered to Lieutenant J. L. Worden, of the United States Navy, and to the officers and men of the ironclad gunboat Monitor, under his command, for the skill and gallantry exhibited by them in the remarkable battle between the Monitor and the rebel ironclad steamer Merrimack.
During the two-day engagement, the USS Minnesota shot off 78 rounds of 10-inch solid shot; 67 rounds of 10-inch solid shot with 15-second fuse; 169 rounds of 9-inch solid shot; 180 9-inch shells with 15-second fuse; 35 8-inch shells with 15-second fuse and 5,567.5 pounds of service powder. Three crew members, Alexander Winslow, Henry Smith and Dennis Harrington were killed during the battle and 16 were wounded.[57] One of Monitor's crew, Quartermaster Peter Williams, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle.[65]
Spring 1862—a standoff at Hampton Roads
Virginia remained in drydock for almost a month, getting repairs for battle damage as well as minor modifications to improve her performance. On April 4, she was able to leave drydock. Buchanan, still recovering from his wound, had hoped that Catesby Jones would be picked to succeed him, and most observers believed that Jones's performance during the battle was outstanding. The seniority system for promotion in the Navy scuttled his chances, however, and the post went to the 67-year-old Commodore Josiah Tattnall.[66] Monitor, not severely damaged, remained on duty. Like his antagonist Jones, Greene was deemed too young to remain as captain; the day after the battle, he was replaced with Lieutenant Thomas O. Selfridge. Two days later, Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers.[67]
By late March, the Union blockade fleet had been augmented by hastily refitted civilian ships, including the powerful SS Vanderbilt,[68], SS Illinois, and SS Ericsson. These had been outfitted with rams and some iron plating. By late April, the new ironclads USRC E. A. Stevens and had also joined the blockade.
Each side considered how best to eliminate the threat posed by its opponent, and after Virginia returned each side tried to goad the other into attacking under unfavorable circumstances. Both captains declined the opportunity to fight in water not of their own choosing; Jeffers in particular was under positive orders not to risk his ship.[69] Consequently, each vessel spent the next month in what amounted to posturing. Not only did the two ships not fight each other, neither ship ever fought again after March 9.
Destruction of the combatants
The end came first for Virginia. Because the blockade was unbroken, Norfolk was of little strategic use to the Confederacy, and preliminary plans were laid to move the ship up the James River to the vicinity of Richmond. Before adequate preparations could be made, the Confederate Army under Major General Benjamin Huger abandoned the city on May 9, without consulting anyone from the Navy. Virginias draft was too great to permit her to pass up the river, which had a depth of only 18feet, and then only under favorable circumstances. She was trapped and could only be captured or sunk by the Union Navy. Rather than allow either, Tatnall decided to destroy his own ship. He had her towed down to Craney Island in Portsmouth, where the gang were taken ashore, and then she was set afire. She burned through the rest of the day and most of the following night; shortly before dawn, the flames reached her magazine, and she blew up.[70]
Monitor likewise did not survive the year. She was ordered to Beaufort, North Carolina, on Christmas Day, to take part in the blockade there. While she was being towed down the coast (under command of her fourth captain, Commander John P. Bankhead), the wind increased and with it the waves; with no high sides, the Monitor took on water. Soon the water in the hold gained on the pumps, and then put out the fires in her engines. The order was given to abandon ship; most men were rescued by, but 16 went down with her when she sank in the early hours of December 31, 1862.[71]
The victor
The victory claims that were made by each side in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Hampton Roads, based as both were on misinterpretations of the opponent's behavior, have been dismissed by present-day historians. They agree that the result of the Monitor–Merrimack encounter was not a victory for either side. As the combat between ironclads was the primary significance of the battle, the general verdict is that the overall result was a draw.[72] All would acknowledge that the Southern fleet inflicted far more damage than it received, which would ordinarily imply that they had gained a tactical victory. Compared to other Civil War battles, the loss of men and ships for the Union Navy would be considered a clear defeat. On the other hand, the blockade was not seriously threatened, so the entire battle can be regarded as an assault that ultimately failed.[73]
However, initially after the Battle of Hampton Roads, both the Confederates and the Unions used media to claim victory for their own sides. The headline a Boston newspaper the day after the battle read "The Merrimac Driven back by the Steamer!", implying a Union victory, while Confederate media focused on their original success against wooden Union ships. Despite the battle ending in a stalemate, it was seen by both sides as an opportunity to raise war-time morale, especially since the ironclad ships were an exciting naval innovation that intrigued citizens.
Evaluation of the strategic results is likewise disputed. The blockade was maintained, even strengthened, and Virginia was bottled up in Hampton Roads. Because a decisive Confederate weapon was negated, some have concluded that the Union could claim a strategic victory.[74] Confederate advocates can counter, however, by arguing that Virginia had a military significance larger than the blockade, which was only a small part of the war in Tidewater Virginia. Her mere presence was sufficient to close the James River to Federal incursions. She also imposed other constraints on the Peninsula Campaign then being mounted by the Union Army under General George B. McClellan, who worried that she could interfere with his positions on the York River. Although his fears were baseless, they continued to affect the movements of his army until Virginia was destroyed.[75]
Impact upon naval warfare
Both days of the battle attracted attention from almost all the world's navies. The USS Monitor became the prototype for the monitor warship type. She thus became the first of two ships whose names were applied to entire classes of their successors. The other was . Many more were built, including river monitors, and they played key roles in Civil War battles on the Mississippi and James rivers. The US immediately started the construction of ten more monitors based on Ericsson's original larger plan, known as the s. However, while the design proved exceptionally well-suited for river combat, the low profile and heavy turret caused poor seaworthiness in rough waters. Russia, fearing that the American Civil War would spill into Russian Alaska, launched ten sister ships, as soon as Ericsson's plans reached St. Petersburg. What followed has been described as "Monitor mania".[76] The revolving turret later inspired similar designs for future warships, which eventually became the modern battleship.
The vulnerability of wooden hulls to armored ships was noted particularly in Britain and France, where the wisdom of the planned conversion of the battle fleet to armor was given a powerful demonstration.[77] Another feature that was emulated was not so successful. Impressed by the ease with which the Virginia had sunk the Cumberland, naval architects began to incorporate rams into their hull designs. The first purpose-built ram in the modern era was the French armored ram Taureau (1863), whose guns were said to have "the sole function of preparing the way for the ram."[78] The inclusion of rams in warship hull design persisted almost to the outbreak of World War I.[79]
Commemorating the battle: Virginia
The name of the warship that served the Confederacy in the Battle of Hampton Roads has been a continuing source of confusion and some contention. She was originally a screw frigate in the United States Navy carrying the name USS Merrimack. All parties continued to use the name after her capture by secessionists while she was being rebuilt as an ironclad.[80] When her conversion was almost complete, her name was officially changed to Virginia.[81] Despite the official name change, Union accounts persisted in calling Merrimack by her original name, while Confederate sources used either Virginia or Merrimac(k).[82] The alliteration of Monitor and Merrimack has persuaded most popular accounts to adopt the familiar name, even when it is acknowledged to be technically incorrect.
A CSS Merrimac[83] did actually exist. She was a paddle wheel steamer named for the victor (as most Southerners saw it) at Hampton Roads. She was used for running the blockade until she was captured and taken into Federal service, still named Merrimac. Her name was a spelling variant of the river, namesake of USS Merrimack. Both spellings are still in use around the Hampton Roads area.
A small community in Montgomery County, Virginia near the location where the iron for the Confederate ironclad was forged is now known as Merrimac. Some of the iron mined there and used in the plating on the Confederate ironclad is displayed at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth. The anchor of Virginia sits on the lawn in front of the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond.
Commemorating the battle: Monitor
After resting undetected on the ocean floor for 111 years, the wreck of Monitor was located by a team of scientists in 1973. The remains of the ship were found upside down 16miles off Cape Hatteras, on a relatively flat, sandy bottom at a depth of about 240feet. In 1987, the site was declared a National Marine Sanctuary, the first shipwreck to receive this distinction.[84]
Because of Monitors advanced state of deterioration, timely recovery of remaining significant artifacts and ship components became critical. Numerous fragile artifacts, including the innovative turret and its two Dahlgren guns, an anchor, steam engine, and propeller, have been recovered. They were transported back to Hampton Roads to the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia, where they were treated in special tanks to stabilize the metal. It is reported that it will take about ten years for the metal to completely stabilize. The new USS Monitor Center at the Mariners' Museum officially opened on March 9, 2007, and a full-scale copy of USS Monitor, the original recovered turret, and artifacts and related items are now on display.
Commemorating the Battle of Hampton Roads
The Battle of Hampton Roads was a significant event in both Naval and Civil War history that has been detailed in many books, televised Civil War documentaries, and in film, to include TNT's 1991 Ironclads. In New York City, where the designer of the Monitor, John Ericsson, died in March 1889, a statue was commissioned by the state to commemorate the battle between the Ironclads.[85] The statue features a stylized male nude allegorical figure on water between two iron cleats. It is located in Msgr McGolrick Park.
In Virginia, the state dedicated the Monitor-Merrimack Overlook at Anderson Park on a jetty that overlooks the site of the battle. The park contains several historical markers commemorating both ships. Also, in 1992, Virginia dedicated the $400 million, 4.6 mile-long Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel, which is located less than 1 mile from the site of the battle.
References in popular culture
The film Hearts in Bondage (Republic Pictures, 1936), directed by Lew Ayres, tells the story of the building of the USS Monitor and the following Battle of Hampton Roads.
A 1991 made-for-television movie called Ironclads, produced by TNT, was made about the battle.
The album The Monitor, the second studio album by New Jersey band Titus Andronicus, ends with a fourteen-minute tribute to the battle, and is conceptually based around the American Civil War and the eponymous USS Monitor.
In Canyonlands National Park, Utah, there are two buttes named after Monitor and Merrimac. There is a viewpoint with a placard describing the significance of their names.
Sleater-Kinney recorded an indie rock song referencing the battle, "Ironclad," on the album All Hands on the Bad One in 2000.
The book The Virginia by Winston Brady, based on the Battle of Hampton Roads, depicts Captain(s) Franklin Buchanan and John Worden as tragic heroes who are injured during the battle as a punishment for their over-confidence created by the powerful, nigh-indestructible ships they commanded.
List of ships of the Confederate States Navy
Bibliography of American Civil War naval history
Union Navy
Confederate States Navy
Abbreviations used in these notes:
ORA (Official records, armies): War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
ORN (Official records, navies): Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.
(translation by Paolo E. Coletta of Marina del Sud: storia della marina confederate nella Guerra Civile Americana, 1861–1865. Rizzoli, 1993.)
Quarstein, John V., C.S.S. Virginia, Mistress of Hampton Roads, self-published for the Virginia Civil War Battles and Leaders Series; 2000.
Hampton Roads. 12. 906-907. x.
A record of events in Norfolk County, Virginia, online text with an entire chapter on the battle.
Civil War Naval History
USS Monitor National Historical Site
– Its 'revolutionary' gun turret has been raised from the ocean floor.
On-line exhibition of the Monitor
An original 1862 Chicago Tribune Article
Battle of Hampton Road website
First Edition Report on the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimac
Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Hampton Roads
CWSAC Report Update
https://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/va008.htm Battle Summary: Hampton Roads
Musicant 1995, pp. 134–178; Anderson 1962, pp. 71–77; Tucker 2006, p. 151.
Book: de Meissner, Sophie Radford. Old Naval Days. 1920. Henry Holt and Company. New York. 244–251.
Anderson 1962, pp. 71–75.
Tucker 2006, p. 175; Luraghi 1996, p. 148.
Civil War naval chronology, pp. I-9, I-12.
Cumberland and Merrimack, the latter renamed CSS Virginia, would meet again on March 8, 1862.
Musicant 1995, pp. 26–40.
Luraghi 1996, pp. 34–35, 42.
ORA I, v. 2, pp. 782–783.
Fort Monroe was one of three major forts in seceded states that were still held by the Union; the others were Fort Zachary Taylor and Fort Pickens, both in Florida.
The fort was named Fort Calhoun when construction was started before the outbreak of the war. It was completed only after the war started, and was then renamed for the general who directed the defense of the region. Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, p. 41.
Joseph B. Carr, "Operations of 1861 about Fort Monroe," Battles and leaders, v. 2, pp.144–152.
Wise 1988, p. 25.
Davis 1975, pp. 69, 71.
Gibbon 1983, p. 13.
Gibbon 1983, pp. 28–31.
Contemplation of armor was not confined to Europe. The United States had spent a lot of money supporting the development of the Stevens Battery, with nothing to show for it. (Davis, Duel between the first two ironclads, p. 5.) Also, a river boatman at New Orleans, John A. Stevenson, early in the war had converted a tugboat into an armored vessel. As CSS Manassas, she was actually the first armored vessel to go into combat in the war. (Still, Iron afloat, pp. 46–51.)
Anderson 1962, p. 67.
Still 1985, p. 10.
After the war, Brooke and Porter engaged in an unseemly fight for recognition as the originator of the Virginia design. In the wake of the controversy, the contributions of the engineer Williamson have often been overlooked. Still 1985, pp. 11–13; Davis 1975, p. 141.
This is a more telling comment on the handicaps faced by the South than it may appear. The reason that Merrimack was in the Gosport yard was to repair her notably balky engines.
Reign of Iron, Nelson, 2004
Anderson 1962, pp. 36, 71.
Still 1985, pp. 19–23.
Smith's son, Joseph Smith, Jr., who was also a naval officer, would be killed at Hampton Roads.
The other two ships were the rather conventional and the experimental . Anderson 1962, p. 68.
Davis 1975, p. 51.
Nelson, Reign of iron, 2004
Davis 1975, pp. 17–19.
Still, Iron afloat, p. 23.
Davis, Duel of the first ironclads, p. 72
Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, pp. 42, 45.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 72. Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, p. 45, does not name Marston at all.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 97. ORN I, v. 7, p. 44.
Minnesota and Merrimack, upon whose hull Virginia was built, were sisters.
http://thisweekinthecivilwar.com/?p=1028/ On this Date in Civil War History - March 8-9, 1862 - Battle of Hampton Roads
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 98.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 86–87.
ORN I, v. 7, p. 44.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 109
Nelson, Reign of iron: the story of the first battling ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack, p. 229-230
Smith, captain of Congress, had been killed by a shot that blew off his head, so the decision to surrender was made by her executive officer, Austin Pendergrast. See Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 100.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 98–104.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, p. 109.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 103, 105.
News: The Duel. The New York Times. March 8, 2012. March 13, 2012. Malanowski, James.
http://thisweekinthecivilwar.com/?p=1021/ The Monitor, The Merrimack...The U.S.S. Minnesota?
Musicant, Divided waters, p. 171.
Schneller, "A state of war is a most unfavorable period for experiments," retrieved August 24, 2009.Web site: Archived copy. 2009-08-24. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20101008145234/http://ijnhonline.org/volume2_number3_Dec03/article_schneller_dahlgren_dec03.htm. October 8, 2010. mdy.
Davis, Duel between the first ironclads, pp. 121–134.
Book: Quarstein, John V.. The Monitor Boys: The Crew of the Union's First Ironclad. The History Press. 2011. Charleston, SC. 181. 9781596294554.
T.J. Stiles,The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (2009), p. 345-348
Anderson, By sea and by river, p. 77.
Luraghi, A history of the Confederate Navy, pp. 164–167.
Simson, Naval strategies of the Civil War, p. 86.
Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, p. 45. Tucker, Blue and gray navies, p. 175.
Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, pp. 45–52. Simson, Naval strategies of the Civil War, p. 87.
G. Smirnov, V. Smirnov. 1984. ru:БРОНЯ, БАШНИ И ТАРА. Моделист-Конструктор. 1. 31–32. Moscow. http://mkmagazin.almanacwhf.ru/mor_col/mc_bo/mc_bo_06.htm. Russian. February 10, 2009. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20090123070651/http://mkmagazin.almanacwhf.ru/mor_col/mc_bo/mc_bo_06.htm. January 23, 2009.
Luraghi, History of the Confederate Navy, p. 148.
Ropp, Theodore, and Stephen S. Roberts. The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Naval Institute Press, 1987; p. 13.
Rose, Lisle Abbott, Power at sea: the age of navalism, 1890–1918 (vol. 1 of a three-volume set). Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007. ; p. 46.
http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m9/merrimack-ii.htm USS Merrimack
https://web.archive.org/web/20040805042353/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/cfa10/virginia.htm CSS Virginia
For examples of each: Jones, A Rebel war clerk's diary, v. 1, p. 115; Wood, "The first fight of ironclads," Battles and leaders, v. 1, p. 692.
https://web.archive.org/web/20040317035847/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m9/merrimac-i.htm USS Merrimac
http://www.monitorcenter.org/preserving/ USS Monitor Center
Web site: Msgr. McGolrick Park Monuments - Monitor Memorial : NYC Parks. Nycgovparks.org. November 6, 1938. June 4, 2013.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Battle of Hampton Roads".


DUNE ENERGY INC is a Texas company, with head office located at Two Shell Plaza Houston, Texas 77002. In 2014 the company owned a total of 229.46 million USD worth of assets, including 12.44 million USD worth of current assets. 2012 was the year when the company amassed the most assets.


Atkinson, J 2006, 'Intimate partner abuse and Indigenous peoples', in G Roberts, K Hegarty & G Feder (eds), Intimate partner abuse and health professionals: new approaches to domestic violence, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 197-212.
The extent of violence in Indigenous Australia, and similarities in the experiences of violence in the indigenous nations of Australia, New Zealand, the United States of America and Canada are discussed. The chapter looks at public health approaches to violence, the causes of violence in Indigenous communities, the effects of violence on victims and their families, an Indigenous new public health and educational approach to Indigenous needs, and the model of 'educaring', a health and healing response to intimate partner violence.


Hello and welcome a SATURDAY at Huyton booking form area, below you will see our simple form laid out for you to register as a seller for our upcoming SATURDAY BOOT SALE. Please note we will only have forms below for the sales when we are actually taking bookings for that specific sale. Pease ensure you are Booking the Correct Venue (HUYTON on this PAGE) and for the correct day SATURDAY. Please also make sure you have read and understood our Terms and Conditions Page (T&C's) which relates to Safety, Security and Selling Regulations when attending our boot sales.
Tables and Rails:- If you are booking a RAIL or a TABLE at HUYTON INDOORS you need to pay a £10 NON-REFUNDABLE deposit BEFORE you fill in the form PLEASE CHECK BELOW to see if they are still available. You can use Bank Tranfer Sort Code: 09-01-50 Acc No: 0586 4542 or use PAYPAL to carbootsales@sixofthebest.info REMEMBER it's £10 deposit. Please tick the box to indicate you understand YOU MUST PAY THE DEPOSIT BEFORE YOU FILL IN THE FORM and you should enter the SALE DATE and YOUR NAME on the PAYMENT.
DEPOSIT INFO We are operating a system for you to secure your rail or table at HUYTON. If you want to hire a TABLE or RAIL you need to pay a £10 deposit BEFORE YOU FILL IN THE FORM, you only need to pay one depsosit of £10 (regardles of what you have hired). You can use Bank Tranfer Sort Code: 09-01-50 Acc No: 0586 4542 or use PAYPAL to carbootsales@sixofthebest.info You need to pay the deposit before you fill in the form and reference which sale DATE and your name on the payment, then put the payment method below "BANK" or "PAYPAL"..
Please note this is an automated booking system that will reply to your supplied email. Please ensure you have spelt your email address correctly so you get the response email. NB Please Check Your Junk/Trash/Spam Folder Our Response May Go Into There!


This entry was posted on Saturday, May 31st, 2014 at 2:55 pm	and is filed under Asian Fusion, Ocean County, Ocean Japanese. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can skip to the end and leave a response. Pinging is currently not allowed.


text:
Permotanyderus ableptus es una especie extinta de insecto protodíptero de la familia Permotanyderidae, descubierta por Edgar F. Riek en Australia en 1953 y que constituye la especie tipo del género.

La presencia de mecópteros en el Pérmico superior de Australia constituye la prueba más consistente acerca de la presencia de dípteros o de sus predecesores directos en aquella época. Los paratricópteros del Pérmico superior probablemente, y los del Triásico ciertamente, se han considerado supervivientes del grupo materno. Riek describió en 1953 tres especies de protodípteros del Pérmico superior de Australia: Permotanyderus ableptus (Riek, 1953), Choristotanyderus nanus (Riek, 1953) y Permotipula patricia (Tylliard, 1929), pero éstas no pueden atribuirse a ninguno de los subgrupos de los dípteros o de sus predecesores directos.

Referencias

Protodiptera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


12 rods Super 35 cm beater.
12 rods Super 40 cm beater.
12 rods Super 45 cm beater.
18/10 stainless roller for pizza dough. Quality professional.
22 cm stainless steel Bowl.
Bowl 22 cm stainless steel. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
25 cm stainless steel Bowl.
Bowl 25 cm stainless steel. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
30 cm stainless steel Bowl.
bol 30 cm stainless steel. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
Game 24 nozzles acrylic for baking, good quality and price.
Background plane 30 cm pot.
pot bottom flat 30 cm. stainless steel 18/10. Very practical and of high quality.
Background plane 40 cm pot.
pot bottom flat 40 cm. stainless steel 18/10. Very practical and of high quality.
Background plane 45 cm pot.
flat bottom pot 45 cm. stainless steel 18/10. Very practical and of high quality.
Beater Rod 35 cm stainless steel.
Beater Rod 45 cm stainless steel.
Beater Rod handle Fibreglass 40 cm.
Beater Rod handle Fibreglass 45 cm.
Beater Rod handle Fibreglass 50 cm.
Beater Rod silicone fiberglass handle 30 cm.
Beater Rod silicone handle Fibreglass 35 cm.
Beater Rod silicone handle Fibreglass 40 cm.
Beater Rod XL 80 cm.
stainless steel Beater Rod giant. Rod thickness.
Beater rods 8 Extra 35 cm.
Beater rods 8 Extra 40 cm.
Beater rods 8 Extra 45 cm.
Bowl 12 cm stainless steel.
bol steel stainless 12 cm. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
Bowl 14 cm stainless steel.
Bowl 14 cm stainless steel. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
Bowl 16 cm stainless steel.
Bowl 16 cm stainless steel. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
Bowl 18 cm stainless steel.
Bowl 18 cm stainless steel. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
Bowl 20 cm stainless steel.
Bowl 20 cm stainless steel. high quality, its essential Cookware container.
Bowl pastry of high quality with non-slip base plastic.
mold Cake 25 cm. stainless steel, ideal for pastry.
stainless steel 18% Mold heart. Give you a nice shape to the fried eggs with this mold.
Cast stainless pie 10 cm.
Moka 22 cm. detachable mould steel.
roller Rhombus, allows to make pies, Apple pies and pasta fresh inter alia.
Flexible pastry sleeve. High strength and flexibility.
Heavy duty 35 cm silicone spatula.
35 cm. silicone spatula, for high temperatures, resistant up to 260 ° C.
Maza mortar polyethylene, resistant, good quality, indispensable Cookware.
Support cake melamine, ideal to present their cakes or cakes elegantly.
mold Cake 30 cm. stainless steel, ideal for pastry.
mold Cake 35 cm. stainless steel, ideal for pastry.
Mold removable Rectangular base Extra 28 x 18 cm.
Mold removable Rectangular base Extra 31 x 11 cm.
steel sheet Mould detachable Cake with Extra base.
Mold removable square with base Extra 17 x 17 cm.
Mold removable square with base Extra 24 x 24 cm.
non-stick sheet, can be used hundreds of times on both sides.
Pack 3 rings and tread stainless steel, to serve.
Pack 3 square rings and tread stainless steel, to serve.
Pala cakes polished bright, ideal for pastry.
Palette for stainless steel cake.
Pancakes spatula nylon, holds a maximum temperature of 250 ° C.
Nylon pastry 30 cm. sleeve. Ideal for glaze and decoration of cakes. Very resistant.
Nylon pastry 40 cm. sleeve. Ideal for glaze and decoration of cakes. Very resistant.
Nylon pastry 50 cm. sleeve. Ideal for glaze and decoration of cakes. Very resistant.
Nylon pastry 60 cm. sleeve. Ideal for glaze and decoration of cakes. Very resistant.
Patty 12 cm stainless mould.
Pot d flat 35 cm.
pot bottom flat 35 cm. stainless steel 18/10. Very practical and of high quality.
pusher mould ring round designed for use in cooking and baking for serve.
PVC roll for plate rings.
Cake Pan for baking. To give form to their biscuits.
Roll dough, with a sheet of non-stick steel that prevents the dough from sticking.
Rolling pin made of wood, it is an indispensable for the baking pan.
Roll dough 60 x 6 cm. faricado polyethylene.
Roller zoned for "chopping" the masses in multiple recipes or elaborations.


Everyday Portland food-cart passersby are queried on random topics of local interest ranging from housing to health care.
Willy Vlautin's latest tale finds its 15-year-old protagonist searching for a family connection at Portland Meadows.
Peruse the plentiful patties at Foster Burger.
Editor-in-Chief Randy Gragg reflects on his past homes and the future of the Portland housing market.
The growth of diversity in Beaverton results in the once pasty-white suburb becoming one of Oregon's prominent melting pots.
Critical Oregon issues are discussed come voting time. John Kitzhaber marks a return.
Read Chris Dudley's complete interview transcript, and download the audio file.
Critical Oregon issues are discussed come voting time, with Bill Bradbury on the hot seat.


View Poquoson Condos for Sale in Virginia. A charming small community that offers quiet and comfortable living, Poquoson is a true gem in eastern Virginia. With limited amenities, the community is really perfect for those wanting to just have a nice, easy life with little distraction. The Plum Tree Island National Wildlife Refuge borders the east part of the city, and Poquoson real estate is high quality with many different option available, even condos. Condos and townhouses in Poquoson might not have water views, but many new construction and newer properties can be found that offer all the comforts and amenities of modern living. Newport News, Yorkville and even Langley Air Force Base are all relatively close to the city. If you'd like to know more about living in Poquoson, contact BHHS Towne Realty for more information and a list of all active Poquoson Condos for sale in Virginia.


Media Mix: Baywalk Marketing e-mail list, Facebook fan page, Twitter, and LinkedIn.
Media Mix: Baywalk Marketing and Hellenic Festival e-mail lists. Baywalk Marketing Facebook fan page, Twitter, and Tumblr blog. Banner ad accompanied other promotions to the Baywalk Marketing and Hellenic Festival e-mail lists. The larger ad with the collage of "fast food restuarant" related words had a dedicated sponsored post email to the Baywalk Marketing list.


text:
package com.pending.css.remind;

import android.app.KeyguardManager;
import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.PowerManager;
import android.util.Log;

import com.pending.css.bean.Schedule;
import com.pending.css.util.MyApplication;
import com.pending.css.util.T;

/**
 * Created by Administrator on 2016/4/24.
 */
public class AlarmReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {

    private KeyguardManager  km;
    private KeyguardManager.KeyguardLock kl;
    private PowerManager pm;
    private PowerManager.WakeLock wl;
    @Override
    public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
        Schedule schedule = (Schedule) intent.getSerializableExtra("schedule_data");
        Log.d("qqq", "onreceive" + schedule.getContent());
        wakeAndUnlock(true);
        Intent intent1 = new Intent(context,ShowRemindActivity.class);
        intent1.putExtra("schedule_data",schedule);
        intent1.putExtra("source","alarmReceive");//标示来自于广播启动
        intent1.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);
//        i.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);
        context.startActivity(intent1);
    }

    private void wakeAndUnlock(boolean b)
    {
        if(b)
        {
            //获取电源管理器对象
            pm=(PowerManager) MyApplication.getContext().getSystemService(Context.POWER_SERVICE);

            //获取PowerManager.WakeLock对象,后面的参数|表示同时传入两个值,最后的是调试用的Tag
            wl = pm.newWakeLock(PowerManager.ACQUIRE_CAUSES_WAKEUP | PowerManager.SCREEN_BRIGHT_WAKE_LOCK, "bright");

            //点亮屏幕
            wl.acquire();

            //得到键盘锁管理器对象
            km= (KeyguardManager) MyApplication.getContext().getSystemService(Context.KEYGUARD_SERVICE);
            kl = km.newKeyguardLock("unLock");

            //解锁
            kl.disableKeyguard();
        }
        else
        {
            //锁屏
            kl.reenableKeyguard();

            //释放wakeLock,关灯
            wl.release();
        }

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Views and conversations on specific channels and multi-channel marketing.
Views and conversations from a right brain/left brain perspective.
Views, research, and conversations on industry news and topics.
Short articles and ideas that can be digested in 60 seconds.
I'm a Designer at CAB Studios. I specialise in digital, so if you're looking for my top five recipes, you're out of luck. But if you want to hear about some pretty cool software that could make your design life much easier and more accurate, sit back and grab a cuppa.
For the past year or so, I've been making the transition from Adobe Photoshop to Sketch. Most people are more familiar with Photoshop and many claim they know how to use it, but using Photoshop to comp your mates face onto a giraffe's body is a million miles away from designing a website. Photoshop has been the go-to tool to use for web design until now, for me at least.
Sketch was built purely with UI in mind. The app's simplicity makes designing a lot faster than Photoshop. It's also a fraction of the cost, so if you're starting out in design as a student, get it now for £76 (Pretty cheap really). You can trial it for 30 days to test the waters before you dive in.
The software makes the design process really smooth and accurate. There are elements in Sketch called 'Symbols'. Once you've created a 'Symbol' (for the sake of argument, let's say a button) you can use that button throughout your design, with all buttons linked – similar to the way smart objects work in Photoshop. If you want to change the colour, radius, wording, size etc, all the buttons will change at the same time, so making any amends is no longer a long-winded process.
From day one, I was always taught to build using grids in web design, and Sketch helps you do this with extreme accuracy. The app has a built in grid structure which you can easily edit as well as turn off and on. The application itself renders fast: a lot faster than Photoshop does, so you won't be throwing things around the studio as much - always a plus.
Don't get me wrong, I love Photoshop, but from now on I think I'll only be using it for photo-manipulation, not website design. In today's world, it's all about working smarter and not harder. Photoshop is like going in your toolbox and getting out a hammer. Sketch, on the other hand, is one of those Swiss army knives full of cool little tools to make your life easier. Here's some links you might find handy so you can judge for yourself.
It may always be purely a preference thing: Sketch or Photoshop, Ant or Dec... The Adobe suite will always have its place on a designer's desktop, but there are contenders out there for Photoshop individually (InDesign, Illustrator - you can stay). What do you think? Are you staying old school with Photoshop and think the Sketch hype is going to die off soon? Or are you hopping on the Sketch wagon and loving it? Let me know below!


The Wismec Luxotic NC 250W Box Mod presents a high-end, resin-dyed voltage control device with 250W of maximum output powered by dual 18650/20700 batteries.
The Wismec Luxotic NC 250W Box Mod presents a high-end, resin-dyed voltage control device with 250W of maximum output powered by dual 18650/20700 batteries. A beautiful infusion of alloy metal and resin frame, the Wismec Luxotic NC Mod presents a luxurious masterpiece while maintaining top-level ergonomic functionalities. Powered by dual 20700 or 18650 high-amperage batteries (sold separately), the Luxotic NC implements an adjustable voltage output system, controlled via a voltage controller ring with a range of 1.3V to 5.3V. Furthermore, it has the option of adjusting power modes between Series Mode and Parallel Mode.


text:
Conservatives Backed the Budget Deal, and All They Got Was Grief
By Sarah Mimms and National Journal
WASHINGTON, DC - OCTOBER 10: Representative Tom Cole (R-OK) waits to appear in a live CNN interview as congressional staff continue negotiations in to the night at the U.S. Capitol on October 10, 2013 in Washington, DC. House Speaker John Boehner suggested earlier today that Republicans may be willing to offer a short-term debt limit increase to allow for time to negotiate on reopening the government. (National Journal)
When House conservatives signed on to the budget agreement in December, they touted the idea of getting back to regular order, the ability to take a scalpel — and in some cases an axe — to programs they've been trying to cut for years.
Instead, they got a status-quo bill and a rushed process that has already come under attack by major conservative groups like the Heritage Foundation, FreedomWorks, and the Club for Growth. Most lawmakers, the groups complain, won't even have time to read the bill.
"If you're afraid that sunlight will curdle your legislative milk, maybe something's rotten," said Dean Clancy, vice president for public policy at FreedomWorks.
The situation is one more example of division within the Republican Party over fiscal matters and sustains the tension that began when conservative organizations opposed the Murray-Ryan budget in December, leading to a clash with House leadership.
A majority of Republicans are likely to back the bill anyway, arguing that it makes significant cuts to overall spending, and Republican leaders defended it Tuesday. "This bill, for the fourth year in a row, cuts discretionary spending, which has not happened since the Korean War," House Appropriations Committee Chairman Harold Rogers said. "And it reduces funding to below the level when Obama took office. I don't know what more anybody could want in terms of federal spending."
When Rogers took the bill to his caucus Tuesday, there were few objections from members, he said. Both he and Rep. Tom Cole, an Oklahoma Republican and one of Rogers' subcommittee chairmen, said that they expect the bill to earn a majority of votes on both sides of the aisle when it hits the House floor Wednesday.
"Look, we had more wins than losses in this," Cole said. "If you actually look at what discretionary spending has been all the way back to the last year of the Bush administration, where this is coming in, it's pretty hard to say, if you're a budget hawk, this does not move the ball significantly in the right direction."
Still, Republican appropriators cut more spending than the current omnibus does in eight of the 10 appropriations bills the chamber passed last year. The only department that will see less funding under the omnibus than under the House Republican plan is Defense.
By contrast, in four of the 12 bills included in the omnibus, President Obama got more funding than he asked for in his 2014 budget. That includes the funding bills for Agriculture and Rural Development; Commerce, Science, and Justice; Homeland Security; and Interior and Environment.
Republicans say that the 30-day allotment for fiscal 2014 appropriations just wasn't sufficient to take up many of the policy changes their caucus has championed. Many of those fights had to be pushed off to fiscal 2015, with Republican appropriators saying they'll have more time.
But outside groups say they've heard that tune before. "Yeah, they've been telling us, "˜We'll fight next time' for years," Clancy said.
Conservative groups are also concerned about the short time frame in which members will pass the omnibus. The House passed a short-term continuing resolution on a voice vote Tuesday that would give Congress until midnight Saturday to pass the bill. A vote on the omnibus in the House is expected Wednesday, while the Senate will take up the measure later this week.
In other words, three years after House Republicans released their Pledge to America, which included a promise to post legislation online for at least three days before voting on it, House Republicans have now given themselves less than 52 hours to read the 1,582-page bill before it hits the floor.
Conservative groups warn that the bill could be chock-full of pork projects that members may not find until days after they pass it into law. Some lawmakers have already sent out releases about benefits to their districts.
Even before the legislation was released on Monday, FreedomWorks announced that it will score a "no" vote on the bill, arguing that members won't have time to read it. Less than 24 hours after the bill was released online, the Heritage Foundation and Club for Growth joined them in key-voting a "nay" on the measure.
FreedomWorks has even gone so far as to compare House Speaker John Boehner to Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, who famously said of the Affordable Care Act, "We have to pass the bill so that you can find out what is in it."
FreedomWorks and Heritage argue that members are pushing the omnibus through a small window to avoid too much public scrutiny. The longer the omnibus is out in the open, the argument goes, the more time special-interest groups will have to tear it apart.
Boehner, who had some harsh words for these outside groups back in December, said Tuesday that while he would like to have had more time to deal with the bill, Congress needs to pass the omnibus "as soon as possible" to avoid another shutdown.
A Boehner spokesman declined to comment on whether the speaker had considered a longer-term CR to buy members more time.
Cole and Rep. Jack Kingston, who heads the Appropriations subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, said Tuesday that not much in the omnibus should be new to members. Many of the provisions in the legislation are pulled from the Senate- and House-passed appropriations measures.
"I think, under the circumstances, what we're doing is appropriate," Boehner said.
CORRECTION: The original version of this article misstated the number of bills in the fiscal 2014 omnibus that awarded more money to President Obama than he requested in his budget; the correct number is four.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Climate Change: Values and Science Call Us to Action
by Diogenes | May 21, 2013 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
Bill Chameides, dean of the Nicholas School of the Environment
Responding to climate change makes sense both from our Catholic values and from a scientific viewpoint, expert speakers said recently. Over the last few weeks, the Catholic Community of St. Francis of Assisi has been holding a community conversation on climate change, one of the most urgent issues of our time.
On April 28, Sr. Rose Marie Tresp, RSM, presented on Catholic teaching related to climate change. Our faith teaches that Christ calls us to a special concern for the poor and for the common good. Responding to climate change has moral urgency because a rapidly warming world will have the greatest effect on the poor, who have the least resources to respond to crop failures, drought, storms, and sea-level rise.
Taking action on climate change is also a matter of self-interest, said Bill Chameides, dean and Nicholas Professor of the Environment at Duke University. "We are a part of the natural world," Chameides said May 6 at a presentation here on climate change science and policy. "It's simply a matter of taking care of ourselves or not."
Warming Due to Human Activity
Over the past century, the Earth has seen a rapid average global temperature increase of up to 0.8 degree Celsius (1.5 degree Fahrenheit) higher than the pre-industrial norm. The reason climate scientists attribute most of the warming to human activities is "very, very simple," Chameides said.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved – it can be transformed from one form to another but can neither be created nor destroyed. Scientific documentation of a increase in temperature in the atmosphere coincided with the increase in fossil fuel burning by humans in the industrial era.
Chameides discussed two alternative hypotheses that some people have advanced to explain the worldwide temperature increase: the 11- year sun spot cycle and the oceans as a source of heat. But scientists have documented that there has been no long-term net change in the energy emitted by the sun. And measurement of the temperature of the oceans has shown their heat content to be increasing, not decreasing, ruling out the oceans as a heat source.
"As best we can tell, the only viable physical explanation for the temperature increase of the last one hundred years or so is human activity," Chameides said.
"Stuff's happening" worldwide with the weather, Chameides said. Although it's impossible to link any one event with climate change, the overall pattern is disturbing. He listed wildfires, the terrible drought in the Midwest, bad storms in the Northeast and floods in Thailand as recent examples of extreme weather worldwide. In addition, the frequency of extremely high temperatures in summer is increasing, Chameides said.
Graduate student Christine Kenison comments on values and climate change.
A Catholic Call for Response
The last two popes, Benedict XVI and John Paul II, repeatedly called the faithful and policymakers to take steps to address the ecological crisis.
Pope Francis has continued in that tradition, calling at his inaugural Mass for the faithful to be "protectors" of people and of the environment. Being a protector "means respecting each of God's creatures and respecting the environment in which we live," Pope Francis said.
Catholic bishops also have said that addressing climate change is a matter of prudence and concern for the common good. "In facing climate change, what we already know requires a response; it cannot be easily dismissed," said the U.S. bishops in the 2001 document "Global Climate Change: A Plea for Dialogue, Prudence and the Common Good. "Significant levels of scientific consensus—even in a situation with less than full certainty, where the consequences of not acting are serious—justifies, indeed can obligate, our taking action intended to avert potential dangers."
Risks Are Significant, Especially for Children
Chameides, who has been a climate scientist for more than 30 years, said, "Climate change is happening, mostly due to human activity, and the risks are significant, especially for our children and grandchildren."
He added, "It's time for us to take some insurance to minimize those impacts."
Chameides dismissed as a logical fallacy the argument that because some scientific uncertainty remains in climate science, we shouldn't be concerned about global warming. "Does Uncertainty Make You Feel More Secure?" one of his Powerpoint slides read.
Some people erroneously think of climate science as a house of cards, where if one card is withdrawn, the whole house falls, Chameides said. Instead, climate science is more like a jigsaw puzzle. "All the puzzle pieces aren't in place, but we have enough to see what the picture is," Chameides said.
"Ask for Leadership"
Director of the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions Tim Profeta said the national momentum for policy to address climate change got derailed when the economy tanked in 2008 and when some legislators from coal-producing states lost elections after voting for carbon reduction legislation.
Climate change legislation is unlikely to be passed by this Congress, Profeta said. Instead, the action will be at the Environmental Protection Agency as it writes regulations on sources of air pollution that endanger public health.
Both Profeta and Chameides said individual actions to reduce carbon footprint can make a difference and may be important to changing the national conversation.
But "in the end," Profeta said, "we need solutions only policy can give us or technology." We need to ask our leaders to take climate change seriously. "Ask for leadership," Profeta said.
For more information on our series on climate change, go to http://bit.ly/climate_sfa.
Attendees at the Community Conversation on Climate Change Science & Policy discuss their reactions to what they've heard. About 40 people attended.


Yes I know I've already done a post with that title. But that was in 2015 and this one is nicer and from a better angle. Beware of the big yellow thing coming at you! (Trams are yellow here). Taken with my smartphone.


This post categorized under Background and posted on September 20th, 2018.
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text:
Culion Island, Philippines
Subject: Geography Topic: Article
Culion, officially an island of the Municipality of Culion (Tagalog: Bayan ng Culion), one of the Calamian Group, west-central Philippines. In the province of Palawan, Philippines, it is a 3rd class municipality. Culion Island was at one time the world's largest and best-known institution of its kind and beyond compare in terms of area and natural facilities. As part of the Calamian group of islands, Culion consists primarily of Culion Island as well as 41 minor surrounding islands. The Americans founded one of the world's largest colonies of lepers here in 1906. Culion, the main town, was divided into two realms, the 'sano' and the 'leproso'. While island-town leprosy was abolished in the 1980s, it was only in 2006 that the World Health Organization declared it a leprosy-free country. On February 19, 1992, the municipality was established by virtue of Republic Act No. 7193.
(Culion Island)
The revolt led by General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898, after 400 years of Spanish colonization, only to succumb to American occupation a short time later. A Report of the US Senate Committee on the State of Health in the Philippine Islands, published in 1899 by the Americans, described leprosy as a major issue. The Philippine National Commission for UNESCO launched its initiative in May 2017 to prepare the Culion Leprosy Documentary Heritage Dossier, which will be nominated for the UNESCO Memory of the World Program in the future.
Culion Reservation, a therapeutic group established in 1906 for the treatment of leprosy (Hansen disease), is located on the island. The individuals were orally treated with chaulmoogra oil therapy from 1906 to 1910, then injections of refined chaulmoogra oil were given from 1910 and 1914, based on the treatment developed by Dr. Elidoro Mercado of San Lazaro Hospital. In 1918, the Health Director announced that only 3% of the 1,922 patients treated between 1912 and 1916 had shown definite or likely improvement; 73% were unimproved; 21% had stopped the therapy. The population of Culion was 20,139 people in the 2015 census, with a density of 40 residents per square kilometer or 100 residents per square mile.
The Tagbanuas, an ethnic minority group surviving by fishing and food gathering, are the original people of Culion. The Tagbanuas are profoundly influenced by Muslim culture and social organization while retaining their native customs and traditions. On the island, rice and coconuts are grown. On the northeastern coast, Culion, the main city, is situated. It is part of northern Palawan's Calamian Archipelago, which also includes the municipalities of Busuanga, Coron, and Linapacan. These were named Las Islas de Calamianes, Provincia de España, during the Spanish Period.
Culion Island has 389 square kilometers of land (150 sq mi). It is bordered by Busuanga Island to the north, Coron Reef to the east, Linapacan Island to the south, and the South China Sea to the west. On a boat tour from Coron, most people visit Culion, but it's well worth spending a night or two and soaking up the relaxed provincial island vibe. A total of 201 fish species are present in the Culion Sea, including commercially valuable fish such as Lapu-Lapu (Groupers), Kanuping (Sweetlip Emperor), Maya-Maya (Snapper), Tanguige (Spanish Mackerel), Dalagang Bukid (Blue and Gold Fusiliers), and Bisugo Bukid (Blue and Gold Fusiliers) (Breams). There is an abundance of squid, cuttlefish, shrimp, crabs, shellfish, and sea cucumber or trepang.
Culion enjoyed a reputation from 1914 to 1921 for being the world's largest leprosy settlement. The rich marine life of Culion is supported by three ecosystems: mangroves, seagrass, and corals. 17 species of mangroves cover the coastline of Culion. Culion is home to 9 seagrass species and 47 coral genera, representing 60 percent of the total genera found in the Philippines.
Information Sources:
leprosyhistory.org
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ENGLAND IS BORN. BBC2's major TV series THE LAST KINGDOM is based on Bernard Cornwell's bestselling novels on the making of England and the fate of his great hero, Uhtred of Bebbanburg. The Lords of the North is the third book in the series. Season 2 of the epic TV series premiers this March. The year is 878. Uhtred of Bebbanburg, fresh from fighting for Alfred the Great, must journey north with a band of men to avenge his father, who has been cut down by the Danish lord Kjartan, Uhtred's oldest enemy. But the north is a realm of chaos, rebellion and bloody retribution. As he plans his revenge attack, Uhtred is betrayed and ends up on a slave voyage to Iceland. Friends and alliances must unite to free him, and fight once more in the battle for England.
Bernard Cornwell was born in London, raised in Essex and now lives in the USA. In addition to the Sharpe series, he is the author of the Arthurian series, the Warlord Chronicles; the Starbuck Chronicles on the American Civil War; Stonehenge; Gallows Thief; the Grail Quest series; and his new series, set during the reign of King Alfred.


Want a fall treat to satisfy your sweet tooth? I love cookies because I can grab one or two and have them with a cup of coffee or a bottle of milk. And they are so much easier to make than a cake or pie or any other dessert that takes up too much of my time and kitchen space. I can make the dough ahead and freeze it and then pop the cookies it into the oven when I want a batch of fresh baked pumpkin spice cookies! YUM!
Today on Decorating Tips And Tricks we are talking about PILLOWS too! But, we are in the bedroom today talking about HOW TO ARRANGE BED PILLOWS. Ready for some pillow talk and maybe a pillow fight too?
You can listen to any and all 120 DTT episodes HERE.
You will love these full of flavor cookies!!!!
A full of fall flavor cookie. Soft and scrumptious!
Mix together flour, baking soda, baking powder, salt, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg and cloves in a large bowl. Set aside.
In a medium mixing bowl with mixer beat the butter, granulated sugar, and brown sugar until fluffy, about 2 minutes. Scrape down the side of the bowl.
Mix in vanilla and pumpkin puree.
Add flour mixture in thirds and beat on a low setting until just incorporated.
Scoop dough, 1 heaping TBS for each cookie, onto a baking sheet. Fit 12 cookies dough heaps on one baking sheet.
Mix the 3 TBS sugar and 1/2 tsp cinnamon and sprinkle on top of each cookie dough heap.
Bake cookies for 20 minutes, rotating baking sheets halfway through baking.
Cookies are ready when they are puffy and lightly brown around the edges.
Let them cool for 10 minutes until putting them on a wire rack to finish cooling.
Enjoy eating the tastes of the season all in one delicious cookie!
These cookies look so good! I will definitely be giving them a try! I recently starting following your blog and I must say, I LOVE it! You are truly an inspiration!!
These cookies sound and look fabulous! Pinned! Thank you for sharing on Merry Monday! Hope to see ya next week!
I'm hungry for any homemade cookie or bread! Oh yes I know I'd love these for they are pumpkin and not boxed. Yes. I want to try these cookies!
Ooooo, definitely want to make these for the family! Thanks, Yvonne!
I'm a day or two behind on email but oh my! Those cookies sound wonderful! Thank you!
Simply just perfect ( much like your blog ) for a delightful conversation over coffee on a crisp fall morning. Thank you again.
Can't wait to try these. I love all the spices and flavors. I can imagine how great the house will smell when baking these. Thanks for the recipe!
Love pumpkin cookies. Are these cakey in texture or crispy?
These are cakey. I do love crispy though!
Love cakey pumpkin cookies. We have a local bakery that makes a scrumptious ine woth a brown butter icing.
I have been looking for a good spice cookie recipe. I think your Pumpkin Spiced Cookies are just what I been looking for. They look so yummy and I can only imagine how they smell while they are baking. Thanks Yvonne!
Mmmmmm,yum.I'm not the greatest baker but I may have to try these.
Mnmm! I am getting in the mood for holiday baking now. I also want to try your ginger snap recipe!
Those look soooooo good right now, and it is tea time, sure wish I had them here in front of me for real, Yvonne. Thanks for sharing the recipe – going to give them a try soon!
God bless. Have a wonderful week ahead.


Keep Only Cheer Ful Friends The Grouches Pull you down!
In life...if you are intelligent, you are admired...If you are wealthy, you are envied...if you are powerful, you are feared. But if you are blessed with a good heart, you are remembered! : ) So it's up to you...Live your life the way you want.... where you wanna go.....what you want to be! What makes you happy matters most!
hiiii sweety hw r u............!


text:
Göran K Hansson elected Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Nobel Foundation
Göran K Hansson, Professor in the Department of Medicine at Karolinska Institutet, has been elected Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Nobel Foundation. Dr Hansson is the Secretary of the Nobel Assembly and the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine.
Göran K Hansson is also a scientist and project leader at the Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital Solna and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Nobel Foundation manages the assets made available for awarding the Nobel Prizes.
Webb Admin 26-11-2013


Launched in 2009, the Histoire de Tourbillon collection comprises of rare horological masterpieces which embody Harry Winston's visionary spirit and determination to explore new dimensions. The Histoire de Tourbillon 1 was the first model and the entire collection combines technical sophistication and fine design in a daring and distinctive manner, expressing an original vision of horological history and asserting a new signature style.
This year, for its second edition, the House of Harry Winston is paying tribute to the undisputed star of complications with an exclusive new timepiece issued in a 20-piece limited series. Featuring an ingenious construction that makes light of established conventions and includes a bi-axial flying tourbillon, Histoire de Tourbillon 2 offers its very own interpretation of time measurement. An avant-garde interpretation in which technology serves design and confirms the pioneering spirit of Harry Winston.
In tune with the inimitable Harry Winston style, Histoire de Tourbillon 2 transforms creative freedom into a full-fledged vocation. The brand's signature excentered look is expressed in a resolutely atypical manner that pushes the boundaries of conception and design. From the tourbillon coupled with running seconds at 9 o'clock, to the hours with day/night indication at 2 o'clock and the minutes at 6 o'clock, all the displays are isolated in independent offset subdials.
Each has its own field of expression in a case that is cleverly partitioned to form several different levels. Eight sapphire crystals (five on the dial side of which three for the time indications, and three on the case-back) punctuate the case like windows to a futuristic world in which technology forges the passing of time. The strength and intensity emanating from the watch are reinforced by a monumental white gold structure measuring 48.5 mm in diameter.
Powered by a mechanical hand-wound movement exclusively developed for Harry Winston, Histoire de Tourbillon 2 showcases the supreme complication in a setting worthy of its stature. The intricate structure of the amazing bi-axial flying tourbillon immediately catches the eye. Embodying a daunting conceptual challenge characterized by the absence of an upper bridge, the tourbillon is held on the side of the movement only, so that its point of fixation remains invisible.
Suspended in mid-air, it radiates the hypnotic magic of a perfectly controlled balancing game: as if released from the mechanism driving it, it appears to be floating in complete freedom. Hovering over the watch protected by its sapphire crystal dome, this watchmaking feat plays its role within a spacious and spectacular stage-setting. Designers have worked with perspective, height and sloping angles in creating the stunning tourbillon carriage with its fascinating sense of depth.
The technical complexity does not stop there: the bi-axial flying tourbillon combines two concentric carriages and gains added precision by enabling the regulating organ to perform multidimensional rotations. The striking visual effect is created by an outer carriage completing one full turn in 120 seconds and housing an internal carriage – holding the balance, balance-spring and escapement – that revolves in just 40 seconds.
The circular-grained, polished and shotpeened finishes, hand-crafted in keeping with the noblest fine watchmaking traditions, highlight the tourbillon components in an extraordinary contrast between light and dark shades. Moreover, behind the stunning vision of this aerial ballet lies excellent rating precision, enhanced not only by the constant shifting of positions, but also by the lightness and resistance of the external titanium carriage.
Distinguished by a three-level bezel, in itself an outstanding accomplishment in terms of guaranteeing water resistance, the case meticulously compartmentalizes the various timekeeping indications. While the tourbillon plays the starring role, the hours and minutes appear in their respective subdials at 2 and 6 o'clock and feature a bold, ultra-contemporary design. Underscored by a beveled inner bezel ring, they are swept over by orange-accented hands standing out clearly against the opaline black dial background.
Further enhancing readability, the day/night indications can be told apart by their color: orange for day, and blue for night. Finally, two additional dial apertures set the finishing touch to the decidedly masculine aesthetic of this model with a straight-line guilloché motif. Superlative design meets cutting-edge technology in this supremely elegant model radiating perfect visual equilibrium despite the excentered displays.


text:
Search the Syrian Observer
SDF Deceiving Donors to Channel Funds to the PKK
Monday June 14th, 2021 by ATHR PRESS (Pro-Government newspaper)
The SDF continues to use humanitarian concerns to attract funds but uses them for political gains, according to Athr Press.
The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) continue to deceive their donor organizations. Supposedly, the group is providing for families living in the camps and trying to coordinate with several Western European countries to increase material support. A delegation even visited France and was scheduled to visit several other countries, including the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Great Britain. It remains unknown however why these visits have been rescheduled or canceled.
ISIS first
Often, the SDF prioritizes ISIS families living in the Al-Hol camp in their dialogue with European delegations that enter Syrian territory illegally. These European visits violate both Syrian and Iraqi laws, as the delegations enter by coordinating with the Government of the Region of the Iraqi Kurdistan, without seeking approval from the federal government in Baghdad. From here, they travel into Syrian territory through the Samalica Crossing to meet with SDF leaders. At present, the SDF is holding a census of children of Swedish nationality who live in the Al-Hol camp, hoping to hand them over to a delegation, with whom they will enter Sweden imminently. The delegation will be made of representatives of the Swedish parliament and government.
SDF has always demanded funding support under various pretexts. The most important pretext is to "house the families of ISIS", whose home countries refuse to repatriate them. Another pretext is foreign detainees in the SDF's prisons. Nevertheless, despite the huge financial support that the SDF receive, the group's leaders — who are linked with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) — continue to use the same political tactics to attract financial support, most of which is transferred to the Qandil Mountain, the PKK's main stronghold. The SDF only spends a small amount of the money received to support the camp; instead, camp residents now rely on "foreign remittances", which are accessed through the financial transfer offices that the SDF has allowed to operate inside the camp. The transfer offices charge higher fees than those imposed by financial transfer offices licensed by the Syrian government.
Humanitarian arguments
Since the SDF seized Raqqa in September 2017, it has periodically received financial and logistical assistance from many countries under the pretext of reconstructing the city. 85 percent of the city's urban areas were destroyed as a result of the International Coalition's raids to supposedly fight ISIS.
Sources have confirmed to Athr Press that, despite receiving millions of dollars in support, the SDF has only provided street lights on the outskirts of the city and removed debris from the main streets. At the same time, residents rely on private generators for electricity access and buy drinking water from private tanks.
A special source revealed to Athr Press that the SDF uses the restoration of the Wall of Raqqa, or any archaeological site in the city and its surrounding, as a direct pretext to ask donors for money. In truth, the wall is not severely damaged; moreover, the restoration work has been carried out by using mud bricks — known locally as "laban" — which are not appropriate and do not require large sums of money.
The SDF also uses drinking water in Hassakeh as an excuse for aid, especially after the Turkish occupation forces seized the Aluk water station. In fact, the station provides water for the city and 54 regions and towns. To supplement it, the SDF wants to implement a project to draw water to Hassakeh from the Euphrates. However, this project, largely carried out by the Syrian government, does not contain enough groundwater to meet the city's needs. It even reached its final stages before 2011, long before SDF's ongoing project.
This article was translated and edited by The Syrian Observer. The Syrian Observer has not verified the content of this story. Responsibility for the information and views set out in this article lies entirely with the author.
Syria: Fraud in Vaccine Centers, Cards Sold in Damascus
THE SYRIAN OBSERVER, Wednesday January 19th, 2022
Russia Reviews South Syria Strategy
NORTH PRESS (Kurdish agency), Tuesday January 18th, 2022
Assad's Normalization and the Politics of Erasure in Syria
BROOKINGS, Friday January 14th, 2022
Syrian Cotton: From 1 Million Tons to Below 20,000 tons
SYRIA STEPS (Pro-government website), Thursday January 13th, 2022
Syrian Pharmaceutical Market: Monopoly, Smuggling, and Soaring Prices
ETIHAD MEDIA (Opposition website), Thursday January 13th, 2022
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The Syrian Observer is a daily online news service covering Syrian political and civil society news.
It is dedicated primarily to translating into English news contents produced by Syria's official press,opposition groups,activists and civil society.
In addition to translated content, the website publishes original features,op-eds,interviews and blog posts. It also aims at building an extensive Who is Who database of the main actors of the Syrian political and civil society scenes.
The Syrian Observer
Copyright© 2013-2022 The Syrian Observer. All rights reserved.
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text:
Definition of siesta
/siˈɛstə/
1 a short sleep taken about the middle of the day, or after
During a typical lunch hour, Megan and Michael would catch a quick post-sex siesta, what they affectionately called their "naked lunch," before returning to the office.
"Siesta." The Effin' Word, The Effin' Word, https://effinwords.com/dictionary/siesta. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.
The Effin' Word, s.v. "siesta", accessed February 2, 2023, https://effinwords.com/dictionary/siesta.
The Effin' Word. (n.d.). Siesta. In The Effin' Word. Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://effinwords.com/dictionary/siesta
Like how we used siesta in a sentence?


text:
London/UK
Transport for London: Funding deal extended by a fortnight
by WMW MEDIA
Transport for London's (TfL) emergency funding deal with the government has been extended by a fortnight.
The current financial deal was due to run out on 4 February, but negotiations have been given a short grace period.
TfL is facing a £1.9bn budget black hole and has warned of massive cuts to bus, Tube and road services.
There have been repeated rows over funding for TfL and the cause of its financial crisis.
TfL said discussions were continuing with the government as it aimed to secure "long-term funding".
Image caption,TfL has said that cutting all "uncommitted" Healthy Streets funding, such as for cycling schemes, would save about £500m
A spokesperson added: "There is no UK recovery from the pandemic without a London recovery and there is no London recovery without a properly funded transport network in the capital.
"It is essential London receives the sustained long-term government funding that is vital for the coming years if a period of 'managed decline' of London's transport network is to be avoided.
"We have agreed with the government that our existing funding agreement will be extended until 18 February so that these discussions can be concluded."
Unions have warned public transport across the capital will grind to a halt without a long-term financial plan.
On Thursday, TfL said that cutting all "uncommitted" Healthy Streets funding, such as walking and cycling schemes, would save about £500m.
The Department for Transport (DfT) has insisted it has "repeatedly shown its commitment" to supporting TfL.