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Hafertepe Jr. Caps 3 Race Week With IRA Win...
[b Hafertepe Jr. Caps 3 Race Week With IRA Win At Eagle Valley]
[i Daryl Turford]
Sunnyvale, Texas-Following a fantastic run at the Kings Royal Sam Hafertepe Jr and the Plumbfast Racing Team looked to build on the momentum with a 3 race week. Disappointment at the Don Martin Memorial was followed up with more disappointment at Attica Raceway Park before the team capped the weekend off with dominating IRA feature race win at Eagle Valley Raceway in Wisconsin.
At Lernerville on Wednesday night Sam and the Plumbfast Racing #15H Maxim Fisher clearly had not lost any speed from Eldora as they were the fastest car in the first warm-up session with a lap of 13.571. Unfortunately disaster struck when it was discovered that Sam had broken a U-joint in the session. The team was unable to change the U-joint in time and as a result was forced to start dead last in every race they entered.
"We had a bolt break in the U-joint", said Sam. "I've never seen anything like it before. It's nothing the guys could have detected and it sure put us behind the 8-ball for the rest of the night".
Sam lined up 11th for his heat with heavy hitters such as Joey Saldana, Craig Dollansky and Daryn Pittman also starting outside of a transfer position. At the drop of the green flag Sam went to the bottom of the track and blasted his way through the field. On the exit of turn 4 on the opening lap he brushed the wall lightly but continued his charge forward. Exiting turn 2 he worked his way into a transfer spot in a brilliant display that saw him pass 6 cars in 5 laps.
Unfortunately for Sam the light contact with the wall would be his undoing. The right rear tire on the car went flat and Hafertepe began trying to nurse the car home. Finally, while exiting turn 4 Sam lost control of the car and spun to a stop. Hafertepe would restart at the back of the field but was only able to work past a couple of cars so rather than risk his equipment he headed to the pits.
Sam started the C Main at the back of the pack and at the drop of the green went forward. Hafertepe took the lead early in the race and cruised to an easy victory and a spot in the Last Chance Showdown.
Hafertepe once again lined up dead last in the Last Chance Showdown. On the opening lap he was able to weave his way through several cars as he marched forward. It soon became clear that despite being fast Hafertepe would not be able to transfer to the A Features. Following a couple of close calls Sam once again took the car to the pits and called it a night.
Following the disappointment of Lernerville the Plumbfast Racing Team headed to Kear's Speed Shop in Tiffin, Ohio to prepare for their first race off the World of Outlaws tour at Attica Raceway Park.
Sam drew the 5th starting position for his heat race and quickly worked the bottom side of the track past race leader Greg Wilson on lap 3 and drove away to a convincing win.
The team had high hopes heading into the feature as Sam drew a good starting spot when he pulled the number 4.
As the early laps unfolded it was clear that it would be a 3 car battle between front row starters Craig Mintz, Brandon Wimmer and Sam. Unfortunately the #15H wasn't handling as well as Sam would have liked and making forward progress was difficult on the tricky surface. Hafertepe worked the bottom of the speedway for all it was worth in an effort to track down the front two while they worked the top. The trio entered traffic and just as the race was about to get very interesting a yellow flag was brought out setting up a 10 lap shoot-out.
On the restart Sam used the middle of turns 1 and 2 to work his way past Wimmer. For the next 3 laps the pair battled for the 2nd position before they made contact exiting turn 2. Sam nearly flipped and went off the backstretch but gathered the car back in 5th. He spent the final laps trying to run down the top 4 but ran out of time and had to settle for the final top 5 position.
"To be honest we didn't have the best car tonight", explained Sam. "In open track Mintz and Wimmer were quicker. I could get them on restarts and I think if we'd have had a couple more I might have been able to pull something off but in open track those two were better. They were better on their setups for the feature and you've got to give them a lot of credit for that".
The team planned on running Terre Haute with the All Star Circuit of Champions on Saturday night but that race rained out. Freemont also rained out along with KC so the team made the decision to tow down to Wisconsin for a Sunday night show at Eagle Valley Raceway.
Sam got off to a brilliant start as he set a new track record in qualifying with a blistering fast lap of 12.351. The time trial effort meant that Sam would have to start 6th in his heat and run in the top 5 to transfer to the A Main.
The heat race started off well enough as Sam moved from 6th to 3rd early. He soon began pressuring John Haeni for 2nd. The track had a cushion around the top but was slick all of the way up to it which made it very difficult to pass. Sam tried the bottom in turns 1 and 2 with 2 laps remaining but looped the car. He kept going in 4th but under IRA rules he had to restart at the tail. Sam had 2 laps to work his way back into a transfer spot but was up to the task as he worked his way back to a 5th place finish.
Under IRA rules the best the quickest car in qualifying can start the feature is 4th. Fortunately Sam pulled that pill and lined up for the feature race on the outside of row 2.
The early part of the feature was a duel between former WoO traveller Travis Whitney and Sam. Together along with Billy Balog the trio separated themselves from the field as Sam put constant pressure on Whitney. Whitney was able to lead until lap 12 but Sam slipped under him in lapped traffic to take the lead. 1 lap later Sam nearly made contact with a spinning lapped car but was able to slip by underneath without contact.
From there on out it was smooth sailing for Sam as he drove to a straightaway lead over Whitney. A caution flew with 2 laps to go setting up a green-white-checker finish but Sam had several lapped cars between himself and Whitney. Hafertepe pulled away in dominating fashion over the final 2 laps and won his first feature race of 2009.
"This car was absolutely awesome all night", said the happy winner. "Kory (Miller) and Daryl (Turford) had everything right on the car, we made the right calls and this car was just awesome to drive. I was trying to be really patient when I was behind Whitney, he did a nice job and really didn't make too many mistakes but I saw an opening in traffic and when you've been fortunate enough to have the experience I have in traffic you're able to take advantage of those openings. Hopefully we can build on this and win a few more races this year".
The Plumbfast Racing Team has once again headed back to Orange City, Iowa and the home base of Keizer Wheels. The team is preparing for a hectic week as they will take part in the Thunder Through The Plains Tour with the All Star Circuit of Champions starting on Wednesday night at US 36 Raceway in Cameron, MO.
IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO HAVE SAM'S PRESS RELEASE SENT DIRECTLY TO YOUR E-MAIL PLEASE SEND AN E-MAIL TO: sam15press@gmail.com
Support the people who support Sam: G-H Plumbing, Keizer Aluminum Wheels, AFCO Shocks, Wings Unlimited and Smiley's Race Products

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Emsisoft antivirus company was hacked; customer data leaked
A severe configuration error in Emsisoft's cybersecurity company systems has resulted in a breach of sensitive data. Christian Mairoll, co-founder and manager of the company, confirmed the information leaking on February 3 through a statement.
The security report signed by Mairoll notes that a database storing records generated by the company's products and services remained available to third parties without authorization for a period spanning January 18 to February 3 of this year: "This incident should not have occurred under normal conditions," the employer added.
"The characteristics of the incident suggest that this is an automated attack not specifically targeted against our systems. Our traffic logs indicate that the perpetrators only accessed certain segments of the affected database," Mairoll adds. However, the manager also mentioned that at the moment it is impossible to know what information the attackers accessed.
Upon detecting the attack, the company began implementing some security mechanisms, including disconnecting the compromised system and deploying a forensic analysis of the incident. After the investigation Emsisoft's security teams concluded that at least 14 email addresses associated with seven different business customers were compromised: "As part of the investigation, we found that 14 of our customers' email addresses were part of the scan logs due to the detection of malicious emails stored on users' customers."
Stolen information consists of technical records produced by endpoint protection software during normal use. These records do not contain personal information such as hashed passwords, usernames, billing information, addresses, or any similar data, the company added.
Customers whose email addresses were compromised have already been notified by the company, which also issued a public apology for the incident. Emsisoft undertook to conduct all necessary security tests to verify that its systems are completely safe from any intrusions in the future: "We want to assure you that we fully understand the importance of our role in safeguarding your information and online security, we will continue to work every day to regain your trust," concluded the company's founder.
To learn more about computer security risks, malware, vulnerabilities and information technologies, feel free to access the International Cyber Security Institute (IICS) website.
Tagged: Cyberattack, cybersecurity, data breach, email address, Emsisoft, Hacking


Congratulations to the Hoswells on the purchase of the New Quintrex Apex hull 530 Freestyler. Optioned with the Mercury 115 HP Command thrust 4 stroke. Lowrance electroncis, Motorguide, Muir electric anchor winch, boat catch, front and side clears finish off the awesome package.


text:
Spectral Analysis Review
10.4236/sar.2014.24025
On-Line Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater in a Pulp and Paper Mill Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy
John Dahlbacka1, Josefina Nyström2, Torgny Mossing2, Paul Geladi2, Tom Lillhonga1
1Unit for Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, Vaasa, Finland
2Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
Email: John.Dahlbacka@novia.fi
Received 10 August 2014; revised 6 September 2014; accepted 8 October 2014
Although near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated for numerous applications, the number of actual on-line or even on-site industrial applications seems to be very limited. In the present paper, the attempts to produce on-line predictions of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill using NIR spectroscopy are described. The task was perceived as very challenging, but with a root mean square error of prediction of 149 mg/l, roughly corresponding to 1/10 of the studied concentration interval, this attempt was deemed as successful. This result was obtained by using partial least squares model regression, interpolated reference values for calibration purposes, and by evenly distributing the calibration data in the concentration space. This work may also represent the first industrial application of on-line COD measurements in wastewater using NIR spectroscopy.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Industrial Wastewater, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR), Multivariate Calibration, On-Line Measurement
Wastewater flows are characterized by constantly changing flow rates and composition [1] . Industrial production of pulp and paper generates considerable amounts of wastewater, where the contaminants may be characterized using for instance the chemical oxygen demand (COD) [2] . Activated sludge treatment of this type of wastewater from chemical pulp mills can reduce the COD by 25% - 65%, however addition of nitrogen and phosphorous may be needed in order to avoid that these elements limit the biological degradation of organic compounds [3] . In order to perform this addition efficiently, on-line information about the organic load in the activated sludge stage is essential.
One potential method of gaining on-line information of the organic load is to use near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with quantitative models based on multivariate methods. Although NIR spectroscopy can be seen as an extremely powerful tool for industrial quality control and process monitoring [4] , only a limited number of publications describing the use of NIR spectroscopy in wastewater applications are readily found. It is probably fair to say that there is no clear trend or typical wastewater application of NIR spectroscopy. The studies found represent quite diverse applications, for instance, quantitative measurements of oil, urea and solids [5] , glycerol [6] , and methanol and glycerol simultaneously [7] in wastewater from a biodiesel fuel production plant. As another example, in one of the few in-situ applications found [8] , principal component analysis (PCA) was used instead of quantitative modelling to monitor an activated sludge plant.
However, in most treatment plants, COD is probably the most important measure, which is also reflected in the number of publications that describe the use of NIR spectroscopy for COD measurements. These include off-line measurements of only COD [9] -[11] , as well as COD in combination with other parameters off-line [12] [13] , and in-situ [14] [15] . It is an interesting observation that although the reported accuracies vary significantly in these publications, the measurement error divided by the concentration interval studied is in many cases close to 1/10. However, [15] reports on a relative error above 50% for the NIR COD measurement. This present study then complements the work already done by others by presenting a fully automated on-line and on-site measurement of COD in industrial wastewater, evaluated during an undisrupted measurement period of one month.
The spectra were collected with a Red Eye® Online sensor for suspensions and fluids (Pulp Eye AB, P. O. Box 70, 89,122 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden). The sampling system (also constructed by Pulp Eye AB), or measurement head, consisted of a filter unit followed by a flow through cell coupled with optical fibres and equipped with an automated back flush system using tap water and activated in between every measurement. The sampling system was mounted on a bypass loop of the main pipe. For every third spectrum, a new reference spectrum was collected of the tap water. Each spectrum consisted of 50 averaged scans, and the path length of the flow through cell was 1 mm. The spectra were made up by 256 wavelengths recorded between 1018 and 2032 nm at an average data resolution of 4 nm. The spectra were collected on-line at 10 minutes intervals for a period of 29 days.
During weekdays, laboratory COD reference measurements were generally performed twice a day on-site. In total 4099 spectra were collected and for 36 of these COD reference measurements were performed. The calibration models were calculated using the PLS Toolbox v. 7.0.1 (Eigenvector Research, Inc. 3905 West Eagle rock Drive Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA), together with MATLAB R2011b (The Math Works AB, Kista, Sweden) where all matrix calculations were also performed. The calibration methods used were partial least squares (PLS) regression and principal component regression (PCR). The performance of the models was assessed by, among other things, the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), the root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV), and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). A description of the regression methods and the definition of the performance parameters can be found in [16] . The main units of the wastewater treatment facility were a pre-sedimentation basin, an aerated activated sludge basin, and a post-sedimentation basin. The measurements were made on the wastewater leaving the pre-sedimentation basin.
Initially the measurement was performed with a transflectance probe mounted in the bypass loop. However, the probe was clogged within hours and therefore replaced with the flow through cell with an automated back flush system. This reduced the problems with clogging and fouling significantly, but at the same time reduced the potential information about suspended solids to a minimum. In order to carry out the investigation with a minimal intrusion on the daily activities in the facility, it was also decided that any quantitative calibration will have to rely on reference data obtained from the measurements routineously carried out by the plant operators. As will be discussed, this trivial experimental design posed some limitations when trying to create an accurate calibration model. It was therefore clear from the beginning that it would be a challenging task to establish a reliable calibration model for the intended application. With a PCR model built on the 36 spectra corresponding to the reference measurements and using mean centering as spectral pre-processing, 89% of the spectral variance and only 0.04% of the COD variance were explained by the first PC. The corresponding numbers for the second PC were 11% and 3.7%. Thus, 2 PCs explained essentially all of the spectral variance and almost nothing of the COD variance. The situation was very much the same in the PLS space, with spectral/COD variance explained by the first PLS component at 46/2.7% and 54/1.5% by the second. In other words, the relationship between spectral and COD variance was very weak in this data. One reason for this was that the spectra from the end of the time series displayed extreme absorbance values, apparently due to fouling of the windows of the flow through cell.
New PCR and PLS models were therefore built on the 22 first spectra corresponding to reference measurements. In this case a second order derivative (Savitzky-Golay) based on a 9 point third order polynomial was applied to minimize baseline effects. This spectral pre-treatment was followed by auto scaling instead of mean centering in an effort to enhance minor variance in the spectra potentially relatable to the COD concentration. This pre-processing was also used in all later models. The two models are summarized in Table 1. With this reduced data set, the PLS model explained a very reasonable amount of the COD variance (76%) when using 7 PLS components. Although both PCR and PLS were now able to explain significant amounts of the COD variance, it was clear that modelling should be performed using PLS rather than PCR. However, Table 1 also shows that the coefficient of determination is still close to 0 for both PCR and PLS in cross validation. Predictions made with this PLS model on the full data set are shown in Figure 1.
According to Figure 1, the PLS model is capable of predicting only a noisy average COD concentration. The visually noticeable increase in the noise level after approximately 2600 spectra was assumed to be a result of fouling of the flow through cell windows. Therefore only the first 2644 spectra were considered in the later calculations and modelling. This cut resulted in 24 spectra with corresponding reference values. Figure 2 shows every twentieth of the first 100 spectra collected. Based on this figure the wavelengths above 1840 nm were discharged. The remaining spectral information reveals very little of obvious interest by visual assessment. A new PLS model was regressed on the 24 spectra corresponding to reference values. This gave an RMSEC of 65 mg/l, an RMSECV of 222 mg/l, and a coefficient of determination in cross validation of 0.21. Thus some im-
Table 1. PCR and PLS models regressed on the first 22 spectra corresponding to reference measurements in the time series.
Figure 1. Predictions on the full data set using a PLS model based on the first 22 spectra corresponding to reference measurements.
Figure 2. Absorbance spectra from the beginning of the on- line collected time series. The higher wavelengths (above 1840 nm) were deemed useless and only very broad bands are visible in the rest of the spectra.
provements compared to the PLS model previously accounted for was obtained, but the model was still only able to fit the regression data and showed no capacity for cross validation.
Due to the need for additional reference data, "synthetic" reference values were assigned to all the 2644 spectra by means of interpolation between the actual reference values. Here linear interpolation was used based on the simple fact that no information on the behavior of the COD concentration between the reference measurement points was available. A new PLS model based on all the 2644 spectra was thereafter regressed. For this model, an RMSEC of 75 mg/l, an RMSECV of 77 mg/l, and a coefficient of determination in cross validation of 0.86 were obtained by using 10 PLS components. It should be noted that the performance of the model is related to mainly the interpolated reference values, and should therefore be interpreted with some caution. Figure 3 shows the predictions with this model as a time series, and it can be suggested that the measurement seem reasonable at the same time as the noise level is still considerable. These results were seen as promising, although cross validation using venetian blinds split on this type of data was assumed to produce overoptimistic validation results. The next step was therefore to split the available data into a model regression set and a fully external validation data set.
Since the use of interpolated reference values resulted in an abundance of data for regression and validation, the data set was simply split in half using the first 1322 spectra for model regression and the remaining spectra for model validation. This gave a model that in calibration and cross validation performed very similarly to the model described above. However, on the external validation data set the RMSEP was as high as 168 mg/l and
Figure 3. Predictions on the first 2644 spectra with a PLS model based on the same data set using interpolated COD values as reference values.
the coefficient of determination only 0.36. Switching the regression set for the validation set and vice versa did not improve the validation performance. One reason for this could have been the gradual fouling of the windows of the flow through cell. However, what is evident from Figure 3 is that it is impossible to select a single continuous time series for regression and validation and at the same time cover the same COD spans in both data sets. A regression data set was therefore extracted from the 2644 spectra studied by selecting the first 322 spectra and spectrum 1897 to 2644 as regression data. In Figure 3 this corresponds to the range covering the first 4 reference measurement points and the range from the lowest reference point to the end of the time series.
This new split gave a model with an RMSEP of 144 mg/l and a coefficient of determination of 0.43. Considering the fact that these performance parameters were based on the interpolated reference values, no further attempt was made to optimize these. Instead the focus was set on finding a model that could predict the high and low COD concentrations well, rather than being accurate around the average concentration. This was attempted by reweighting the information in the model regression data set. The data was split into 20 concentration intervals (matlab: hist). In this split, 5 intervals contained 125 spectra or more, and 6 intervals contained 12 or less. The data was thereafter reweighted by reducing the maximal number of spectra in each interval to 20. This was done by generating a random sequence of indices to remove within each concentration interval (matlab: randperm). In this way the number of spectra in the calibration data set was reduced from 1070 to 334.
After reweighting the regression data the data set was further refined by a stepwise removal of spectra with high absolute cross validation residuals (a model was regressed, high residual samples removed, and a new model regressed, etc.). This further reduced the calibration data to 274 spectra. For this model an RMSEP of 182 mg/l and a coefficient of determination of 0.35 were obtained. Based on these parameters, the reduction of the calibration data set apparently deteriorated the model performance. However, these values were obtained for the interpolated reference values instead of real reference values, and the objective was to obtain a model that predicted changes rather than average concentrations. To evaluate how this objective was met the standard deviation of the predictions of the validation data before and after the reduction of the calibration data set was computed. The standard deviation for the predictions with the model regressed on the original regression data set was determined to 176 mg/l and the corresponding value for the reduced data set was 224 mg/l. Thus, according to this somewhat unconventional performance parameter, the reduction or refinement of the calibration data set resulted in an improved model.
The predictions by this last model of the regression and validation data are shown in Figure 4. The predictions of the validation data were perceived as reasonable, although still impaired by a relatively high noise level. However, since this was a time series measurement, noise reduction is not confined to the spectral level only. Filtering the model predictions is also a straightforward method. Figure 4 therefore also contains filtered predictions, obtained from a second order digital Butterworth filter as described in [17] . The ratio of the cut-off frequency to the sampling frequency was determined by minimizing the square sum of errors between filtered predictions and (real) reference values in the second half of the regression data. According to Figure 4 it is evident
Figure 4. Predictions of the first 2644 spectra with a PLS model based on a separate model regression data set, extracted from the beginning and the end of the time series, and reduced by equalling the spread in the concentration and removing the spectra with high cross validation residuals. A second order Butterworth digital filter was used to obtain the filtered pre- dictions.
that this filter reduced the noise level very significantly, but at the same time a phase shift was introduced. Whether or not this phase shift is of importance can be debated, but on the validation data, and computed on spectra corresponding to actual reference measurements, an RMSEP of 201 mg/l and an coefficient of determination of 0.35 were obtained for the raw model predictions and the corresponding values after the filtering were 149 mg/l and 0.65 respectively. Based on Figure 4 it could also perhaps be argued that a large portion of this RMSEP could be contributed to time shifts between the reference and the on-line measurements.
The starting point for this attempt to create a quantitative model for the COD concentration in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill was basically a data set of 36 spectra and their corresponding reference measurements. On this data, essentially no relation between the COD concentration and the spectral features could be established, at least when only mean centering was used as spectral pre-processing. By using more advanced pre-processing options and removing the highest wavelengths, a relation could be modelled within the calibration data, but cross validation results were still not very promising. However, by increasing the amount of calibration data available by means of interpolated reference values, also the cross validation results started to look promising. The use of interpolated reference values in calibration, in combination with reweighting and refining the calibration data set, resulted in a model with very reasonable validation results. By further adding a filter to the predictions, a very appealing time series behavior was obtained. Unfortunately, if this behavior depicts the true changes in the COD concentration, much more frequent samplings would have been necessary in order to fully validate this. However, since this was an industrial installation and not a study performed in a laboratory, obtaining additional measurements is very difficult. On the other hand, the validation was still made against 14 reference measurements and this should not be an alarmingly low number.
This work was made possible through the Mare Purum project, funded by the European territorial cooperation programme Botnia-Atlantica. The authors also want to thank Hans Thorén at Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget SCA, Elias Sundvall, Öjvind Sundvall, and Thomas Storsjö at PulpEye AB, as well as Anders Jonsson and Robin Norman at ProcessIT Innovations for this fruitful cooperation.
Henze M., Harremoës P., LaCour Jansen J. and Arvin E. (2002) Wastewater Treatment: Biological and Chemical Processes. Springer, Berlin.
Pokhrel, D. and Viraraghavan, T. (2004) Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater―A Review. Science of the Total Environment, 333, 37-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.017
Diez, M.C., Castillo, G., Aguilar, L., Vidal, G. and Mora, M.L. (2002) Operational Factors and Nutrient Effects on Activated Sludge Treatment of Pinus radiata Kraft Mill Wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 83, 131-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00204-8
Siesler, H.W., Ozaki, Y., Kawata, S. and Heise, H.M. (2007) Frontmatter. In: Siesler, H.W., Ozaki, Y., Kawata, S. and Heise, H.M., Eds., Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Principles, Instruments, Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527612666.fmatter
Suehara, K.I., Owari, K., Kohda, J., Nakano, Y. and Yano, T. (2007) Rapid and Simple Determination of Oil and Urea Concentrations and Solids Content to Monitor Biodegradation Conditions of Wastewater Discharged from a Biodiesel Fuel Production Plant. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 15, 89-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.721
Kohda, J., Ooshita, K., Nakano, Y. and Yano, T. (2008) Measurement of the Glycerol Concentration during the Microbial Treatment of the Wastewater from the Biodiesel Fuel Production Plant Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 16, 199-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.804
Kawai, S., Kohda, J., Nakano, Y. and Yano, T. (2009) Predicting Methanol and Glycerol Concentrations in Microbial Treated Wastewater Discharged from a Biodiesel Fuel Production Process Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 17, 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.825
Dias, A.M.A., Moita, I., Páscoa, R., Alves, M.M., Lopes, J.A. and Ferreira, E.C. (2008) Activated Sludge Process Monitoring through in Situ Near-Infrared Spectral Analysis. Water Science and Technology, 57, 1643-1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.147
Pan, T., Chen, W.W., Chen, Z.H. and Xie, J. (2011) Waveband Selection for NIR Spectroscopy Analysis of Wastewater COD. Key Engineering Materials, 480, 393-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.480-481.393
Pan, T. and Chen, Z.H. (2012) Rapid Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Sugar Refinery Wastewater by Short-Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Advanced Materials Research, 549, 167-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.549.167
Pan, T., Chen, W.W., Huang, W.J. and Qu, R.T. (2012) Model Optimization for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Chemical Oxygen Demand of Wastewater. Key Engineering Materials, 500, 832-837. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.500.832
Melendez-Pastor, I., Almendro-Candel, M.B., Navarro-Pedreño, J., Gómez, I., Lillo, M.G. and Hernández, E.I. (2013) Monitoring Urban Wastewaters' Characteristics by Visible and Short Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Water, 5, 2026-2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w5042026
Yang, Q., Liu, Z. and Yang, J. (2009) Simultaneous Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in Wastewater by Near-Infrared Spectrometry. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4, 286-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2009.14035
Páscoa, R.N., Lopes, J.A. and Lima, J.L. (2008) In Situ Near Infrared Monitoring of Activated Dairy Sludge Wastewater Treatment Processes. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 16, 409-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.803
Sarraguça, M.C., Paulo, A., Alves, M.M., Dias, A.M., Lopes, J.A. and Ferreira, E.C. (2009) Quantitative Monitoring of an Activated Sludge Reactor Using On-Line UV-Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395, 1159-1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3042-z
Næs, T., Isaksson, T., Fearn, T. and Davies, T. (2002) A User Friendly Guide to Multivariate Calibration and Classification. NIR Publications, Chichester, UK.
Winter, D.A. (2009) Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470549148
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Erdoğan dismisses reports on lowering of presidential election threshold
Oct 05 2019 03:30 Gmt+3
Last Updated On: Oct 05 2019 03:36 Gmt+3
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has dismissed reports on plans to lower the vote share required for a candidate to win presidential elections in the first round, saying the current presidential system will serve the Turkish nation for years to come.
Comments by a former Turkish minister that current presidential election threshold should be dropped by 10 percentage points along with waning support for Erdoğan according to polls have sparked reports of envisaged changes to the current system.
According to country's current system, the presidential election can have either one or two rounds. If a candidate receives more than 50 percent of the vote in the first round, that candidate is declared the winner.
"We have no intention or plans of lowering the election threshold from 50 to 40 percent. The current threshold of over 50 percent is an indispensable criteria,'' Hürriyet newspaper quoted Erdoğan as telling members of his ruling party at its annual camp on Saturday.
The Turkish president also praised the new executive presidential system, which was ushered in with the June 2018 elections. The system effectively eliminated the prime minister's post while transferring executive powers to the president, who rules with only limited checks and balances.
"It is for the first time in its history that Turkey implemented such a comprehensive change with the support of the people. I believe that this system, which has completed its first year, will serve the needs of our country for years to come,'' Turkey's strongman said.
http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/son-dakika-cumhurbaskani-erdogandan-onemli-aciklamalar-41344463
Erdoğan's Istanbul canal project could shape Turkey's 2023 presidential election - analyst
İmamoğlu focused on second term as Istanbul mayor over presidency bid


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For example, it measures your typing speed for each individual key, and uses this data to generate random words putting emphasis on the weakest key. So you can start sending invites to test takers right away! As an additional condition, we wanted to include words you can find in our blog articles. Just select one text from the top-list and you will be garantied to have a fun and challenging experience. Ideal time is — at least one hour or more. Our typing test online can help you to learn this lesson. The competitions work in the same way as our Typing Test but instead of having a random list of words everytime you reload the test, the words will stay the same for each competition.
The good thing is — there are many free typing tests and typing training lessons available online. Hopefully they will inspire you to keep learning! To fix the errors, press the backspace key. Start now and improve your typing skills even further! Some typing speed tests use words with difficult spellings, but I think that's unfair. Our site saves your typing test online. You should minimize your physical effort Your keyboard is good enough to register a keystroke with a light touch. You can use it when practicing your typing skills to get an idea how well you are progressing.
As a beginner, take your time and use the correct fingers to press the keys and thus, try to be accurate in your typing practice and typing speed test. They are very comfortable with this habit and feel strong resistance from their inner side as soon as they need to change the habit and get used to using all the fingers of both hands. As a programmer, I find it really useful and I am trying to practice as much as possible. And soon you will learn how to type the « th» combo really fast. Every competition is open for 24 hours, during this time you will have the opportunity to reach the first place. Nikola Milovanović Slide 0 details.
There are various exercises available in the area. These tests gives an accurate word per minute assessment of your typing speed. This just drains your energy out and strains your wrists and hands. Browser Shift + Backspace Go forward one page 27. It is a calculation of how fast you type words with no typos.
It is hard to remember which finger you should use to press which key. The timer start when you start typing. The words are selected from a list of commonly used words. So, do not take both your thumbs off the space bar at the same time. Words per minute is determined by the standard calculation of 5 characters per word. When you only start learning it generates lessons with words from a very small alphabet of the most frequent letters. A good typing speed will help you years after years by saving time, gaining higher productivity, ensuring efficiency, and many more.
In order to keep track of your progress, you can sign up. Then check out our typing competitions! Significance The progress bar underneath your test results shows how significant your typing test is. It doesn't stand for anything. If you keep at least one or both the thumbs on the space bar, you will never need to shift your hands around to type one or more spaces between two words. The order of the keys was decided by listing the most common letter combinations and making sure they are not placed next to each other. Browser Ctrl + Tab Move forward through tabs 19. For example, you typed huose instead of house.
Are you happy with your online type test results?. For example, it is recommended to test your typing speed before you switch to the 10 finger typing technique and begin practicing. Why are there no difficult words in this test? Word File Ctrl + F Select the search box to search for word s 7. Your error rate should not be higher than 5% - if the progress bar turns red, you have to improve your error rate. I stayed because I really like the interface and the fact that I can correct the mistakes I make while typing. We subtract from the words per minute calculation based on the time of the test and number of errors.
While this is definitely faster than most people I know, there are of course people who are even faster - with any keyboard layout. One huge benefit: The more you use our typing game, the faster you will be able to type as the typing test uses the top 200 words of each language. Blissfully situated between my parents, I awaited the presentation of my meal with greater anticipation than the arrival at our destination. The penalty is proportional to the length of the text that was not fixed. Do you want to test your skills or just want to practice to get even better? Browser Ctrl + Shift + Tab Move back through tabs 20. You also can test your typing speed for free. Who are you and what's your score? This step by step process is easy and comfortable to follow.


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"The Raid 2: Berandal," A Solid Action, Martial Arts Movie That Has A High Bar Set For It
The Raid: Berandal has a pretty high bar set being the sequel to 2011's The Raid: Redemption. While it doesn't quite measure up to the original that isn't a knock on the new film. Anyone who says it does measure up or is better? They wanted "more plot" in the first film which pretty much indicates they didn't get the point of the earlier film.
The point was ass whupping. Lots and lots of ass whupping. There was a building full of bad guys and cops were going in to get them. That was pretty much it. It has about ten minutes of set up and an hour and a half of action.
This second effort starts on the day after the original ends. It has a great deal more set up before a punch is thrown. That isn't a bad thing in an adaptation of an Emily Bronte novel but in this movie? It is a slow start. The film also does a bit of jumping around in time and introduces a slew of characters, tries to develop them yet never really manages to make them, in any way, real. Again? In what is basically a martial arts movie? Not a terrible knock and the movie still does better than most in the genre in this regard (again that high bar set for this sequel).
Here, as in the first movie, what matters most is action and style. The jumbled story and the slew of characters doesn't ruin the movie or make it less enjoyable. The fights are a little less spectacular but the film never tries to "top itself" or the fantastically over the top "Mad Dog" fight in the first movie. There is a fight in a moving car, in a muddy prison compound, in stylishly decorated hallways, nightclubs, moving subway cars and more. Where this movie may top the first is in the style. It has a great visual flair with its multiple locations. In this regard it calls to mind films by Korean director, Park Chan-wook.
Iko Uwais again shows he is an action movie star. He should have Hollywood beating down his door. He isn't going to win an Oscar anytime soon but his action movie chops are down. He has a presence beyond his obvious skill. It isn't just acrobatics.
The film manages--in a different role--to bring back one of the shining villains of the first film, Yayan Ruhian, another Indonesian actor, martial artist and stuntman. His fight in The Raid: Redemption, with Uwais and Donny Alamsyah, may well be the best fight in any martial arts movie, ever. His main fight in this film is also a little less impressive but, again, it can be pretty damned impressive and be less than his main fight scene in the first film. It would have been nice to see more of him in the film (and it would be nice to see him get some lead roles of his own).
One way the film solidly succeeds is in the acting. Many action films--wherever they are made--don't bother with requiring even the most minimal acting skills. This film isn't like that. No one is going to mistake the script for Shakespeare (and it doesn't have to be) so the actors have to be the ones selling it--often with looks and body language as much as words. You have to wonder if the martial artists in the cast are uniquely qualified to "speak" to an audience with body language.
Nothing here is ever cheap or overdone. Even some of the mini side plot points here have an actual purpose. The film is long--it runs just shy of two and a half hours but it never bores even when it sometimes confuses with its plethora of characters. There is a "video game" feel in the movie sometimes. Uwais battles scads of men one after another then there is a "boss battle" with a tougher opponent with unique armament. This is clever--there is a reason why these games appeal.
Fans should also be curious about where the already announced Raid 3 will take this international "franchise."


Mistletoe (Viscum album) extract is a natural, safe and effective adjunct to conventional treatment for many types of cancer. Treatment with mistletoe is not a cure for cancer but helps to improve quality of life and increase survival.
Mistletoe (Latin name: Viscum album) is a plant which grows parasitically on pine, oak, elm and apple trees, among many others. There are hundreds of species of mistletoe growing throughout the world. European mistletoe was first described at length for medicinal use 2000 years ago. Modern research on mistletoe for the treatment of cancer began in Germany in the 1950s and has exploded over the past few decades.
In short, mistletoe is not a cure for cancer although it does have an inhibitory effect on cancer cells and a stimulating effect on the immune system of a person with cancer. These effects can increase life-span and improve quality of life in cancer patients. This treatment should not be used in lieu of conventional cancer treatments but is an excellent natural adjunct to conventional treatment.
The vast majority of studies performed on mistletoe in the treatment of cancer have found that it increases survival time in cancer patients. This is a big deal, for an herbal medicine with very little side effects to have such a profound effect. Patients with pancreatic cancer1,2, ovarian cancer3,4, cervical cancer5, breast cancer6, liver cancer7, colon cancer8, glioma9 and melanoma10 have all shown an increased survival when studied with mistletoe, compared to similar cancer patients not being treated with mistletoe.
Mistletoe extract has also been studied extensively for its effect on quality of life in patients with cancer. The research shows that mistletoe improves many aspects of quality of life in patients with cancer including fatigue, sleep, exhaustion, nausea, vomiting, appetite, emotional well-being, depression, anxiety, concentration, ability to work, pain, diarrhea and adverse effects to conventional treatments11.
Mistletoe acts in several ways to affect cancer cells including inhibition of protein synthesis12,13, inhibition of the formation of new blood vessels14 (required for cancer spread) and induction of cancer cell apoptosis15,16 (cell death).
Mistletoe improves and refines the immune's system function towards cancer including increasing release of immune-system enhancing cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha15,17,18,19, increasing white blood cell count and activity15,17,20,21,22,23,24, and protection of white blood cell DNA against the dangerous effects of chemotherapy13,15,17,25.
Mistletoe contains two major compounds which have regulatory effects on cancer cells and the immune system. Mistletoe lectins are cytotoxic (kill cancer cells) and are also powerful immune-stimulating compounds26,27. Viscotoxins, another constituent of the mistletoe plant, are also cytotoxic28,29 and have an immune stimulating effect 30.
Mistletoe is given by subcutaneous injection, just under the skin, typically nearby the site of a known cancerous growth. Injections of the mistletoe extract are minimally painful and are given every other day. Injecting mistletoe, rather than taking it orally allows it to act more directly on the immune system without being limited by digestive absorption or the liver's "first pass effect". Injecting mistletoe allows for a targeted treatment since it can be injected near the site of a known tumor or cancerous lesion.
Mistletoe in the treatment of cancer is very safe when proper technique and protocol are followed. The most common adverse effects of this herbal treatment are redness or discomfort in the area surrounding the injection site, chills, fever and headaches. These reactions are not dangerous and are typically due to the immune response which is elicited by this natural treatment.
Mistletoe has no known major herb-drug interactions31,32 but allergic reactions to this herb have been reported in isolated cases33,34. People with auto-immune conditions should avoid this treatment due to its immune stimulating effect. Safety of mistletoe has not been assessed during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
In Canada injectable mistletoe extract is available under the product names Iscador and Helixor. In my practice I typically use Iscador as it has a strong research supporting its use. Helixor is another excellent choice, depending on the individual patient and their state of health.
Mistletoe injections in the treatment of cancer are a viable adjunctive natural treatment option to conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy and/or surgical treatment. If you are in the Halifax area and are interested in trying this treatment please contact MacLeod Naturopathic to book an initial consultation with Dr. MacLeod.
Tröger W, Galun D, Reif M, Schumann A, Stanković N, Milićević M. Viscum album [L.] extract therapy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a randomised clinical trial on overall survival. Eur J Cancer. 2013 Dec;49(18):3788-97.
Matthes H1, Friedel WE, Bock PR, Zänker KS. Molecular mistletoe therapy: friend or foe in established anti-tumor protocols? A multicenter, controlled, retrospective pharmaco-epidemiological study in pancreas cancer. Curr Mol Med. 2010 Jun;10(4):430-9.
Grossarth-Maticek R, Ziegler R. Prospective controlled cohort studies on long-term therapy of ovairian cancer patients with mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2007;57(10):665-78.
Hassauer W, Gutsch J, Burkhardt R. [What prospects of success does Iscador therapy offer in advanced ovarian cancer?]. [Article in German] Onkologie. 1979 Feb;2(1):28-36.
Grossarth-Maticek R, Ziegler R. Prospective controlled cohort studies on long-term therapy of cervical cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). Forsch Komplementmed. 2007 Jun;14(3):140-7.
Grossarth-Maticek R, Ziegler R. Forsch Komplementmed. Prospective controlled cohort studies on long-term therapy of breast cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). 2006 Oct;13(5):285-92.
Mabed M, El-Helw L, Shamaa S. Phase II study of viscum fraxini-2 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2004 Jan 12;90(1):65-9.
Cazacu M, Oniu T, Lungoci C, Mihailov A, Cipak A, Klinger R, Weiss T, Zarkovic N. The influence of isorel on the advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2003 Feb;18(1):27-34.
Lenartz D, Dott U, Menzel J, Schierholz JM, Beuth J. Survival of glioma patients after complementary treatment with galactoside-specific lectin from mistletoe. Anticancer Res. 2000 May-Jun;20(3B):2073-6.
Augustin M, Bock PR, Hanisch J, Karasmann M, Schneider B. Safety and efficacy of the long-term adjuvant treatment of primary intermediate- to high-risk malignant melanoma (UICC/AJCC stage II and III) with a standardized fermented European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extract. Results from a multicenter, comparative, epidemiological cohort study in Germany and Switzerland. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005;55(1):38-49.
Kienle GS, Kiene H. Review article: Influence of Viscum album L (European mistletoe) extracts on quality of life in cancer patients: a systematic review of controlled clinical studies. Integr Cancer Ther. 2010 Jun;9(2):142-57.
Olsnes S, Stirpe F, Sandvig K, Pihl A. Isolation and characterization of viscumin, a toxic lectin from Viscum album L. (mistletoe). J Biol Chem. 1982 Nov 25;257(22):13263-70.
Büssing A, Lehnert A, Schink M, Mertens R, Schweizer K. Effect of Viscum album L. on rapidly proliferating amniotic fluid cells. Sister chromatid exchange frequency and proliferation index. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 Jan;45(1):81-3.
Elluru SR1, Duong Van Huyen JP, Delignat S, Prost F, Heudes D, Kazatchkine MD, Friboulet A, Kaveri SV. Antiangiogenic properties of viscum album extracts are associated with endothelial cytotoxicity. Anticancer Res. 2009 Aug;29(8):2945-50.
Büssing A, Suzart K, Bergmann J, Pfüller U, Schietzel M, Schweizer K. Induction of apoptosis in human lymphocytes treated with Viscum album L. is mediated by the mistletoe lectins. Cancer Lett. 1996 Jan 19;99(1):59-72.
Mengs U, Göthel D, Leng-Peschlow E. Mistletoe extracts standardized to mistletoe lectins in oncology: review on current status of preclinical research. Anticancer Res. 2002 May-Jun;22(3):1399-407.
Büssing A, Regnery A, Schweizer K. Effects of Viscum album L. on cyclophosphamide-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: sister chromatid exchanges and activation/proliferation marker expression. Cancer Lett. 1995 Aug 1;94(2):199-205.
Hajto T, Hostanska K, Frei K, Rordorf C, Gabius HJ. Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factors alpha, interleukin 1, and interleukin 6 by human mononuclear cells exposed to beta-galactoside-specific lectin from clinically applied mistletoe extract. Cancer Res. 1990 Jun 1;50(11):3322-6.
Stein G, Berg PA. Non-lectin component in a fermented extract from Viscum album L. grown on pines induces proliferation of lymphocytes from healthy and allergic individuals in vitro. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;47(1):33-8.
Hajto T. Immunomodulatory effects of iscador: a Viscum album preparation. Oncology. 1986;43 Suppl 1:51-65.
Hajto T, Lanzrein C. Natural killer and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activities and large granular lymphocyte frequencies in Viscum album-treated breast cancer patients. Oncology. 1986;43(2):93-7.
Hamprecht K, Handgretinger R, Voetsch W, Anderer FA. Mediation of human NK-activity by components in extracts of Viscum album. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1987;9(2):199-209.
Hajto T, Hostanska K, Gabius HJ. Modulatory potency of the beta-galactoside-specific lectin from mistletoe extract (Iscador) on the host defense system in vivo in rabbits and patients. Cancer Res. 1989 Sep 1;49(17):4803-8.
Kuttan G, Kuttan R. Immunological mechanism of action of the tumor reducing peptide from mistletoe extract (NSC 635089) cellular proliferation. Cancer Lett. 1992 Sep 30;66(2):123-30.
Büssing A, Azhari T, Ostendorp H, Lehnert A, Schweizer K. Viscum album L. extracts reduce sister chromatid exchanges in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(12):1836-41.
Gabius HJ, Darro F, Remmelink M, André S, Kopitz J, Danguy A, Gabius S, Salmon I, Kiss R. Evidence for stimulation of tumor proliferation in cell lines and histotypic cultures by clinically relevant low doses of the galactoside-binding mistletoe lectin, a component of proprietary extracts. Cancer Invest. 2001;19(2):114-26.
Jung ML, Baudino S, Ribéreau-Gayon G, Beck JP. Characterization of cytotoxic proteins from mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Cancer Lett. 1990 May 30;51(2):103-8.
Schaller G, Urech K, and Giannattasio M. Cytotoxicity of Different Viscotoxins and Extracts from the European Subspecies of Viscum album L. Phytother. Res. 1996; 10: 473–477.
Stein GM, Schaller G, Pfüller U, Schietzel M, Büssing A. Thionins from Viscum album L: influence of the viscotoxins on the activation of granulocytes. Anticancer Res. 1999 Mar-Apr;19(2A):1037-42.
Doehmer J, Eisenbraun J. Assessment of extracts from mistletoe (Viscum album) for herb-drug interaction by inhibition and induction of cytochrome P450 activities. Phytother Res. 2012 Jan;26(1):11-7.
Bauer C, Oppel T, Ruëff F, Przybilla B. Anaphylaxis to viscotoxins of mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005 Jan;94(1):86-9.
Hutt N, Kopferschmitt-Kubler M, Cabalion J, Purohit A, Alt M, Pauli G. Anaphylactic reactions after therapeutic injection of mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2001 Sep-Oct;29(5):201-3.