Physicists discovered one type of Higgs boson in 2012. Now they're looking for more.
When physicists discovered the Higgs boson in 2012, they declared the Standard Model of particle physics complete; they had finally found the missing piece of the particle puzzle.
And yet, many questions remain about the basic components of the universe, including: Did we find the one and only type of Higgs boson? Or are there more?
The Higgs mechanism gives mass to some fundamental particles, but not others. It interacts strongly with W and Z bosons, making them massive. But it does not interact with particles of light, leaving them massless.
These interactions don't just affect the mass of other particles, they also affect the mass of the Higgs. The Higgs can briefly fluctuate into virtual pairs of the particles with which it interacts.
Scientists calculate the mass of the Higgs by multiplying a huge number—related to the maximum energy for which the Standard Model applies—with a number related to those fluctuations. The second number is determined by starting with the effects of fluctuations to force-carrying particles like the W and Z bosons, and subtracting the effects of fluctuations to matter particles like quarks.
While the second number cannot be zero because the Higgs must have some mass, almost anything it adds up to, even at very small numbers, makes the mass of the Higgs gigantic.
But it isn't. It weighs about 125 billion electronvolts; it's not even the heaviest fundamental particle.
"Having the Higgs boson at 125 GeV is like putting an ice cube into a hot oven and it not melting," says Flip Tanedo, a theoretical physicist and postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Irvine.
A lightweight Higgs, though it makes the Standard Model work, doesn't necessarily make sense for the big picture. If there are multiple Higgses—much heavier ones—the math determining their masses becomes more flexible.
The two primary theories that predict multiple Higgs particles are Supersymmetry and compositeness.
Popular in particle physics circles for tying together all the messy bits of the Standard Model, Supersymmetry predicts a heavier (and whimsically named) partner particle, or "sparticle," for each of the known fundamental particles. Quarks have squarks and Higgs have Higgsinos.
"When the math is re-done, the effects of the particles and their partner particles on the mass of the Higgs cancel each other out and the improbability we see in the Standard Model shrinks and maybe even vanishes," says Don Lincoln, a physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model—the supersymmetric model that most closely aligns with the current Standard Model—predicts four new Higgs particles in addition to the Higgs sparticle, the Higgsino.
While Supersymmetry is maybe the most popular theory for exploring physics beyond the Standard Model, physicists at the LHC haven't seen any evidence of it yet. If Supersymmetry exists, scientists will need to produce more massive particles to observe it.
The other popular theory that predicts multiple Higgs bosons is compositeness. The composite Higgs theory proposes that the Higgs boson is not a fundamental particle but is instead made of smaller particles that have not yet been discovered.
Composite Higgs theories predict that if there are more fundamental parts to the Higgs, it may assume a combination of masses based on the properties of these smaller particles.
The search for composite Higgs bosons has been limited by the scale at which scientists can study given the current energy levels at the LHC.
Physicists will continue their Higgs search with the current run of the LHC.
At 60 percent higher energy, the LHC will produce Higgs bosons more frequently this time around. It will also produce more top quarks, the heaviest particles of the Standard Model. Top quarks interact energetically with the Higgs, making them a favored place to start picking at new physics.
Whether scientists find evidence for Supersymmetry or a composite Higgs (if they find either), that discovery would mean much more than just an additional Higgs.
"For example, finding new Higgs bosons could affect our understanding of how the fundamental forces unify at higher energy," Tait says.
In a new blow for the futuristic "supersymmetry" theory of the universe's basic anatomy, experts reported fresh evidence Monday of subatomic activity consistent with the mainstream Standard Model of particle physics.
Previous attempts at measuring the beauty quark's rare transformation into a so-called "up quark" had yielded conflicting results. That prompted scientists to propose an explanation beyond the Standard Model — possibly supersymmetry.
"It would of course have been very exciting if we could show that there was something wrong with the Standard Model — I cannot deny that would have been sensational," he said.
But the model has weaknesses: it doesn't explain dark matter or dark energy, which jointly make up 95 percent of the universe. Nor is it compatible with Einstein's theory of general relativity — the force of gravity as we know it does not seem to work at the subatomic quantum scale.
But no proof of supersymmetric twins has been found at the LHC, which has observed all the particles postulated by the Standard Model — including the long-sought Higgs boson, which confers mass to matter.
Much more rarely, it morphs into an up quark. Wilkinson's team have now measured — for the first time — how often that happens.
So far, the new run at 13 TeV has re-detected all the Standard Model particles except for the Higgs boson, but Heuer insisted: "We are sure that it is there.
Using huge particle accelerators, physicists are searching for supersymmetry.
"We usually associate symmetry with spatial symmetry – in connection with an image or a form, for example. But in the standard model of physics, when we think about symmetries we are thinking about something else – the forces between particles. When, for example, the force between two matter particles remains the same after reversal of the electrical charges, we are referring to "a symmetry".
The various forces in the standard model possess a number of such symmetries. According to the standard model, it is valid that the smaller the gaps between the matter particles, the greater the similarity becomes between the mathematical formulas that describe the forces there. We would say here that the theory becomes more symmetrical.
Expanding on this concept, the last remaining differences are likely to cancel each other out at some point. It is our goal to describe all forces – gravity as well – and all particles on the basis of one unified principle of symmetry – supersymmetry ("SUSY").
Either Supersymmetry will be found in the next years of research at the Large Hadron Collider, or it isn't exactly what theorists hoped it was.
One of the big questions scientists are asking with experiments at the Large Hadron Collider is this: Does every fundamental particle we know about have a hidden partner that we have yet to meet?
A popular set of theories predict that they do.
The first run of the LHC came and went without any of these partner particles turning up. But a recent paper shows that the real test of the theories that predict their existence could happen during the next run, when particles will collide at higher energies than ever before.
These theoretical partner particles come from the idea of Supersymmetry, or SUSY, a mathematical framework developed over the past 40 years that could answers questions such as: Are all of the forces we know just parts of a single, unified force? How is the Higgs boson so light? What is dark matter? Is the world made up of the tiny, vibrating strings described by string theory?
A key aspect of SUSY is that each of the dozens of particles in the Standard Model of particle physics must have a partner, called a superparticle or sparticle.
Scientists think all of these sparticles must ultimately decay into a light, stable particle. If they are light enough, supersymmetric particles that interact through the strong force, such as supersymmetric quarks (squarks) or supersymmetric gluons (gluinos), could be produced at large rates at the LHC.
There are many different manifestations of Supersymmetry, explains theorist JoAnne Hewett of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. A subset of them are known as "natural" theories. That is, they could answer many of the questions above. Their lightest sparticle could be the dark matter particle. The math could work out for all of the forces to have come from a single origin. They could help explain the mass of the Higgs boson.
Data from the LHC's first run, from 2010 to 2013, snuffed out any hope that the simplest natural version of SUSY exists.
"But, there are millions of possible models consistent with natural Supersymmetry that have not been explored," says Hewett's advisee, Stanford graduate student Matthew Cahill-Rowley.
According to a paper they worked on together with two other physicists, the second run of the LHC will investigate nearly all of them.
Supersymmetry is enormously complex. Even its minimal form involves more than 100 independent parameters. To deal with this, theorists have over the years proposed several higher-level conditions that simplify the theory and reduce the number of parameters. These theories can predict ranges of possible masses for sparticles that might turn up at the LHC.
The figure above shows a plot of some 300,000 more complex SUSY models, identified by their squark and gluino masses on the vertical and horizontal axes, respectively. Colors indicate the fraction that have already been excluded by experiments at the LHC. Darker colors indicate a higher fraction excluded. Regions that are black have been totally ruled out.
Any points lying below and to the left of the dashed white line represent models that, in SUSY's most simplified version, are excluded by the LHC.
A second image shows which regions can be discovered or ruled out in the second run of the LHC. Almost every natural SUSY theory falls into that category.
SUSY may be too complicated to ever truly rule out. But if it doesn't turn up at the LHC in the next run, it's not quite the SUSY scientists were looking for.
In another few months the Large Hadron Collider. will be powered up to explore its maximum energy range. Many physicists fervently hope we will see definite signs of "new physics," especially a phenomenon called "supersymmetry." In the simplest view, the Standard Model souped-up with supersymmetry will offer a massive new partner particle for every known particle (electron, quark, neutrino, etc). One of these, called the neutralino, may even explain dark matter itself!
Supersymmetry is the foundational cornerstone on which string theory rests. That's why physicists call this "stringy" theory of matter "superstring theory." If the LHC does not turn up any signs of supersymmetry during the next two or three years, not only will simple modifications to the current Standard Model be ruled out, but the most elegant forms of supersymmetry theory will fall too.
As an astronomer I am not too worried. The verified Standard Model is now fully capable of accounting for everything we see in the universe since a trillion-trillion-trillionth of a second after the Big Bang to the present time, once you include gravity, and don't worry too much about dark matter and dark energy.
But we need some explanation for dark energy and dark matter to complete our understanding of the cosmos, and for that we still need our physicist friends to show the way. Currently their only answers involve supersymmetry theory. If this idea falls, astronomers will be completely stumped to explain what governs our universe on the largest scales.
Beyond supersymmetry, we also have the huge investment of talent that has pursued superstring theory since the early 1980s. Without supersymmetry, the "super" part of string theory also falls, and you end up with a non-super string theory that is clunky, inelegant and pretty dismal in accounting for the finer details of our physical world, often termed "quantum gravity." A big part of this is the idea that our universe inhabits more than four dimensions — perhaps as many as 11!
On April 26, 2006, I had the following exchanges with Stanford theoretical physicist Leonard Susskind, who is widely regarded as one of the fathers of string theory, along with other provocative and foundational ideas such as the "holographic universe." His comments are still relevant seven years later.
Odenwald: Why is it so important for physicists to consider the universe having more than four dimensions, as the mathematics of superstring theory seems to require?
Susskind: Almost all working high-energy theoretical physicists are convinced some sort of extra dimensions are needed to explain the complexity of elementary particles. That particles move in extra dimensions is another way of talking about the fact that they have more complex properties than just position and velocity. It is hard to find a serious paper about particle phenomenology that doesn't in some way use the tools of superstring theory. Furthermore, we all agree that the origin of elementary particles is most likely at the planck scale and cannot be understood without a good theory of quantum gravity.
Odenwald: So if superstring theory were found to be an incorrect model for our particular universe, is that like turning the clock back to circa 1978 in physics?
Susskind: I agree that going back to the '70s would be turning the clock back in the sense that we would be ignoring the vast amount of mathematical knowledge that has been gained over the subsequent years, mostly from string theory. That is just not going to happen. The changes in our theoretical understanding of quantum field theory, gravity, black holes, are completely irreversible. [String theory mathematics] has even worked its way into nuclear physics and heavy ion collisions as well as into condensed matter physics.
Odenwald: Kind of a hard place for modern theoreticians to revisit, but for astronomy and cosmology the 1970s seem not such a bad place. Without superstring theory, we would still have cosmological inflation. Without superstring theory, what happened at the instant of the Big Bang would remain unknown, logically indescribable, and still a great puzzle… as it always has.
Susskind: [Not quite.] Recent cosmology has been completely dominated by studying the cosmic microwave background [CMB] and inflationary theory.
The CMB fluctuation spectrum is widely understood as a quantum effect. Inflation is a gravitational effect. Is there any question that quantum gravity (quantum plus gravity) will be the framework for understanding the early universe? No, there is not. Also I might add that the old inflation that you are referring to was a disaster. It didn't work. Many inflationary cosmologists like Linde, Vilenkin, and Guth are looking to string theory for possible answers to the puzzles of inflation.
Odenwald: Is it fair to say that superstring theory is "too big to fail"? I am reminded of the alledged quotation by Einstein as he was awaiting news about a major test of relativity in 1919. A reporter is said to have asked, "Well, what would it mean if your theory is wrong?" to which Einstein allegedly replied, "Then I would feel sorry for the good Lord; the theory is correct!" Is the physics community in the same predicament because superstring theory is a "beautiful" theory that seems to explain so much, and its mathematics is so impeccable that it is used in other theoretical settings in physics?
Susskind: Exactly right. However, it is fair to say that while theorists were developing powerful tools, they mostly had wrong expectations for what the theory was indicating. Most theorists hoped that string theory would lead to an absolutely unique set of particles, coupling constants, with exactly vanishing cosmological constant. What we have learned from the theory itself is that it is a theory of tremendous diversity. Unexpectedly, string theory is most comfortable with a huge multiverse of tremendous variety instead of the small "knowable" and unique universe we once imagined.
Odenwald: So what would our theoretical explanations for our universe look like without added dimensions, quantum gravity or string theory?
Susskind: Without these things the world as we know it couldn't exist. Giving up quantum gravity means giving up either the ideas of quantum [mechanics] or of gravity [and general relativity]. In a cosmological context quantum gravity is responsible for the primordial density fluctuations [we directly observe in the CMB] that ultimately condensed to form stars, galaxies, planets, etc. Without string theory we should not have the diversity of possibilites that allow pocket universes [Alan Guth's term] with the ultra-fine tuning needed to insure conditions for our kind of life.
Odenwald: If string theory loses its experimental support at the LHC, wouldn't it be far worse than merely going back to cosmology circa 1975 or even 1965? We would have to question the very mathematical tools we have been using for the last 50 years!
Susskind: I agree with your analysis, except that I would add: Expect the unexpected. Unforseen surprises are the rule in science, not the exception. Remember: Stuff happens.
Odenwald: If superstring theory falls, are there any competing theories out there that could hold out some hope?
Susskind: Not as far as I know.
So there you have it. The Large Hadron Collider absolutely has to find some clue about supersymmetry, or superstring theory is compromised, we will have no good idea about dark matter, and we will definitely be in a bad place until the super-LHC is built in the 2030s.
Patience, however, is a still a necessary virtue. Physicists were in this same quandary before the Higgs boson was finally discovered after 50 years of increasingly panicked searching.
Theoretical physicists have theorized a possible solution to a longstanding mystery bolstered by the recent discovery of the Higgs boson – a way to preserve the theory of supersymmetry. It was a breakthrough with profound implications for the world as we know it: the Higgs boson, the elementary particle that gives all other particles their mass, discovered at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012. But, for many scientists, it's only the beginning. When the LHC fires up again in 2015 at its highest-ever collision energy, theorists will be watching with intense interest.
Earlier this year in Physical Review Letters, Csaba Csaki, Cornell professor of physics, and colleagues theorized a possible solution to a longstanding mystery bolstered by the recent discovery of the Higgs – a way to preserve the theory of supersymmetry, a popular, but experimentally unproven, extension of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Supersymmetry could help explain the unusual properties of the Higgs boson, why the strong and weak interactions of subatomic particles appear to be so different, as well as the origin of dark matter, which makes up a quarter of the universe.
The Standard Model deals with three of nature's fundamental forces: strong, weak and electromagnetic, which govern the relationships between all the known subatomic particles. Supersymmetry extends the Standard Model by introducing new particles, called "superpartners"; every observed particle would have a corresponding superpartner, with similar properties to those of the observed particles, except heavier and with different spin values.
Some scientists think supersymmetry ought to be abandoned after the LHC failed to detect any of these superpartners; some of them, like the top quark's superpartner, the "stop," is predicted to be so light that the LHC should already have seen it.
In their paper, Csaki and colleagues counter that the particles may be hidden by the noise of other particles formed during the LHC's unprecedented energy of proton-proton collisions.
Their idea has to do with a concept called R-parity. All observed particles are assumed to have positive R-parity, while the unobserved superpartners would be negative, implying that the superpartners cannot decay to ordinary particles exclusively.
Searching for the superpartners at the LHC, Csaki explained, has largely operated under the assumption that this R-parity is always exactly conserved. Csaki and colleagues pose a scenario in which R-parity is violated, and would result in a series of interactions giving rise to particle decays that would be nearly impossible to detect by the LHC's current parameters.
The LHC, when back online next year, is scheduled to run at a collision energy of 14 TeV (teraelectron volts) – about double the energy of previous runs. It could lead to ultimate proof of the theory of supersymmetry, which Csaki deems the "most beautiful" of the Standard Model extensions offered today – but science must make room for all possibilities.
Mass and length may not be fundamental properties of nature, according to new ideas bubbling out of the multiverse.
In the equations of the "Standard Model of particle physics", only a particle discovered in 2012, called the Higgs boson, comes equipped with mass from the get-go. According to a theory developed 50 years ago by the British physicist Peter Higgs and associates, it doles out mass to other elementary particles through its interactions with them. Electrons, W and Z bosons, individual quarks and so on: All their masses are believed to derive from the Higgs boson — and, in a feedback effect, they simultaneously dial the Higgs mass up or down, too.
The scale symmetry approach traces back to 1995, when William Bardeen, a theoretical physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill., showed that the mass of the Higgs boson and the other Standard Model particles could be calculated as consequences of spontaneous scale-symmetry breaking. But at the time, Bardeen's approach failed to catch on. The delicate balance of his calculations seemed easy to spoil when researchers attempted to incorporate new, undiscovered particles, like those that have been posited to explain the mysteries of dark matter and gravity.
Instead, researchers gravitated toward another approach called "supersymmetry" that naturally predicted dozens of new particles. One or more of these particles could account for dark matter. And supersymmetry also provided a straightforward solution to a bookkeeping problem that has bedeviled researchers since the early days of the Standard Model.
This democratic tendency wouldn't matter if the Standard Model particles were the end of the story. But physicists surmise that far beyond the Standard Model, at a scale about a billion billion times heavier known as the "Planck mass," there exist unknown giants associated with gravity. These heavyweights would be expected to fatten up the Higgs boson — a process that would pull the mass of every other elementary particle up to the Planck scale. This hasn't happened; instead, an unnatural hierarchy seems to separate the lightweight Standard Model particles and the Planck mass.
With his scale symmetry approach, Bardeen calculated the Standard Model masses in a novel way that did not involve them smearing toward the highest scales. From his perspective, the lightweight Higgs seemed perfectly natural. Still, it wasn't clear how he could incorporate Planck-scale gravitational effects into his calculations.
Meanwhile, supersymmetry used standard mathematical techniques, and dealt with the hierarchy between the Standard Model and the Planck scale directly. Supersymmetry posits the existence of a missing twin particle for every particle found in nature. If for each particle the Higgs boson encounters (such as an electron) it also meets that particle's slightly heavier twin (the hypothetical "selectron"), the combined effects would nearly cancel out, preventing the Higgs mass from ballooning toward the highest scales. Like the physical equivalent of x + (–x) ≈ 0, supersymmetry would protect the small but non-zero mass of the Higgs boson. The theory seemed like the perfect missing ingredient to explain the masses of the Standard Model — so perfect that without it, some theorists say the universe simply doesn't make sense.
The multiverse hypothesis has surged in begrudging popularity in recent years. But the argument feels like a cop-out to many, or at least a huge letdown.
The implications are enormous. Without supersymmetry, the Higgs boson mass seems as if it is reduced not by mirror-image effects but by random and improbable cancellations between unrelated numbers — essentially, the initial mass of the Higgs seems to exactly counterbalance the huge contributions to its mass from gluons, quarks, gravitational states and all the rest. And if the universe is improbable, then many physicists argue that it must be one universe of many: just a rare bubble in an endless, foaming "multiverse." We observe this particular bubble, the reasoning goes, not because its properties make sense, but because its peculiar Higgs boson is conducive to the formation of atoms and, thus, the rise of life. More typical bubbles, with their Planck-size Higgs bosons, are uninhabitable.
"It's not a very satisfying explanation, but there's not a lot out there," Dine said.
As the logical conclusion of prevailing assumptions, the multiverse hypothesis has surged in begrudging popularity in recent years. But the argument feels like a cop-out to many, or at least a huge letdown. A universe shaped by chance cancellations eludes understanding, and the existence of unreachable, alien universes may be impossible to prove. "And it's pretty unsatisfactory to use the multiverse hypothesis to explain only things we don't understand," said Graham Ross, an emeritus professor of theoretical physics at the University of Oxford.
The multiverse ennui can't last forever.
"The statement that gravity might not affect the Higgs mass is very revolutionary," Dimopoulos said.
A theory called "agravity" (for "adimensional gravity") developed by Salvio and Strumia may be the most concrete realization of the scale symmetry idea thus far. Agravity weaves the laws of physics at all scales into a single, cohesive picture in which the Higgs mass and the Planck mass both arise through separate dynamical effects. As detailed in June in the Journal of High-Energy Physics, agravity also offers an explanation for why the universe inflated into existence in the first place. According to the theory, scale-symmetry breaking would have caused an exponential expansion in the size of space-time during the Big Bang.
However, the theory has what most experts consider a serious flaw: It requires the existence of strange particle-like entities called "ghosts." Ghosts either have negative energies or negative probabilities of existing — both of which wreck havoc on the equations of the quantum world.
"Negative probabilities rule out the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, so that's a dreadful option," said Kelly Stelle, a theoretical particle physicist at Imperial College, London, who first showed in 1977 that certain gravity theories give rise to ghosts. Such theories can only work, Stelle said, if the ghosts somehow decouple from the other particles and keep to themselves. "Many attempts have been made along these lines; it's not a dead subject, just rather technical and without much joy," he said.
Meanwhile, other groups are crafting their own scale-symmetric theories. Lindner and colleagues have proposed a model with a new "hidden sector" of particles, while Bardeen, Lykken, Marcela Carena and Martin Bauer of Fermilab and Wolfgang Altmannshofer of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada, argue in an Aug. 14 paper that the scales of the Standard Model and gravity are separated as if by a phase transition. The researchers have identified a mass scale where the Higgs boson stops interacting with other particles, causing their masses to drop to zero. It is at this scale-free point that a phase change-like crossover occurs. And just as water behaves differently than ice, different sets of self-contained laws operate above and below this critical point.
In the meantime, there's a sense of rekindling hope.
"Maybe our mathematics is wrong," Dine said. "If the alternative is the multiverse landscape, that is a pretty drastic step, so, sure — let's see what else might be.
Supersymmetry is hard to kill. It is more general than most theories of physics beyond the Standard Model: It is the basic idea that particles and forces are fundamentally the same thing but appear different because something creates an effective distinction between them, similar to the way that the Higgs boson creates an effective distinction between the electric and weak parts of the electroweak force. For supersymmetry, that "something" is unknown — many different models of supersymmetry breaking have been proposed and others could be thought up tomorrow. Each variant, including minor variations in numerical parameters, yields different decay patterns involving different cascades of particles.
Seekers of supersymmetry are faced with a dilemma: Pick a model of supersymmetry breaking and hope you're lucky enough to find it, or look at a quantity that is sensitive to a broad class of models, but with less statistical sensitivity. If you pick a specific model and don't find it, you can set a precise exclusion limit, but only on one model — supersymmetry itself remains elusive. Broad searches, on the other hand, are hard to formulate. You have to think of a signature that is shared by many supersymmetric models yet is different enough from the Standard Model to clearly claim a discovery or set a tight limit.
One technique, dubbed "the razor," shares aspects of both. It makes weak assumptions about the mechanism of supersymmetry breaking but also makes a sharp distinction between supersymmetric particles and the Standard Model. Assuming that supersymmetric particles are within reach of the LHC (like squarks and gluinos), and that they are produced in pairs (R-parity is not violated), and that they decay in cascading chains (as many variants of supersymmetry do), they would show up in LHC collisions as two rough bundles of particles, each with an energy that corresponds to the mass of the first supersymmetric particle in the chain. Different models predict different decay patterns within each bundle, but this technique looks only for the bundles.
A group of CMS scientists selected events using the razor technique and found them to be consistent with the Standard Model. This cuts out a broad range of supersymmetric models, many more than a focused technique would. There are still others that might evade the razor's weak assumptions, but the remaining space is getting thin.
Sometimes you just gotta do things the hard way. Today's article describes an attempt to do just that.
While all particle physics is complicated, certain processes are particularly so. Studying the most common kinds of supersymmetric events predicted to be found at the LHC is like putting together an especially complex puzzle.
Supersymmetry is a principle that one can incorporate into new or existing theories. At its core, it is nothing more than the rule that matter particles (fermions) and force carrying particles (bosons) in the theory's equations are indistinguishable from each other. While no evidence for supersymmetry has been observed, it is a very popular idea since it can fill in many physics theory holes. It can provide an explanation for why the mass of the Higgs boson is so small, explain the identity of dark matter, and show how the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces are really different faces of the same thing. Supersymmetry really is a versatile idea.
Supersymmetry itself isn't a theory. However, many theories include it, and each one makes a very different prediction. The one universal prediction in such theories is that for every known particle, there exists a corresponding, as-yet-undiscovered partner that differs only in its spin. For example, for every known fermion (quark and lepton), there is a cousin supersymmetric boson (squark and slepton). Similarly, for every known boson (photon, W and Z boson, gluon and Higgs), there is a cousin supersymmetric fermion (photino, wino, zino, gluino and higgsino). If supersymmetry is right, we have to find these cousin particles.
Physicists have been looking for these supersymmetric particles for decades now, with no luck at all. As with most searches for new phenomena, scientists looked for the easier signatures first. Because supersymmetric sleptons decay into (among other things) ordinary leptons, and because ordinary leptons are easy to identify, many early searches focused on sleptons.
However, the LHC collides not leptons but protons. That means that, if supersymmetry is real, the most likely supersymmetric particles to come out of the LHC are squarks and gluinos. These particles would decay eventually into more common quarks and gluons, which would make jets — little shotgun-like blasts of particles — in the [particle] detector, and often many jets hit the detector simultaneously.
In one particularly challenging situation, a pair of gluinos would each make a top quark-antiquark pair. Since each top quark can decay into three lighter quarks, such an event would have 12 jets. Visually, you can imagine such a collision as 12 randomly oriented shotguns going off simultaneously, with the pellets hitting the detector. Events like these are horribly, horribly complicated.
Complicated though these events may be, CMS scientists went looking for them, and find them they did. The problem is that messy events like these can be created by known physics, and new physics requires that researchers find an excess of events with the above-mentioned characteristics. This analysis is similar to a previous Frontier Science Result but uses collisions in the LHC with higher energy than used in the earlier analysis.
The result of this search was that no evidence was observed for the extra events predicted by supersymmetry. Thus CMS scientists were able to set stringent limits on the mass of the predicted supersymmetric particles. Now it's back to the drawing board.
Physicists on the CDMS experiment have devised a better way to search for a particle that, if it exists, would revolutionize our ideas about dark matter.
After seeing possible hints of surprisingly light dark matter earlier this year, scientists on the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search have found a way to improve their search for such particles.
The discovery of low-mass dark-matter particles could tell us that dark matter is more complicated than we originally thought.
Physicists designed CDMS (pictured above) to look for heavy dark-matter particles, the kind predicted by the popular theory of supersymmetry. Supersymmetry posits that every elementary particle we know—the quark, the lepton, and so on—has a massive partner particle. One such partner particle could be what we call dark matter.
However, a different theory, currently rising in popularity, predicts the existence of a light dark-matter particle that is just one member in a family of "dark sector" particles.
The CDMS experiment searches for dark-matter particles using a detector filled with germanium and silicon crystals cooled to a very low temperature, about -460 degrees Fahrenheit. Atoms in chilled crystals stay very still, making it easier to notice when they are disturbed. If a dark-matter particle knocks against the nucleus of an atom in the CDMS detector, the interaction will release a small amount of heat and charge, which the scientists measure with sensitive electronics.
The lighter the particle administering this kick, the smaller the amount of heat and charge released. That makes low-mass dark-matter particles are particularly hard to find.
A modification to the CDMS detector called CDMSlite—"lite" standing for "low-ionization threshold experiment"—combats this problem with the application of a larger voltage across the crystal (a whopping 69 volts instead of the usual 4). This amplifies the signal that low-mass particles release, giving the scientists a much closer look at the energy range where light dark-matter events should appear.
The experiment has now set the strongest limits in the world for detection of a dark-matter particle with a mass below 6 billion electronvolts.
"We are excluding new parameter space that hasn't been probed before," says Pacific Northwest National Laboratory physicist Jeter Hall, who conceived of and helped realize the idea of using higher voltages.
While CDMSlite is not well suited for looking for heavy dark-matter particles—their much-larger signals would saturate the experiment's electronics—CDMS will not give up on its quest for a massive particle. CDMS scientists will operate detectors in different search modes to cover a wide range of dark-matter masses.
"We should consider a broad range of possibilities, given how little we know about the properties of dark matter," says physicist Richard Partridge, who heads SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory's CDMS group.
Scientists hope to use the technology developed for CDMSlite in the next generation of the experiment, a larger detector to be placed more than a mile underground at SNOLAB in Canada.


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APPEARS IN News Family & Adventure
Throwback Thursday: Nancy Morgan Hart, War Woman
by Linda_Hoff - Thursday, June 28, 2018
Revolutionary War, Wilkes County, Ga.
Nancy Morgan Hart was sweeping the floor when six British loyalists-Tories-burst into her home. They demanded she tell what she knew about a Whig leader they were chasing. Hart, who only minutes earlier had helped that same man in his escape, replied calmly, "Haven't seen any strangers in my neck of the woods for days."
The leader locked gazes with Hart, then abruptly turned on his heel and stomped from the house.
Cra-a-ack! Squawk! The leader returned with Hart's prize gobbler. "We're hungry," he said, handing her the dead turkey and nodding in the direction of the kitchen. "And thirsty."
While Hart prepared the Tories' meal, she kept them well supplied with liquor. By the time the food was ready, the now-relaxed men stacked their firearms against a wall before seating themselves at the table and digging in. They weren't expecting any trouble from a lone woman and her children. But trouble is what they got!
Each time Hart served the men, she walked from the kitchen to the table-and in between the Tories and their stacked muskets. With each pass, she'd slip one musket through a chink in the wall.
"Stop!" barked the leader, spotting what Hart was doing and rising from his chair.
Without hesitation, the sharp-shooting Hart grabbed one of the remaining muskets and cocked it. "Anybody moves a muscle, I'll shoot," she warned.
The man took a step forward and Hart felled him. She quickly picked up a second musket and was ready when a second man decided to try his luck, only to meet the same fate as the first. With yet another gun trained on the remaining Tories, the rest of the men held their places as Hart sent one of her children to bring back her husband, Benjamin, and some neighbors.
Benjamin wanted to shoot the Tories. But Nancy declared shooting was "too good" for them, and the men were hung instead.
It would be more than 100 years later, while workers were grading a railroad near the site of the old Hart cabin, that the remains of the six century-old skeletons would be unearthed. They had been laid neatly side-by-side.
At 6 feet tall, with red hair, crossed-eyes and a smallpox-scarred face, Revolutionary War heroine Nancy Hart Morgan cut an impressive figure. Add to that a hot temper, fearlessness and superior marksmanship skills, and Hart was someone to be reckoned with.
So when Hart committed to American independence from the King of England, she went after the enemy with all the fierceness of her nature. She used her gun and her wits to capture and kill Tories, and she offered herself up as a spy for the local militia. Hart's fierceness earned her the nickname "Wahatchee" by Cherokee Indians living in the area, a term thought to mean "war woman."
Nancy Morgan Hart was born Anne Morgan around 1735, most likely in North Carolina. Very little is known of her early life other than she was unschooled, but quite smart. She was probably related to Daniel Boone and was a cousin to Revolutionary War General Daniel Morgan.
Nancy married Benjamin Hart sometime after 1755, and the couple had eight children-six boys and two girls. By 1771, four years before the Revolutionary War broke out, the family settled into a log cabin in Wilkes County, Ga. It was here that Nancy, who was commonly addressed by friends and neighbors as "Aunt Nancy," earned a reputation as an expert herbalist and became a highly sought-after midwife.
Patriot and Spy
It was here also, near the Hart cabin, that many of Hart's war exploits took place. You see, during much of the war, Hart's husband was away in the Georgia militia, and it was up to Nancy to take care of herself and the children. One time, as she cooked up a batch of lye soap in the cabin, she was surprised to see an eye peeking in through a crack in the logs. Hart quickly filled a ladle with the boiling, soapy water and flung it through the crack, catching the peeping Tory by surprise. She then marched outside, tied up the still-screaming man and turned him over to the militia.
Hart often acted as a self-appointed Revolutionary War sniper. Hiding in the bushes near her home, she'd ease her rifle into the notch she'd cut into a tree stump and gun down Tories as they crossed the river. Then she'd blow on a conch shell to summon neighbors and her husband, if he was in the area, to help deliver the dead men to the authorities.
She also served as a spy for the Whigs (Americans who were fighting for independence from the British). On one occasion, she lashed together four logs with grapevines, crossing and re-crossing the Savannah River to find out the location and goings-on of an enemy camp on the Carolina side. She then passed the information on to the militia. On another occasion, she disguised herself as a man, pretended to be crazy and walked into a British camp. She walked out with important information on British troop movements-information that would assist General Elijah Clarke in winning the Battle of Kettle Creek.
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Zhang Bing, Secretary of Lishui Municipal Party Committee, visited Ante Instrument Group for investigation
On May 28, 2018, Zhang Bing, secretary of the Lishui Municipal Party Committee, came to Qingtian County to investigate the opening-up work. He emphasized that the whole city must hold high the great banner of Xi Jinping's new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, exemplify General Secretary Xi Jinping's important thoughts on opening to the outside world, earnestly implement the spirit of the province's opening-up conference, and focus on playing the "qiaopai" and "taiqiu". ", to better serve the country's "One Belt One Road" construction, and comprehensively build a new pattern of opening up to the outside world in the new era of Lishui. Qingtian County is a well-known hometown of overseas Chinese. It must take the initiative to take the initiative and act as the bridgehead and vanguard of the city's opening to the outside world. The county party secretary Dai Banghe accompanied him.
Ante Instrument Group is the first stop of Secretary Zhang's investigation
Mr. Liu Jianwu, Chairman of Ante Group, introduced and reported the history and current situation of the company's development to Secretary Zhang and his entourage, especially the company's actions in opening up.
Chairman Liu specially introduced: Ante Group established the "Antelanka Meter Co., Ltd." in Sri Lanka in cooperation with the Ministry of Electricity in 2007 to produce and sell electricity meters specifically for the local market. In the past 10 years, Antlanka has been developing steadily, technology has been continuously improved, and products have been continuously updated. This has changed the situation that Sri Lanka's electricity meters are all dependent on imports, and improved the degree and level of localization in the production of electricity meters and spare parts. The group has also obtained good economic returns, and the Chinese smart meter standard has become the national standard of Sri Lanka. Ante Group has been on the "One Belt One Road" initiative.
▲In January 2017, Antlanca held the opening ceremony of the injection molding plant. The chairman of Ante Group (first from left), the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (middle), the Minister of Electricity (fourth from left), and the Deputy Minister of Electricity (third from right) at the opening ceremony.
Secretary Zhang praised Ante Group's concept of "creating the world with quality and making friends with true feelings", and hopes that Ante Group will use high-quality products and a sincere attitude to achieve the goal of "lighting up the world and warming Qingtian".
Prev : Zhang Baowen, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress and his party visited Ante Group Ni Dongfang Art Museum
Next : Deputy Director Ji Shihua of the Civil Affairs Department of Zhejiang Province and his party visited Ante Group Ni Dongfang Art Museum


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A mother's death can be devastating. This nonprofit steps in to help girls connect
Nov 29, 2017 6:15 PM EDT
PBS NewsHour PBS NewsHour
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/a-mothers-death-can-be-devastating-this-nonprofit-steps-in-to-help-girls-connect
In our NewsHour Shares moment of the day, a casual meetup program for girls who have lost loved ones aims to empower through mentorship and camaraderie. Special correspondent Tina Martin of WGBH has the story on empowerHer.
Now to a "NewsHour" Shares.
Losing a parent at a young age can obviously have devastating consequences for a child.
One Massachusetts nonprofit has set out to support young women who have lost their mothers.
From PBS station WGBH in Boston, Tina Martin introduces us to the woman behind the empowerHER program.
Cara Belvin:
My mom was beautiful and smart and funny. She really just kind of lit up a room.
Tina Martin:
Cara Belvin was just 9 years old when her mother died of breast cancer.
At the time, it just felt like I was the only girl in the world whose mother had died. And I didn't have opportunities to meet other girls like me and who could relate to my loss.
Years later, a mother herself, Belvin realized she could help connect girls like her with others.
Four years ago, Belvin started the nonprofit empowerHER, which hosts events like group rock climbs for girls who have lost their mothers.
My vision for empowerHER was really these events that would have low pressure. They would be relaxed, and the girls would be comfortable and come together in very sort of easy, breezy events, like cooking classes and writing classes and beach parties and a sleepover on Mother's Day weekend.
It's really something that I wish I had.
But, soon, Belvin realized the girls may need more than just events. So, two years ago, she added another important piece.
I wanted to start a mentor program, a program that would look a lot like Big Brothers, Big Sisters, where we could pair with a positive role model from the community. And, in some cases, that woman that we would make a match with is a woman who can relate to her loss.
Andrea Mancinelli and 18-year-old Jess Digangi were matched two years ago, a year after Jess lost her mom.
Jess Digangi:
She has, like, that mother-like role. She kind of reminds me of my mom. I do a lot of the same stuff I would do with my mom with Andrea.
The two like to watch "Downton Abbey" together and go shopping.
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It's just really great to at least try to be able to at least try to give something back to her and to help her through some tough times, and also kind of bring that fun back.
Mancinelli sees her role as more than just fun.
A lot of times, I will just text and kind of say, I'm thinking of you.
Cara Belvin left her full-time job as a nonprofit consultant to run empowerHER, which relies 100 percent on donations, and she believes her mom would approve.
She'd be proud that I was doing anything to, I guess, speak up or speak out on a topic that still, unfortunately, might even be considered more of a taboo topic.
Because of Cara Belvin's vision, these girls have a community of support and friendship.
For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm Tina Martin in Scituate, Massachusetts.
Uplifting.
And that is the "NewsHour" for tonight. I'm Judy Woodruff.
For all of us at the "PBS NewsHour," thank you, and we'll see you soon.
PBS NewsHour from Nov 29, 2017
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The next presidential debate will feature a Biden-Harris rematch
By Bill Barrow, Associated Press


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Remembering a Veteran: Cesare Battisti, Alpini Corps, Italian Army
From La Grande Guerra by Leo Benedetti
Cesare Battisti was born on 4 February 1875, in Trento, the seat of the Trentino province, then a part of Austria-Hungary. His parents were well-off shopkeepers in Trento. Although the Trentino had been part of Austria since the 1500s, it was Italian in language and culture.
Five years before Battisti's birth, upon the capture of Rome from the Papacy, Italy became a unified nation with Rome as its capitol. The movement to unify Italy was called "Il Risorgimento" (The Resurgence"). But, the Trentino, Trieste, and Istria (the territory around Trieste) with mostly Italian people remained under Austrian rule. After 1870 a movement to liberate these unredeemed lands (Italia Irredente) began. Those members of this movement in Italy, or in the "occupied" lands, were called Irredentists.
Cesare Battisti [Center] and Fabbio Filzi [Rt] Executed 12 July 1916
Aviator Damiano Chiesa [Lt] Met a Similar Fate Afterward
This was the milieu in which Cesare Battisti reached maturity. The Irredentist movement was the subject of much discussion and controversy. The Austrians, of course, were very much against the spreading of this ideology. The double empire was composed of many nationalities, and its leaders were fearful of ideas of separation taking hold, and they therefore suppressed Irredentism forcefully.
In high school Cesare was interested in Italian history and culture, but in the Austrian-run schools the study of history ended with the Napoleonic era. Battisti began a search for information pertaining to Italian writers and poets and then began to copy parts of their works which were of interest to him.
His interest in social conditions began at this time as well. He became a school leader and was quite popular. Some of his school friends were needy, and he helped them during hard times. He was able to do this because his family owned a grocery store. Some believe that his future interest in socialism was sparked by these experiences.
When he was 18 he entered the University of Florence, where he graduated with honors, completing a thesis was on the geography of the Trentino. At the university he was also thoroughly introduced to socialism meeting some of the important Italian socialist thinkers and party leaders of the time. On completing his studies, he returned to Trento where he published a geographical review in which the economy, resources, and Italian cultural background of the Trentino were analyzed.
In 1911 he was elected to the Diet (Parliament) in Vienna. His agenda was to get an Italian university established in Trieste. Until the turn of the century there was no university in Austria with an Italian curriculum. The University at Innsbruck was the only Austrian university that had a law course taught in Italian. Opponents to this program tried to split its supporters by suggesting that the university be established at Trento instead. Recognizing the ploy, and even though he was a Trentino deputy, he supported the Trieste site to keep the support for an Italian university intact.
At the Diet, Battisti was sworn in by its youngest member and a fellow Italian, Alcide DeGasperi, who — after WWII — would become Italy's Prime Minister. But the two men didn't see eye to eye. De Gasperi, a member of the Catholic Party, and Battisti, a socialist and Irredentist, disagreed completely. De Gasperi's supporters disrupted socialist party meetings, and Battisti referred to De Gasperi sarcastically as "Von Gasperi."
Battisti Near the Front
In 1909 Benito Mussolini was expelled from Switzerland and was then sent by the socialist party to Trento to be editor of the party newspaper L'Avvenire del Lavatore (The Coming of the Worker). Even though he and Battisti were both socialists, Mussolini was then anti-militarist, a pacifist, and an internationalist, and as such rejected Battisti's Irredentist views. Mussolini was soon expelled from Austria and was sent to Italy to be editor of the party paper, Avanti. Mussolini subsequently completely switched sides and by 1914 had become an ardent nationalist and pro-war agitator.
When hostilities began in August 1914, he left Austria for Italy where he became very active in promoting an Italian war against Austria. He wrote articles for Mussuolini's Avanti, criticizing those socialists espousing pacifism. He wrote to the king and spoke at pro-war demonstrations whenever he had the opportunity.
Italy's pro-war movement involved several kinds of people with various goals. Some, like the Futurists, believed that a war would strengthen a nation, making the people tougher and more able to rise to greatness. There were others that saw war as a method to unify the people, to develop a patriotic sense in a nation that had existed for only about 45 years. Some, like Mussolini, saw war as an opportunity to gain personal power. Others, like author Gabriele D'Annunzio, wanted a chance for personal aggrandizement, adventure, and honors. The king and some politicians wanted Italy to achieve great power status, to protect and expand its interests in the Balkans, and to gain some colonies in Africa and Asia Minor. Battisti's main goal was to unify all Italians, including those living in Italian areas of the Austrian Empire. His was a patriotism based on an ethnic-centered nationalism that even overrode his socialist views and put him at odds with the anti-war, internationalist tenets of the socialist party.
Later, when Italy entered the war against Austria in May of 1915, Battisti enlisted in the Italian Alpine Corps. He put his extensive knowledge of the geographical area of the Trentino at the disposition of the Italian Army and eventually joined the Edelo battalion of the 5th Alpini Regiment. He received a medal for valor and became a 2nd Lt. After seeing action in several engagements, Battisti was put on the staff of the 1st Army information office and was invited to speak in Milan honoring the Alpini Corps. Administrative duty didn't suit him, and soon, after a massive Austrian attack in the Trentino (the 1916 Strafexpedition), he requested a transfer and received a posting to the Alpini Vicenza Battalion. During the Italian counterattack he was given command of the battalion's 2nd company. His unit was cut off and he was captured. With him was one of his subordinates, a 2nd Lt. Fabio Filzi from Istria, like Battisti, an Italian from Istria, another Austrian-ruled region.
The two men were identified as Austrian subjects and therefore traitors. There are accounts that a fellow Italian had betrayed them. The two were put on a horse drawn cart, chained and heavily guarded. In this fashion they were carted off on the long trip to Trento. On the way they were insulted, spat upon, and stoned by people and soldiers who were egged on by the authorities. When they arrived at the castle Buon Consiglio in Trento a group of officials took turns beating the two prisoners.
The next day, 12 July 1916, at the summary court martial, the two were quickly found guilty of treason and condemned to a form of hanging similar to strangulation. Battisti protested that they had been in captured in uniform on the field of battle and therefore should be considered POWs. This defense was rejected out of hand. He requested a military execution by firing squad so as to not dishonor the Italian Army uniform, but the judge denied his request, and instead procured for him some shabby civilian clothes. Fabio Filzi was sentenced to the same fate.
Battisti on the Way to His Court Martial
The prisoners were taken directly from the court to the gallows. Battisti was refused an opportunity even to write a last letter home. He turned down the last rites from a priest. At the first attempt to strangle him, the rope broke. According to tradition, when this kind of thing happened, the sentence would be commuted. Instead, in Battisti's case a new rope was sent for and the execution proceeded. Battisti shouted "Viva Trento Italia! Viva l'Italia!" After the execution, Battisti's and Filzi's bodies were thrown in the sewer of the castle with no casket or marker.
The Austrians photographed the execution and post cards were produced from them. The authorities hoped that this would serve as an example and be a deterrent to other minority groups. Instead the effort backfired, making martyrs of Battisti and Filzi and showing the Austrians in a barbaric light. They quickly realized this, stopped the distribution of the cards, and tried to recall the ones already distributed. But it was too late. The photos became propaganda tools in the hands of the Italians to whip up anti-Austrian feelings even more in Italy.
The Death of Battisti
Although condemned as a traitor in Austria, in Italy, even today some 80 years later, he is considered a patriot, hero, and martyr. In Trento there is a dramatic monument to him at the site of his grave. In towns and cities all over Italy there are streets and piazzas named after Cesare Battisti.
Sources and Thanks: Historia, May–June, 1985 [no author cited]. Encyclopedia Italiana, 1932. Photos from Tony Langley, Rich Galli and the author.
Brian Cleary June 25, 2015 at 4:03 AM
The Trentino, or Sudtirol, was thoroughly Germanic in character. In the 1930's Mussolini tried to Italianize the province by moving in ethnic Italians from the South. Even today, there is a large German influence on the culture of the Alto Adage. Italians wanted the Southern Tyrol in order to have a more defensible border with Austria: to be able to control the Southern Alpine passes.
Today there is a large, separatist movement in the Sudtirol. Proponents have used bombs and explosives to try to disrupt life in the province and are considered terrorists by the Italian authorities.
Connie R. June 25, 2015 at 10:10 AM
Another thought-provoking post that shows how relevant the unresolved questions of WWI are today. Just tweeted this one.
Sam Graff June 25, 2015 at 9:42 PM
The father north you go in Trentino-Alto Adige, the less Italian you hear and the more Austrian things look, until eventually the only people who greet you in Italian are workers in the post office.
Let's face it these Austrians and their German cousins are sadist pigs; they can disguise it using loosey goosey terms like "Francatour" and the tragedies of war. In reality it is a slap in the face for the other side to reciprocate in kind, and you have a very nasty war. Then the losers Germany, Austria/Hungary go wimpering off that they were stabed in the back
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Ella's yoga classes helped me reconnect my mind and body when I was just starting my battle against PTSD. Now that my mind-body connection is disrupted by more mundane things... I still find so much comfort and physical pain relief from her classes! If I ever get offered an amazing job in LA, I'll be sure to find an apartment somewhere close to Forward Fold Yoga so I can learn from Ella herself again! For now, I'm pretty obsessed with her new(ish) website, where you can take her classes for FREE, or subscribe for even more options.Enjoy!


Festive performances liven up terminal buildings during Chinese New Year holiday.
(HONG KONG, 20 February 2018) – Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) recorded strong growth in cargo throughput in January, handling 410,000 tonnes with a year-on-year surge of 9.9%. During the month, flight movements increased 1.9% to 35,985 while passenger throughput slightly decreased 0.9% to 6.13 million compared with the same month in 2017.
As the Chinese New Year period fell in January in 2017 but February this year, Hong Kong resident travel in January declined by 8% year-on-yearly, resulting in the slight drop in total passenger traffic in the month. Passenger traffic to/from Southeast Asia and Taiwan recorded the most significant decreases. A more meaningful comparison of traffic performance can be made when the combined statistics for the first two months of 2018 are available.
On the cargo front, transshipments and imports registered 14% and 10% year-on-year growth, respectively, contributing most to the growth. Amongst the key trading regions, traffic to/from Europe and India increased most significantly in the month.
On a 12-month rolling basis, HKIA handled 4.97 million tonnes of cargo, 72.8 million passengers and 421,300 flight movements, registering growth of 9.7%, 2.9% and 2.3% respectively year on year.
Meanwhile, the new Car Park 5 has been opened since 9 February, providing 460 parking spaces for hourly, daily and long-term parking for private cars. Shuttle bus service is provided for guests travelling between Car Park 5 and the terminals. More information on Car Park 5, including parking fees and location, can be found at the following link: http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/transport/parking.html.


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Growthpoint Properties, South Africa's biggest listed property company, has launched an American Depositary Receipt (ADR) programme to attract US investors.
Each Growthpoint depositary receipt represents two ordinary shares and trades in the US under the symbol "GWPTY".
Growthpoint ordinary shares trade on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) under the symbol "GRT".
Growthpoint executive director Estienne de Klerk said the US market was constantly looking for investment opportunities, "so we want to make the investment in Growthpoint as accessible as possible.
"As all income is distributed on a half-yearly basis, management seriously considers the capital allocation of new investments (either acquisitions or developments) and carefully evaluates whether a new investment is sufficiently yield-enhancing for Growthpoint," De Klerk said.


RMC Research's Denver office opened in 1987, and has grown to gain a national reputation for its research and diagnostic work in educational reform and closing the achievement gap in states, districts, and schools; mathematics and science research, evaluation, and professional development; and civic engagement and service-learning.
Evaluation and research projects include sophisticated quantitative and qualitative designs and cover a broad range of initiatives including work with Native Americans, International Baccalaureate, financial literacy, aeronautics, and educator effectiveness.
The Denver office is known for its strong emphasis on effective partnerships with clients and organizations and its focus on strategic analysis to benefit educators at all levels. Located in downtown Denver, the staff serves preschool through university partners throughout the United States and in several international sites.


Duqu is successor of the famous computer worm Stuxnet (see Stuxnet). The malware was discovered in 2011 by the Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security at the Budapest University in Hungary. Experts assume that the malware was either written by the Stuxnet authors or that the authors had access to the Stuxnet source code. Either way, the computer worm showed a very similar structure. Other than Stuxnet, Duqu was probably written mainly for espionage purposes to get a better understanding of network structures and develop better methods for an attack.


text:
Landmark arch gets extreme makeover
Work at Towson University's Richmond & Newell Halls Wins National Award
Restorer Uncovers His Own Treasure
Watts Restoration performs exterior restoration to The Johns Hopkins Hospital
By 6abc Archive
PHILADELPHIA – July 30, 2008 It gave them a chance to admire the 25 year old landmark up close.
"The artwork has such fine detail. It's amazing being a part of something like this," says Turon Fuller.
Starting this week, the gate is getting a major make-over. As impressive as it is, it's getting worn. The paint is peeling and the colors are fading. It needs more than a quarter-million-dollars worth of work.
But repainting the gate isn't a job for amateurs. That's why five artisans have brought their unique skills to Philadelphia from Tianjin, China.
John Chin, from the Chinatown Development Corporation explains, "The design you see is actually designed from the Chin dynasty, so it's very specialized work. They have certain color requirements and natural organics, like pigs' blood and things like that."
The artisans have spent much of the last week and a half trying to find the ingredients they'll need. But they've also taken some time to see the city. And so far, the project manager, speaking through a translator, says he likes what he's seen.
"He said it's cute, and the streets are convenient," says project manager Jin Duo Liu.
The project was slightly delayed by this weekend's underground electrical fire. PECO workers are wrapping up their repairs, clearing the way for Phase One of the gate project, removal of the old paint.
"The restoration work is expected to take about a month and a half. It's hoped by then, the gold expert will be able to get his visa from China, and get here to add the finishing touches."


text:
Hair Gel Costs Crippling Tyrone GAA
It has emerged tonight that a soaring spike in the cost of standard hair gel has forced the Tyrone County Board to ask for a few pounds a month from players to cover the backdrop in finances.
A leaked document last week indicated that, despite changing to the cheaper but less effective Boots version of men's hair gel, over £30'000 was being spent on gel, hair dye and tanning products.
A squad member sent us an email this evening, complaining of the poor standard of gel which left players feeling vulnerable and exposed during the rain-drenched Saturday night game against Dublin a fortnight ago.
"It's bad enough that the gel is now of a lesser standard than the stuff Mugsy and big Sean used to use in the last decade, but they're making us pay for it. Tiernan McCann was black carded last week because he couldn't even see the player coming towards him as the cheap stuff was tearing the eyes out of him. And why do you think McCurry's accuracy is off?"
The email also suggests that Sean Cavanagh has been told they can't afford the dye any more and we're to expect a more "salt'n'pepper" look from the Moy legend in 2017.
Croke Park officials have subsequently asked Tyrone GAA to pay for the extra watering needed for their pitch after the cheaper brand of tan washed off onto their turf during the exciting NFL draw.
"Niall Sludden was completely unrecognisable at the end of the game in that we thought he was a spectator trying to break into the changing rooms at the end. He changed two shades. They County Board have ended up spending more by cutting costs. Pure shambles. "
Players are being asked to pay a direct debit of £3 a month into an Abbey National account in Clogher.
Tags: croke park, darren mccurry, Dublin, niall sludden, sean cavanagh, tan, tiernan mccann
Wood Pellet Boiler Instructions In Irish. DUP May Change Mind On Irish Language Act
Many new wood pellet boiler owners have complained that installation of home-boilers has become almost impossible due to a clerical error which saw all instructions printed in Irish and Polish since September 2016.
Over 2500 boilers remain uninstalled in areas such as Fermanagh, Dungannon, Ballymena, Bangor and Holywood. As a result, political commentators are predicting a shocking u-turn regarding the DUP's stance towards the Irish Language Act.
Willie Harper (57) from Caledon in the Clogher Valley, a third cousin of a prominent DUP politician, maintains it's a stitch up by Sinn Fein or someone 'fenian with an agenda'.
"How the hell can I install my boiler when the first words are 'dia duit'? My neighbour says it's pronounced ditch. Well that's where the fcukin thing will end up. I looked at the last page and it says 'oscail an doras'. Who's Doris? There's a pile of farmers going to Irish night classes in order to get the boilers up and running. It's a scam."
Insiders claim that senior DUP figures have softened their attitude on the idea of an Irish Language act since this news broke. An annonymous backbencher told us:
"I'm nearly sure I heard Nigel Dodds greet Foster with 'A h'Arlene, cad é mar atá tú?' They've started on it already it appears. Sure even the chickens in Moy Park cluck in Irish as they had to get Irish-speaking boiler men to install the RHI boyos and the chickens picked it up."
A DUP election poster asking people to 'vótáil Dodds' was quickly removed in East Belfast
Tags: arlene foster, dup, rhi, Sinn Fein
Whist Card Games Unplayable Because Of Trump
Whist Drive in Brocagh, yesterday
Whist Drives across the county are said to be taking too long ever since the beleaguered Donald Trump became President of the United States of America.
Whist, a classic English trick-taking card game which was widely played in Irish clubs and societies until recently, involves the use of the term 'trump' which is the suit chosen by the last-dealt card that will beat all other suits regardless of rank. When two cards are played from the trump suit, the higher card wins the trick.
88-year old whist fanatic Geraldine McGuire from Beragh explained:
"Any time the word trump is mentioned now, you have to listen to grunt and tuts and then people start calling him a bollocks and that America is couped and stuff like that. The thing is, we can't remember taking about it the last time so it just starts all over again when 'trump' comes up in the game. Maybe about 40 times a match. We didn't get the game finished last night and it was 4am."
A petition is now underway by a group of whist players in Galbally to get the word trump removed from the game and replaced with 'deadly', so that the deadly suit beats all other suits.
McGuire added:
"We're not trying to change the world here. Our generation prefer the word 'trump' to describe passing wind from your behind and we're happy to still call it that, so we are."
Rumours of fights at the Greater Coalisland Weekly Whist Drive have also been attributed to pro and anti Trump supporters from the surrounding area, with Stewartstown being a particular safe-haven for Trump fans.
Posted in Beragh, Brocagh, Galbally, Stewartstown
Tags: card, donald trump, whist
Leaked Document Shows How Tyrone Nearly Beat Dublin
New Tyrone Bus – Too Big?
By Aughoughilley Schniffles
A confidential document made its way to our offices this morning, detailing a comprehensive plan on how Tyrone could beat Dublin in the league last week.
The '5-Steps-To-Heaven' memo explains how much detail goes into even the smallest of percentages when it comes to winning games at county level. Although unsigned, it is accepted that the plan is the result of many high-profile figures associated with the county team contributing to the cause.
It reads as follows:
Drop a pile of euros and cents around the ground. This will keep the Hill 16 supporters busy collecting the coins well into the first half as they'll already be late watching the Liverpool/Spurs game. This could be worth up to THREE POINTS on the scoreboard.
Drop a flier to all Tyrone houses during the week. On it give these orders to annex the Hill: Pretend to be a Dub. We estimate there might be a million people in Tyrone as well as exiled. Get everyone to go to Begleys, buy a new Dublin jersey and a lighter. Simply wear it over your Red Hand one and act like a heroin addict when they check your ticket at the Hill 16 turnstiles. Once you are in you can burn it with the lighter you got at Begleys- and fill the Hill singing stuff like Philomena's classic "Who's Gonna stop Canavan?" (replacing Cavanagh for Canavan) or "Come on Tyrone, You're On Your Own"
Bring out a Brian O'Driscoll lookalike beforehand to warm up. That'll confuse the Dubs. There's a boy in Eskra who looks like him under lights.
Maybe it's time to unfreeze Brian Dooher from the cryo tank now instead of the planned the 50th anniversary year of the opening of the Garvaghy complex in 2063?
Bring in a big bollocks of a bus to show how much richer we are than the Dubs.
Unfortunately, all plans were not enough to stop the Dublin juggernaut, with the last resort, the bus, being too big to get into Croke Park, resulting in the players having to walk all the way from Quinns. It apparently took a lot out of Cavanagh who made the last 400 yards in a wheelchair.
Posted in Eskra, GAA
Tags: begleys, brian dooher, croke park, Dublin, Philomena Begley, sean cavanagh, tyrone gaa
Cocky Ardboe Pensioner Buys Wife 50 Shades Darker Cinema Tickets And Oysters For Valentine's Day
An Ardboe octogenarian reportedly spent today winking at people who know him around Ardboe after it emerged he bought his 82 year old wife, originally from Ballinderry, 2 tickets to see Jamie Dornan's latest steamy movie '50 Shades Darker' as well as a bag of oysters for Valentine's Day next week.
John Joe Donnelly (84) admitted he is aiming to make up for last year's gift of a pair of thigh-length leather boots and handcuffs which left the former O'Donovan Rossa player sleeping in the shed until the middle of March.
"A few of the lads in the pub said she'll go mad for this film. Apparently it's about a boy who is great at using baling twine around the house and wife hits him the odd slap when he starts acting the bollocks. To me it could just as well have been set in Ardboe. And she likes shellfish so the 120g of oysters will be well-received."
Donnelly still maintains last year's boots were a complete misunderstanding and would have proved to be fantastic footwear for dunging out the yard all year around, if she'd given them the chance and not taken the wrong meaning from the gesture.
"I can't see how this year's double gift could go wrong. A wholesome country tale in the pictures and a pile of molluscs. There's no double meaning there. And the handcuffs last year were just a novelty joke thing from a cracker."
Donnelly was later seen winking at other men in the shop and rubbing his hands with his tongue hanging out.
Posted in Ardboe, Ballinderry
Tags: 50 shades darker, 50 shades of grey, ARDBOE, Ballinderry, jamie dornan
Brawl In Coalisland Pub Over Quare Stretch In The Evening Comment
Police were called to an East Tyrone drinking establishment after several punters became embroiled in a brawl over a comment made by a regular customer.
Eyewitnesses claim several chairs were smashed over heads in scenes which one drinker said resembled 'some old bar-room brawl you'd see in the pictures with John Wayne in it'. The incident escalated after local general expert Leo Lyons claimed that 'there was a quare stretch in the evenings already' which was vehemently disputed by three fellow drinkers at the Nally Stand bar in the centre of the town.
An American tourist, Hank Power, who is in the town researching his roots, described the scene:
"A man with a beard stretched back and claimed 'there's a quare stretch in the evenings' to which another man with a beard told him to 'stop talking pure bollocks'. It sort of took off from there and even the barman broke a bottle of stout over a third man who also had a beard and seemed to be from a distant land called 'Brack-a-ville'. Even women were swinging handbags."
Police confirmed that the brawl spilled outside onto the roundabout and fighting numbers were doubled in size when drivers heard what they were arguing about.
Scenes finally settled after the priest was called for and asked to confirm whether or not there was a quare stretch in the evenings. After some thought he declared that there wasn't a quare stretch really, which appeared to end the riotous scenes apart from another man with a beard who threw a packet of half-eaten KP Salty Nuts at Fr Fay's vestments as he walked back to his carriage.
Posted in Brackaville, Coalisland
Tags: Brackaville, Coalisland, PSNI
Harte May Recall Slim-lined Mugsy To End Dublin's Unbeaten Run
Mugsy's new look is a secret
Dublin, who extended their unbeaten run to 30 games after a win over Cavan in the Allianz League opener, are said to be spooked at the news that Owen Mulligan may return to face the champions on Saturday night in Croke Park.
Mulligan, who has reportedly shed 3 stone by running up and down Cookstown Main Street during the middle of the night, memorably tortured the capital's team in 2005 over two games including a goal which some describe the greatest they've seen in the famed headquarter turf. His 1-7 in the replay cemented the Cookstown man as Dublin's nemesis that year.
A Dublin backroom member told a reporter this evening:
"This is a spanner in the works. We know we can handle this current Tyrone crop but Mulligan is a different species altogether. Paddy Christie told me recently he still wakes up in cold sweats about that goal. Coman Goggins took to sleepwalking straight after that game. And if Mugsy has shed three stone he'll be hungry."
Dublin's 30-game unbeaten record in league and championship, going right back to March 1st, 2015, sees them as odds-on favourites for Saturday night's clash despite Mulligan's imminent arrival. Taking advantage of the bookie's odds of 2/1, dozens of Cookstown punters have lumped on Tyrone due to their hero's physical conditioning. Close friend and chronic gambler John Datsun explained:
"It's like Rocky 4. Owen is going to kick that big Russian's arse, or Jack McCaffrey as we know him as in Ireland. You should see Mugsy carrying in 6 kegs at the one time into the bar. He's a pure beast right now and he hasn't eaten in weeks. He's gonna ate the leg clean off Michael Darragh MacAuley."
Mulligan is also reportedly sporting a new look which will remain under wraps until he runs out onto the pitch, if this story is true at all.
Darren McCurry is apparently unhappy at the prospect of being benched in favour of the former All-Star, with the Edendork sharpshooter cryptically tweeting 'what a load of bollocks #nevergoback #yourepastit #sticktopullinpints'
Posted in Cookstown, Edendork, GAA
Tags: croke park, darren mccurry, Dublin, GAA, MD MacAuley, owen mulligan, tyrone gaa
Lignite May Explain High Levels Of Baldness In Tyrone
Tyrone man, today
A leading trichologist from France has completed a detailed three-year research mission into the extremely high prevalence of baldness in Tyrone and believes he has found the reason with a reported 99% accuracy.
Baldness has long been a marked feature of masculinity within the county much to the annoyance of young red-hand bachelors hoping for a romantic clinch at the end of a night in Sally's or the Greenvale. Now, with the help of Professor Blanc from Strasbourg, the source of the problem appears to be the amount of lignite (brown coal) under the county, especially in the east.
Moortown man and baldy since the age of 20, Padraig Quinn (44), admitted the news has come as a source of relief:
"At last we can say we're real Tyrone men now. I'm sick and tired of being called Bald the Builder, cueball, bald eagle, shiny dome, melon head, The Shining, peeled onion, scraped grape and the like. And that's just my parents. The abuse in the pubs and clubs is crippling. All we need to do now is dig up this lignite and we'll save future Tyronians from the same fate I experienced."
The excavation of lignite in Tyrone has been a contentious issue since the mid-80s but may now receive public backing for the first time. Lignite emits a gas which attacks the male chromosome responsible for follicle growth.
High profile Tyrone baldies such as Chris Lawn and Peter Canavan helped to restore confidence in eggheads from the bushes but this news may encourage fellow Kojaks to hold their potato up proudly high this week.
Posted in GAA, Moortown
Tags: chris lawn, lignite, Peter Canavan
St Brigid Was Very Cross Says Omagh Historian
Artist's impression of Brigid
As thousands of St Brigid's Crosses were being made in schools and homes across the country today, an esteemed Omagh historian has confirmed that Brigid was indeed extremely cross and maybe persistently grumpy all the time, even moreso than your average woman in Tyrone today.
Reportedly born in Louth around 453, a young Brigid was said to be a cryey baby due to never-ending teething problems which, locals maintained, never really went away throughout her later life. Omagh historian Luke Graham added:
"I've spoken to a few people whose ancestors remembered Brigid and they confirmed that she was fairly crabbed most of the time due to teeth problems amongst other things. She also turned water into beer for visiting clergy and maybe suffered from hangover symptoms. But she was definitely very cross, with warnings often given out to worshippers that 'Brigid's cross today' before she performed a mass."
Brigid's mood worsened after being sent to Kildare to start up a convent, a place she reportedly called 'the arsehole of nowhere', despite hinting that she'd prefer the bright lights of Dublin or Belfast. Rumours also persist today that she wasn't hopeful of Kildare competing for the Sam Maguire in the near future, even though GAA was still 1800 years away from forming.
Graham this morning revealed a startling and little-known fact about the great saint:
"Brigid used to make these boomerang things out of rushes and fire them at her pupils if they misbehaved. They'd take the eye out of your head. Pure lethal. When the rumour went around that 'Brigid's cross today', you were sure to see the woman herself arrive with a creelful of rushes under her arm, gurning."
Brigid once visited Dungannon but didn't like it.
Posted in Dungannon, Omagh
Tags: Dungannon, Kildare, louth, Omagh, st brigid's cross