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Voice of Horticulture has welcomed the Federal Government's move to back down on the controversial backpacker tax for six months while a review into working holiday visas occurs.
However, Voice of Horticulture chair, Tania Chapman questioned whether the new review, to be conducted by the Federal Agriculture Minister Barnaby Joyce, was just a "smokescreen" to get the Government through the next election.
Assistant Treasurer Kelly O'Dwyer today announced that the Government would conduct a review of working holiday visas and postpone any changes to the current system until January next year.
Ms Chapman stressed that "…it wasn't feasible for the Federal Government to introduce a tax of 32.5 per cent on every working dollar a holidaying backpacker earns".
"I am not saying backpackers should not be taxed, but it needs to be at a reasonable rate of say between 15 and 19 per cent which makes it comparable to other countries such as Canada and New Zealand.
"What our politicians have to understand is that this issue is huge in all regional parts of Australia who rely heavily on backpackers to harvest their crops.
Ms Chapman was quick to add that she was very wary that in six months' time "we may end up in the same boat".
"All the policy makers involved in this new review need to visit rural and regional Australia to appreciate what we do," she said.
"Horticulture is the largest employer in Agriculture – this includes not just backpackers but local labour – and without this sector a lot of rural and regional communities will go backwards."
Ms Chapman stressed that "…backpackers' contribute more than $3.5 billion to the economy each year and around 40,000 found employment on Australian farms. We need more of them, not less or $10 billion worth of crops will be left to rot."
But damage has already been done in terms of luring backpackers to Australia as a labour force, she said.


text:
Q: How can I make an iterate driver for a dolist style macro? Suppose I have dolist style macro such as this:
(defmacro do-factorials (var n &body body)
  (let ((i (gensym)))
    `(let ((,var 1))
       (dotimes (,i ,n)
     (setf ,var (* ,var (1+ ,i)))
     ,@body)))))

I would like to make a driver for the iterate library, which would allow me to do something like this:
(iter (for x in-factorials 10)
      (for y in '(a b c d e))
      (format t "~a ~a~%" x y))

However, as far as I can tell, the iter macro can only be extended with clauses that expand into other iterate clauses, whereas for this, I need to be able to wrap other code inside of a do-factorials. Is there anyway to do this in a reliable manner?
The implementation for in-hashtable and in-package work similar to how my in-factorials would work, but they are implemented using internal functions and macros, and I would prefer not to use symbols that aren't exported or documented.
For this simple case it would be easy to rewrite it with iterate, but, in general, that isn't always doable. For instance, the do-whatever macro could be from a third-party library.

A: I'm haven't really used cl:iterate, but based on the documentation and example in 7.2 Writing Drivers, I came up with this:
(defmacro-driver (FOR var IN-FACTORIALS n)
  "All the factorials from 1! to n!."
  (let ((end (gensym))
        (fact (gensym))
        (index (gensym))
        (kwd (if generate 'generate 'for)))
    `(progn
       (with ,end = ,n)
       (with ,fact = 1)
       (with ,index = 0)
       (,kwd ,var next (progn (incf ,index)
                              (if (> ,index ,end) (terminate))
                              (setf ,fact (* ,fact ,index)))))))

After evaluating that, I can run the code that you showed:
CL-USER> (iter (for x in-factorials 10)
               (for y in '(a b c d e))
               (format t "~a ~a~%" x y))
1 A
2 B
6 C
24 D
120 E
NIL

According to the documentation, you still might want to handle the &sequence stuff, but (not being a cl:iterate user), I'm not sure whether it's necessary or not for something that's not a sequence:

We are still missing one thing: the &sequence keywords. We can get
  them easily enough, by writing
(defmacro-driver (FOR var IN-WHOLE-VECTOR v &sequence)
  …)

We can now refer to parameters from, to, by, etc. which contain either
  the values for the corresponding keyword, or nil if the keyword was
  not supplied. Implementing the right code for these keywords is
  cumbersome but not difficult; it is left as an exercise. But before
  you begin, see defclause-sequence below for an easier way.

I'm not sure whether or not this falls into what you mean when you say:

For this simple case it would be easy to rewrite it with iterate, but,
  in general, that isn't always doable. For instance, the do-whatever
  macro could be from a third-party library.

In general, a macro do-xxx doesn't necessarily expose its iteration technique, which means that you're not going to be able to coöpt its implementation into iterate.  I don't really see a way around that, so I think that you'll probably have to rewrite some of it in terms of cl:iterate.  However, I didn't use anything that wasn't described in the documentation (and I'm completely new to cl:iterate), so I think you're safe on:

The implementation for in-hashtable and in-package work similar to how
  my in-factorials would work, but they are implemented using internal
  functions and macros, and I would prefer not to use symbols that
  aren't exported or documented.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Apple possibly working on an Amazon Echo-like device, more iPhone 7 rumors, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
More iPhone 7 rumors, Gruber weighs in on the 2017 iPhone, the iTunes update, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
Siri announces WWDC 2016, FBI didn't get anything from the iPhone, Apple Car, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
Hiding stock apps may soon be possible, dual-cameras only on big iPhones, Apple patents smart bands, FBI vs Apple continues, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
The new iPad Pro, iPhone SE, iOS 9.3, tvOS 9.2, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
Apple seeds the seventh round of betas, iPhone SE may start at 16GB, more iPhone 7 rumors, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
Apple sends out invites for their March 21st event, iOS 9.3 in its final stages before release, more on Apple vs the FBI, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
Sponsored by Hello Fresh - Hello Fresh delivers delicious, perfectly portioned meals right to your door! For $35 off your first box, visit hellofresh.com and enter the code TiOSS when you subscribe.
New 4-inch iPhone may be called iPhone SE, Siri coming to the Mac, more on Apple vs FBI, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
Apple fights the FBI's order to assist in hacking an iPhone, Kanye West's refusal to release his new album on Apple Music, Apple fixes some notable bugs, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!
Apple releases more betas, phone encryption in the US, error 53 lawsuits, and more on this week's episode of The iOS Show! Show notes can be found at theiOSshow.com. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, send an email to feedback at theiosshow.com!


text:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<project
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"
	xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

	<parent>
		<groupId>com.memory.framework</groupId>
		<artifactId>platform-root</artifactId>
		<relativePath>../../pom.xml</relativePath>
		<version>3.0.0</version>
	</parent>

	<artifactId>bplatform</artifactId>
	<packaging>war</packaging>

	<name>bplatform</name>
	<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

	<dependencies>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>junit</groupId>
			<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId>
			<artifactId>jetty-client</artifactId>
			<version>9.4.1.v20170120</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.aliyun.openservices</groupId>
			<artifactId>ons-client</artifactId>
			<version>1.1.11</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-core-comm</artifactId>
			<version>4.3.0.RELEASE</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-security-core</artifactId>
			<version>${spring.security.version}</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-security-web</artifactId>
			<version>${spring.security.version}</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.security</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-security-config</artifactId>
			<version>${spring.security.version}</version>
		</dependency>

		<!-- spring batch -->
		<dependency>
		    <groupId>org.springframework.batch</groupId>
		    <artifactId>spring-batch-core</artifactId>
		    <version>3.0.7.RELEASE</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
			<artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
			<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
			<artifactId>jackson-annotations</artifactId>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.apache.xmlgraphics</groupId>
			<artifactId>batik-transcoder</artifactId>
			<version>1.7</version>
		</dependency>

		<!-- <dependency> <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId> <artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
			<scope>provided</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
			<artifactId>jsp-api</artifactId> <scope>provided</scope> </dependency> -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>jstl</groupId>
			<artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>net.bull.javamelody</groupId>
			<artifactId>javamelody-core</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 加入mysql驱动依赖包 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>mysql</groupId>
			<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
			<artifactId>druid</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 加入ehcache -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>net.sf.ehcache</groupId>
			<artifactId>ehcache</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
			<artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 加入spring测试依赖包 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 加入fastjson依赖包 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
			<artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- velocity模板引擎 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.apache.velocity</groupId>
			<artifactId>velocity</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 加入quartz依赖包 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.opensymphony.quartz</groupId>
			<artifactId>quartz-all</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		<!-- 加入google依赖包 -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>
			<artifactId>gson</artifactId>
			<version>2.6</version>
		</dependency>

		<!-- mail -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>javax.mail</groupId>
			<artifactId>mail</artifactId>
			<version>1.4.7</version>
		</dependency>

		<!-- ping++ -->
		<!-- <dependency> <groupId>Pingplusplus</groupId> <artifactId>pingpp-java</artifactId>
			<version>2.1.7</version> <type>jar</type> </dependency> -->

		<!-- 微信支付用到 XStream转换Java对象与XML -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.thoughtworks.xstream</groupId>
			<artifactId>xstream</artifactId>
			<version>1.4.7</version>
		</dependency>

		<!-- IoT eclipse paho -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.eclipse.paho</groupId>
			<artifactId>org.eclipse.paho.client.mqttv3</artifactId>
			<version>1.1.0</version>
		</dependency>

		<!-- redis -->
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-data-redis</artifactId>
			<version>1.7.10.RELEASE</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>redis.clients</groupId>
			<artifactId>jedis</artifactId>
			<version>2.9.0</version>
		</dependency>

		<!-- poi -->
		<dependency>
		    <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
		    <artifactId>poi</artifactId>
		    <version>3.16</version>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
		    <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
		    <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
		    <version>3.16</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
			<artifactId>commons-pool2</artifactId>
			<version>2.4.2</version>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>

	<build>
		<finalName>bplatform</finalName>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
				<configuration>
					<source>1.7</source>
					<target>1.7</target>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId>
				<artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId>
				<version>2.1</version>
				<configuration>
					<url>http://localhost:8081/manager/text</url>
					<server>tomcat</server>
					<path>/platform</path>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.mortbay.jetty</groupId>
				<artifactId>maven-jetty-plugin</artifactId>
				<version>6.1.10</version>
				<configuration>
					<scanIntervalSeconds>10</scanIntervalSeconds>
					<connectors>
						<connector implementation="org.mortbay.jetty.nio.SelectChannelConnector">
							<port>8787</port>
							<maxIdleTime>60000</maxIdleTime>
						</connector>
					</connectors>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>
	<repositories>
		<repository>
			<snapshots>
				<enabled>false</enabled>
			</snapshots>
			<id>central</id>
			<name>bintray</name>
			<url>http://jcenter.bintray.com</url>
		</repository>
		<repository>
			<id>Eclipse Paho Repo</id>
			<url>https://repo.eclipse.org/content/repositories/paho-releases/</url>
		</repository>

		<!-- used for nightly builds -->
		<repository>
			<id>spring-maven-snapshot</id>
			<snapshots>
				<enabled>true</enabled>
			</snapshots>
			<name>Springframework Maven SNAPSHOT Repository</name>
			<url>http://repo.spring.io/libs-release</url>
		</repository>

		<!-- used for milestone/rc releases -->
		<repository>
			<id>spring-maven-milestone</id>
			<name>Springframework Maven Milestone Repository</name>
			<url>http://repo.spring.io/libs-milestone</url>
		</repository>
	</repositories>
</project>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Welcome to Hotel Resort Terra Paraiso, Goa, A 3 Star facility hotel in Goa.
Resort Terra Paraiso is just a step or two from the sands of Calangute Beach, North Goa. The Dabolim Airport is 45 kilometres away, while the Panjim bus stop is about 12 kms away. The closest railway station is at Thivim about 22 Kms away, while the Margao railway station is about 46 kms away from the resort. The resort has tastefully decorated 42 rooms, having air-conditioner, satellite television, coffee maker, minibar (chargeable) and jacuzzi.
All the rooms have an attached bathroom with shower and continuous hot and cold water supply. The resort has an aesthetically pleasing multi-cuisine restaurant which offers an array of scrumptious Indian, Chinese, Continental and Italian cuisine.
The bar named Blue Bistro provides a large selection of wines and drinks, amongst which guests can choose as per their taste. The hotel offers various other facilities to the guests, such as doctor-on-call, swimming pool, laundry service, travel assistance, 24-hour room service, water sports, safety deposit box and car parking.
MyHotelTrip.com is the best place to book Goa hotel online. You can find Goa holiday packages and Goa hotel booking deals. Book Resort Terra Paraiso Goa online with best discounted rates.


Effective training is critical to ensuring successful application of AMS in Biomedical Research. Our primary goal is to teach new investigators about how to most effectively design their experiments to obtain high quality data. Training is also a mechanism for informing potential collaborators about the availability of resources and equipment.
Interested users of BioAMS are strongly encouraged to visit the Resource to receive training on experimental design and data interpretation, as well as observing and understanding the preparation and measurement of samples. Investigators and students or junior members of staff should pan to visit the Resource for 2–3 days in the initial stages of projects to discuss experimental design and to learn procedures for more comprehensive introductory training. Please contact the Resource Administrator, Nanette Sorensen, to coordinate a visit to the resource.
If travel is not possible, training opportunities can be provided by the Resource via phone and email discussions with project investigators and supplying written protocols. We can use this mechanism to instruct on a variety of topics, including how to set the levels of radiocarbon in a study, avoid contamination, and evaluate laboratories/equipment background isotope levels by taking surface and aerosol samples prior to initiating studies utilizing AMS.


Jade Empire will let players master dozens of martial arts fighting styles and mystical powers that match the dazzling spectacle of Hong Kong action movies like "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon." The game features a deep, rich story in the tradition of BioWare, which most recently developed Star Wars®: Knights of the Old RepublicTM. Players can train under their master's watchful eye to learn powerful martial arts and mystical powers. When danger threatens, players will travel across the world, from the harsh mountains of the Land of Howling Spirits to the lush gardens of the Imperial City. In their adventures, players will face powerful human and supernatural foes, learn exotic and magical martial arts and discover the darkest secrets of the world. Only by mastering the greatest fighting styles and defeating the most powerful enemies will players earn their place as a master of martial arts in the world of Jade Empire.


Here is what I think; I think that to be a good cook or a genuine cook, you don't have to be a cook who never uses cheats. Every now and then, I do, and there is simply nothing wrong with it. When I have a hectic day or I am just too lazy to cook or I am just not in the mood of cooking at all, food cheats are my rescue pods. This recipe is just one of those cheats I am actually very proud of. Of course, that being said, the ingredients are not mine to claim rather what's interestingly mine, is the innovation and fusion of those ingredients. So, that fusion of spices is definitely my tag.
Okay, so, let me tell you about those cheats first: coming from an Asian background or anyone for that matter, would be very familiar with Masala or Spice blends sold in the super-markets. Every major food retailer carries them now, so it will not be any hassle at all to get your hands on them. For this dish in particular I used two different spice blends i.e. Tandoori Masala and Tikka Boti Masala. I will come back to the recipe in a bit but prior to that let me tell you how the flavour are incorporated and fused together to make one divine flavour. You will wipe your dinner plate clean, trust me.
How I came up with this was honestly an experiment and let's just say that to my surprise the collision of flavours did not result in an accident. I do know that when Bill Gates said "I choose a lazy person to do a hard job, because he will find an easy way to do it", that lazy person was me that day, finding an easy way out of cooking. So, I'm going through the spices in my pantry and I stumble across these two spice blends and each one is not enough to use in a curry and I'm thinking and thinking and I'm hating the fact that I'll have to whip up something that I have to make from scratch for dinner, and then I saw these two smiling at me. So I took out my meat and I marinated it with the spice blends for 4 hours (least it should be for 2 hours to get all the flavours infused) and I read a book whilst it was marinating away. I had no idea how they would marry each other but the harmony was surprisingly outstanding.
What I love is the fact how casual this recipe is yet when you serve it it looks effortlessly extravagant. It looks so tempting with the cream and red onion and corriander garnish and its deep amber colour, it's a sight, something you might serve to royal Maharaja's in their palace perhaps. It just looks that way. The kick, however, comes from the smoked coal, it augments the flavours of the dish in a way so as to seem its better-half; that simply without it the curry seems bland and incomplete. Oh my! How only the thought of this curry with its deliciously rich aroma makes me salivate.
The great thing is, when I have friends over and I want to have more than a couple of dishes at my dinner table, this recipe is my go to recipe. It's effortless and it doesn't consume time. The day of the dinner party this is the first to get marinated, covered and rested in the fridge and once it's time to cook it takes 40 minutes and you are done. On my dinner tables my friends can't have enough of this, it's an awe. So next time you have unexpected guests or you are plain and simple not in the mood, this will save you, literally.
Okay let me come back to the infusion of both spice blends; trust me when I say, only and only these two spices will compliment each other. How do I know that you may ask? I have been intrigued for experimenting with others and have failed miserably. So let's keep it plain and simple for everyone's palate sake.
This is accompanied by Naan Bread or can be eaten with Pita, which ever you fancy. Me, I make the Naan Bread at home for this (recipe I'll be sharing in my later blog).
Lastly, here's the thing; if you can't find Tikka Boti Masala, that's okay, life goes on, and as Dory says "just keep swimming", omit it and just use the Tandoori Masala on its own. It will still taste amazing.
Oscar Wilde says and I quote "after a good dinner, one can forgive anybody, even ones own relations" (A woman of No importance) and I truly believe this is that exact dinner. Don't just take my word for it and give it a try today.
Marinate the chicken pieces with yogurt, ginger garlic paste, salt, lemon juice, tandoori and tikka Boti Masala.
Marinate this for atleast 2 hours to 4 hours.
Heat oil in a pan and pour the chicken in.
Let it cook in its own juices on medium high heat for about 12 minutes.
Bring it to a boil and let it simmer for another 15-18 minutes on medium low heat.
Once you see the oil has separated and the chicken is done, turn the heat off.
Sprinkle coriander on top and the onion rings.
Pour cream on top as well.
Heat the coal and smoke the gravy.
Can we use shan chicken tikka masala instead of Tikka Boti?
I am usually to running a blog and i actually respect your content. The article has really peaks my interest. I'm going to bookmark your site and keep checking for new information.
Absolutely Deeeelish!!! The smokey taste took me bk to the summer bbq days. Really needed that taste on the cold snowy winter night. Even the neighbours loved it!
I am so glad you enjoyed that - This is my absolute favourite and it's an extremely easy dinner party dish that is there to impress. 😍 Thankyou for your feedback.


text:
Ekmanochloa subaphylla är en gräsart som beskrevs av Charles Leo Hitchcock. Ekmanochloa subaphylla ingår i släktet Ekmanochloa och familjen gräs. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Gräs
subaphylla

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It is nearly impossible to avoid road salt if you have to drive your vehicle in snow or ice. Road salt can be very helpful in eliminating ice patches, but it has the potential to damage the car paint when left on there for too long.
Plan to have your car completely waxed before winter arrives so that it has a base layer of protection against the buildup of road salt. As soon as you see some salt on your car, have it washed immediately. Washing your car in below freezing temperatures can further damage the paint, however.
If you notice a chip in the paint after the accumulation of road salt, take your car to Frontier Honda in Longmont to have it repaired immediately. This will help prevent rust from taking over and spreading to other parts of your car as the paint chip grows. Failure to do so can result in permanent corrosion.


The watch collection is designed with love and care and is seen as jewelry that tells time. The CARAT timepiece is made in stainless steel and features a square shaped dial and a sunray metal face. Crocodile embossed brown leather strap with classic silver toned buckle.


>> own usage and I would be +1 on a RC.
>> to overly rush to get a 1.7.1 out if they had made into a release.
>> be a lot more users using it and filing bugs.
mailing lists or issue tracker (at a glance).
Can you forward ra_serf-related core dumpts to svn-dev?
Next message: Mark Phippard: "Forcing the SQLite db to close?"
Previous message: C. Michael Pilato: "Re: Anybody fancy another beta? (Or: "when's the first RC?")"
In reply to: Stefan Küng: "Re: Anybody fancy another beta? (Or: "when's the first RC?")"


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HomeHawaii Life
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Ep 13 City Couple Moves to Kauai
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Ep 12 Moving From Montana to Kauai
Montana natives are prepared to exchange indoor space for lots of outdoor living on the island of Kauai.
Ep 11 Ocean View on Oahu
Avid divers Jason and Donna moved to Oahu from Sarasota Florida so they could dive all year. They want a home near the ocean with space for visitors and their dogs.
Ep 10 San Antonio to Sands of Oahu
Chuck and Laura left their hectic lives behind in San Antonio when they made the move to Oahu. They're searching for a family home with outdoor space so they can enjoy the slower pace of life in Hawaii.
Ep 9 A Simple Sanctuary on Maui
Stephani worked for over 15 years as a police dispatcher in California and it has taken a toll on her spirit. She is searching for her own little Maui sanctuary with ocean views and space to entertain friends and family.
Ep 8 Starting A New Life on Oahu
After a whirlwind romance and marriage expectant parents Tony and Leslie are looking for their first home together on the island of Oahu. They want a waterfront home so they can live a healthy lifestyle before their baby arrives.
Ep 7 Wisconsin to the Big Island
Kira is a fire spinner from Wisconsin looking for an authentic Hawaiian home on the Big Island with space to practice and room for guests.
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Amy came to Hawaii for a change of scenery and ended up falling in love with the island. Amy likes to spend her free time outside so she wants a place where her family can come visit that also has space to store her outdoor gear.
Ep 5 Newlyweds Want Big Island Home
Newlyweds Chris and Erin are ready to leave their hectic lives in south Florida for a more relaxing and healthier lifestyle on the Big Island of Hawaii.
Ep 4 Life-Changing Move to Oahu
Casey and Megan decide to call Oahu home now that Casey's military contract is up and his cancer is in remission.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Final NYU Tax Policy Colloquium for 2022: Ariel Jurow Kleiman's Fiscal Impoverishment by Taxation
Yesterday (November 29) we had our last session of the year. Ariel Jurow Kleiman presented a forthcoming law review article, Impoverishment by Taxation, along with a related (but broader) book proposal.
While I don't discuss the sessions as such here because they're off the record, just as a quick word I have high aspirations for them that can be challenging to fulfill entirely in practice. Basically I want to combine a stimulating class that will deeply engage the students with a cutting-edge academic seminar that will enlighten and inform all of the participants (myself and the author included). I felt that this year went well, for reasons that had as much to do with the students, and with other participants in the public sessions, as with anything that I or even the authors brought to the table.
The sessions have evolved over the years (and indeed decades), reflecting the thing's evolution as an institution but also I suppose my changing goals. I used to be a lot more combative, but the more senior you are the less appropriate this is. (Plus I have grown more agnostic about a lot of things.) I think of myself as trying now to be late-career Chris Paul rather than any-stage Russell Westbrook. This requires a deep, strong, effective, and multi-talented team if it is to succeed, but luckily that is what we've had.
Doing it solo the last couple of years is the other big change. While I've enjoyed and benefited from working with all of my co-teachers, doing it this way does leave more air in the room for others to breathe (if I may mangle the metaphor a bit), along with more time for reflection as a byproduct of our having a new paper every 2 weeks rather than weekly. It also allows students to take the class without making as big a sacrifice of other course needs.
Anyway, on to the paper. In addition to being itself interesting, it also helped round out the semester a bit. Generally the papers all concerned inequality. We had looked at high-end economic inequality, and at gender and racial inequality, so it was very appropriate to shift the focus this time to low-end economic inequality.
This week's paper discusses fiscal impoverishment (FI), which arises when people are made poor (or poorer) by paying federal and/or state taxes in excess of the antipoverty public benefits that they receive. FI arises, despite the US fiscal system's overall progressivity, for 3 main reasons:
1) Our fiscal system is not very generous.
2) It imposes a number of first-dollar taxes (i.e., without a zero bracket or its effective equivalent), such as payroll taxes and retail sales taxes.
3) Its coverage on the transfer side is spotty and gap-filled, for reasons that appear to combine the deliberate with the inadvertent. Hence, within a heterogeneous population of low-income individuals and households, some inevitably miss out, even on such benefits as there are.
Fiscal Impoverishment (FI) as a Measure
Proposed fiscal measures can serve one or both of two purposes: the purely analytical or descriptive, and the rhetorical purpose of helping to motivate policy change. This reflects the "scientist versus moralist" choice in one's scholarship that I discussed here with regard to Stanley Surrey and Boris Bittker.
Thus, consider tax expenditure analysis. Although the distinction it addresses actually lies between distributional and allocative objectives, rather than between "taxes" and "spending" as such, it partly aims (and serves) to provide what is simply a more accurate accounting of what (and in a sense "how much") the government is doing. But it also served, at least in Stanley Surrey's hands, as effectively a hit list of provisions that should be eliminated from the income tax code even if they were permitted to re-emerge somewhere else.
FI likewise combines science with enlightened advocacy. The science part is well-illustrated by the old joke about the statistician who says: "My head is in a block of ice and my feet are on fire. On average, I'm very comfortable."
It's a joke because we know that the statistician is wrong. The distribution of outside temperatures for various body parts matters, not just the average.
By analogy, suppose that the fiscal system's average effects, considered for all income levels together, are progressive, inequality-reducing, and poverty-reducing. Taking that as given, it's worse if we have the accountant's problem than if we don't. For example, suppose that people whose market income lies right at the poverty line gain on average 5% after considering both taxes and transfers. It would be better if each of them gained exactly 5% than if (a) half of them lost 50% of their market income, while (b) the other half of them gained 60%. Declining marginal utility alone would tend to support this normative conclusion, and there may be other grounds, too.
FI is not, however, aimed at simply measuring dispersion, even at the bottom of the income scale in particular. It adds two further premises, each subject to challenge from the standpoint of pure "science," albeit each defensible from the standpoint of enlightened advocacy. They are as follows:
1) The poverty line is (or should be treated as) discontinuously important. Say that the fiscal system's net effect is to reduce your market income by $1. FI counts this as a violation if the loss pushes you below (or further below) the poverty line, but not if it pushes you from $1 above the poverty line right to it. However, while this claimed discontinuity is open to challenge from a "scientific" standpoint, it allows the FI measure to have a dramatic and salient takeaway that might help to motivate desirable policy changes.
2) Market income is normatively meaningful as a baseline. FI addresses, not where one stands relative to the poverty line after considering taxes and transfers, but how that placement compares to where one stood considering only market income. This seemingly invites the usual Murphy-Nagel critique of market income as lacking normative relevance given (for example) markets' dependence on government's existence and role. Plus FI looks separately just at the fiscal system, and combines the effects of what one might consider separate sovereigns given our federal form of government. But these "scientific" objections do not prevent FI from offering useful and salient information about how fiscal instruments that we can conceptualize separately and change as we like are affecting things.
The paper's discussion of FI also raises a host of interesting measurement issues. It relies on the federal poverty line, based not on a conviction that it is canonically correct but rather as a placeholder that one could separately adjust or replace if one liked. I do think that the measure ought to be regionally adjusted for price-level differences, whether or not actual fiscal rules should be so adjusted, given that it does indeed cost more (say) in NYC than Biloxi to pay for food, rent, heating, etcetera. And there are also measurement issues relating, e.g., to Medicaid benefits and to the accrual during one's working years of expected Social Security retirement benefits. Without seeking to cover all that here, the paper offers cogent arguments for including, say, SNAP benefits that help one to afford the needed calories but not, say, the value to a given individual of national defense protection or a nice park across the street.
As an extension, the paper's arguments might also support measuring what I call regulatory impoverishment. Suppose, for example, that a minimum wage increase leads to an increase in low-wage workers' aggregate income, but that this comes (as it might not) at the price of net job loss. Or suppose that, while there is no net job loss, the increase causes some of the jobs to shift from people in low-income households to (say) high school and college students in high-income households. This is an example of information that would be highly relevant to a policy assessment, and that aggregated information misses.
BROADER POLICY IMPLICATIONS
1) How could fiscal impoverishment be reduced? - The most obvious and straightforward approach would be to make the fiscal system more generous towards those at the bottom. However, stating it that way would miss the main takeaway of FI analysis, which pertains to how the fiscal system treats some low-income individuals and households much less favorably than others, leading to adverse effects on some in the face of heterogeneity.
The main groups that the paper identifies as being disadvantaged on the transfer side today, and thus facing most of the FI, are as follows: the undocumented, childless households, the unemployed, and those whose use of extended kinship relationships (e.g., with cousins or neighbors supplying unpaid care) prevents them from qualifying under child-focused rules. For each of those groups, there are indeed arguments out there for disfavoring them. These arguments are worth noting, in terms of the underlying substantive debate that FI encourages, even though I happen to disagree with each of them.
The undocumented: Here we obviously face issues of immigration policy, which, even in the absence of white supremacist racism, would require analyzing how broadly (or not) we want to limit the fiscal system's generosity, along with access to US wage levels, to those who arrive or stay without being authorized.
Childless households - While I have thought for a long time that US fiscal rules (e.g., for the EITC) are often insufficiently generous to childless households, there are clearly reasons for providing additional benefits to households that have minor children, whose welfare is therefore at stake.
The unemployed - Here we get into such longstanding debates as those concerning TANF work requirements, the UBI vs. EITC approaches, and so forth. I tend not to favor conditioning benefits on having a job (it's like providing reverse insurance for the winners of the job search lottery), but there are arguments for doing so, pertaining e.g. to claims about both externalities and internalities.
Extended kinship relationships - It seems clearly anomalous, and perhaps "unintended," for various childcare benefits to be denied to people because their use of extended networks to provide childcare (in lieu of just the parents plus paid providers) causes them to fall outside the eligibility rules for particular benefits. But there is an underlying administrative issue of needing to direct benefits to the right people (i.e., those who would be most likely to use them on the kids' behalf). So there may be design challenges to think through here even if current law unnecessarily falls short.
2) Relationship to support for universal basic income (UBI)
From the standpoint of avoiding FI that results from households' heterogeneity across various benefit design dimensions, the obvious answer would seem to be providing a generally available and unconditional UBI. So if FI troubles you that's a point in favor of UBI, and if you favor UBI that may help to make FI seem a salient and relevant measure.
But even if one supports UBI (which is my own inclination), I wouldn't be overly driven by FI as such in determining what the benefit level should be. That might instead be better driven by the standard policy tradeoffs regarding the distributional and incentive effects that it would have if it were set (and funded) at various alternative levels.
This wraps up my blogposts on the NYU Tax Policy Colloquium for fall 2022. But we'll be back, with blogposts from me after each public session, at the same time and place next year.
Posted by Daniel Shaviro at 1:45 PM 4 comments:
Tax Policy Colloquium for November 15: Goldburn Maynard's Biden's Gambit and Wage Enslavement papers
Yesterday at the colloquium, Goldburn Maynard presented two thematically linked papers: Biden's Gambit: Advancing Racial Equity While Relying on a Race-Neutral Tax Code, and Wage Enslavement: How the Tax System Holds Back Historically Disadvantaged Groups of Americans. (The latter was co-authored by David Gamage.) Here are some of my thoughts about the issues discussed therein:
1) Racial equity
Biden's Gambit (which discusses the American Rescue Plan Act) notes a distinction that has been drawn in the literature between "racial equity" (RE) and "racial equality." As it notes: "While racial equality has come to connote equal treatment and race blindness," RE is about fairness and anti-subordination, and is "firmly race-conscious."
I would describe this distinction as involving, not "equity" versus "equality" as such, but the choice between substantive and purely formal definitions of racial equality.
To illustrate the purely formal view of racial equality, consider Chief Justice Roberts' infamous statement (or at least it should be): "The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race."
This silly and disingenuous bromide suggests that there would be nothing to worry about if the elimination of affirmative action in college admissions led to elite institutions' being 100 percent white, even if this result was due to historical and continuing private sector racism. It purports to perceive no difference between using race-conscious categories to dismantle and to enforce racial subordination.
While using racial categories raises important issues, I can't imagine a coherent normative view that was based on caring only about formal, not substantive, racial equality. Using race-conscious categories to advance substantive racial equality clearly raises a bunch of serious issues (e.g., pertaining to perceived fairness, political support, and potential misuse), but cannot reasonably be ruled out in principle.
2) "Wage enslavement"
The Wage Enslavement paper uses this term, a bit apologetically, because it was picked as a framing device by the organizers of the symposium in which it appears.
The term "wage slavery" has a bit of a mixed history, as it was used pre-Civil War by slavery proponents to argue that Northern workers were no better-off than enslaved persons in the South. But it has come to denote being trapped in a bad job (e.g., one that is not only low-paying but also unpleasant, exploitative, and physically dangerous) because one otherwise can't stay afloat.
Its metaphorical relevance to the paper arises from the concern that (a) people who don't accumulate significant savings must keep working to support themselves, and (b) the US tax system contributes to this lack of savings from one's work by imposing higher tax rates on labor income than on capital income.
Among the standard tax policy issues raised by this view are (a) the incidence of taxes on capital income, e.g., do they affect wages over time, (b) the income tax's system's discouragement of saving even if capital income tax rates are nominally lower, and (c) whether one should view the accrual of Social Security retirement benefits as reducing the net marginal tax rate on the underlying wages.
I also would argue that a big part of the issue here is not so much the relative tax rates on "wages" and "capital income" as the fact that much of what is economically labor income may be mislabeled by the tax system as capital income. E.g., suppose I am a founder who creates a successful company, and that I "underpay" myself in salary terms because I am profiting from the stock appreciation (but I hold the shares until death). Then my labor income, in economic terms, faces only the 21% corporate rate, and not even that insofar as I can tax-plan effectively at the company level.
The paper mentions the well-known "Buy-Borrow-Die" (BBD) formulation by my good friend Ed McCaffery, but I have long thought that a better formulation would be "Earn-Borrow-Die." After all, the point isn't to buy stocks on margin - thus profiting only to the extent that they earn a rate of return exceeding the interest rate on the loan, and not even creating a tax arbitrage if the interest is caught by the investment interest limitation. This is not necessarily a well-advised plan. Rather, the idea is to do BBD with the proceeds of untaxed "sweat equity" - thus making it, in effect, EBD.
3) The racial wealth gap
As the paper notes, a Brookings analyst, Vanessa Williamson (who also kindly commented on my new book at an October 6 NYU event) estimates the "racial wealth gap" at $10.14 trillion. This is the estimated amount by which Black households' actual share of US national wealth ($2.54 trillion) falls short of what it would be ($12.68 trillion) if held proportionately to population.
There are several reasons, including at least the following, why the racial wealth gap matters:
--Even if it had no concerning empirical consequences as such, it would be of interest as a diagnostic. The gap "shouldn't" be so great (and it's much greater than the related racial income gap), unless other, underlying things are wrong.
--This is all the more true given that various conventional modes of explanation appear to fall short of accounting for it. For example, it persists at a high level even when one adjusts for income or education differences. It appears not to reflect different savings preferences. Some of it may reflect different types of asset holding (although that itself might call for further explanation), but there is also a large unexplained residual that those working in the field of stratification economics have sought to explain.
--Despite wealth's flaws as a measure, it offers more of a lifetime perspective than income, since it includes resources that are neither earned nor consumed in the current year, but that are relevant to one's level of material wellbeing. Put differently, savings matter a lot, as does the intergenerational transmission of material wealth.
--It contributes to substantive racial inequality and racial subordination, which reduce the wellbeing not only of its victims but actually of all Americans, who live our lives in its malign shadow. Consider the evidence (e.g., from Wilkinson & Pickett's The Spirit Level) that economic inequality reduces subjective wellbeing (and increases social gradient ills) for all groups. This is surely true as well for racial inequality. I suspect that even the millions of insecure Trumpian white supremacists who seek solace from subjugating non-whites would be better-off if our country's pervasive racial consciousness and anxiety could be shunted off centerstage by the achievement of secure racial equality.
--It's easy to think of the racial wealth gap in zero-sum terms. E.g., if national wealth were the same but there were no racial wealth gap, then Black households' having $10.14 trillion more in savings would arithmetically require other households' having $10.14 trillion less. But in a positive-sum world one group's having more than previously, because their opportunities have been increased, does not imply others having less.
4) Tax policy takeaways
As I discuss in this article, which recently appeared in this volume, the tax policy literature is still at an early stage of incorporating racial inequality concerns into an analysis that has traditionally been more focused on general economic inequality. But herewith a few quick points:
--Bad rules are even worse than we thought: Work by Dorothy Brown and others suggests that a number of income tax rules that already were widely viewed in the biz as defective, also tend to aggravate racial inequality (even when one adjusts their impact to income). Examples include the home mortgage interest deduction, income tax preferences for retirement saving that have been found to do little to increase retirement saving by those with the greatest need for it, and marriage bonuses for one-earner couples. The new information about these provisions' adverse racial impact is good to have, but it doesn't change bottom-line conclusions insofar as we already knew that these were bad rules.
--But what about what are otherwise good rules?: Things get more complicated if one views a rule as being good tax policy except for its having an adverse effect on substantive racial inequality. Then such questions arise as: How should one evaluate the tradeoffs? Should one now oppose this rule despite its otherwise beneficial net effects? Can one compensate / adjust for its adverse racial effects, thereby continuing to secure its other benefits?
An example might be switching to the income tax to a progressive consumption tax, if one otherwise favors this this switch (as I did at one time) but it were to turn out to increase the racial wealth gap relative to not making the change. A second example might be adopting a VAT without, rather than with, an exemption for "necessities," where the VAT would be used to fund good things. A third might be repealing (or declining to adopt) hypothetical income tax preferences that, while otherwise inefficient, were opposite to the home mortgage interest deduction in that they happened to benefit Black households relative to White ones at the same income level due to differences in asset choice, etc.
A natural way to think about this is in terms of the standard argument that one should think only about efficiency in designing the tax base, since once can separately adjust for progressivity. Thus, suppose again that one is choosing between an income tax and a progressive consumption tax, in light of one's believing that the latter is more efficient but (all else equal) less progressive. In principle, one can get the best of both worlds by adopting the progressive consumption tax but making it more progressive than the income tax to which it is being compared in its marginal rate structure, allowance for "basic income" cash grants, etcetera.
With respect to racial inequality, progressivity adjustments get you at least part of the way there, given the racial income gap. But one could view this as not doing enough, be it due to the larger racial wealth gap or the adverse racial effects that particular rules have even once one has adjusted for income. This in turn might call for (1) addressing wealth inequality more aggressively than one would otherwise consider optimal, given all the other tradeoffs, and also (2) considering the use of race-conscious rules (the tax equivalent of affirmative action) to make up the difference and/or move broadly in the equalizing direction.
Final NYU Tax Policy Colloquium for 2022: Ariel Ju...
Tax Policy Colloquium for November 15: Goldburn Ma...


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California Case Could Be Labor's "Citizens United" | Which Way, L.A.?
California Case Could Be Labor's "Citizens United"
The California Teachers Association has been called an obstacle to education reform in Sacramento. Now, the US Supreme Court is poised to reduce its power. The case is about union fees and First Amendment rights, but the decision could be a blow to unionized police officers, fire fighters and other public workers all over the country.
Also on the program, LAPD Chief Charlie Beck has recommended criminal charges against an officer who killed an unarmed civilian. Will public comment compromise the right to a fair trial?


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text:
// EXTERNAL INCLUDES
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>

// INTERNAL INCLUDES
#include <dali/public-api/dali-core.h>
#include <dali-test-suite-utils.h>

using namespace Dali;

void utc_dali_signal_templates_functors_startup(void)
{
  test_return_value = TET_UNDEF;
}

void utc_dali_signal_templates_functors_cleanup(void)
{
  test_return_value = TET_PASS;
}

namespace
{

class TestSignals
{
public:

  typedef Signal<void ()> VoidSignalVoid;
  typedef Signal<void (float)> VoidSignalFloat;

  typedef Signal<float ()> FloatSignalVoid;
  typedef Signal<float (float)> FloatSignalFloat;

  TestSignals()
  {
  }

  void CheckNoConnections()
  {
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( mVoidSignalVoid.GetConnectionCount(), 0u, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( mVoidSignalFloat.GetConnectionCount(), 0u, TEST_LOCATION );

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( mFloatSignalVoid.GetConnectionCount(), 0u, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( mFloatSignalFloat.GetConnectionCount(), 0u, TEST_LOCATION );
  }

  VoidSignalVoid mVoidSignalVoid;
  VoidSignalFloat mVoidSignalFloat;

  FloatSignalVoid mFloatSignalVoid;
  FloatSignalFloat mFloatSignalFloat;
};

class TestConnectionTracker : public ConnectionTracker
{
public:

  TestConnectionTracker()
  {
  }
};

struct VoidFunctorVoid
{
  VoidFunctorVoid()
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  VoidFunctorVoid( const VoidFunctorVoid& copyMe )
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  ~VoidFunctorVoid()
  {
    --mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  void operator()()
  {
    ++mCallbackCount;
  }

  static int mTotalInstanceCount;
  static int mCurrentInstanceCount;
  static int mCallbackCount;
};

struct VoidFunctorFloat
{
  VoidFunctorFloat( float* lastReceivedValue )
  : mLastReceivedValue( lastReceivedValue )
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  VoidFunctorFloat( const VoidFunctorFloat& copyMe )
  : mLastReceivedValue( copyMe.mLastReceivedValue )
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  ~VoidFunctorFloat()
  {
    --mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  void operator()(float value)
  {
    ++mCallbackCount;

    if( mLastReceivedValue )
    {
      *mLastReceivedValue = value;
    }
  }

  float* mLastReceivedValue;

  static int mTotalInstanceCount;
  static int mCurrentInstanceCount;
  static int mCallbackCount;
};

struct FloatFunctorVoid
{
  static float DEFAULT_RETURN_VALUE;

  FloatFunctorVoid()
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  FloatFunctorVoid( const FloatFunctorVoid& copyMe )
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  ~FloatFunctorVoid()
  {
    --mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  float operator()()
  {
    ++mCallbackCount;

    return DEFAULT_RETURN_VALUE;
  }

  static int mTotalInstanceCount;
  static int mCurrentInstanceCount;
  static int mCallbackCount;
};

float FloatFunctorVoid::DEFAULT_RETURN_VALUE = 5.0f;

struct FloatFunctorFloat
{
  FloatFunctorFloat()
  : mLastReceivedValue()
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  FloatFunctorFloat( const FloatFunctorFloat& copyMe )
  {
    ++mTotalInstanceCount;
    ++mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  ~FloatFunctorFloat()
  {
    --mCurrentInstanceCount;
  }

  float operator()(float value)
  {
    ++mCallbackCount;

    return value + 1.0f;
  }

  float* mLastReceivedValue;

  static int mTotalInstanceCount;
  static int mCurrentInstanceCount;
  static int mCallbackCount;
};

static void ResetFunctorCounts()
{
  VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
  VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
  VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount        = 0;

  VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
  VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
  VoidFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount        = 0;

  FloatFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
  FloatFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
  FloatFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount        = 0;

  FloatFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
  FloatFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
  FloatFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount        = 0;
}

int VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
int VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
int VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount        = 0;

int VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
int VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
int VoidFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount        = 0;

int FloatFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
int FloatFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
int FloatFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount        = 0;

int FloatFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount   = 0;
int FloatFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount = 0;
int FloatFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount        = 0;

} // anon namespace

int UtcDaliSignalFunctorsEmptyCheck(void)
{
  // Test that Empty() check works before & after signal connection

  ResetFunctorCounts();

  {
    TestSignals::VoidSignalVoid signal;
    DALI_TEST_CHECK( signal.Empty() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;
    signal.Connect( &tracker, VoidFunctorVoid() );
    DALI_TEST_CHECK( ! signal.Empty() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  // TestConnectionTracker should auto-disconnect
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

  {
    TestSignals::VoidSignalFloat signal;
    DALI_TEST_CHECK( signal.Empty() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;
    signal.Connect( &tracker, VoidFunctorFloat(NULL) );
    DALI_TEST_CHECK( ! signal.Empty() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  // TestConnectionTracker should auto-disconnect
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  END_TEST;
}

int UtcDaliSignalFunctorsEmit(void)
{
  // Test basic signal emission for each functor type

  ResetFunctorCounts();

  TestSignals signals;

  {
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Connect( &tracker, VoidFunctorVoid() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );

    // Test double emission
    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  // TestConnectionTracker should auto-disconnect
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
  signals.CheckNoConnections();

  {
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;
    float lastReceivedValue( 0.0f );

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalFloat.Connect( &tracker, VoidFunctorFloat(&lastReceivedValue) );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalFloat.Emit( 3.5f );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( lastReceivedValue, 3.5f, TEST_LOCATION );

    // Test double emission
    signals.mVoidSignalFloat.Emit( 7.0f );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( lastReceivedValue, 7.0f, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  // TestConnectionTracker should auto-disconnect
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
  signals.CheckNoConnections();
  END_TEST;
}

int UtcDaliSignalFunctorsEmitReturn(void)
{
  // Test signals with return values

  ResetFunctorCounts();

  TestSignals signals;

  {
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mFloatSignalVoid.Connect( &tracker, FloatFunctorVoid() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    float returnValue = signals.mFloatSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( returnValue, FloatFunctorVoid::DEFAULT_RETURN_VALUE, TEST_LOCATION );

    // Test double emission
    returnValue = 0.0f;
    returnValue = signals.mFloatSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( returnValue, FloatFunctorVoid::DEFAULT_RETURN_VALUE, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  // TestConnectionTracker should auto-disconnect
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
  signals.CheckNoConnections();

  {
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mFloatSignalFloat.Connect( &tracker, FloatFunctorFloat() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    float returnValue = signals.mFloatSignalFloat.Emit( 0.1f );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( returnValue, 1.0f + 0.1f, TEST_LOCATION );

    // Test double emission
    returnValue = signals.mFloatSignalFloat.Emit( 0.2f );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( returnValue, 1.0f + 0.2f, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  // TestConnectionTracker should auto-disconnect
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( FloatFunctorFloat::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
  signals.CheckNoConnections();
  END_TEST;
}

int UtcDaliSignalFunctorsDisconnectBeforeEmit(void)
{
  // Test explicit disconnect using ConnectionTracker

  ResetFunctorCounts();

  TestSignals signals;

  {
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Connect( &tracker, VoidFunctorVoid() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );

    tracker.DisconnectAll();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    // Test double emission
    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  END_TEST;
}

int UtcDaliSignalFunctorsDestroySignal(void)
{
  // Test destruction of signal before slot

  ResetFunctorCounts();

  TestConnectionTracker tracker;

  {
    TestSignals signals;

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Connect( &tracker, VoidFunctorVoid() );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount,1, TEST_LOCATION );

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( tracker.GetConnectionCount(), 1u, TEST_LOCATION );
  }

  // Functor should have been deleted with signal
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );

  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( tracker.GetConnectionCount(), 0u, TEST_LOCATION );
  END_TEST;
}

int UtcDaliSignalConnectVoidFunctor(void)
{
  // Test connecting a functor using the VoidFunctor wrapper

  ResetFunctorCounts();

  TestSignals signals;

  {
    TestConnectionTracker tracker;

    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Connect( &tracker, FunctorDelegate::New( VoidFunctorVoid() ) );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );

    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 1, TEST_LOCATION );

    // Test double emission
    signals.mVoidSignalVoid.Emit();
    DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
  }
  // TestConnectionTracker should auto-disconnect
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mTotalInstanceCount, 2/*temporary copy + signal copy*/, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCurrentInstanceCount, 0, TEST_LOCATION );
  DALI_TEST_EQUALS( VoidFunctorVoid::mCallbackCount, 2, TEST_LOCATION );
  signals.CheckNoConnections();
  END_TEST;
}