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With our 14 day Spain and Portugal Tour you will get the chance to visit the best of Spain and Portugal from Madrid to Lisbon. Book Now!
Accommodation for 2 nights in Madrid at 4* hotel including daily breakfast.
Accommodation for 3 nights in Lisbon at 4* hotel including daily breakfast.
Accommodation for 2 nights in Seville at 4* hotel based on half board (dinner & breakfast).
Accommodation for 1 night in Cordoba at 4* hotel based on half board (dinner & breakfast).
Accommodation for 1 night in Costa del Sol at 4* hotel based on half board (dinner & breakfast).
Accommodation for 1 night in Granada at 4* hotel based on half board (dinner & breakfast).
Accommodation for 1 night in Valencia at 4* hotel including daily breakfast.
Accommodation for 2 nights in Barcelona at 4* hotel including daily breakfast.
Sightseeing tour with a local guide in Lisbon, Sevilla, Cordoba, Granada and Barcelona.
Bilingual speaking tour leader (Spanish and English) during the tour.
All transfers in a modern air-conditioned Bus.
Entrance fees to St. Jeronimos Monastery in Lisbon.
Entrance fees to Alhambra in Granada.
Entrance fees to Cordoba's Mosque.
Free Wi-Fi on board in Spain.
Spot local guides in cities.
Porter service (1 suitcase per person).
Tipping.
Transfer from the hotel to the meeting point and back by the end of the trip.
Entry visa to Spain and Portugal.
Personal spending.
Extra not mentioned in the itinerary.
Day 1: Arrival Madrid
Arrival to Madrid Airport, meet our driver and then transfer to your hotel. Overnight in Madrid."
Day 2: Madrid - Trujillo - Lisbon
Breakfast. The meeting point is in the City center. You will take a taxi from your hotel to the meeting point at Calle Ferraz 3 to be there at 07:45 AM.
Departure from the bus terminal in Madrid at 8 am in the morning to the beautiful region of Extremadura where you will make the first stop in the ancient city of Trujillo, a place built and enriched by many different conquerors during the medieval times. In Trujillo, you will have free time to explore the city's cultural treasures, such as the monumental main square of Plaza Mayor, with its Pizarro's Equestrian Statue, the old Arab castle or the churches Santa María and San Francisco. From Trujillo, you will proceed to the Portuguese border to reach Lisbon in the early evening. Later you can join an optional visit to a show of Fado, traditional Portuguese guitar music. Overnight in Lisbon.
Day 3: Lisbon
After breakfast, you will join a sightseeing tour in the morning to discover the beauty of this city, located at the mouth of the River Tagus. You will see the oldest district of Lisbon Alfama Quarter, the Tower of Belem, that was built to commemorate Vasco da Gama's expedition and the Geronimo Monastery, which was classified as UNESCO World Heritage Site, also many other impressive sights. In the afternoon you will have free time to stroll through the city by yourself. Optional excursions to beautiful suburbs of Lisbon (Sintra), Cascais and Estoril are possible. overnight in Lisbon.
Day 4: Lisbon - Fatima - Lisbon
Breakfast at hotel and then depart to Fatima, an important pilgrimage center known for its Marian apparition (appearance of the Blessed Virgin Mary), that occurred in Cova da Iria in 1917 and which was recognized by the Catholic Church. After some free time to visit the Basilica you will return to Lisbon. overnight in Lisbon.
Day 5: Lisbon - Caceres - Seville
Breakfast. Departure towards the Spanish border to go back to Extremadura and proceed to Caceres, a beautiful city founded by the Romans in 25 BC. There you will have free time to explore the charming old town, Parte Antigua, with its famous medieval quarter and ancient walls. Caceres was declared a World Heritage City by UNESCO in 1986 because of the city's unique blend of Roman, Moorish, Northern Gothic and Italian Renaissance architecture. After a break, you will take the highway towards Andalusia with a first overnight stop in Seville. Dinner and overnight in Seville.
Breakfast, then a city tour with a local guide to see Seville's most beautiful places and notorious sights, Park of Maria Luisa, Seville's main public park and the largest green area that stretches along Guadalquivir river; the Plaza de España, most famous square in Seville and one of the largest in Spain, Seville's Cathedral is one of the largest in the world. It stands at an enormous 126 meters long and 83 meters wide with a ceiling height of 37 meters. Barrio Santa Cruz - Seville's most famous area and a former Jewish Quarter. Its unfeasibly narrow streets, white houses, secret squares and small churches creates an unforgettable atmosphere, just enjoy it.
After the city tour, you will have the afternoon off to rest or to explore further more on your own. You can also join an optional tour to the Reales Alcazares (Royal Palaces of Seville). Dinner and overnight in Seville.
Day 7: Seville - Cordoba
Breakfast. In the morning departure towards Cordoba, where you will have a guided tour. It includes the entrance to the famous Mosque cathedral of Córdoba and the visit to the Jewish Quarter. The Mosque cathedral was originally a Catholic Christian church built by the Visigoths, however, in the Middle Ages, it was converted into an Islamic mosque and back to Catholic Church after the Reconquista. In the Middle Ages, it was second largest Cathedral in the world. It is also very famous for its wine-colored marble columns and double arches that were an innovation in architecture at that time. The afternoon is free. Dinner and overnight in Cordoba.
Day 8: Cordoba - Ronda - Costa del Sol
Breakfast. Transfer and a first stop in the beautiful town of Ronda. Steeped in dark myths and bullfighting folklore, whilst boasting one of the most extraordinary locations in Spain, it is no wonder that Ronda has become Andalusia's third most visited place. With its world-famous New Bridge and bullring, as well as the hidden corners of the gorge on top of which it perches, Ronda will definitely not disappoint. A free time to explore the main highlights of this beautiful town on your own. Later we'll continue to Costa del Sol. Depending on the date, number of people for the tour and other factors, you'll go either to chic Marbella or flashy Torremolinos. Both places are beautiful coastal towns with excellent beaches, vibrant nightlife and very relaxed atmosphere. ( Night in Marbella or Torremolinos ).
Day 9: Costa del Sol - Granada
Breakfast, then transfer to Granada - a beautiful city right at the foot of the spectacular Sierra Nevada mountains. The popular favorite of the region of Andalusia, Granada has a rich history, fantastic range of sites to see, and a bustling nightlife. With Arab influences and Spanish charm, there is plenty of culture and history to explore here. Upon arrival you'll have a guided tour to see the famous complex of La Alhambra, its Arabian palaces Nazaries, and its green and picturesque Generalife Gardens. The tour to Alhambra is already quite extensive and includes a good part of walking, so it's your choice the rest of the day - to relax in the hotel or continue to explore the city of Granada on your own.Dinner and night in Granada.
Day 10: Granada - Valencia
Breakfast. Departure towards Valencia, which is a third-largest city in Spain, and has a lot to offer: from world-class restaurants to stunning beaches, and from museums to buzzing nightlife. On the way you will pass by the beautiful, small towns of Guadix, Baza and Puerto Lumbreras. Arrival to Valencia in the early evening and accommodation. Night in Valencia.
Day 11: Valencia - Barcelona
fter breakfast you'll have some hours to discover Valencia on your own. You can head for the beach or go to The Central Market and El Carmen street art.
On the second half of the day, we'll head to the second largest city in Spain and a true pearl of Mediterranean sea - magnificent Barcelona.
Arrival and accommodation. Night in Barcelona.
Day 12: Barcelona
Breakfast in the hotel. With fantastic art and architecture, a rich medieval history, as well as innovative modern additions, Barcelona is certainly not short of things to do and see. During you morning city tour around Barcelona you will see Plaza España - is one of the most important squares of the city, and second largest in Barcelona.
Montjuïc - a hill in Barcelona, with its spectacular views over the harbor, the port and the Mediterranean Sea. Enjoy stunning views from the panoramic viewpoint, located almost on top of the hill.
The Barcelona Olympic Park is part of all the attractions found at Montjuic Mountain. The Olympic Games in 1992 gave Barcelona many large-scale projects. As a result, it became the perfect setting for one of the most successful games in history. The Olympic complex includes the stadium, the St. Jordi sports pavilion and the Calatrava Communications Tower.
Statue of Christopher Colom - standing on the pier at the very end of La Rambla, the Mirador de Colom is a homage to the explorer Christopher Columbus who paid a visit to the Catalan capital before setting sail to America.
Gothic Quarter. Without a doubt the most iconic of Barcelona's neighborhoods, the Gothic Quarter as it is commonly referred to is the heart of Barcelona's old town. Home to some of the most ancient and historic monuments in the city, not least of which being the majestic cathedral, this is the Barcelona of narrow streets and charming outdoor squares that have remained unchanged throughout the centuries.
Back to your hotel. Night in Barcelona.
Day 13: Barcelona - Zaragoza - Madrid
Breakfast, then departure towards Zaragoza, Spain's fifth largest city, Zaragoza is the capital of the Aragón region. Located south of the Pyrenees, it sits right in the middle between Barcelona and Madrid, and is home to a range of fascinating sights, from Roman ruins to magnificent Islamic architecture and a striking Baroque cathedral. We will stop in the city center so you can have a time to explore the most notorious sights of Zaragoza: Basilica de Baroque Basilica and Bridge Puente de Piedra (the Stone Bridge).
A striking Baroque Basilica, it is here that many believe that Santiago - one of Jesus' disciples and referred to as James in the Bible – saw the Virgin Mary ascend a marble pillar. A chapel was built around that pillar and later added to and renovated, until it became the stunning cathedral it is today. If you want, you can head inside to look around at its magnificent interior, then take the elevator to the top to enjoy some of the most spectacular views of the city.
The Puente de Piedra (the Stone Bridge) is the oldest of all the bridges across the Ebro River. It was built in 1401 following a Gothic style. Measuring about 225 meters in length, the entire stone structure is held by seven arches, with cutwaters that help to break the water flow. It is very close to the Plaza del Pilar, so its silhouette with the Basilica del Pilar in the background has become one of the iconic images of the city.
After some free time in Zaragoza we'll continue to Madrid. Arrival to Madrid, transfer on your own from the drop off point to your hotel. Overnight in Madrid. Meals: Breakfast
Catalonia Barcelona 505
Catalonia Granada
Hotel NH Crodoba Guadalquivir
Lutecia Hotel Lisbon
NH Sevilla Viapol Hotel
Silken Puerta Valencia
$ 2045 per person in double
$ 2875 Price per person in a single room
Prices are quoted in US Dollars per person per trip, valid March 31, 2021.
Spain and Portugal Entry Visa
We do help our customers to get their Visas, after a trip is confirmed and the deposit has been paid, we can issue the confirmation vouchers, which you later bring to Spanish and Portuguese Embassy/Consulate. In this letter we confirm that you booked and partly (or fully) paid for a tour with us. Please note, we do not guarantee the issue of visa and cannot influence the process. The decision is up to the Embassy, as they have their own rules and regulations for each country. At the same time, we do our best to ensure we provide assistance where possible
Flexible cancellation policy in case of Force Majeure
Memphis Tours offers a very flexible cancelation policy in case the government or the airline issues a travel warning from/to your departure country and destination. In the event that this happens, we will be refunding you the amount paid in full deducting only 10%. Here at Memphis Tours we prioritize your well-being and safety above anything else and aim that our cancellation policy reflects that. ( In these cases, the cancellation should be at least 20 days before the arrival date ).


WKC Mameluke Marine Officer Swords are handmade in Solingen, Germany. These official military swords are certified by the Marine Corps Systems Command and feature an acid etched United States Marine Corps pattern on the blade. The stainless steel blade has an unsharpened edge which makes them ideal for drills, ceremonies, military retirement presentations and display. These swords are built to the highest military specifications and include the certification number etched on the spine of the blade near the hilt. They are hand polished and have a stainless steel tube scabbard. The scabbard has 24kt gold plated brass mountings. These military swords feature hand polished brass fittings that are plated in real 24kt gold. They have an ivory colored plastic grip that is hand polished and fixed with star screws. The handle has the sword knot hole. The sabers include a protective cloth storage bag. Buy the WKC Mameluke Marine Officer Swords, certified by MARCORSYSCOM for $619.99.


FILM.UA Group and Media Resources Management launched a new educational project for film, television and media professionals and starters – FILM.UA Faculty.
The project was presented on September 17 in the course of KYIV MEDIA WEEK in Radisson Blu Hotel with the keynote by media expert, Sergey Sozanovsky "To build Hollywood in Troeshchina".
Sergey Sozanovsky, cofounder of FILM.UA Group, is one of the most successful businessmen in the sphere of media. His name cannot be separated from the history of Ukrainian media industry. He built the first vertically integrated media group in Ukraine, Inter.
FILM.UA Group was founded in 2002. Today FILM.UA Group comprisesover 20 companies that provide expertise, equipment and support of the full cycle in film and TV production. Together these companies form a unique creative cluster that encompasses all aspects of the media business. Thanks to the wise strategy, effective management and industrial approach to business Sergey Sozanovsky succeeded to creat an undisputed leader of the Ukrainian media market.
FILM.UA Faculty is a complex of educational projects for those, who are eager to work in film, television or media industry. Unique integrated programs for adults - Skill Bill and children - Cinema Kids.
Skill Bill includes lectures and seminars for professionals - Skill Bill Pro, lectures and workshops on filmmaking, Skill Bill Start and Acting School for Adults.
Cinema Kids provides educational programs for children (7-15 years): Acting Classes for Children, Children's School of Dubbing Tak Treba, and a special course Cinema Holidays, which allows children to make their first movie during school holidays.
All courses take place at FILM.UA Studio.


Buy Flash Furniture 24-Inch Backless Distressed Counter Stool in Black from $60.99 at Bed Bath & Beyond. Add industrial chic to your living space with the Backless Distressed Counter or Bar Stool from Flash Furniture. Each features a stackable design, so you can bring it out when extra seating is needed and stores easily. A cross brace adds extra stability.Add industrial chic to your living space with the Backless Distressed Counter or Bar Stool from Flash Furniture. Each features a stackable design, so you can bring it out when extra seating is needed and stores easily. A cross brace adds extra stability.


RUSH: Phil Mickelson apologized for talking about his 62 to 63% tax rate. Word surfaced a couple days ago that Mickelson was thinking of leaving California and selling his house. Prop 30 passed, and that forced him out of a deal to buy the San Diego Padres. (paraphrased) "For crying out loud, I can't afford to buy anything with 63% of my income being taxed." He said, "I may have to leave the state, sell my house, and give up the Padres," and then something happened, and all hell descended on Mickelson.
Mickelson is one of the 1% paying the freight for everybody and yet he's one under fire. He's not allowed to complain. I don't even want to say that he was complaining, but I wouldn't care if he was. But he's not allowed. He's supposed to sit there and take it. He's supposed to sit there and smile at 63%, and it's gonna get higher if Democrats have their way. So somebody got to Mickelson and said, "Look, bud, you can't start complaining." You know when I first really became aware of how upper-income people talk about taxes? I was never really clued into it.
He wasn't gonna complain at all. He wasn't gonna complain whatsoever. Not because he disagreed with it, but because he knew that there was no gain in it. Somebody that is a multimillionaire complaining about high taxes is not gonna get any sympathy from anybody except other high-tax people, and there aren't that many of them. So, anyway, Mickelson just blurts this stuff out in a stream-of-consciousness answer to a question, and there must have been all hell descend on this guy. I don't know what happened.
I don't know who got to him. It might be his agent. "Hey, Phil, you're going to have apologize here. Back off. You're a man of the people. You're doing these ads for Big Oil and Enbrel," whatever it is, "back off." So he goes out and basically regrets speaking publicly on taxes. He apologized, he regretted not keeping his opinion to himself. I remember last spring, during our annual spring fling Kathryn and I have friends in and spend a weekend and it's always a lot of fun and it's great people. And one of the discussion topics was the upcoming presidential race and campaign.
That's why Michael Jordan, for the most part, doesn't get into politics. Sometimes he can't help himself, he's a big Democrat, but he's even admitted, "Look, I hope Republicans buy Air Jordan shoes." He doesn't want to do anything to make 'em mad. So athletes, as a general rule, are not gonna speak up. They're not gonna get political. They're not gonna get involved in saving the country because, the sports media which idolizes and loves them and treats them like they're the closest thing to God and royalty ever, will then turn on them.
And here's a living example of it. Phil Mickelson is loved and adored by the sports media, and he's cultivated that. It's part of the image making process. So I guarantee you, somebody, an agent or maybe even one of his corporate sponsors, "Hey, Phil, you gotta dial that back. We just don't want you going political." So he did. He apologized and said that he regretted not keeping his opinion to himself.
Now, during a press conference yesterday, Tiger Woods admitted that he moved to Florida in 1996 because of California's tax rates. You got 18 years, 17 years here ahead of Phil Mickelson. A lot of athletes live in Florida for that very reason. A lot of athletes live in the Orlando area. That's where Woods lives. Well, Tiger lives down here now, but they come here because there's no income tax, and the weather. Golfers year round practice and so forth, makes all the sense in the world. So Woods, during a press conference yesterday, admitted it, (paraphrasing), "I moved outta here back in 1996 for that reason." Woods was at Torrey Pines in La Jolla. He said, "I enjoy Florida, but I understand what Phil, I think, was trying to say." Now, there's a way out of this for these guys. Now Tiger's in trouble, too.
Folks, look, I'm not trying to put myself in their league, but I moved out of New York to a no-income-tax-state for that reason, and I am audited every year by the state of New York, still, after being gone since 1997. I'm in the middle of a nine-month audit right now for just the last year. I didn't live there. I didn't work there. I didn't earn any money in New York, but it doesn't matter. They're so cash strapped they've got a division in Albany, I'm convinced, that just follows people who leave and move to no-income-tax states.
I remember I announced it on the program one day. I got e-mails and phone calls from people that accused me of being unpatriotic by screwing New York, by abandoning New York, by moving. I said, "Why am I not smart?" Why is this not an intelligent decision? Why shouldn't I go? If I've got the opportunity to keep more of what I earn, why shouldn't I do that? It's my money, I earn it, I'll put it to much better use than a bunch of government bureaucrats. I spend my money in the private sector. I employ people. I provide benefits. I'm a generous guy. What harm could there be, me being in control of my money? "You selfish, you unpatriotic…" I'm sure Mickelson got the same thing. Anyway, what Tiger and Phil could do, if they both come out in favor of gay marriage, everything will be fine.
Diane in North Sutton, New Hampshire, great to have you on the program. Hello.
RUSH: Very good. Thank you.
CALLER: It's a pleasure to talk to you.
RUSH: Well, I appreciate that. Thanks so much.
CALLER: Great. What I had to say was that I think Phil Mickelson is getting a really bad shake overall. I mean, why is he being chastised for his comments on taxes?
CALLER: Right. But however, we could make the point that, when did he start complaining about his taxes? I mean, he didn't complain about it at 40%, 45. He didn't even complaint about it at 50 or 55%. I mean, he didn't start complaining until he reached 62 or 63%.
CALLER: So you could make the argument that, I mean, how selfish is that?
RUSH: Oh, I agree. I agree. The only thing, not to be a nitpicker here, we don't know if he was complaining privately. We do know his tipping point was 60%. That's when he decided to go public. It's a great point.


The Sebastopol Entrepreneur Projects (SEP) was launched in early 2010 with the financial support of the City of Sebastopol. This support from the city enabled a core group of dedicated individuals to drive the effort that resulted in today's SEP organization with an ever increasing number of clients.
Our team of volunteer Business Advisors provides expertise in many areas of business including, but not limited to, business plan development, manufacturing/production options, web-based and traditional marketing, legal options, regulatory requirements, cost analysis, fund raising, etc.
SEP is developing a high school program for students to learn and use the basics of Entrepreneurship. SEP's premise is that Entrepreneurship involves a process. The best way to learn a process is to do it, not listen to lectures about it. This is project based learning using real world solutions. It includes hands-on exposure to several professions, including business, that may provide ideas for the student's future.


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Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown
The modest one room place of worship is all that remains of Pennytown, a small freedman town established by Joe Penny, an escaped slave from Kentucky. At its height, around the turn of the century, Pennytown encompassed 64 acres, boasted 40 families, two churches, a school and a small business community. An Annual Homecoming held each August reunites former residents and descendents of families from Pennytown.
Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown Before Restoration
Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown Today
The Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown, a one room structure listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is the last remaining structure that evidences the once thriving community of Pennytown. Pennytown, located approximately 8 miles southeast of Marshall, MO, was founded in 1871 by Joe Penny, an escaped slave from Kentucky who used his life savings to purchase the initial 8 acreas to establish a place of refuge for recently freed slaves. Penny paid $160 to white owner John Haggin for the land and had the title recorded. At this point in the history of Missouri, it was rare for a Black person to have clear title to their land, but Joe Penny insisted that Pennytown residents hold clear title. This helped them avoid the poverty trap of sharecropping in which most ex-slaves found themselves.
By 1900, the town had grown to 64 acres, 40 families, a school, two churches and several businesses. The men found work in the fields of white plantation owners, but as paid labor. Women over the age of 14 worked as maids, cooks and nannies, in the white homes. The women who were too old to work provided childcare. The town was an example of communal living, summed up by Josephine Robinson Lawrence, "Life was hard, but God was good" (Grace).
The Great Depression, automated farm machinery and World Wars I and II took their toll on Pennytown. By 1943, the last family left Pennytown, leaving the town populated only by a few elderly residents who eventually died there.
After the end of World War II, Annual Homecomings were held to maintain the connections among the former residents and the descendants of former residents. These gatherings were centered around the Free Will Baptist Church. The original church was a frame structure built on land owned and provided by a white landowner in 1886. Eight years later, the church elders purchased the land for $20. In 1924, the wood frame building was burned and the present day block structure was erected in 1925-1926.
In the 1980s, the building was in a state of disrepair. Former Pennytown resident, Josephine Robinson Lawrence began the process of getting the site included in the National Register of Historic Places. Once she was successful in this campaign, she spearheaded the fundraising to make the necessary repairs to preserve the building, believed by many historians to be the last of its type in Missouri. The building was added to the registery in 1988. Mrs. Lawrence had raised approximately one-half of the necessary funds at the time of her death in 1992. Her daughter, Virginia Houston, took charge of the fundraising. The restoration was completed in 1996 and is maintained by the Friends of Pennytown Historic Site, a volunteer organization registered with the state of Missouri as a non-profit organization.
Freewill Baptist Church of Pennytown, en.wikipedia.og/wiki/free_will_baptist_church_of_pennytown, 06/22/2014, Web, 11/26/2014
Pennytown, Missouri, An Historic Black Hamlet, pennytown.wordpress.com, n.d., Web, 11/26/2014
Grace, Karen, Faith and Money: The Pennytown Project, Preservation Issues, Vol 4, No 1, law.uwstl.edu/staff/taylor/preserv/v4nl/faith,htm, n.d., Web, 11/26/2014
Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown, www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/88000388.pdf, n.d., Web, 11/26/2014
Freewill Baptist Church of Pennytown, en.wikipedia.og/wiki/free_will_baptist_church_of_pennytown, 06/22/2014, Web, 11/26/2014 Pennytown, Missouri, An Historic Black Hamlet, pennytown.wordpress.com, n.d., Web, 11/26/2014 Grace, Karen, Faith and Money: The Pennytown Project, Preservation Issues, Vol 4, No 1, law.uwstl.edu/staff/taylor/preserv/v4nl/faith,htm, n.d., Web, 11/26/2014 Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown, www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/88000388.pdf, n.d., Web, 11/26/2014
8 miles south
Marshall, MO 0
Created by Sue Sexton on November 30th 2014, 2:48:05 pm.
Last updated by Sue Sexton on February 24th 2016, 7:59:25 pm.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Crime / Drama / Thriller
Available in: 720p.BluRay
100% - Critics
720p.BluRay
A young woman discovers her visiting uncle may not be the man he seems to be.
Alfred Hitchcock as Man on Train Playing Cards
Henry Travers as Joseph Newton
Hume Cronyn as Robert Samuel Peek
Teresa Wright as Charlie Newton
720p.BLU
Reviewed by Steffi_P 10 / 10 / 10
"Average families are the best"
Alfred Hitchcock's style as a director was a bit like a train – it ran perfectly well, but only along its own lines. He wasn't comfortable adapting his style to suit the material, but when the material suited his style he could do incredible things. Three years and five pictures into his Hollywood career, Hitch had been having some trouble finding projects he was comfortable with. He had made a couple of adventure thrillers in the vein of his late 30s British films, but the old magic wasn't there. Finally, with Shadow of a Doubt he came upon a project that was right up his street. It represents a welcome return to the domestic murder dramas that had given him his earliest successes (The Lodger, Blackmail), with a storyline ideal for Hitchcock. It is the purest example of murder in a "normal" setting, bringing the audience uncomfortably close to the killer, helped along with plenty of the grisly gallows humour that the Master loved. Hitch's British pictures had great charm and character, but they were often technically a little haphazard. By now though he knows exactly how to use the camera to manipulate the audience. He begins by carrying us into the story, sweeping in over the city through scenery both pretty and ugly, to home in on an average looking neighbourhood. From then on, every shot, move and edit is calculated to keep up the suspense and unfold the plot. Whereas those early films were swamped and sometimes spoiled by showy camera tricks, Hitch now uses those techniques sparingly, like playing a trump card. For example, he has Joseph Cotton look directly into the camera for a brief moment as he snatches the newspaper back from Theresa Wright. Another trick is to have the camera dolly back as a character advances, only at a faster speed than the actor is moving, which gives a very dizzying effect. Special mention should also be made of Dimitri Tiomkin's score. Tiomkin was the best composer Hitch worked with before Bernard Hermann, and one of the few who really understood how a Hitchcock film needs to be scored. His sparse string arrangements really capture that sense of spiralling terror without overpowering the scene and turning it into melodrama. He interpolates Franz Lehar's Merry Widow waltz at just the right level, making it noticeable but never overstated– throwing in just a bar or two at an opportune moment, sometimes disguising it in a minor key. We also have a great cast lined up here. This is among Joseph Cotton's finest performances, which is unusual because Hitch was not a brilliant director of actors. I believe the reason is that, although his soft, honest features meant he usually played clean-cut good guys (as well as making him the perfect choice for the friendly uncle no-one would suspect), he was actually at his best when playing villains. That air of affected friendliness, which gives way to a deadpan monotone, is ironically far more convincing than when he attempted to play genuine niceness. Theresa Wright also does a brilliant job of handling her character's transition from childlike innocence to knowing cynicism. The icing on the cake is a couple of spot-on comic relief supporting parts from Henry Travers and Hume Cronyn. It's quite appropriate that in his cameo for Shadow of a Doubt, Hitchcock is shown holding all the cards, because here he really did have all the elements working in his favour. It marks the beginning of his golden age and lays down the blueprint for such classics as Rear Window, Vertigo and Psycho. This is about as close to perfect as Hitchcock's pictures get.
Reviewed by Quinoa1984 10 / 10 / 10
One of Cotten's triumphs; Hitchcock's film is not unconventional, but unabashedly gripping
One thing that strikes many who come upon Shadow of a Doubt, one of this filmmaker's triumphs, is the knowledge that it was Hitchcock's favorite among his own films- and many watch it with very high expectations, getting shot down as well, making it one of his more under-rated efforts. True, it doesn't go for the immense macabre that lay in Psycho, The Birds, and Frenzy, but it is very effective in telling its stories, and giving us character to either love, or love to hate. The whole concept to the story is very appealing- a (painfully) normal suburban family gets a calling from a relative- Uncle Charlie (Joseph Cotten)- who wants to come by for a little while. The oldest daughter, also named Charlie (Teresa Wright), almost feels like a kindred spirit to her uncle, happy as can be that he's come to visit. Things start to unravel, however, when two detectives on his trail come into town, bringing to young Charlie to light what could be going down, or what might not be, or what is as clear as psychopathic day. It's actually of interest to compare this film to Psycho, I think, in how it's so akin to to how Hitchcock tells the story of the ordinary people of the world getting involved with a certifiable gentlemen. And, perhaps, one could argue (I might, up to a point) that Cotten's performance rivals that of a Perkins' Norman Bates leading male in the sense of subtleties of the suspense in the film. He seems so... calm so much in the film, and even when he shows his hand as to who he really is, there's a lot of depth to his personality. We may hate him, but he is an understandable, frighteningly recognizable monster. And it solidifies in my book that Cotten had a wonderful range in his work, when he could go from playing a Jed Leland in Citizen Kane to this film, and then on to The Third Man's Holly Martins. Here, he digs into the character and you'll either find it unconvincing in the 40's sense, or a knock-out. As for Teresa Wright, she finds some good notes as well in playing off of Cotten, even in the earlier scenes. And those kids are just the right icing to the cake the film cooks up. It may take a couple of viewings to really warm up to this film, or you may like it right away. But Shadow of a Doubt contains not only fine acting, but also some trademark Hitchcock camera stylizing. My favorites included a particular shot closing in from medium close-up to extreme close-up on Uncle Charlie when he's in a memorable monologue at the dinner table. Another is the use of the dark value on the characters when they talk outside. And, of course, a climax that is genuine in theatricality. A+
Reviewed by The_Void 10 / 10 / 10
Dark and brooding thriller from the master of suspense
It is well known that this film is Alfred Hitchcock's favourite of his own oeuvre, and it's a big favourite of mine also. It is also well documented that for this film, Hitchcock stated that he "wants to bring violence back into the home, where it belongs" and he has certainly succeeded at doing that. Hitchcock spends much of the early screen time building up the family at the centre of the tale, and then allowing the violence to come to them, which shows Hitchcock's mastery of the medium as showing the story develop in this way makes the tale much more frightening than if we hadn't got to know the family at the centre of the story first. Joseph Cotten stars as uncle Charlie; a man fleeing Philadelphia to escape the law after marrying and then murdering several rich widows. He goes to stay with his sister and her family, which includes a husband, two young children and the eldest daughter; his niece and namesake; also called 'Charlie'. Hitchcock puts the focus of the story on young Charlie and her relationship with her uncle. This gives the story a frightening angle as it follows the classic tale of the strange uncle. It's also well done as young Charlie is shown to be the sweetest of characters, and when the dark uncle Charlie enters the fray, her sweet world is infected by nightmares, which also gives way to elements of the classic 'coming of age' tale to enter the proceedings. As if that wasn't enough, Shadow of a Doubt also exposes the trust we put in our loved ones, and how any person is likely to try and shift the blame, or ignore it completely, if their loved one has done wrong. This is shown by the way that young Charlie still attempts to cover for her beloved uncle even when all the evidence is pointing to him being guilty. Hitchcock has turned this thriller, which could easily have been routine, into a complex study of a family that retains it's interest throughout due to the multiple themes on display. Joseph Cotten was the absolute perfect choice to play uncle Charlie. His portrayal is picture perfect; he carries with him an atmosphere of dread and morbidity throughout, even when he's not doing anything wrong. A role of this sort is difficult to get right, as it's all to easy to underplay it so it isn't effective, or to overstate it so it becomes ridiculous; but Cotten gets the performance spot on. Teresa Wright, who stars alongside Cotten in the role of the other Charlie also does well and delivers a mature and assured performance that fits her character brilliantly. Some of the supporting roles look a little suspect at times, but on the whole the acting from the support is good enough. The ending of the film comes somewhat against the run of play and is maybe a little bit too over the top after the rest of the film, which is largely down to earth. However, it does work and a big ending isn't something I am in the habit of complaining about. This is up there with Hitchcock's best work and therefore is highly recommended.


Banking on Isimba and Karuma, the President has on many occasion assured investors and the business community that the high electricity tariffs will soon go down.
Over the last five years, hundreds of workers have been crushing rocks, laying concrete and embankments across Africa's longest river, the Nile.
It is at this site that the Isimba Hydropower Dam, the third largest electricity plant and one of the country's biggest projects, has been taking shape.
On Thursday, President Yoweri Museveni will commission the plant, one of the most important hydropower projects that the Ugandan Government has embarked on, to ease power shortages in the country and accelerate the development of the local economy.
The 183MW Isimba Hydropower project is 4km downstream of Isimba Falls on the River Nile and about 50km downstream from the source of the Nile. The project site is about 21km from Kayunga, the nearest town and about 65km from Jinja town.
Isimba is expected to generate hydroelectric power at 68 cents per kilowatt, the lowest in East Africa. Main features Isimba dam, which cost $568m (about sh2.1 trillion), was fi nanced by a loan from China Export-Import Bank (85% funding), while the Uganda government contributed 15%.
The project is located on the Victoria Nile, downstream of the 250MW Bujagali Falls hydropower plant. It extends over about 2,867.6 acres of land and comprises a concrete gravity dam, a clay-core rock fill dam, a spillway, a power house, electro-mechanical equipment, switching stations and auxiliary power transmission works.
The concrete dam, located on the left side, consists of a reservoir retaining structure in front of the erection bay, while the rock fill type with the central clay core right dam provides storage for emergency gates and stop logs. The powerhouse structure features four 45.8MW Kaplan turbines in the left dam. The external switchyard is situated on the left bank of the river and is connected with the powerhouse by four overhead lines.
The dam is a double busbar type with two line bays, four transformer bays, one bus coupler and two future bays. The generated power will be transmitted to the sub-station at Bujagali hydropower station through a 132kV Isimba-Bujagali double circuit transmission line. The 42km line has a 30m way leave, with a 5m right of way.
In addition to the construction of the dam and the double circuit transmission line, the project also includes the construction of a 33kV power line from Kayunga town to the project site, on Busana Road.
Contractors The Uganda Electricity Generation Company (UETCL) was appointed as the project implementing agency on behalf of the Government of Uganda.
China International Water and Electric Corporation (CWE) was awarded the engineering, procurement and construction contract for the project. The contract, signed between CWE and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development of Uganda in 2013, includes the construction of the power plant and the Isimba-Bujagali 132kV interconnection line.
CWE engaged Geotech Solutions to conduct site supplementary geological investigation, drilling and rock grouting works. Energy Infratech was engaged as the supervision consultant for the project and later in 2018, Artelia Eau and KKATT Consult Limited, a Ugandan fi rm, were hired by UEGCL after Energy Infratech's contract expired in 2017.
Importance of Isimba dam Amid low electricity demand with about 78% of the population still not connected to the national power grid, the Isimba hydropower plant is expected to boost the electricity generation with 183MW, pushing the country's electricity generation to 1,158MW. In January, President Yoweri Museveni launched the 20MW Kabulasoke Solar Power Plant pushing electricity generation from 955MW to 975MW.
The move is expected to bridge the gap of electricity consumption and bring down the exorbitant power costs that continue to cause an outcry while keeping most consumers at bay.
According to Eng. Harrison Mutikanga, the UEGCL chief executive officer, the electricity to the national grid will be priced at $5cents (about sh185) drop from the current over $8cents (about sh297) offered by Bujagali hydropower project.
"You do not have to worry about the electricity costs because we expect it to go down after completion of the many dams we are constructing," Museveni said, during the commissioning the new Simba Cement factory in Tororo district last year. Mutikanga adds that Isimba hydropower plant is a step towards achieving the 17,000MW target set by the President during the State-of-the- Nation address last year.
"Uganda's installed electricity generation capacity is a meager 955MW with a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of about $615 (about sh2.2m). Wealthy countries have invested heavily in electricity infrastructure. For instance, South Africa, with a population of about 56 million people, has an installed generation capacity of 46,943MW with a per capita GDP of $6,268 (about sh23.2m) and per capita consumption of 4,198kWh.
If Uganda is to sustain GDP growth, we need electricity and lots of it," Mutikanga says. It has taken the contractor 47 months to complete the hydro power dam with a delay of seven months. According to Mutikanga, UEGCL is ready and equipped with the necessary manpower to operate and maintain the Isimba power plant.
"We set out a plan to develop our operation and maintenance capacity hinged on two major pillars; recruitment of the core team and capacity building. And after two years of intense training, we are ready to efficiently run Isimba power plant," Mutikanga says.
Next articleWhat next for child mothers?


You can replace the honey with any jam or preserves - try apricot or fig preserves for a delicious, unique flavor!
Use any type of mustard you'd like - stone ground and whole grain mustard works great!
Measure out the ingredients for the meatloaf sauce.
Add all of the ingredients for the sauce to a mixing bowl.
Whisk until well-combined. Taste the sauce for flavor. If desired, add more Worcestershire, mustard, and/or honey to taste.
Step 3: Serve on Meatloaf!
Prior to baking your meatloaf in the oven, spread about 2 to 3 tablespoons on top. Once the meatloaf is out of the oven, smear more sauce on top, and/or serve the meatloaf with sauce on the side.


A born and bred Houstonian, Dr. Joseph S. Coselli graduated from a Jesuit high school in Houston and headed for Notre Dame University intent on following in his father's footsteps and becoming a lawyer. That plan changed during the summer between the freshman and sophomore years at college when he had the opportunity to work for Dr. Denton Cooley as part of his "pump" team. There, in the early glory days of cardiothoracic surgery when surgeons were performing as many as 25 to 30 "on pump" cases a day, it just clicked and he knew what he wanted to become — a cardiothoracic surgeon.
Coselli also attributes working with Dr. E. Stanley Crawford as the single most important turn in his career. Crawford took him in his practice as a junior associate and mentored him during the early stages of his career. Just as he was mentored, Caselli contends it is vital to shepherd others as they pursue their chosen field. After Crawford died in January 1991, Coselli (as Vice Chair of Surgery, Division Chief and Cullen Foundation Endowed Chair) continued Crawford's legacy and developed vast experience in all facets of aortic repair.
Coselli exemplifies an "academic surgeon." He became an expert in his field of aortic repair; he identified and developed treatments for the complex problem "paraparesis and paraplegia after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery" that others had thought insolvable; he ultimately, after decades to gain acceptance, had his research incorporated into professional practice guidelines as he continued to ask questions to further improve care and finally, he trains residents and fellows to become experts in his specialty. Coselli epitomizes a profile of excellence.


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Posidonia oceanica o Posidonia mediterranea es una planta acuática, endémica del Mediterráneo, perteneciente a la familia Posidoniaceae. Tiene características similares a las plantas terrestres, como raíces, tallo rizomatoso y hojas cintiformes de hasta un metro de largo dispuestas en matas de 6 a 7. Florece en otoño y produce en primavera frutos flotantes conocidos vulgarmente como olivas de mar.

Forma praderas submarinas que tienen una notable importancia ecológica. Constituye la comunidad clímax del mar Mediterráneo y ejerce una considerable labor en la protección de la línea de costa de la erosión. Dentro de ellas viven muchos organismos animales y vegetales que encuentran en las praderas alimento y protección. Se la considera un buen bioindicador de la calidad de las aguas marinas costeras.

Morfología

P. oceanica presenta raíces (que sirven principalmente para anclar la planta al sustrato), rizoma y hojas cintiformes.

Los rizomas, de hasta 1 cm de espesor, crecen tanto horizontalmente (rizomas plagiótropos), como verticalmente (rizomas ortótropos). Los primeros, gracias a la presencia en la parte inferior de raíces lignificadas de hasta 15cm de largo, anclan la planta al sustrato. Los segundos, que aumentan la altura, tienen la función de combatir el enarenamiento debido a la continua sedimentación. Los dos tipos de crecimiento dan lugar a la denominada "mata", una formación en terraza que consiste en un entramado de estratos de rizomas, raíces y sedimentos atrapados. De esta forma, las posidonias colonizan un entorno que difícilmente podrían ocupar las algas debido a la falta de raíces.

Las hojas surgen a partir de los rizomas ortótropos, son cintiformes y de color verde brillante que se vuelve marrón con el paso del tiempo. Pueden llegar a alcanzar una longitud de aproximadamente 1,5m de alto. De promedio tienen una anchura de 1cm y presentan de 13 a 17 nervaduras paralelas. Los ápices son redondeados y a menudo se pierden por la acción del oleaje y las corrientes.

Se organizan en matas de 6 o 7 hojas, encontrándose las más viejas en el exterior y las más jóvenes en el interior. Las hojas se dividen en tres categorías:

 Hojas adultas, que presentan una lámina con función fotosintética y una base separada del borde foliar por una estructura cóncava llamada "lígula";
 Hojas intermedias, que no tienen base;
 Hojas jóvenes, que normalmente tienen una longitud inferior a los 50mm

En otoño la planta pierde las hojas adultas más exteriores, que pasan a ser de color marrón y son fotosintéticamente inactivas. Durante el invierno se producen las hojas nuevas.

Reproducción

P. oceanica se reproduce tanto sexual como asexualmente (por estolones).

La reproducción sexual se produce a través de la producción de flores y frutos. Las flores son hermafroditas y se agrupan en una inflorescencia en forma de espiga, de color verde y contenida entre brácteas florales. El pedúnculo se une al rizoma en el centro del manojo. El gineceo está formado por un ovario unilocular que continúa con un estilo y termina en el estigma. El androceo consta de tres estambres con anteras cortas. La floración depende de los factores ambientales (luz y temperatura) y los factores endógenos (edad y tamaño de la planta) y se lleva a cabo en septiembre y octubre en las praderas más cercanas a la superficie del mar, mientras que en las más profundas se pospone dos meses. El polen del interior de las anteras es de forma esférica, pero se convierte en filamentoso tan pronto como se libera en el agua. No existen mecanismos de reconocimiento entre el polen y el estigma que impidan la autofecundación. La polinización es hidrófila y puede dar lugar a la formación de frutos, aunque algunos de ellos no llegan a la maduración, que ocurre pasados seis meses. Una vez maduros, los frutos se separan y flotan en la superficie.

El fruto, ligeramente carnoso y llamado en algunos lugares "oliva de mar", es similar a una drupa y tiene un pericarpio poroso y rico en una sustancia oleosa que permite la flotación. Cuando se pudre libera una semilla (revestida por una membrana delgada, pero sin un tegumento verdadero y propio), que cae al fondo y, si encuentra las condiciones adecuadas de profundidad, estabilidad y tipo de sedimento, germina y da lugar a una nueva planta. Con el fin de que pueda afianzarse es necesario que encuentre un sustrato humificado. La humificación consiste en la degradación de restos vegetales, por lo que la planta puede implantarse en "suelos" colonizados previamente por otras plantas, como macroalgas u otras fanerógamas. Se genera así una verdadera sucesión ecológica en la que la posidonia representa la última etapa. La germinación se inicia con la liberación de una pequeña raíz blanca de polo radical y una hojita del polo apical. Con la reproducción sexual, la planta coloniza zonas nuevas, difunde las praderas en otras áreas y garantiza la variabilidad genética.

La reproducción asexual por estolones, que permite la expansión de las praderas, se realiza mediante los rizomas plagiótropos, que crecen cerca de 7cm al año y colonizan nuevos espacios. La alta acumulación de sedimentos y la reducción del espacio disponible para el crecimiento horizontal estimula el crecimiento vertical de los rizomas, formando así las matas.

Matas

El crecimiento vertical de los rizomas lleva a la formación de una estructura llamada "mata", que consta de un entramado de raíces y rizomas muertos entre los cuales queda atrapado el sedimento. Sólo la parte superior de estas estructuras está formada por plantas vivas. La formación de mata depende en gran medida de los ritmos de sedimentación (una alta velocidad de sedimentación puede dar lugar a un excesivo enarenamiento de los rizomas y por tanto a su asfixia; por el contrario, una sedimentación demasiado lenta puede conducir a que los rizomas se desprendan y, por tanto, a la regresión de la pradera). Dado que la velocidad de descomposición de los rizomas es muy lenta, pueden permanecer dentro de la mata incluso durante milenios.

La mata tiene una tasa de crecimiento muy lenta, estimada en alrededor de 1m por siglo.

Adaptación a la vida en el medio marino

Al igual que todas las fanerógamas marinas, la posidonia ha desarrollado una serie de adaptaciones morfológicas y fisiológicas que le permiten vivir en el mar.

En muchos órganos está presente el [parénquima] aerífero, que facilita el intercambio de gases en todas las partes de la planta y que forma una tupida red entre hojas, raíces y rizomas.

Las hojas no tienen estomas y tienen una cutícula delgada para facilitar la difusión de los iones y el dióxido de carbono. Las posidonias también son capaces de absorber los nutrientes por medio de las hojas.

A menudo, las plantas viven en un sustrato anóxico (falto de oxígeno). Por esta razón, las raíces, además de asegurar el anclaje y la absorción de los nutrientes, sirven como reserva de oxígeno, que es producido por la fotosíntesis de las hojas y transportado por el parénquima aerífero.

El organismo más grande del mundo

En 2006 se descubrió en las Baleares una planta de Posidonia de cerca de 8km de largo, a la que se le atribuyó una edad de 100000 años. La planta se sitúa en el interior de una pradera que se extiende unos 700km² desde la zona de Es Freus (Formentera) hasta la playa de Las Salinas (Ibiza). La identificación de la planta fue posible gracias al uso de marcadores genéticos. El descubrimiento fue fortuito, ya que se estima que dentro de esta pradera viven cien millones de ejemplares de la misma especie. Se cree que esta planta es uno de los organismos vivos más grandes y longevos del mundo.

Sin embargo, en junio de 2022 se informó que muestras de Posidonia australis tomadas de un prado en bahía Shark en el sur de Australia, de hasta 180 km, eran de un solo clon de la misma planta. Dicha planta cubre un área del lecho marino de alrededor de 200 km cuadrados, lo que la convertiría en la planta más grande del mundo.

Evolución

Como todas las fanerógamas marinas, P. oceanica evolucionó de angiospermas que vivían en la zona intermareal, en la frontera entre la tierra y el mar, y que por lo tanto eran capaces de soportar breves períodos de inmersión en el agua. Cuando la polinización pasó de anemófila a hidrófila, las plantas abandonaron por completo la tierra firme. Los primeros fósiles de posidonia (P. cretacea) se remontan al Cretácico, hace unos 120 millones de años, mientras que en el Eoceno, hace 30 millones de años, hizo su aparición la P.parisiensis. La crisis salina del Mesiniense, que se produjo hace cerca de seis millones de años en el Mediterráneo, provocó una reducción de la variabilidad genética en la posidonia. Si bien antes existían tanto cepas capaces de vivir en condiciones locales de alta salinidad como cepas capaces de vivir en cuencas de baja salinidad, después de la crisis estas últimas desaparecieron y se seleccionaron solo aquellas capaces de vivir con una salinidad elevada. En el estanque de Marsala, las praderas se encontraban a una zona que podía llegar a unos valores de salinidad del 46-48‰.

Taxonomía

Linneo, en su "Systema Naturae", describe la especie llamándola Zostera oceanica. En 1813 el estudioso Delile la renombró a Posidonia. El género Posidonia pertenece, según la mayoría de los botánicos, a la familia Posidoniaceae pero hay autores que la clasifican en Potamogetonaceae, otros en Najadaceae y otros incluso en Zosteraceae. Incluso en lo que respecta al orden no hay acuerdo entre los estudiosos. De acuerdo con el sistema de Cronquist, Posidonia pertenece a Najadales, mientras que según el ITIS pertenece al orden Potamogetonales. La clasificación APG mantiene su atribución a Posidoniaceae pero asigna la familia al orden Alismatales y considera sinónimos los dos órdenes citados anteriormente.

El nombre genérico Posidonia deriva del griego Ποσειδών (Poseidón, el dios del mar), mientras que el epíteto específico oceanica hace referencia al hecho de que esta especie tenía una distribución mucho más amplia que la actual.

Distribución

Esta especie se encuentra solo en el mar Mediterráneo. Ocupa un área de alrededor del 3% de la cuenca (lo que corresponde a un área de aproximadamente 38000km²), siendo por tanto una especie clave del ecosistema marino costero.

Una señal inequívoca de la existencia de una pradera de Posidonia oceanica es la presencia de masas de hojas en descomposición en la playa, que tienen una gran importancia en la protección de las playas contra la erosión. De acuerdo con la Parte IV del Testo Unico Ambientale de Italia, las hojas de posidonia en las playas son consideradas residuos sólidos y, por tanto, deben eliminarse. Según algunos, este material vegetal podría ser utilizado para el compostaje, pero esto está prohibido por el anexo 1C de la ley italiana 748/84, que prohíbe el uso de "algas y plantas marinas" para la preparación de compost.

En las playas, sobre todo en invierno, también se encuentran "bolas" marrones de fibras de Posidonia formadas por el oleaje.

Ecología

Vive entre 1 y 30m de profundidad, excepcionalmente y solo en aguas muy claras hasta los 40m, y soporta temperaturas comprendidas entre los 10 y los 28°C. Es una planta que necesita valores de salinidad relativamente constantes, por lo que difícilmente se encuentra cerca de la desembocadura de los ríos o en las lagunas. Como necesita una fuerte iluminación, la luz constituye uno de los principales factores limitantes. Coloniza los fondos arenosos o detríticos, a los cuales se adhiere a través de los rizomas y sobre los cuales forma grandes praderas, de alta densidad (más de 700 plantas por metro cuadrado). La producción primaria de las hojas de las praderas varía de 68 a , mientras que la producción de los rizomas oscila entre los 8,2 y los . Una pequeña parte de esta producción (del 3 al 10%) es utilizada por los herbívoros, una parte más considerable pasa a los organismos descomponedores y otro porcentaje se almacena en el interior de las matas en hojas y rizomas.

Las praderas presentan un límite superior y un límite inferior. El primero, el punto en que comienza la pradera partiendo de la costa, es bastante nítido, mientras que el segundo, el punto donde termina, puede ser de tres tipos:

 Límite progresivo o climático: a medida que aumenta la profundidad disminuye la densidad de los fascículos foliares, de manera que la luz se convierte en un factor limitante. Se caracteriza por la presencia de rizomas plagiótropos que finalizan de repente.
 Límite nítido o edáfico: el tipo de sustrato no permite la progresión de los rizomas, pasando por ejemplo de un sustrato arenoso a otro rocoso. Se caracteriza por la ausencia de mata' y la presencia de una alta densidad de fascículos foliares.
 Límite erosivo: está vinculado a un fuerte hidrodinamismo que no permite que la pradera avance. Se caracteriza por una elevada densidad y presencia de matas.
 Límite regresivo: es causado por la contaminación, que hace que las aguas se vuelvan turbias en una determinada zona, impidiendo por tanto que la luz penetre a más profundidad. Solo se encuentran matas muertas.

En áreas resguardadas y de bajo hidrodinamismo, que provoca el aumento de la sedimentación, las matas pueden aumentar hasta crear una barrera llamada arrecife barrera. Entre la barrera y el litoral se puede formar una laguna, que impide el progreso de la pradera hacia la costa. El arrecife barrera desempeña un papel importantísimo en la protección de la línea costera contra la erosión.

En cambio, en las zonas de alto hidrodinamismo los rizomas puede ser arrancados, creando unas formaciones llamadas intermatas, constituidas por los canales de erosión.

Comunidades asociadas a Posidonia oceanica

Las características propias de la planta Posidonia, su dinámica de crecimiento y la gran cantidad de biomasa producida, son factores que pueden sostener comunidades de plantas y animales muy diversas. Se distinguen: comunidades epifitas (es decir, bacterias, algas y briozoos que colonizan la superficie de las hojas y los rizomas de la planta), comunidades animales vágiles y sésiles y comunidades de organismos detritívoros.

Comunidades epifitas

A lo largo de la hoja se pueden identificar sucesiones y zonaciones que siguen la edad de la misma. Cerca de la base de la hoja y sobre las hojas jóvenes, se implantan diatomeas y bacterias. Sucesivamente, en la parte central se implantan algas rojas y marrones incrustantes, mientras que por encima de las incrustantes y en la zona apical viven algas erectas filamentosas.

Las comunidades epifitas son consumidas por moluscos gasterópodos, crustáceos anfípodos y poliquetos, y desempeñan un papel muy importante en la cadena alimentaria de las praderas de Posidonia, teniendo en cuenta el hecho de que son pocos los organismos que son capaces de nutrirse directamente del tejido vegetal de la planta, poco apetecible para los herbívoros debido al alto porcentaje de carbohidratos estructurales, a los elevados valores de carbono y nitrógeno y a la presencia de compuestos fenólicos. Las epifitas, sin embargo, también pueden dañar a la planta. De hecho, al aumentar cada vez más el peso, pueden provocar la caída prematura de las hojas, disminuyen la luz y también obstaculizan los intercambios gaseosos y la absorción de nutrientes a través de las hojas.

Comunidades animales y detritívoras

La fauna asociada a las praderas de Posidonia se compone de animales sésiles, que viven adheridos al sustrato de hojas y rizomas, y de animales vágiles, capaces de moverse dentro de la pradera. También están los organismos que viven en el interior de las matas y que son principalmente detritívoros. Estudios realizados por Gambi et al. en 1992 han revelado que aproximadamente el 70% de la población animal total de la pradera se compone de herbívoros. Entre estos, los más abundantes son los equinodermos, en particular el erizo Paracentrotus lividus, uno de los pocos organismos que pueden alimentarse directamente de las hojas de la planta. Los carnívoros tienen su representación en peces, moluscos, poliquetos y decápodos.

Entre los moluscos, un habitante habitual y casi exclusivo de las praderas es Pinna nobilis, el mayor bivalvo del Mediterráneo y fuertemente amenazado por la pesca de los coleccionistas y la contaminación.

La población de peces se compone de un pequeño número de especies, principalmente lábridos y espáridos, casi todos carnívoros.

Son poco frecuentes los peces de grandes dimensiones y durante el curso del año se registran variaciones de la abundancia específica debido a los reclutamientos y las migraciones. En las praderas superficiales hay una gran abundancia del herbívoro Sarpa salpa, que representa el 40-70% de la fauna íctica estival.

Los restos de las hojas caídas son colonizados por microorganismos y hongos. Un grupo particular de detritívoros son los poliquetos (Lysidice ninetta, Lysidice collaris y Nematonereis unicornis) y los isópodos (Idotea hectica, Limnoria mazzellae), que para alimentarse y ampliar su propio hábitat excavan galerías dentro de los restos de las bases de las hojas, que permanecen unidas al rizoma durante años.

Las hojas, degradadas por las olas y los microorganismos, una vez llegan a la playa, sirven de refugio y alimento a insectos, anfípodos e isópodos.

Fitosociología

Desde el punto de vista fitosociológico, P. oceanica representa la especie característica de la asociación Posidonietum oceanicae (Molinier, 1958). Esta asociación es característica de los fondos arenosos y fangosos del plano infralitoral y en su interior se distinguen diferentes agrupaciones dependientes: en los rizomas se encuentra la biocenosis constituida por la asociación Flabellio-Peyssonnelietum squamariae (Molinier, 1958), mientras que en las hojas de la planta se distingue la asociación epifita Myrionemo-Giraudietum sphacelarioidis (Van der Ben, 1971). Esta agrupación no es exclusiva de las praderas de Posidonia, también se encuentra en las hojas de otras angiospermas marinas y en especies del género Cystoseira.

Importancia del ecosistema

La pradera de posidonia constituye la "comunidad clímax" del Mediterráneo, que representa el máximo nivel de desarrollo y complejidad que un ecosistema puede alcanzar. Se trata, por tanto, de uno de los ecosistemas más importantes del mar Mediterráneo, por lo que ha sido clasificado como "hábitat prioritario" en el anexo I de la Directiva Hábitat (Dir. n º 92/43/CEE), una ley que reúne todos los Lugares de Importancia Comunitaria (LIC) que necesitan ser protegidos.

En el ecosistema costero, la posidonia desempeña un papel fundamental por varias razones:

 gracias a su desarrollo foliar libera al ambiente hasta 20 litros de oxígeno por día y por m² de pradera;
 produce y exporta biomasa tanto en los ecosistemas vecinos como en profundidad;
 proporciona refugio y es zona de reproducción para muchos peces, cefalópodos, bivalvos, gasterópodos, equinodermos y tunicados;
 consolida los fondos de las costas y ayuda a contrarrestar un excesivo transporte de sedimentos debido a las corrientes costeras;
 actúa como barrera, atenuando la fuerza de las corrientes y las olas  y previniendo por tanto la erosión costera;
 la amortiguación del oleaje llevada a cabo por el estrato de hojas muertas en las playas las protege de la erosión, especialmente durante el período de tormentas invernales.

En todo el Mediterráneo las praderas de posidonia están en regresión, un fenómeno que ha ido aumentando en los últimos años con el incremento de la presión antrópica sobre el litoral.

La desaparición de las praderas tiene efectos negativos no solo en el ecosistema de la posidonia sino también en otros ecosistemas, basta pensar que la pérdida de un solo metro lineal de pradera puede conducir a la desaparición de varios metros de playa, debido a los fenómenos erosivos. Además, la regresión de las praderas comporta una pérdida de biodiversidad y un deterioro de la calidad del agua.

Las causas de esta regresión se pueden encontrar en:

 contaminación: la posidonia es muy sensible a los agentes contaminantes;
 pesca de arrastre;
 práctica de deportes náuticos (daños debidos a las anclas, derrames de hidrocarburos, detergentes, pinturas, residuos sólidos, etc.);
 construcción de obras costeras, que implican la instalación de desagües que liberan las aguas residuales al mar, aumentando la turbidez del agua y dificultando la fotosíntesis;
 construcción de diques y otras barreras que modifican la tasa de sedimentación en el mar;
 eutrofización de las aguas costeras, que causa un crecimiento anormal de algas epifitas, obstaculizando así la fotosíntesis.

Recientemente, las praderas también se ven amenazadas por la competencia de dos algas tropicales liberadas accidentalmente en el Mediterráneo, Caulerpa taxifolia y Caulerpa racemosa. Ambas especies tienen un crecimiento rápido y están suplantando poco a poco a la posidonia.

Posidonia oceanica como bioindicador

Posidonia se viene utilizando desde hace unos veinte años como indicador biológico. De hecho, la planta presenta todas las características propias de un buen bioindicador:

 es una especie bentónica;
 presenta un largo ciclo de vida;
 está ampliamente extendida por todo el Mediterráneo;
 tiene una gran capacidad de concentración de sustancias contaminantes en sus tejidos;
 es muy sensible a los cambios ambientales.

Por tanto, a través del estudio de las praderas es posible conocer con bastante fiabilidad la calidad ambiental de las aguas marinas costeras.

Por lo general, los métodos de estudio de las praderas de Posidonia son cuatro:

 análisis y seguimiento del límite inferior;
 análisis de la densidad de las praderas;
 análisis fenológico;
 análisis lepidocronológico.

Análisis del límite inferior

Existe una estrecha relación entre la profundidad del límite inferior y la transparencia del agua. Sobre esta base, se ha propuesto una tabla que relaciona las dos variables (Tabla 1) y que puede aplicarse a todo tipo de límite inferior, salvo el erosivo en tanto que condicionado por el hidrodinamismo del fondo.

Densidad de los fascículos foliares

Por lo que respecta a la densidad, depende de la profundidad a la que se encuentra la pradera, de la intensidad luminosa y del tipo de sustrato. Según la densidad de los fascículos foliares, medida en nº de matas/m², las praderas se dividen en 5 clases (Tabla 2).

Pergent en 1995 y Pergent-Martini en 1996 propusieron otra clasificación que relaciona la densidad de matas con la profundidad, encontrando así 4 clases de densidad. Por tanto, es posible identificar tres tipos de praderas:

 praderas en equilibrio: la densidad es normal o excepcional;
 praderas alteradas: la densidad es baja;
 praderas muy alteradas: la densidad es anormal.

También en este caso se realizó una tabla (tab. 3).

Análisis fenológicos

Los análisis fenológicos permiten estudiar diferentes parámetros útiles para describir el estado de salud de las plantas:

 número medio de hojas por edad (adultas, intermedias, jóvenes), por fascículo foliar;
 longitud y anchura media de las hojas por edad y fascículo foliar;
 porcentaje de tejido marrón: representa el % de hojas adultas que presentan tejido no fotosintetizante;
 índice LAI (Leaf Area Index): mide la superficie foliar por m² de pradera;
 coeficiente "A": porcentaje de hojas que han perdido el ápice.

Análisis lepidocronológicos

El análisis lepidocronológico consiste en el estudio de los ciclos de vida de las hojas de P. oceanica, que en el momento de su separación, una vez muertas, dejan sobre el rizoma de la planta la parte basal. Estos residuos, que con el tiempo pasan a convertirse en astillas, tienen grosores variables con tendencias cíclicas anuales, útiles para el estudio de las variables ambientales. Sus objetivos pueden resumirse como sigue:

 estimar la biomasa producida al año, tanto en términos de alargamiento de los rizomas, como en producción de hojas;
 estimar la producción de flores y, por tanto, estimar información sobre el número de fenómenos de reproducción sexual producidos a lo largo de los años;
 medir la concentración de metales pesados en los tejidos de la planta.

Usos

En el pasado, las hojas se utilizaban como aislante en la construcción de techos, como cama para el ganado o para embalar materiales frágiles, de hecho se la llama "alga de vidrieros". En farmacología las hojas se usan para tratar la inflamación y la irritación. En algunas zonas del Mediterráneo aún se usan las hojas para la alimentación del ganado. Actualmente se está analizando la posibilidad de utilizarla para la producción de biogás.

Iniciativas para su conservación

Patrimonio de la humanidad

En 1999 las praderas de posidonia existentes entre las islas de Ibiza y Formentera, en la zona llamada parque natural de las Salinas fueron declaradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco dentro de la denominación «Ibiza, biodiversidad y cultura».

Apps para visualizar y proteger las praderas de posidonia
Desde 2021 existen varias apps para teléfonos móviles que tienen por objetivo la protección de las praderas de posidonia. Estas apps indican al usuario la situación cartográfica de las praderas de posidonia para que las embarcaciones de recreo puedan evitar fondear sobre ella, así como ofrecen otras recomendaciones para el fondeo. Una de las apps es Posidonia App creada por el Gobierno de las Islas Baleares. Esta, además de indicar donde se puede fondear o no, permite resolver dudas sobre la posidonia, dar aviso de posibles daños en las praderas y mandar propuestas e ideas. Esta iniciativa está ligada al "Teléfono Posidonia", específico sólo para atender las llamadas sobre esta planta. También la Generalidad de Cataluña ha creado una app para la protección de esta fanerógama clave en la costa catalana: App FanCat en la forma de una capa descargable desde la aplicación Carry Map. Estas iniciativas tienen por objetivo involucrar a la ciudadanía en la protección de las praderas de posidonia e implicar al sector de la navegación en su conservación.

Véase también

 Caulerpa prolifera
 Caulerpa taxifolia

Notas

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 La Posidonia oceanica, fuente de vida - marenostrum.org
 Posidonia oceánica, la joya del Mediterráneo - greenpeace.org
 Posidonia oceánica y regeneración de playas - elmundo-eldia.com, 17 de marzo de 2002
 La Posidonia Oceánica - Club de la Mar
 Red de seguimiento de las praderas de Posidonia oceanica de la Región de Murcia 2006 - Servicio de Pesca y Acuicultura. Dirección General de Agricultura y Pesca. Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia.
 Mapa interactivo para visualizar la localización de las praderas de posidonia elaborado por el Gobierno de les Illes Balears.
 Aplicación Posidonia App del Gobierno de les Illes Balears.
 Aplicación Carry Map en la que se puede descargar y visualizar el mapa FanCAT elaborado por la Generalitat de Cataluña con la localización de las praderas de posidonia.

Posidoniaceae
Plantas acuáticas
Algas endémicas del mar Mediterráneo
oceanica posidonia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Why is a Exception in thread "FileWatchdog" java.lang.NullPointerException and how do I fix it? I was unsure of why my project will be such an exception, I also do not know the reason
my project environment are springmvc and hibernate build instead controlled by
maven .
The pom.xml file is
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.cnleyao.cardvoucher</groupId>
    <artifactId>cardvoucher</artifactId>
    <packaging>war</packaging>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>cardvoucher Maven Webapp</name>
    <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <spring.version>4.1.4.RELEASE</spring.version>
        <hibernate.version>4.3.8.Final</hibernate.version>
        <jackson.version>2.5.0</jackson.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.10</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- spring core jar -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 使用SpringMVC需配置 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context-support</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 关系型数据库整合时需配置 如hibernate jpa等 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId>
            <version>${spring.version}</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- hibernate -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
            <version>${hibernate.version}</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-ehcache</artifactId>
            <version>${hibernate.version}</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 二级缓存ehcache -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>net.sf.ehcache</groupId>
            <artifactId>ehcache</artifactId>
            <version>2.9.0</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- log4j -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>log4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.17</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
            <version>1.5.6</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- c3p0数据源 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>c3p0</groupId>
            <artifactId>c3p0</artifactId>
            <version>0.9.0.4</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- mysql连接 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
            <version>5.1.34</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- aop -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
            <artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>
            <version>1.8.4</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- servlet -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
            <version>3.0-alpha-1</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
            <version>1.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- json -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.3</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 阿里巴巴的开源数据库连接池druid -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>druid</artifactId>
            <version>1.0.14</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- springmvc文件上传功能所依赖的组件 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.2</version>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 用于邮件发送的jar包 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.mail</groupId>
            <artifactId>mail</artifactId>
            <version>1.4.3</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.activation</groupId>
            <artifactId>activation</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.1</version>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>
    <build>
        <finalName>cardvoucher</finalName>
        <plugins>
            <!-- generate java doc -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-javadoc-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.9.1</version>
                <configuration>
                    <javadocDirectory>target/javadoc</javadocDirectory>
                    <reportOutputDirectory>target/javadoc</reportOutputDirectory>
                    <charset>UTF-8</charset>
                    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                    <docencoding>UTF-8</docencoding>
                    <show>private</show>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

For more information about the exception is above

Exception in thread "FileWatchdog" java.lang.NullPointerException
        at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.getResourceAsStream(WebappClassLoader.java:1542)
        at javax.xml.parsers.SecuritySupport$4.run(Unknown Source)
        at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
        at javax.xml.parsers.SecuritySupport.getResourceAsStream(Unknown Source)
        at javax.xml.parsers.FactoryFinder.findJarServiceProvider(Unknown Source)
        at javax.xml.parsers.FactoryFinder.find(Unknown Source)
        at javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance(Unknown Source)
        at org.apache.log4j.xml.DOMConfigurator.doConfigure(DOMConfigurator.java:854)
        at org.apache.log4j.xml.DOMConfigurator.doConfigure(DOMConfigurator.java:755)
        at org.apache.log4j.xml.XMLWatchdog.doOnChange(DOMConfigurator.java:1125)
        at org.apache.log4j.helpers.FileWatchdog.checkAndConfigure(FileWatchdog.java:89)
        at org.apache.log4j.helpers.FileWatchdog.run(FileWatchdog.java:108)

  /*

* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
// Contributors:  Mathias Bogaert
package org.apache.log4j.helpers;

import java.io.File;

/**
   Check every now and then that a certain file has not changed. If it
   has, then call the {@link #doOnChange} method.

   @author Ceki Gülcü
   @since version 0.9.1 */
public abstract class FileWatchdog extends Thread {

  /**
     The default delay between every file modification check, set to 60
     seconds.  */
  static final public long DEFAULT_DELAY = 60000;
  /**
     The name of the file to observe  for changes.
   */
  protected String filename;

  /**
     The delay to observe between every check. By default set {@link
     #DEFAULT_DELAY}. */
  protected long delay = DEFAULT_DELAY;

  File file;
  long lastModif = 0;
  boolean warnedAlready = false;
  boolean interrupted = false;

  protected
  FileWatchdog(String filename) {
    super("FileWatchdog");
    this.filename = filename;
    file = new File(filename);
    setDaemon(true);
    checkAndConfigure();
  }

  /**
     Set the delay to observe between each check of the file changes.
   */
  public
  void setDelay(long delay) {
    this.delay = delay;
  }

  abstract
  protected
  void doOnChange();

  protected
  void checkAndConfigure() {
    boolean fileExists;
    try {
      fileExists = file.exists();
    } catch(SecurityException  e) {
      LogLog.warn("Was not allowed to read check file existance, file:["+
          filename+"].");
      interrupted = true; // there is no point in continuing
      return;
    }

    if(fileExists) {
      long l = file.lastModified(); // this can also throw a SecurityException
      if(l > lastModif) {           // however, if we reached this point this
    lastModif = l;              // is very unlikely.
    doOnChange();
    warnedAlready = false;
      }
    } else {
      if(!warnedAlready) {
    LogLog.debug("["+filename+"] does not exist.");
    warnedAlready = true;
      }
    }
  }

  public
  void run() {
    while(!interrupted) {
      try {
        Thread.sleep(delay);
      } catch(InterruptedException e) {
    // no interruption expected
      }
      checkAndConfigure();
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


O blogueiro/fotógrafo "Thomas Locke Hobbs" iniciou uma viagem pelo mundo em 2005, passou por São Paulo e publicou fotos sensacionais da cidade.
On the afternoon of June 15, 2005 I went up to the observatory deck on the 35th floor of the Banespa Building in downtown Sao Paulo with my Canon Digital Rebel. Unlike the view from the Empire State Building, where the Hudson and East Rivers neatly frame Manhattan, the chaos and development of Sao Paulo extend, seemingly without limit, to the horizon. The buildings may not be as tall but the sense of non-stop activity is just as strong.
Veja todas as fotos aqui! Vale visitar também suas fotos da Argentina.


text:
Q: Picklist Value not populating in disabled fields I have picklist value.I have used dynamic picklist for this.I disabled it for some profile.When I create/edit/save for the profile users those can edit this field is coming good.The record getting savedc correctly.But when I am trying to edit the record from the user those can only see the disabled profile.Whatever value i have save only default value is coming.Please help.
//class
 public String selectedValue {get;set;}
        public List<SelectOption> getvalue()
        {
          List<SelectOption> options = new List<SelectOption>();

           Schema.DescribeFieldResult fieldResult =object__c.Field__c.getDescribe();
           List<Schema.PicklistEntry> ple = fieldResult.getPicklistValues();

           for( Schema.PicklistEntry f : ple)
           {
              options.add(new SelectOption(f.getLabel(), f.getValue()));
           }
           return options;
        }
public pagereference saveRecord(){
..............
  obj.TradeAreaSuperNm__c=selectedValue;
insert obj;
}

//vf page
 <apex:pageBlockSectionItem >
          <apex:outputLabel value="picklist"/>
          <apex:selectList id="countries" value="{!selectedValue}" disabled="{!$profile='custom profile'}" size="1" multiselect="false">
              <apex:selectOptions value="{!value}"/>
          </apex:selectList>
   </apex:pageBlockSectionItem>

A: Still not sure because you say in your comments:
Should be read only to the user. they can edit the value"
But, the issue you are having regarding showing the current field value to the user is due to the fact that you are not setting the value of selectedValue if the field has a value so change it to this:
Since you do not show all your code I do not know the property names of the record holding the existing data so you will have to update accordingly
public String selectedValue {get;set;}
        public List<SelectOption> getvalue()
        {
          List<SelectOption> options = new List<SelectOption>();

           Schema.DescribeFieldResult fieldResult =object__c.Field__c.getDescribe();
           List<Schema.PicklistEntry> ple = fieldResult.getPicklistValues();

           for( Schema.PicklistEntry f : ple)
           {
              options.add(new SelectOption(f.getLabel(), f.getValue()));
           }

           selectedValue = {THERECORD}.Field__c; //Replace this with the property name of the record you are getting
           return options;
        }


text:
El Palou és un barri històric de Sant Pere de Ribes. Està situat a la part nord-oriental del nucli urbà de Ribes.

La primera notícia del Palou està relacionada amb la documentació d'un castell anomenat Castell Nou o Castellot. De tota manera, hi ha discrepància entre historiadors de si realment es tracta d'un castell situat a l'indret del Palou o al turó de Can Baró, a uns 2 km al sud i fora del nucli urbà. De tota manera, se'l considera part del nucli antic de Ribes, ja que el barri es va consolidar al .

El Palou es divideix en dues parts, que des del 1999 estan més marcades a causa de la construcció de la variant de la carretera C-15b.
 El Palou Alt és el sector que queda a l'est de la carretera C-15b. Correspon al que avui seria el carrer i plaça de Gal·la Placídia, que són els últims habitatges del nucli urbà en direcció a Olivella. S'hi troba la masia de Ca l'Artigues del Palou, protegida com a bé cultural d'interès local.
 El Palou Baix queda a l'oest de la carretera C-15b. Els carrers principals són el carrer d'Olivella, el carrer Palou i el carrer Jesús (conegut popularment com a carrer dels Pous). En destaquen diferents construccions, com Can Giralt, La Casa Gran o Can Pau Artigas, totes elles protegides com a bé cultural d'interès local.

El barri compta amb un parell de bars i també amb l'Hotel Palou, situat a Cal Doctor Cuadras, una casa d'americano.

Referències

Entitats de població de Sant Pere de Ribes
Barris de Catalunya


text:
Kahtek (, also Romanized as Khatak) is a village in Fin Rural District, Fin District, Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 8 families.

References

Populated places in Bandar Abbas County


Monday marks the first round of the 41st Rolex Tournament of Champions, taking place at PGA National Resort & Spa in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. The tournament is a 72-hole stroke play event featuring 144 of the world's best junior golfers, including 84 AJGA Champions and 88 college-committed players. Past champions of the event include Webb Simpson, Phil Mickelson, Alison Lee, and Morgan Pressel.
Multiple JGTA members are in the field including Kuangyu Chen (2021) of (Australia) Shenzhen, China, and All-Asia team honorees Selina Li (2019) of Hong Kong and Camille Boyd (2020) of (USA) Shanghai, China.
Best of luck to all competitors in the field.


Beautiful & Remodeled 2 bedrooms/2 bathrooms, condo on the 1st floor with lake views in the popular community in Hialeah! This charming unit offers: Ceramic tile floors thru out, kitchen with new appliances, remodeled bathroom, new inside a/c unit & nice balcony with beautiful lake views! Community with gates & security cameras, pool & more! Excellent location, 10 minutes from Walmart, major highways, shopping centers & restaurants! Low Maintenance Fees!! Lots of Guest Parking Spaces! Owner Motivated!! Great for First Time home Buyers or Investors!!