text:
The client satisfaction with device: a Rasch validation of the Arabic version in patients with upper and lower limb amputation
Hadeel R. Bakhsh1,
Nilüfer Kablan2,
Walaa Alammar1,
Yaşar Tatar3 &
Giorgio Ferriero ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7873-67774,5
The Client Satisfaction with Devices (CSD) module of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users' Survey is an extensively used questionnaire that measures patients' satisfaction with orthosis and prosthesis. However, the validated version for Arabic speakers (CSD-Ar) is only applicable for orthosis users.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric proprieties of the CSD-Ar for prosthetics users.
The study used a convenience sample of prosthesis users from Saudi Arabia and Turkey (N = 183), who completed the CSD-Ar. The collected data were analysed using Rasch analysis to evaluate item fit, reliability indices, item difficulty, local item dependency, and differential item functioning (DIF) using WINSTEPS version 4.6.1.
Based on the analysis, the four-response Likert-scale was acceptable, as shown by the category functioning test, All eight items did achieve a fit to the Rasch Model [(infit) and (outfit) mean-square 0.75 to 1.3]. Person separation reliability was 0.76, and item separation reliability was 0.94. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed satisfactory unidimensionality and no local item dependency. The DIF analysis showed no notable dependency among items on participant characteristics in terms of age, gender, duration of use, country, and level of amputation.
This study contributes to the confidence of using CSD-Ar to evaluate users' satisfaction with different prostheses, affirming the need for further refinement of the quality of the outcome measure.
Limb amputation is a major cause of long-term disability. The incidence of amputation varies in different countries, ranging between 1.2 and 4.4 cases per 10,000 inhabitants per year. It is estimated that the demographic changes and increasing incidence of diabetes might double the number of amputations over the next 30 years [1].
Assistive devices play a significant role in rehabilitation and ensuring an enhanced quality of life for individuals who undergo amputation [2]. In patients who have undergone limb amputation, assessment of patient satisfaction with psychometrically comprehensive measures is an important factor along with other evaluations in clinical decision making [3].
Few tools have been validated for the assessment of patient satisfaction with assistive devices among individuals living with an amputated limb [4]. Among these, Client Satisfaction with Device (CSD) is one of the most widely used tools [5]. The CSD is one of the five modules of the Orthotics Prosthetics Users Survey. It is a self-report outcome measurement tool for people using prostheses and orthoses [5]. The original CSD version comprised 11 items and has undergone significant revision using the Rasch analysis (RA). Three items were subsequently excluded as they were inappropriate and/or belonged to a different constructs [5,6,7]. The adjusted CSD questionnaire has eight items and uses a four-point Likert scale, which is widely considered the most accurate version to date [7,8,9].
As the demand for both healthcare service quality and patient satisfaction increases, there is a need for psychometrically reliable measures owing to their increasing role in decisions that enhance the prescription, policymaking, and expenditure of prosthetics. RA provides a comprehensive psychometric investigation of the tool in question as it is a widely accepted rigorous method in the assessment of rating scales, offering psychometric information that cannot be acquired using the classical test theory [10].
The CSD questionnaire was initially developed in English and validated among users of prosthesis across several cultural backgrounds, mainly individuals residing in Western countries. In these countries, peripheral vascular diseases account for 80–90% of all amputations, and the rate of amputations due to traumatic accidents has been constant or declining [6, 9, 11, 12]. However, in other countries, such as Arabic-speaking countries, trauma is the main cause of amputation, particularly from road traffic accidents, and patients tend to be young adults [13,14,15,16,17]. Furthermore, in some of these countries, owing to wars and the existence of landmines, an increasing rate of amputations has been observed [12, 18]. In Arabic-speaking countries, there are no validated outcome measures for user satisfaction in terms of their experience with the use of prosthesis. The Arabic version of the CSD questionnaire (CSD-Ar) is available but has been validated among orthosis users [8]. To date, no study has been conducted to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the CSD-Ar questionnaire among Arabic-speaking prosthesis users [6].
In response to the need for a validated and psychometrically reliable outcome measures for prosthesis users in these countries, this study aimed to validate the psychometric properties of the CSD-Ar questionnaire through advanced modern psychometric analyses such as RA among Arabic-speaking prosthesis users with upper- and lower-limb amputations.
Patients were progressively recruited from two countries, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, between August 2017 and August 2019. Two hundred and five patients were asked to participate, of which 183 agreed (Fig. 1). In Saudi Arabia, 90 patients were recruited from rehabilitation department referrals from three medical institutions in Riyadh. In Turkey, 93 patients were recruited from three prosthesis and orthosis centres in Istanbul, Reyhanli, and Sanliurfa, respectively. These centres are funded by the Zakat House of Kuwait and established and managed by the Alliance of International Doctors, an international non-governmental organisation that provides prosthetic and orthotic services to Syrian refugees in Turkey who underwent amputations because of injuries in the Syrian civil war or owing to accidents or medical complications.
Enrolment process for CSD-Ar: flowchart
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria included current use of a prosthesis for at least 6 months, age ≥ 18 years, and a native Arabic speaker. The exclusion criteria included the inability to communicate (read) in Arabic, prosthesis use for less than 6 months, and diagnosis of a cognitive deficit (Mini-Mental State Examination score < 28).
Client satisfaction assessed using the CSD questionnaire
The CSD questionnaire pertains to several orthosis/prosthesis-related parameters (e.g., weight, aesthetics, and comfort). The adjusted CSD edition comprises eight items assessed using a four-point Likert scale: 1 ('strongly disagree') to 4 ('strongly agree'). Higher scores indicate higher agreement/satisfaction [5, 7]. The CSD questionnaire was translated and adapted cross-culturally for Arabic-speaking individuals (CSD-Ar questionnaire) and validated in this population only for orthosis users [8].
Measure of central tendencies are used to outline the cohort's demographics and clinical characteristics. For continues variables the mean and standard deviation was used, and for categorical variables the median was used. The use of modern psychometric models such as the RA are increasingly being used in the validation of clinical outcome measures as they are a meticulous statistical method, far superior to classical test theory because they are able to determine to what extent the measure adheres to psychometric requirements to produce a sound measurement [10, 19]. WINSTEPS® Software (Version 4.6.1, Winsteps.com, Beaverton, OR, USA) was used to conduct the RA to examine the following [20]:
(a) Rating scale diagnostics The CSD-Ar was evaluated using the guidelines recommended by Linacre [21] as follows: (1) a minimum of 10 observation for each category; (2) even distribution of category frequencies (3) category outfit mean square values of < 2; (4) monotonic increase in both average measures of persons with a given score/category and thresholds (threshold is the ability at which response to either of two adjacent categories is likely; and (5) threshold difference > 0.81 log-odd and < 5.
(b) Construct validity The evaluation of items fit to the latent trait conducted by inspecting the pattern of item difficulties if consistent with expectations of the mode [22]. Information-weighted (infit) and outlier-sensitive (outfit) mean-square statistics (MnSq) for each item were computed, and an acceptable fit was defined based on the sample size as MnSq ranges from 0.75 to 1.3 [22]. The presence of larger values for items is considered misfitting (signalling unexpectedly high variability), whereas smaller values indicates overfitting (signalling predictable pattern) [10]. Additionally, the estimates of item difficulty and the location of single subjects across an interval scale were calculated. The item difficulty and subject ability are indicated in logit units. A cohort size of a minimum of 150 participants allows for a stable calibration of items within ± 0.5 logit and 95% confidence [23].
(c) Reliability This measure is evaluated in terms of (G), which is defined as the ratio of the true spread of the measures to their measurement error [22]. A person-separation index of 2.0 reflects an ability to distinguish between three levels, or 'strata', of measures statistically marked and comparable to a reliability of 0.80 (interpreted similarly to Cronbach's alpha) [24].
(d) Dimensionality and local dependency A principal component analysis (PCA) of standardized residuals was performed in order to evaluate: (1) the presence of sub-dimensions, as an independent confirmation of the unidimensionality of the scale, assuming that the residuals will be uncorrelated and normally distributed; to conclude if other factors were likely to be present in the residuals, the following principles were adopted: (a) a cut-off of 50% of the variance explained by the Rasch factor and (b) eigenvalue of the first contrast < 2; and (2) the local independence between items, considering that item couples with a standardized residual correlation higher than (0.30) as possibly dependent components [20].
(e) Differential Item Functioning (DIF) investigated if the items had similar difficulty hierarchies across all demographic groups and explored probable differences due to context effects between measures obtained across split subgroups. This research outlined five dichotomous categories based on (1) gender (male vs. female), (2) affected region (lower vs. upper limb), (3) duration of use (6 month-to-a year vs. more than one year, (4) country (Saudi Arabia vs. Turkey), and (5) age (younger vs. older, spliting the cohort at median age of 36 years old). Pairwise item-by-item difficulty DIF tests between the two sets were computed (two-sided t-test) for the differences between means. A prior assumption was that the authors would not find DIF between the analysed groups. To detect DIF, a minimum of 0.5 logit difference with a p-value < 0.05 was used as criterion [25].
Procedure and ethical approvals
Approval was obtained from the local Institutional Review Board for Ethics as well as from participating hospitals in Saudi Arabia and Turkey. This study fulfilled the regulations and requirements delineated in the Declaration of Helsinki. The patients were recruited prior to or after a follow-up visit by clinicians (physical and occupational therapists). The clinicians explained the questionnaire and purpose of the study, and the respondents agreed to participate by signing a consent form. The clinicians involved in collecting the data were not responsible for the patients' care nor were they affiliated with the selected rehabilitation institutions of the study.
Questionnaires submitted were complete and had no missing responses from patients. The demographics, clinical characteristics, and measurement scores of the cohort (n = 183) are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Eleven (6%) patients had a minimum score (floor response), and one patient (0.5%) had the maximum score (ceiling response).
Table 1 Participants' demographic and clinical characteristics
Table 2 Raw measurement scores of CSD-Ar
Rating-scale diagnostics using RA demonstrated that the four-point scale complied with the benchmarks stipulated in terms of the monotonic rise in average category measures and relevant thresholds, as shown in Table 3. Moreover, the respective difference in threshold was between one and five logits, with an outfit mean-square value less than two.
Table 3 Category functioning for CSD-Ar
In terms of item misfit statistics, Table 4 illustrates that all eight CSD-Ar questionnaire items fit the fundamental construct that the scale intends to measure. The CSD-Ar questionnaire showed a mistargeting item difficulty, which is presented in the Wright map of patient satisfaction and item difficulty for the eight items on the same logit scale (Fig. 2).
Table 4 Item calibration (measure increasing bottom up)
Wright map: the subject-ability and item-difficulty map of the Arabic CSD module. The line represents the measure of the construct satisfaction with device in linear logit units with average difficulty of items set to 0 (indicated by M). On the left column is the distribution of individual's "ability/agreement" along the construct (satisfaction): each "#" denotes three individuals while "." denotes one to two individuals. Top to bottom measures indicate lower to higher satisfaction with device. On the right column is the item difficulty measure for each category along the construct based on the rating scale model. The higher the item estimate, the more difficult the item was for the cohort to endorse/agree with (i.e., showing lower scores and indicating less satisfaction with this item). The highest and lowest item response category step calibrations are indicated with arrows
Patients' ability levels covered 10.09 logits (from − 5.40 to 4.69; average measure − 1.14), and item difficulty estimates covered 1.38 logits (from − 0.70 to 0.68). Table 4 demonstrates that a higher item measure (i.e., Item #1 'My device fits well') shows lower scores (using a rating scale from 4 'strongly agree' to 1 'strongly disagree'), representing low satisfaction with the prosthetic feature of "fit". Meanwhile, item #3, namely 'My device is comfortable throughout the day', was the easiest item to endorse (higher scores).
With the measure increasing bottom up (from negative to positive values), the more difficult item was for the participants to endorse (i.e., showing lower scores and indicating less satisfaction with this item). Each item estimate can be regarded as the balancing point for the response distribution across that item's categories. Acceptable fit is defined as MnSq 0.75 to 1.3.
In terms of reliability, the indices were as follows: person-separation index = 1.78 with person-separation reliability = 0.76 (Cronbach's α = 0.80); Item-separation index = 3.84 with item-separation reliability = 0.94. These values allow researchers to distinguish two ability strata (satisfied vs unsatisfied).
The outcomes of the PCA analysis showed satisfactory unidimensionality, with a variance explained by Rasch measure of 38.7% (eigenvalue 5.50). Moreover, the eigenvalue of the first contrast was at 1.91 (unexplained variance of 14.7%). The correlation between item residuals was lower than 0.30, indicating the absence of local dependency on items.
Finally, the DIF analysis showed no notable dependency of the measure on cohort characteristics, with a smaller DIF contrast. In the DIF analysis, the sample size range was as follows: sex (− 0.27 to 0.56), affected limb (− 0.46 to 0.70), age of the patient (− 0.17 to 0.18), country of the patient (− 0.20 to 0.21), duration of use of prosthetics (− 0.16 to 0.16) (DIF size would have to be > 0.8 logits to be significant at 0.05% confidence level in our cohort).
This study verified the validity of the structure of the Arabic version of the eight-item CSD questionnaire for prosthesis users, based on the fit indices and measurement of non-invariance shown by the absence of DIF [7]. This was the first study in which the CSD-Ar questionnaire was validated among Arabic-speaking populations that included both types of subjects—users of the lower-limb and users of an upper-limb prostheses—to evaluate their satisfaction. Previous studies involving CSD questionnaires have been conducted on cohorts comprising only upper-limb or only lower-limb prosthesis users [6, 11], while those using CSD-Ar questionnaires involved users from a single Arabic-speaking country and of othrosis only [8].
This test confirmed the adequate functionality of the four-point scale categories when tested using RA, with a well-perceived difference between the four points by the patients. Moreover, the fit statistics indicated that all eight items fit the model. The results of this study are comparable with those of Burger et al., who evaluated the Slovenian CSD questionnaire on upper-limb prosthesis users with infit and outfit MnSq values 0.60–1.40, based on a sample size of 76 [11].
In this study, the targeting of item difficulty to the participants' ability/agreeablity (the array in which the items are appropriately difficult for the cohort) was poor, as illustrated in Fig. 2. When comparing with the mean value of 0 logits that is normally assigned for items, the cohort's average satisfaction levels (− 1.14) logit was higher than the difficulty levels of these items. These findings contradict the results of Bakhsh et al. [8] in which the CSD-Ar questionnaire was initially validated among orthotics users; their results showed a reasonably well-targeted patient-ability with a mean measure of − 0.89. However, this study's results are in line with those of Burger et al. [11] and Bravini et al. [9] who found comparable values of − 1.39 and − 1.64, respectively, for item difficulty when administered to prosthetic and orthotic users. These findings can be anticipated from a clinical perspective. Patients' experiences with orthoses might differ from those using prostheses and their reason for use might be different [26, 27]. Furthermore, from a psychological perspective, trauma might affect how the participants feel post-amputation, leading them to express gratitude towards the care provided [27]. However, this mistargeting of item difficulty indicates that benefits can be derived from higher levels of satisfaction during prosthetic device analysis. Therefore, future studies should test whether the addition of more difficult items would enhance the questionnaires' construct and quality.
Furthermore, the item-difficulty hierarchy is different from that published in existing studies because previous psychometric studies of CSD questionnaires included patients from different cultures, wearers/users of different devices, and variations in the availability of devices. Therefore, considering these variables, participsants perceived items in the questionnaire differently in terms of their importance and difficulty. For example, for participants in this study, items related to "fit" had a lower score of satisfaction than those in the study by Bakhsh et al. and Bravini et al. [8, 9]. These contradictory findings stem from factors influencing satisfaction with the fit (material, duration of use, and functionality, among others). Therefore, a comprehensive comparison of the results is not feasible since these studies included different sample populations and devices (i.e., orthoses and prostheses).
In terms of reliability, the CSD-Ar questionnaire results are in line with those of previous studies that used the classical test theory methodology in addition to RA, as noted by Hadadi et al. and Burger et al., who reported Cronbach's alpha values of 0.71 and 0.76, respectively [7,8,9, 11, 28]. These results might be indicative of the effect of the value of the tool in the context of group decisions pertaining to patient satisfaction rather than clinical usage in a single-user context, for which it is preferable to attain a minimum 0.90 reliability threshold [29].
The unidimensionality of the CSD-Ar questionnaire based on the PCA of standardised residuals is in line with previously published results [8, 9, 11]. Though the values were relatively high, they did not present significant residual load on extraneous factors (unexplained variance < 15% with eigenvalues of the first contrast < 2). [20, 22, 30,31,32] These results might indicate essential unidimensionality however, this is not a definite unidimensionality. One of the main reasons for the weak unidimensionality is a possible contrast between the items related to comfort (the main factor) of the devices and those related to appearance and durability [6].
Though a multicenter approach from two countries, including all types of prosthesis, was used in this study, caution is necessary when generalising the findings to other groups. The ability to generalise specifically relates to the criteria for selection of the convenience sample. The duration of prosthesis use was less than 1 year in almost half of the sample because the study recruited many Syrian refugees, who had only recently received their first prosthesis. This group of participants showed satisfaction levels similar to those of the Saudi group, who had a longer duration of prosthesis use. This finding is in line with those in previous studies, showing that time since limb loss did not significantly correlate with satisfaction with the device, even among young amputees [33].
Our study had some limitations. The sample population had an uneven distribution in terms of both sex and region of amputation (the sample comprised male lower-limb amputees predominantly). However, this distribution of the sample demographics is common in this part of the world, with similar sample distribution reported by Ali et al. and Destile et al. [34, 35].
Another limitation was the lack of consideration of potential DIF in devices among the different types of prostheses. This limitation might be particularly important considering that Saudi patients had access to a variety of prostheses (i.e., myoelectric) different from that for Syrian patients, who received limited types of prostheses. Furthermore, under Turkish healthcare, materials and production of the prostheses were the same; Prosthesis fitting and examination were performed by a single specialist before being delivered to the patient. Through this method, standard quality and homogeneity were maintained in the production and delivery of prostheses for patients in Turkey, but not in Saudi Arabia. Notably, in Saudi Arabia, the national health system reimburses the expenses for prostheses for all ages (in most cases) and provides the choice of various prosthetic designs (i.e., myoelectric) at no additional cost to the patient.
This study provides further evidence of the psychometric properties of the CSD-Ar questionnaire and its suitability for use in various clinical settings to includ prosthesis users. The availability of this outcome tool in Arabic-speaking clinical settings would be beneficial in enhancing the quality of rehabilitation services provided for prosthesis users. Moreover, this study provides suggestions for further refinements and supplementary tests to the CSD-Ar questionnaires to extend its validity across different cultural backgrounds, age groups, and prosthesis types.
The datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
OPUS:
Orthotics and Prosthetics User's Survery
CSD:
Client satisfaction with device
RA:
Rasch analysis
INFIT:
Information-weighted
OUTFIT:
Outlier-sensitive
MNSQ:
Mean-square statistics
DIF:
Differential item functioning
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The first author (HB) would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University for funding this research through the Fast-track Research Funding Program.
The first author (HB) was supported by funds from the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Fast-track Research Funding Program. The funding body had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, nor in writing the manuscript.
Department of Rehabilitation, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Hadeel R. Bakhsh & Walaa Alammar
Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
Nilüfer Kablan
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Marmara Üniversity, Istanbul, Turkey
Yaşar Tatar
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Scientific Institute of Tradate, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Varese, Italy
Giorgio Ferriero
Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Hadeel R. Bakhsh
Walaa Alammar
HB provided substantial contribution in the study design, data analysis and drafting the final version of the manuscript; NK, WA, YT contributed substansially in the data collection and interpretation of the result; GF substantially revisied and edited the final version. All authors read and approved the final submitted version of the manuscript.
Correspondence to Giorgio Ferriero.
This study fulfilled the regulations and requirements established in the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical Approvals were obtained from the following hospitals/University: King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia: IRB log number 16-191E. IRB Registration with KACST, KSA: H-01-012. IRB Registration with OHRP/NIH, USA: IRB00010471. Approval Number Federal Wide Assurance NIH, USA:FWA00018774. Sultan bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City, KSA: 005/2016/4th May 2016. Prince Sultan Military Medical City, KSA: dated 12/02/2017. Marmara University, Turkey: 09.2019.562
Bakhsh, H.R., Kablan, N., Alammar, W. et al. The client satisfaction with device: a Rasch validation of the Arabic version in patients with upper and lower limb amputation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 19, 134 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01773-1
Accepted: 19 April 2021


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Tutu Puoane & Brussels Jazz Orchestra - 'We Have A Dream' - SFR-CD010
As announced before Christmas, we are very happy to present the next upcoming album in our catalogue: 'We Have A Dream', a new collaboration between Brussels Jazz Orchestra and South African/Belgian singer Tutu Puoane. After the success…
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New gigs posted.
Hi everybody, We just updated our agenda. Gigs in spring 2018 of Tutu Puoane (including the new project with Brussels Jazz Orchestra 'We Have A Dream'!), Rebirth::Collective, Bart Defoort 5tet, Small World, Ewout Pierreux Trio... Check it…
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Xmas-sale in our webshop!
Still looking for some nice Christmas gifts? We are giving discounts (in our webshop only!) on our whole catalogue until Dec 24, so don't hesitate :-). Support independent artists by giving your friends, relatives, colleagues, associates, lovers,…
http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/IMG_3127-2.jpg 1734 1734 ewout http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/soulfactory-new-logo_cut.jpg ewout2017-12-13 09:41:422018-04-02 10:40:07Xmas-sale in our webshop!
Upcoming release: Brussels Jazz Orchestra feat. Tutu Puoane
We are very excited, happy and proud to announce that we will be releasing the new album of the Brussels Jazz Orchestra, featuring Tutu Puoane. Official release date is set on February 8 2018 and it will be the 10th production on our label,…
http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/We-Have-A-Dream_horizontal.jpg 2832 4256 ewout http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/soulfactory-new-logo_cut.jpg ewout2017-12-12 19:14:502017-12-12 20:41:53Upcoming release: Brussels Jazz Orchestra feat. Tutu Puoane
'Witchcraft' available in the iTunes Store.
Rebirth::Collective's new album Witchcraft is now digitally available in the iTunes Store. Find it here :-) Various streaming sites will follow soon...
http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/SFR-CD009-3000px.jpg 3000 3000 ewout http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/soulfactory-new-logo_cut.jpg ewout2017-10-18 12:13:122017-10-18 12:13:12'Witchcraft' available in the iTunes Store.
SFR-CD009 'Witchcraft' - Rebirth::Collective: OUT NOW!
Rebirth::Collective's new album 'Witchcraft' is now available in CD-format in our webshop or in your favorite record store. If you don't find it in stock just yet, tell the shop responsible to order from our distributor Sonic Rendez-vous, and…
http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/SFR-CD009-3000px.jpg 3000 3000 ewout http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/soulfactory-new-logo_cut.jpg ewout2017-10-03 07:50:042017-10-03 07:51:26SFR-CD009 'Witchcraft' - Rebirth::Collective: OUT NOW!
'Witchcraft' - Rebirth::Collective - now ready for pre-order!
Rebirth::Collective's new album 'Witchcraft' will be released officially on September 28 at The Bebop in Leuven, but can now be pre-ordered via our new webshop exclusively. Visit the Shop-page of this website, and you'll find it right there...…
http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/SFR-CD009-3000px.jpg 3000 3000 ewout http://soulfactory.be/2017/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/soulfactory-new-logo_cut.jpg ewout2017-09-08 16:09:092017-09-08 16:09:09'Witchcraft' - Rebirth::Collective - now ready for pre-order!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Intervention from governor's adviser led to ACP document recall
Atlantic Coast Pipeline contractors installed 12 miles of pipeline in Northampton County, including this section beside the sign. (CJ photo by Don Carrington)
Don Carrington
It started with a simple request on Saturday morning, Jan. 13, 2018. Duke Energy lobbyist Kathy Hawkins asked Ken Eudy, Gov. Roy Cooper's senior adviser, to help expedite a state official's signature on an agreement tied to Duke's Atlantic Coast Pipeline project. Hawkins told Eudy the state needed to sign the agreement before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission would issue a permit for ACP contractors to begin cutting trees.
Eudy was monitoring the progress of ACP environmental permits that would be issued by the N.C. Department of Environmental Quality, negotiating a related $57.8 million discretionary mitigation fund to be paid by the ACP partners to Cooper, and monitoring a dispute between solar energy providers and Duke Energy. Hawkins was his contact for all these issues.
After assuring Hawkins he would help, Eudy made some calls. He learned the official was N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Deputy Secretary Kevin Cherry.
Ken Eudy, policy adviser to Gov. Roy Cooper (image from Eudy's Twitter account)
But Cherry already had signed the Programmatic Agreement and transmitted his signature page to FERC. Eudy wanted the document "recalled" so he could review it.
On Sunday morning, Cherry emailed a request to his FERC contact Kevin Bowman asking to recall his signature page. Cherry said he "signed this form by mistake." Bowman acknowledged Cherry's request 20 minutes later.
Cherry's explanation to Bowman doesn't match the official record. Documents show Cherry had reviewed the agreement before signing it. Eudy had initiated the recall.
The ACP project is a 600-mile natural gas pipeline project that will be built in West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina. Dominion Energy and Duke Energy are the major partners. FERC granted final approval to the project in October 2017.
On Jan. 26, 2018, DEQ issued the water quality permit. That day, Cooper's office announced the ACP partners would provide Cooper a $57.8 million discretionary fund to be used for mitigation, economic development, and renewable energy projects. Three days later, solar developers announced they reached an agreement with Duke Energy on how to handle new projects.
Reporting by Carolina Journal and others suggests the ACP water quality permit was contingent on two concessions — Cooper getting $57.8 million and Duke Energy caving to the demands of solar-energy developers on an issue unrelated to the pipeline.
Eudy's recall of the PA looks to be connected to the Cooper administration's plans to sell the ACP to the public — including environmentalists who oppose the pipeline.
On Thursday Jan. 18, four days after Cherry recalled the PA and the day after Cooper and Duke CEO Lynn Good had the ACP phone conversation, Eudy released an internal plan to sell the public on the approval of the ACP, the $57.8 million discretionary fund, and a separate agreement Cooper had brokered between Duke Energy and solar energy companies. The first item: Resend Cherry's signature page to FERC officials. Cherry did so that day, completing the PA.
The next day, FERC authorized ACP to begin limited tree cutting in the pipeline corridor in West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina.
The $57.8-million fund caused immediate controversy. Cooper would have controlled the fund without legislative oversight, unlike other money that flows into state accounts. The General Assembly redirected Cooper's fund to the school systems in the eight N.C. counties affected by the pipeline. The General Assembly has also convened a special committee to investigate the pipeline permitting process and the fund. Some lawmakers have called the approval process extortion. The committee has hired outside investigators to review the process.
Agreement needed
A Programmatic Agreement had to be signed before construction. The PA involves FERC-approved construction projects, the federal Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and State Historic Preservation Offices. Cherry is also N.C.'s State Historic Preservation Officer. The PA lays out how the pipeline builders and government agencies will deal with unanticipated cultural materials or human remains encountered during pipeline construction.
A host of media outlets, including CJ, requested ACP-related public records from Cooper's office. The governor released nearly 20,000 pages of them in December 2018. WRAL News organized the documents in a searchable database.
The first document in the file wasn't requested. It's a transcript of a long interview in February 2018 between Eudy and WRAL reporter Travis Fain. The transcript provides Eudy's version of the events. In it, Eudy said he brought up the recall issue and said he initiated it because "I just want to see what we commit to or what it requires us to do, does it require us to do anything?"
Duke's Hawkins did not respond to questions about the recall incident.
Gledhill-Early's role
DNCR Environmental Review Coordinator Renee Gledhill-Early was the North Carolina contact for the development of the PA. She had been working on ACP issues since 2015. She reports to DNCR Historical Resources Director Ramona Bartos. Bartos reports to Cherry, and he reports to Department Secretary Susi Hamilton.
On Dec. 4, 2017, Gledhill-Earley submitted her comments to FERC on the draft PA.
On Dec. 8, Bartos shared a draft PA and related information with Cooper's energy policy adviser Jeremy Tarr. Tarr apparently never shared the information with Eudy, even though the two often discussed the ACP project.
On Wednesday, Jan. 10, 2018, FERC's Bowman emailed about 40 people, including Gledhill-Earley and her counterparts in the other ACP states involved in the PA process: "Final Programmatic Agreement for the ACP/Supply Header Projects for Signature," indicating the agreement was attached. Gledhill-Earley then emailed the document to Bartos and Cherry. "The final PA, which they would like us to sign. It's all there, in case you want to review it," she said.
The next day, Gledhill-Earley emailed Cherry. "Kevin, when will you be in to sign the PA?" Cherry responds: "I will be in late afternoon [Friday]." Gledhill-Early: "Thank you. I'll catch up with you."
That exchange wasn't included in the documents released by Cooper's office to media outlets in December. CJ got them through a separate document request to DNCR.
Late Friday, Cherry signed the PA signature page, and Gledhill-Earley transmitted it to Bowman at FERC with the message: "North Carolina State Historic Preservation Officer's signed page."
Gledhill-Early declined comment to CJ on her interactions with Cherry.
Eudy surprised
Apparently unaware the PA was signed Friday, Duke's Hawkins texted Eudy at 9:55 a.m. Saturday. "I need to chat with you re another significant issue. Any chance you can spare a few mins today. I am sorry to be a constant pest," she said.
"You're not," Eudy responded.
"Every state has signed the historic preservation agreement except N.C. Once N.C. signs we get the go ahead from FERC to proceed with cutting trees in Va and W Va. It has to be signed by the State Historic Preservation Officer. I understand it is on Kevin Cherry's desk," Hawkins said.
"First I've heard of this. What the heck?" Eudy responded.
"First I heard was yesterday afternoon. ACP and FERC negotiated with Ramona Bartos, Deputy SHPO," Hawkins responded.
Three hours later, Hawkins and Eudy corresponded again.
In a 12:52 p.m. text, Hawkins told Eudy the N.C. contact was Gledhill-Earley, not Bartos. She was embarrassed she hadn't known before Friday that an N.C. signature was required.
Hawkins said when FERC issued the final PA for signature on Jan. 10, ACP contacted Gledhill-Earley, who told ACP Cherry had no concerns and it would be signed. "N.C. is the final signature required for FERC to issue the Limited Notice to Proceed in tree felling. Can you please help me, Ken?" she said.
"Yes," Eudy responded.
The Atlantic Coast Pipeline operations center in Northampton County is one of two set for North Carolina. (CJ photo by Don Carrington)
But emails suggest Eudy went on a hunt Saturday to find out more about the PA. He learned it had been signed and sent to FERC the previous day. On Saturday at 4:04 p.m., Gledhill-Early emailed Bartos, Cherry, and Hamilton: "As requested, I am forwarding a series of emails related to the ACP."
By Sunday morning Cherry and Eudy were communicating directly. "Sorry for just getting this to you. I sent to Secretary Hamilton immediately upon request and thought that she was forwarding then," Cherry wrote to Eudy.
Eudy also emailed Cooper's legal counsel, William McKinney: "NC's PA agreement signature page has been recalled."
At 1:42 p.m., nearly three hours after Eudy knew a FERC official acknowledged Cherry's recall request, Eudy first raised the legal review issue with McKinney. "I need to understand how this could get negotiated and signed at DNCR without their legal counsel's review," Eudy said in an email.
At 2:11 McKinney emailed the PA to DNCR attorney Phillip Feagan: "Did you ever review or look at the below? Can you call me?"
At 2:40 McKinney wrote Eudy: "I spoke with Phil. He says that he received the documents yesterday (Saturday) via NCDOJ counsel to the Department. He told me that typically he clears documents like this that are going to the federal government. However, outside monument removal issues, he said he does not deal with the State Historic Preservation Office in many matters. He is looking into how these negotiations developed, and who was involved, and then to provide me with an update. Will relay."
Documents suggest Eudy was annoyed that no one had told him about Cherry's role in the pipeline construction phase. "Please let me know why this issue didn't get elevated to the governor's office as we were discussing ACP issues," Eudy asked Cooper's policy director Jenni Owen in an email.
Cherry's changing story
At 10:38 a.m. Sunday, Jan. 14, Cherry emailed FERC's Bowman and two other FERC employees: "I would like to recall our signature page on the Atlantic Coat Pipeline Programmatic Agreement. I signed this form by mistake. I was in the field all day on Friday and arrived back at my desk late to find a number of forms waiting for my signature. One stack held items upon which I had been briefed and had reviewed. Other items were near it. The ACP Programmatic Agreement was then inadvertently signed as I headed out the door to make another appointment. I am sorry for this misunderstanding."
Bowman responded at 10:59: "Received. Thank you for letting us know. Please call me if there is anything you'd like to discuss further regarding this PA."
Cherry responded: "Thank you for your understanding. I am most appreciative." Cherry then emailed Eudy a copy of his conversation with Bowman.
But in April 2019, Cherry gave CJ a different story. When asked who directed him to recall his signature, Cherry said Feagan and Hamilton did because they hadn't reviewed the document. When CJ requested any emails or text messages directing him to do so, the only communication the department provided was a text from Hamilton to Cherry sent Saturday, Jan. 13, at 12:44 PM. "Please give me a call ASAP regarding: acp," it said.
Project stalled
Some pipe had been installed in North Carolina. But in December 2018, ACP put the project on hold when the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled against the pipeline partners in a lawsuit filed by the Southern Environmental Law Center.
ACP partner Dominion Energy said it is pursuing legal and administrative options to resume construction.
series: 2019 General Assembly, Atlantic Coast Pipeline
categories: Business and Regulations, City & County Government, CJ Exclusives, Economic Growth & Development, Education (PreK-12), Energy & Environment, Land Use Planning, Law & Regulation, North Carolina, Spending & Taxes, State Government
tags: Atlantic Coast Pipeline, duke energy, Gov. Roy Cooper, Ken Eudy
Locke's Terry Stoops analyzes N.C. debate over public school social studies standards


The logic is simple: you understand a thing better if you are able to see it from all sides. When the subject in question is a physical object, that literally means looking at all of the different sides, like orbiting the dark side of the moon. When the subject in question is an intangible, however -- like a question, a controversy, or an idea -- we also do well to try to see it from all sides. That's our reasoning for soliciting other people's perspectives: to see and understand the whole thing better.
Perhaps the same approach can be taken with people.


text:
Ana Mendieta, Untitled, from the series Silueta Works in Mexico, 1973–77/1991. Pigmented inkjet print. 13 1/4 x 20 inches (33.7 x 50.8 cm). Gift of Barbara Lee, The Barbara Lee Collection of Art by Women. Courtesy the Galerie Lelong. © The Estate of Ana Mendieta Collection, LLC.
Taylor Davis Selects: Invisible Ground of Sympathy
ICA Collection
Jan 31, 2023 – Jan 7, 2024
Kim and Jim Pallotta Gallery
Taylor Davis Selects: Invisible Ground of Sympathy is organized by Boston-based artist Taylor Davis, the first time an artist has been invited to curate an exhibition from the ICA's permanent collection. In her artwork, Davis explores the relationship between object and viewer, often through precise manipulations of form. Taking up questions of orientation, space, identity, and perception, Davis's work insists on the unique sense of presence and attention that each viewer brings to an encounter with a work of art. Davis is conceiving of Invisible Ground of Sympathy as an open field in which a constellation of artworks are assembled to activate their different emotional and psychological intensities. Considering themes of precarity, wonder, violence, and beauty, and situating the viewer at its center, Davis presents a personal take on the ineffable complexity of making sense of the present, and of not having language for an experience in the moment.
Organized by Taylor Davis, guest curator, with Jeffrey De Blois, Associate Curator and Publications Manager.
Support for Taylor Davis Selects: Invisible Ground of Sympathy is generously provided by the Kristen and Kent Lucken Fund for Photography.


text:
title: Algebraic Laws of Vectors
localeTitle: Алгебраические законы векторов
---
## Алгебраические законы векторов

Это заглушка. [Помогите нашему сообществу расширить его](https://github.com/freecodecamp/guides/tree/master/src/pages/mathematics/vectors/algebraic-laws-of-vectors/index.md) .

[Это руководство по быстрому стилю поможет вам принять ваш запрос на тягу](https://github.com/freecodecamp/guides/blob/master/README.md) .

#### Дополнительная информация:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
FxPro - forecasts
Will Yellen Give a More Hawkish Outlook ?
The Fed will announce its interest rate decision and monetary policies, at 18:00 GMT today. Later, the FOMC press conference will be held at 18:30 GMT.
Markets have been expecting a March rate hike for a period, the expectations have been largely priced in since February. Therefore, even the Fed Chair Yellen announces a rate hike today, it would be just in line with market expectations.
The Fed will probably raise rates by 25 basis points this time, to a range of 0.75% to 1%, which is the third time of a rate hike in a decade. However, now what matters more is how many times the Fed will raise rates later this year, and its latest economic projections. The Fed had projected three rate hikes in 2017 in the December FOMC meeting.
The Fed's two objectives are maximum employment and stable prices. The recent US labour market data shows the labour market remains solid. The inflation has also seen an uptrend since August 2016.
We can expect volatility; however, the volatility might not arise from the rate decision, but more from the updated economic outlook and new projections. If the Fed Chair Yellen makes a relatively hawkish comment, then the dollar will likely keep on strengthening.
Nevertheless, if the Fed surprisingly doesn't raise rates today, then it will also likely cause great market volatility.
The Japanese industrial production released this morning for January (YoY), reaching the highest level this year.
We will see the release of a series of UK and EU labour market data for January and February, between 09:30 – 10:00 GMR today, which will likely cause volatility to the Sterling and Euro.
It will be followed by US retail sales and CPI data for February, at 12:30 GMT, which will likely cause some volatility to the dollar and the dollar crosses, prior to the FOMC meeting.
On Thursday 16th March, there will be three central banks announce rate decisions and monetary policies. The Bank of Japan, at 02:00 GMT, followed by the Swiss National Bank, at 08:30 GMT. Finally, the Bank of England, at 12:00 GMT.
The market estimates are that the three central banks will likely keep rates unchanged.
Best currency rally heading for a crash
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Forex Currencies Forecasts
Top Brokers offering Forecasts
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text:
Feeling young and youthful and crazy
Lucy Haggard
No one's sure when the Happy Thursday Cruiser Ride first took over Boulder's streets. Some say it happened in the '90s when a few friends decided to bike across town weekly for a drink. Word spread in the community, and Boulder being Boulder, the ride established itself as routine by the mid-2000s. It's hard to know if Boulder was the first place with such an activity, but it certainly propelled a wave of bike parties across the country that continue to grow today.
Of course, bike parties in Boulder and beyond all but ground to a halt during the summer of 2020, when the coronavirus pandemic was still young and people were still figuring out which activities were safe to do pre-vaccine. With almost three-quarters of Boulder County residents age 12 and up fully vaccinated by summer 2021, the cruiser ride returned in full force, much to the relief of newcomers and returners alike.
This reporter joined the crowd on a blistering hot July evening as a summer rainstorm brought much-needed relief right before wheels hit pavement. Boulderites of all ages meandered over to Scott Carpenter Park, a typical starting point for the night. One couple attended to mark the 10th anniversary of their first ride; others were there for their own inaugural cruise, looking to meet new friends and get to know the town from a new perspective. Among some of Boulder's youth, joining the ride while school's out of session has become a rite of passage, a night to dress up in costume and experience life without parents nearby. Regardless of age, the ride has become a welcome ritual for participants and observers alike.
"When we first started we would say, 'Happy Thursday,' and people would look at us like we were nuts," says Jennifer, who says she's cruised with the ride for decades. "On the way here, strangers are like, 'Happy Thursday!' They're yelling it to us before we have a chance to say it. So it's just a state of mind."
There's no one person claiming leadership for the effort, and it's been that way since the start. A decentralized format brings an organic energy, longtime participants
say, and it keeps
everyone responsible for themselves when they're on the road. It is a party, after all, and many participants are of legal age to consume inebriating substances at their discretion.
Rides typically remain
copacetic and chill, but every few years someone will do something that leads police officers to patrol the meeting point for a number of weeks. This summer a teen let off some fireworks, bringing back bike cops to snoop out rascal behavior. There have been concerted efforts in the past to rein in the rowdier parts of the ride, and longtime cruisers want participants to be respectful — which includes using bike lights and obeying traffic laws — even when they're riding like the wind.
Lucy Haggard.
"When you're on the cruiser ride you feel young and youthful and crazy," says Ryan Van Duzer, a locally based adventurer who's cruised since the early days. "It's a sacred thing."
The dichotomy between the adult riders and the high school crowd has recently led the ride to split in two. The younger group (organized through the Instagram page @2021_thursday_cruiser) tends to depart from the meetup spot first, zooming fast and free to a number of stops throughout the city for dance parties and various shenanigans. The adults (found online at @boulderbikenight) prefer to meander through the streets, chilling on bikes tricked out with speakers, lights and sometimes even fog machines. This reporter opted to tag along with the latter crowd for a winding route through the center of town, with a brief foray up north, before ending up back near Pearl Street.
Despite the decentralized nature of the ride, there's almost always someone who guides bikers through a route of their own design, ensuring the peloton stops at red lights, stays on the right side of the road and yells "Happy Thursday!" to layfolk. For more than a decade that person has primarily been Gabriel, equipped with a toy lightsaber to direct the crowd. Though he doesn't lead the ride every week — sometimes it's Zack, who's made a circus-type contraption out of his bicycle — many point to Gabriel as a primary reason the ride has flourished in recent years. For his part, he didn't join the ride to become its grand marshal; "It just happened organically," he says.
"I've seen it change people's lives, and it's changed my life," Gabriel told Boulder Weekly. "I feel indebted to the ride, to take care of it, to protect it, to allow other people to have the experience that I've had, if not even more."
It's become a rite of passage for so many, and Gabriel is no exception. He's connected with other cruisers across the world, occasionally even exchanging lights and decorations, and he hopes to go ride in other cities to see how they put their own spin on it all. Eventually Gabriel will abdicate the baton to the next guide, but for now, he's ready to cruise with so many other Boulderites, fostering this welcoming community on wheels every week.
"I'll lead from point A to point B, and the rest is up to you," Gabriel says. "But I'm more focused on the journey, honestly, because it's fun."
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For those times when you forget to use incognito. Remove 15,000 NSFW sites in one click.
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Search 37766, Tennessee Tax Sale homes. See information on particular Tax Sale home or get 37766, Tennessee real estate trend as you search. Besides our Tax Sale homes, you can find other great 37766, Tennessee real estate deals on RealtyStore.com.


Using the right temperature is often a matter of safety. For example, a piece of machinery may not be able to operate properly below a minimum temperature or above a maximum temperature, or a jar of tablets may include advice on its label about what temperature it should be stored at.
Note: Fahrenheit is still used in the USA.
Take a look at the example below for comparing temperatures.
You have instructions with chemicals sent from the USA that they must be stored at between 50 and 70°F. The thermometer on the storage tank shows the temperature in degrees Celsius.
Are the chemicals stored safely?
13°C falls between 10°C and 20°C, meaning that it is also in the range between 50°F and 68°F. The chemicals are stored safely.
The thermometer on an old freezer shows the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
You will see on the conversion chart that 150°C is equivalent to 302°F. The oven would not be marked this accurately, so you should set it to 300°F.
The thermometer shows 2°F, which you need to fine the Celsius equivalent of. Five degrees Fahrenheit is –15°C; –4°F is –20°C. The temperature is between –15°C and –20°C, so the food is stored safely.
You need to find 600°F on the chart. You will see that 300°C is 572°F, and that 350°C is more than 600°F. The temperature on the dial is even higher than this, at 370°C. The machine is therefore not safe and must be switched off.
the correct way to read temperature and the difference between the units used.


Love That Max : The Special Needs Blogger Weekend Link-up: Put 'em up!
If you encounter multiple types of ableism on a regular basis, I'd seriously suggest looking into enneagram theory.
thanks for the links shares !


text:
Hexode is a turn based strategy game featuring space combat. Go to www.hexode.xyz to get a feel on what I am trying to build.
Things are still in a very early state but blog is regularly made up to date.
I plan to release some notes on the game design itself in a close future.

##Installation
Hexode is being developed with Unreal Engine 4.
There are no standalone builds available yet. Future builds will target Windows and OSX.
For the moment, The only way to install the game is to download and install UE4 editor.

Note: in theory, UE4 supports Linux but I haven't tested it yet so I don't want to make any false promises.
Also, I want my focus to be on development and not on compatibility issues.

###Prerequisites
- Unreal Engine 4.10 (https://www.unrealengine.com) (free as long as you don't make profits of what you have built with it.)
- Git-lfs (https://git-lfs.github.com/)
- Visual Studio or XCode (if you want to modify C++)

###Generate Visual Studio project (Windows only)
This is not a mandatory step but it allows you to build the C++ code inside Visual Studio instead of the UE4 editor.

In the game folder, right-click on Hexode.uproject file (with a round blue icon), then left-click and select: "Generate Visual Studio Files".

### Run the game
Hit the play button in the UE4 editor!

## How to contribute
Being an open source project, Hexode code base and its assets are free for anyone to reuse. However, I would be grateful to be mentioned if it is the case.

I welcome any contribution, from testing, coding, production of graphical assets to simple encouragements or constructive criticisms.

## Any questions?

Then ask me! www.hexode.xyz/contact/


Time to dig out the poodle skirts and the leather jackets out and do The Twist! These 50's Silhouettes will get you in the mood to play those old hits on the jukebox.
Both silhouettes are printed on both sides and are made of cardstock material.
The woman silhouette measures 34 inches and the man silhouette measures 36 1/2 inches.
The silhouettes are the perfect entry item for my Teen Club reunion.


text:
A Quiet Revolution – Chapter EIGHT
And back to Luna, Artemis City to be precise.
Revolution is always an amateur's game. No revolution which was planned by professionals, using all the latest tools and texts and guidance, has ever succeeded.
And boy oh boy were these guys amateurs!
Fortunately, they were also smart and lucky.
Of course, it helps when the government you're trying to topple is distracted by events both internal and external.
Good news from Adam! He says that the audiobook should be released on Audible any day now; he'll let me know when it is, and then I'll tell you folks! Deal?
And in the meantime you can pick up your copy of the ebook or paperback by clicking the button below or any image. It's quick and easy!
I gotta read the book before the audiobook comes out!
Artemis City
"There's a bunch of muttering in the tunnels," said Sharon. "This latest debacle has really got people unhappy. Lots of connections to the dead sailors."
Nour nodded.
"That fits with what my sources have said. Apparently the new Minister, Taylor, managed to push through a hold on any more attacks, so he's flying high with his people now, almost as much as Crozier was."
Caitlin put in her information. "And I heard the Primus is going to use this to try to grab more power in the Union, though I'm still waiting for confirmation."
The four conspirators were meeting in the open for once. Artemis City had a number of open grass- and plant-covered areas which served a dual purpose. Their primary purpose was to provide additional O2 production and CO2 scrubbing, but they also were used by the citizens for gatherings and recreation. It had been Nour's suggestion to utilize one for a meeting. She had recounted tales of frustration from her days in MinSec, as the foliage and elevated humidity defeated most remote sensors. "The only way we could actually confirm anything happening in there was doing an old-fashioned, in-person sweep. And that's only if we had a target. Random sweeps? Purely pro forma."
So here they were, walking along as if none of them had a care.
Autumn admitted, at least to herself, she simply needed to get out from behind four walls for a while. She had lacked the sorts of connections the others had outside the organization-that-was. She couldn't show her face in Simon Jester, or she'd find herself back in the Rehabilitation Center, if she were lucky.
"Nour," she said now. "Have you gotten that list from your old friend yet?"
One of Nour's ex-colleagues, and a potential fellow traveler, was supposed to provide her with the master list of agents, turncoats, and known members within the Simon Jester movement. Once they had it, they could start carefully recruiting the more trustworthy ones, as well as ones who hadn't yet been identified.
"Not yet, though he said it would be this semi-lunar."
"Ugh! Now is the right time to start bringing people in, but we have to have people we can trust!"
"What about one of the other warrens? Hong Kong Luna? Tycho Under?" suggested Sharon. "It's a basic military principle: strike where your enemy is weak. Well, Tycho Under is about as far removed from Artemis City as you're going to get, both physically and in terms of attitude. HKL has more in common with the Miner's Guild than Artemis. Why not start there?"
"How do we get there?" said Autumn.
"There are tubes to HKL every fifteen minutes," said Caitlin.
"No good," Autumn argued. "Too much of a bottleneck."
"There's never anyone there to stop people," Caitlin countered. "We could slip right past them."
"No, Autumn's right," said Nour. "We always maintained a close watch on all transport out of the City, mostly through remotes. There's always a couple people assigned to undercover work."
"Then we have to think around the usual methods," insisted Sharon. "Come on! We got out of the Center, right? We can get out of the City!"
"Nour," Autumn said. "You told me something the other day. A family got picked up by MinSec?"
"Oh, them. Yes, one of the families in Simon Jester. Their daughter was the Minister who got disappeared and they were picked up on suspicion. They got released last week, even got an official apology."
"I know the family! Well, know of them," amended Autumn. "The mother works in a restaurant, right?"
"She was part of the route that I arranged for two of our decoys. If anyone can get us out of the City, she can, or she'll know how."
"No good, Autumn," disagreed Nour. "Now they've been pulled in, MinSec is going to be watching them even more carefully."
"But they were pulled in because of Crozier, and I know they didn't have anything to do with her!"
"Doesn't matter; SOP is to keep an eye on all known subversives."
"Under Pitt, right?"
"Right." Nour waved her hands. "I know what you're going to say, Autumn. Just because Pitt's gone doesn't mean anything's changed. It's more likely that nothing's changed, because nothing ever does."
"Doesn't it? Aren't your contacts telling you about the disruption that this Jones has caused?"
"Well, yes."
"So? Isn't that suggestive? At the very least, things are chaotic and maybe a little sloppy?"
"I suppose. They might all be playing good soldier while Jones tries to root out the supposed corruption."
"And…?" Autumn could see Nour was nearly to the conclusion she'd already reached.
"And that means, if they let the family go, then they really let them go."
"Suddenly, I feel hungry. Let's go find some food."
The restaurant was busy, so they had to wait for a table, which was annoying. On the other hand, lots of conversations meant it would be much more difficult for any measures to pick up their voices, whether that was a recording device, a microphone, or an undercover MinSec operative. They stood and chatted, doing their best to appear as simply four women out for lunch, until they were finally seated.
"I don't like being out in the corridor," said Caitlin. "I'm used to quiet conferences."
"Oh, I don't know," Sharon said, leaning back. She'd gotten one of the two chairs facing the street. "Good lines of sight. We can see if anyone looks like they're paying particular attention to us."
Autumn, who had grabbed the other street-facing chair, nodded.
"Incoming," said Nour, looking up and smiling towards the interior. Their server was on the way out.
"Hi, what would you ladies like?"
They went through the motions of ordering before Autumn said, "Is Mistress Karolina in today?"
The server answered flatly, "Yes, she's here," before turning away.
"A little bit defensive, don't you think?" Caitlin commented.
"Well, if her boss just came back to work after going missing for two lunars, I'd be protective too," said Nour. "I'll wager that most of the staff here know what she does, what she's involved with."
"I'm betting she gets curious about who asked for her and comes out to see. That's why I asked after her."
Conversation flagged then, each consumed by their own thoughts, until the food arrived. It wasn't the server, though, but an older woman carrying the plates. She quickly set them down, giving each woman a thorough look.
"Need else?" she said, with a Martian accent.
"Washroom?" asked Autumn.
"Follow," and she moved away. She led Autumn into the back of the restaurant, past the kitchen, to an unmarked room.
"How's Nicole?" Autumn said. It was the only passphrase she knew, and she hoped that it still worked.
"Busy as always," replied the woman with a hitch.
"I'm sorry for your loss, Mistress."
"Pajaloosta. Thank you."
"I knew your daughter. She was one of the good ones."
No words this time, just a nod.
"Mistress, we need your help."
"My help? Always my help! Who help me, when MinSec take away my Nicole? Who help me, when MinSec take away family? Who help me, when MinSec torture us for lunars? Nobody! Why I help you?"
"Because that's what you do, Mistress."
"No more! You need help? Put out ad. Ask stranger. Not ask me, anymore!" She made to yank the door open, but Autumn held it closed.
"No! Damn you, Karolina, all I want is your contact!"
"What make you think I give to you, if I do not give to MinSec?"
"Because I want to get rid of the people who did this to you, did this to Nicole!"
The words were out of her mouth before she could stop them, and she realized with a shock that it was the first time she'd expressed it to anyone outside her three co-conspirators. It was enough to stop Karolina for the moment.
"Truth. And all I need, really, is how to contact the people off Luna that you've worked with. Give me that, and I walk out of here, out of your life, and never bother you again."
"Give you contact, I can, but no good will it do you. They not know you, they not trust you, no matter if you know codes." She shook her head. "I set up meeting. You go eat, been back here too long. Will come tell."
Autumn, surprised by the sudden change but happy to go with it, nodded her thanks and returned to her seat out front.
"Everything go okay?" asked Sharon.
"Surprisingly well," Autumn answered. Then she turned her attention to the food. She was pleasantly surprised to find it was actually quite good.
Karolina appeared again at the end of the meal, this time accompanied by the server who started to clear the table.
"Thank you," she said, handing two pieces of permaplast to Autumn. "Can pay server."
Autumn nodded and Karolina left. Glancing briefly at one sheet, she tucked it into a pocket.
"Okay, who had the Moonrise?" she said. "Caitlin? That you? It's ten credits…"
A Quiet Revolution - Chapter Eighteen
A Quiet Revolution - Chapter Seventeen
A Quiet Revolution - Chapter Sixteen


text:
Items where Person is "Kayyem-J-F"
Jump to: 2000 | 1995 | 1994 | 1992 | 1990
Yu, C. J. and Yowanto, Handy and Wan, Yanjian et al. (2000) Uridine-Conjugated Ferrocene DNA Oligonucleotides: Unexpected Cyclization Reaction of the Uridine Base. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122 (28). pp. 6767-6768. ISSN 0002-7863. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170517-070820127
Mislick, Kimberly A. and Baldeschwieler, John D. and Kayyem, Jon F. et al. (1995) Transfection of Folate-Polylysine DNA Complexes: Evidence for Lysosomal Delivery. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 6 (5). pp. 512-515. ISSN 1043-1802. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170905-095408869
Kayyem, Jon Faiz and Kumar, Roshan M. and Fraser, Scott E. et al. (1995) Receptor-targeted co-transport of DNA and magnetic resonance contrast agents. Chemistry and Biology, 2 (9). pp. 615-620. ISSN 1074-5521. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20160310-135832264
Vielmetter, Jost and Kayyem, Jon F. and Roman, Janet M. et al. (1994) Neogenin, an Avian Cell Surface Protein Expressed during Terminal Neuronal Differentiation, Is Closely Related to the Human Tumor Suppressor Molecule Deleted in Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Cell Biology, 127 (6). pp. 2009-2020. ISSN 0021-9525. PMCID PMC2120299. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120302-085551205
Kayyem, Jon Faiz and Roman, Janet M. and de la Rosa, Enrique J. et al. (1992) Bravo/Nr-CAM Is Closely Related to the Cell Adhesion Molecules L1 and Ng-CAM and Has a Similar Heterodimer Structure. Journal of Cell Biology, 118 (5). pp. 1259-1270. ISSN 0021-9525. PMCID PMC2289593. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120329-074034688
de la Rosa, Enrique J. and Kayyem, Jon F. and Roman, Janet M. et al. (1990) Topologically Restricted Appearance in the Developing Chick Retinotectal System of Bravo, a Neural Surface Protein: Experimental Modulation by Environmental Cues. Journal of Cell Biology, 111 (6). pp. 3087-3096. ISSN 0021-9525. PMCID PMC2116392. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20120509-152854854


text:
Q: The constructor is undefined in a simple exercice I just started learning java without any prior knowledge about programming. I run into an error whe I do a simple exercice.
public class Book{

    String title;

    String author;

    int numberOfPages;

    String publisher;

public Book (String titleBook, String authorBook, int pagesBook, String publisherBook){

    title = titleBook;
    author = authorBook;
    numberOfPages = pagesBook;
    publisher = publisherBook;

}
public static void main (String[] args){

    Book myBook = new Book ("Seeker","Jack McDevitt",368);
    System.out.println(myBook);
}
}

It says my constructor is undefined so I looked a bit and I can't quite get what mistake(s) I'm making.
Thanks in advance for the help !

A: The issue is because the paramters that your constructor expecting and what you're passing throw. You had build a constructor with 4 arguments and you're providing only 3 in his creation. You must give it 4 our build a new constructor with 3 paramters, without the publisher in that case.
The correct will be:
Book myBook = new Book ("Seeker","Jack McDevitt",368, "publisher");

E.g:
Book myBook = new Book ("Seeker","Jack McDevitt",368, "Polaris");

Will work as well if you create a new constructor, like:
public Book (String titleBook, String authorBook, int pagesBook)
    title = titleBook;
    author = authorBook;
    numberOfPages = pagesBook;
    publisher = null; //In that case, you need to set null here

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You may get personalised savings alerts that assist you lower your healthcare prices. A program not too long ago introduced by the California Public Staff' Retirement System (CalPERS) and Anthem Blue Cross, for example, requires many workers looking for a hip or knee replacement to make use of only hospitals that have agreed to a bundled fee for the procedure—or to pay the difference in the event that they select a higher-priced provider outside the network.
And we must replace today's fragmented system, by which each local supplier provides a full vary of services, with a system during which services for particular medical circumstances are concentrated in well being-delivery organizations and in the proper areas to deliver excessive-worth care.
In 2013, earlier than the implementation of the A.C.A., People had been asked whether it was the federal government's responsibility to make it possible for everybody had well being-care coverage, and fifty-six per cent said no. 4 years after implementation, sixty per cent say yes.
Nevertheless, many secondary care suppliers don't necessarily work in hospitals, reminiscent of psychiatrists , medical psychologists , occupational therapists , most dental specialties or physiotherapists (physiotherapists are additionally primary care suppliers, and a referral is not required to see a physiotherapist), and a few main care companies are delivered within hospitals.
The plan's deductible — which is how much you could pay out of pocket before the plan begins to pay a portion of the costs — will seem next to the premium of any plan you have a look at. If somebody on the plan goes to the emergency room or needs plenty of well being care services, you'll seemingly must pay that amount towards care in 2017.


text:
Extensible Markup Language, XML, är ett universellt och utbyggbart märkspråk och en förenklad efterträdare till SGML. XML blev en W3C-rekommendation 10 februari 1998. XML-rekommendationen beskriver både strukturen på XML och vad som krävs av en XML-tolk. Bland annat XHTML, XSL och SMIL, är baserade på XML.

XML-koden kan inte definiera vilka element eller attribut som kan användas. Denna definition görs av en dokumentmall som antingen är intern eller länkas in i dokumentet. Syftet med XML är att kunna utväxla data mellan olika informationssystem. Detta görs genom att skicka data som ren text; text som även kan förstås av människor.

Den 16 augusti 2006 blev den senaste specifikationen av XML, XML 1.1 (andra upplagan), en W3C-rekommendation.

Syntax
Grundsyntaxen för ett element i XML ser ut såhär:
<name attribute="value">content</name>
XML är dessutom skiftlägeskänsligt, således är name, Name och NAME tre olika element.

Genom att kombinera flera element i en hierarki kan man beskriva olika information. Följande exempel är en boksamling beskriven med XML:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<boksamling>
    <bok sprak="engelska">
        <titel>XSLT Cookbook</titel>
        <forfattare>Sal Mangano</forfattare>
    </bok>
    <bok sprak="svenska">
        <titel>Skriv med XML</titel>
        <forfattare>Åsa Blom</forfattare>
   </bok>
</boksamling>

Deklaration
Första raden i exemplet ovan är en XML-deklaration. Det är en valfri rad som talar om vilken version av XML som används men kan också innehålla information om teckenkodning samt externa filer.

Element
Element är grunden i ett XML-dokument. Ett element består vanligtvis av en start- och en sluttagg, och kan ha olika attribut och innehåll. Starttaggen består av namnet inom vinkelparenteser, <titel>, och sluttaggen består av samma namn med vinkelparenteser men med ledande snedstreck, </titel>. Innehållet i ett element är allt som finns mellan start- och sluttaggen. Det kan vara både text och andra element.
Så här kan ett komplett element, med starttagg, sluttagg och innehåll, se ut:
<titel>Skriv med XML</titel>

Attribut
Förutom innehållet i ett element kan ett element även ha attribut. Ett attribut läggs till i starttaggen och har ett namn och ett värde. Ett attributnamn får bara förekomma en gång i en tagg och värdet måste alltid vara inom enkla eller dubbla citationstecken.
Så här kan användandet av attribut se ut:
<bok sprak="engelska">
Här har elementet bok fått ett attribut språk med värdet engelska.

Inkapsling
Element kan innehålla andra element:
<bok sprak="engelska">
   <titel>XSLT Cookbook</titel>
   <forfattare>Sal Mangano</forfattare>
</bok>
Detta är ett element (bok) som innehåller 2 andra element (titel och författare). XML kräver att element är korrekt inkapslade, de får aldrig överlappa varandra. Därför är denna kod felaktig:

Här är min Rubrik

Med ett stycke.

Detta skulle istället ha skrivits som:

Här är min Rubrik

Med ett stycke.

Rotelement
Alla XML dokument måste ha exakt ett rotelement. I vårt exempel var boksamling rotelementet som innehöll alla andra element i dokumentet. Följande exempel är alltså ett felaktigt XML-dokument:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<bok>Första boken</bok>
<bok>Andra boken</bok>

Tomma element
Element som inte har något innehåll kan istället för att använda sig av en sluttagg för att stängas skrivas som ett tomt element. Detta görs genom att lägga till ett snedstreck innan den stängande vinkelparentesen i en starttagg. Dessa tre skrivsätt är ekvivalenta:
<bok></bok>
<bok />
<bok/>

Entiteter
En entitet i XML är en bit data som kan representeras med ett alternativt namn och används till exempel när det finns risk för data tolkas om vid skillnader mellan författarens och läsarnas datormiljöer.

Det finns 5 st fördeklarerade entitetreferenser i XML:
 & — (et (ampersand på engelska), &)
 < — (mindre än, <)
 > — (större än, >)
 ' — (apostrof, ')
 " — (citationstecken, ")

Andra entitetsreferenser ska deklareras i dokumentmallen. Referenser kan referera till andra referenser.

Användning
Eftersom XML är utbyggbart så har många olika märkspråk baserats på det. Exempel på tillämpningar av XML är att beskriva webbsidor (XHTML) och multimediasynkronisation (SMIL), och att utväxla information i olika system, exempelvis affärssystem.

XML används för att strukturera och organisera information/data, till skillnad från till exempel HTML som används till att åskådliggöra och visa data. Genom tillägg som XPath och XSLT kan man (utgående från ett XML-dokument) automatgenerera HTML-kod för att visas i till exempel en webbläsare.

För att kunna hantera ett XML-dokument, krävs att sändare och mottagare av informationen har kommit överens om vilka element och attribut som ska kunna användas. Därför måste man ha en gemensam dokumentmall.

Härledda språk
Flera mer eller mindre formellt definierade märkspråk är baserade på XML och har bestämda dokumentmallar som man kan använda sig av. Några av dessa språk är:

 Canonical XML
 CCXML: Voice Browser Call Control
 ebXML: Electronic Business using XML
 ESB: Enterprise Service Bus
 FOAF+DOAC
 MIL Moblet Instruction Language
 RDF: Resource Description Framework
 RSS: Rich Site Summary/Really Simple Syndication
 SRGS: Speech Recognition Grammar Specification
 SSML: Speech Synthesis Markup Language
 SyncML
 UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration
 Voice XML
 WML: Wireless Markup Language
 WSDL: Web Service Definition language
 XBRL: eXtensible Business Reporting Language
 XForms
 XHTML: Extensible HyperText Markup Language
 XInclude: XML Inclusions
 XLink
 XMI: XML Metadata Interchange
 XML Schema Languages
 DTD: Document Type Definition
 XML Schema, XSD: XML Schema (W3C)
 RELAX NG
 SOX: Schema för objektorienterad XML
 XOP: XML-binary Optimized Packaging
 XPath
 XPointer
 XQuery: XML Query Language
 XSL: eXtensible Stylesheet Language
 XSLT: XSL Transformation
 XUL: XML User interface Language

Se även
 HTML: HyperText Markup Language
 Web Services
 W3C: World Wide Web Consortium
 Svenska W3C
 OIOXML

Externa länkar
 World Wide Web Consortium sida om XML (på engelska)

Källor

Filformat
Märkspråk
W3C-standarder

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When temperatures drop and the days are short, hunkering down indoors with a fire, cozy blankets, and a nice, warm soup are serious #lifegoals. If you're ready to simmer up some soupy love and are seeking flavor inspiration, you're in luck! We've scoured the internet for some of the most inspiring, flavorful recipes to help warm your insides and soothe the soul.
The nutritional benefits of cauliflower are numerous, so finding ways to enjoy it is always a winner! We love Amanda Kanashiro's version here where she suggests roasting the cauliflower first to add a nice depth of flavor to the soup. Win-win-win!
While this soup could theoretically be served chilled in the summer, we love the flavor profile any time of year! Head up this curried carrot concoction and not only will you add an exotic touch to your lunch, but you'll also gain all the healthy benefits of nutrient-dense carrots. Yum!
Guaranteed to warm your insides and keep you full! This easy lasagna soup is two comfort foods in one, and since it's gluten-free and vegetarian, it appeals to many different diets.
It just doesn't' get more pumpkin-y than that! And, yes, you can enjoy pumpkin any time of year!
Because no soup list is complete without adding the classic tomato soup! This version from Gluten Free Living adds a depth of flavor by including sauteed onions and garlic. Best of all? It's super simple to make!
Our very own recipe contributor, Linda Bonwill continues to inspire with her flavorful and creative combinations – like this Lentil Soup with Meatballs. It's a hearty meal that's packed full of flavor!
No matter if you're looking for gluten-free soup ideas or simply a new source for gluten-free recipes you can make at home in general, be sure to follow us! Our goal is to provide recipes, tips, tricks, and inspiration so you'll never feel deprived.


text:
Hector J. Carbajal II
Business Interference Litigation
Business Owner And Partnership Disputes
Fraud And Misrepresentation
Noncompete Litigation
Breaches Of Real Estate Contracts
Commercial Landlord-Tenant Disputes
How does an LLC differ from an S-corporation?
On Behalf of Carbajal Law | Apr 1, 2022 | Uncategorized
The first step in starting a business is determining the appropriate business structure.
Two of the most popular options are limited liability companies and S-corporations, but you do not have to choose one or the other. Unlike LLCs, S-corporations refer to taxing methods rather than business entities, but they differ in management and shareholder structuring as well.
Different tax structure
Members of an LLC pay self-employment taxes and all income is taxable. With an S-corporation, the business pays taxes on salaries paid to shareholders and any leftover profits become dividends, which the government taxes differently.
Different shareholder structure
There are no limits to the number of shareholders that an LLC can have, while an S-corporation cannot have more than 100 shareholders. Additionally, all shareholders in an S-corporation must be U.S. citizens, while there are no nationality restrictions on LLC members.
LLCs can also set up subsidiaries but not issue stocks. Conversely, S-corporations cannot set up subsidiaries, but they can issue stocks.
Different management structure
Members or managers typically run LLCs. With members making decisions, the business often runs as a sole proprietorship or partnership. It may look more like a corporation with managers in charge because members are not as participatory in business decisions.
The management structure of an S-corporation looks more like a corporation with a board of directors that handles all big decisions for the company while a lower management team handles day-to-day business.
Most of the differences you see between LLCs and S-corporations are federal law restrictions. This is because federal tax law governs S-corporations, while state law primarily governs LLCs. Regardless, both are beneficial business formations.
3 common causes of commercial landlord/tenant disputes
What are exclusive and use clauses in commercial real estate?
3 things to check for before signing a commercial lease
Should you have employees sign a non-compete agreement?
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