When the wind is howling, the temperature is in the single digits, and the snow is coming down heavy, trout fishing is usually not on the mind of even a die-hard river angler. But every winter we have many days when the air temperature rises to near freezing or above and the itch to be on a trout stream becomes strong. Luckily Michigan anglers have lots of trout water that is open to year around angling.
As I write, this winter has already arrived. While there have been some good sized steelhead this past fall, their numbers have been below par based on the fishing of my steelhead buddies and myself and the various fishing reports. So if you are finding the steelheading slow, it might be time to give winter trout fishing a more serious try. Some options are described and, of course, many trout streams also receive runs of steelhead.
We will concentrate on the Lower Peninsula because often river ice prevents fishing in the UP even when the weather breaks.
The Clinton River in southeast Michigan is primarily a warm water stream but the reaches just below Pontiac and the confluence with Paint Creek down to Ryan Road does hold trout all year. Browns are stocked just below Pontiac and there are steelhead smolts that didn't migrate and became resident rainbows along with a few browns that probably moved down from Paint Creek. Like many streams we will describe, the Clinton receives a run of steelhead and this is the prime reason the river is open all year.
Moving north on the east side, the Rifle River is open all year for trout fishing below Sage Lake Road in Ogemaw County. This river is prone to freezing in the winter but it will open up during extended thaws, especially the upper reach which also happens to offer the best trout fishing. The size limit on all trout is 15 inches. Similar regulations exist on the East Branch of the Au Gres which flows parallel to the Rifle about 20 miles to the east. The best trout fishing is found in the first few miles below M-55, which is the upstream limit for winter fishing.
The author, Jim Bedford, admires a beautiful winter brown.
All of the flies-only reaches of the Au Sable and its branches are open to fishing all year. Catch and release rules are in effect in the winter. These reaches of the mainstream, North and South Branches tend to stay ice free except during very cold weather. Brook trout are present in all three and they tend to be a bit more active than the browns in the cold water.
At the top of the Lower Peninsula there are three more trout streams open for catch and release winter brown and brook trout fishing. The Ocqueoc River in Presque Isle County is open from Barnhart Lake all the way to Lake Huron. The best trout fishing is found in its middle reach but you must wait for mild weather to thaw it out. Ice is much less of a problem in the Pigeon and Sturgeon Rivers. The Pigeon is open from M-68 down to Mullett Lake in Cheboygan County and offers fishing for browns along with a few brook trout. Just to the west, the Sturgeon River is open in the winter from Afton Road down to Burt Lake. Brown trout are the main resident species here but you will also encounter many small rainbows and maybe a large one that has moved up from Burt Lake.
Continuing our counterclockwise circle, two Lake Charlevoix tributaries are open in the winter. The Boyne River can be fished from the P. H. Dam south of Dam Road down to Lake Charlevoix. More water is open on the pristine Jordan River where you can fish from Graves Crossing down to the lake. It is catch and release for both browns and brookies in these streams but you can keep a rainbow or two for a winter trout dinner. Further south, the Rapid River offers similar fishing. It is located just north of Kalkaska and is open from Antrim Pond down to its confluence with the Torch River. All three of these streams have strong groundwater influx and seldom freeze.
The Platte River in Benzie County is open from the US-31 bridge downstream. There is a good population of resident brown trout between the upstream limit and Platte Lake. Single hooks are required here and the browns must be released. Just to the south the Betsie River flows through Benzie and northern Manistee Counties. The best trout fishing is found between the upstream limit for winter fishing at Kurick Road and U.S. 31. You will find browns, rainbows and occasional brook trout here. Unlike the upper Platte, river ice can be a problem here when we have prolonged cold weather.
There are many miles of water open to the winter angler on the Manistee River. The lower river below Tippy Dam is open all year and the best trout fishing is between the dam and High Bridge. Large numbers of browns are planted at Tippy and there is a 15 inch size limit. Upstream there is catch and release angling for browns and brookies in two long sections. It is lures and flies only between County Road 612 and flies only from M-72 to the CCC Bridge in Kalkaska County, while you can use any method between U.S. 131 and M-115 in the middle part of the river.
Hesperia during mild spells. Its North Branch is less prone to icing up and there is catch and release winter angling from Arthur Road to its mouth.
The Muskegon River between Croton Dam and Newaygo offers ice-free conditions for good winter trout fishing. You can keep fish here that are over 15 inches in length. Upstream, two of its tributaries, the Little Muskegon River and Tamarack Creek are open to catch and release winter trouting.
Moving south there are several Grand River tributaries that are open all year. The Rogue River is one of the best bets and is located north of Grand Rapids, The best fishing is in and the few miles just upstream from Rockford. Crockery, Buck, Coldwater, Fish, and Prairie Creeks are smaller tributaries that you can fish in the winter for trout. These are all catch and release and you should check the regulations for the sections that are open.
In southwest Michigan the Dowagiac River is the only sizable stream where you can fish for trout in the winter. You can keep browns greater than 15 inches below the dam near Niles but the upper river is catch and release. Some additional small streams where you can wet a line for trout in the winter in this part of the state are Augusta and Portage Creeks and the Gun River near Kalamazoo.
Winter water temperatures will always be below the most active range for browns and brookies. But these fish still feed through the winter. Fishing mild periods when the water temperature is on the rise is very important to your success. Plan your trip for the later part of a January thaw so that the shelf ice will be gone or reduced. And, concentrate your fishing on the warmest part of the day from mid to late morning to late afternoon. This is one time of year when sunny days are often better than cloudy ones. Pick lures or flies that will be a substantial meal for the trout and give the browns and brookies a long look at them.
Always dress in layers, wear a warm hat, and make sure the top garment is a wind and waterproof hooded jacket. Boot foot neoprene waders are ideal for ice water wading. Using a wading staff will help prevent a frigid dunking.
You can get recent information on stream conditions and fish activity by calling the DNR Management Unit for the stream or streams you are interested in fishing. The phone numbers are listed in the Michigan Fishing Guide that you get with your license. You can also visit the DNR on the web at www.michigandnr.com.


you will find this team fully pished and ready to race anything with anyone almost every friday. Don't take ourselves seriously, enjoy relaxed racing or most recently enjoying delta league racing.
FFF Motorsports will of course be attending the shenanigans.
FFF Racing has a new old timer....Braveheart Bill joining their team. Also note change of Delta Number for FFF Brian.
ATTENTION!!! FFF Racing/Motorsports is being re-branded, we are now SRC, team A and team B.


This approach, according to Mr Farrugia, translates into a recruitment style which ensures the propagation of "core values and principles which truly engage people and businesses." In other words, HR best practices must be adopted in order to ensure a company is able to attract the best talent, encourage them to commit to the firm, as well as encourage engagement and retention, the Director explains. "Recruitment is, indeed, only a small part of a bigger picture and related priorities should be spread and complemented by a number of other practices within the organisation," he underlines.
Furthermore, taking an integrated perspective is vitally important in today's market, in which recruitment is a priority – as well as "an interesting challenge" – for any firm operating in Malta, Mr Farrugia continues. "My advice to employers is to avoid embarking only on cosmetic employer branding solutions, but rather dig deeper and ensure the firm's brand image and core values are transferred to all levels of employees. Whatever the company's strategic direction, vision or business model, it all starts by respecting people and by applying the right leadership styles to value and empower people in taking their organisations to new levels of performance," he explains.
Indeed, StreetHR's approach is to encourage human resource professionals, as well as business executives, to operate strategically "by placing the employee as the heart of business success," Mr Farrugia asserts. To achieve this, the agency provides HR consultancy and outsourcing, tailor-made training and coaching solutions, as well as specialised recruitment services, to aid firms in dealing with this, sometimes, tricky terrain. "I don't think it is news to state that recruitment has become an abusive instrument where people are just seen and presented in forms of sales value and revenue potential. Therefore, being professional and valuing people creates a reputation which transforms into talent attraction to the brand itself," he concludes.


Energy management is a critical aspect of the hospitality business.
Published: 12 October 2017 - 7:45 a.m.
UAE hotels are well within global energy consumption trends, however KSA hotels consume 50% higher in comparison.
This is according to the latest research from hospitality forecast and research firm Colliers International, hotel carbon footprint in the UAE is within the global average range (20,000 - 30,000 KGCO2E per room).
However, Saudi Arabia's hotel carbon footprint is 50,000 KGCO2E (per room).
It's a similar case with hotel energy usage per square metre – the UAE is within the global average at just under 500KWH, but KSA up at around 750KWH.
The findings were highlighted by the organisers of the Arabian Travel Market, which will have responsible tourism, including current sustainable travel trends, as the trade show's official theme for the 2018 edition.
ATM senior exhibition director Simon Press said: "It is important to highlight that the GCC is one of the fastest growing regional hospitality markets on a global scale and is a resource intensive industry. Its impact on the environment is multi-dimensional, ranging from CO2emissions, water and energy demand, food waste, noise and light pollution.
The UN's World Tourism Organisation estimates that tourism is responsible for about 5% of global CO2emissions.
Accommodation accounts for approximately 20% of emissions from tourism, which includes energy demand, dining and leisure.
The UAE Government has set itself a target to reduce its carbon emissions by 16% by 2021.


Thousands of infertile couples could benefit from a new test that tailors the timing of IVF treatment to a woman's individual cycle for the first time.
The scientists behind the technique believe that IVF frequently fails because the embryo is transferred at the wrong time, missing a crucial fertility window.
The new test assesses the activity of genes of the womb lining to pinpoint a woman's optimum time for treatment and in pilot studies the personalised approach appeared to significantly boost success rates.
Prof Juan Garcia-Velasco, of the IVI fertility clinic in Madrid, said: "We think that about 15% of cases of implantation failure are simply due to bad timing." Prof Garcia-Velasco is now leading a clinical trial of the test, involving 2,500 patients in more than ten countries, including Britain.
There are more than 60,000 IVF cycles in Britain each year, but just 24% of these treatments lead to live births. Clinics currently check the visual appearance of the womb lining using ultrasound, giving a general indication of health.
For most women there is a two to four day stretch when the lining, or endometrium, sends out crucial chemical signals that allow the embryo to attach. For some women the fertile window is shifted earlier or later in the cycle or is unusually brief, however.
In the new test, a biopsy of the endometrium is taken and the gene activity is analysed. As the cells enter the receptive phase a series of genes switch on and off in a reliable sequence that scientists can read like a clock.
In a pilot study, the test was given to 85 women who had each experienced on average five rounds of IVF that had failed at the implantation stage. In these women, the fertile window was more likely to be shifted early or late, in some cases completely missing the day when the embryo is transferred in standard IVF protocols, the study found.
When the gene analysis was used as a guide, 33% of those treated had a successful implantation – considerably higher than would typically be seen for such a group, Garcia-Velasco said. "This is probably the most difficult population in IVF. Some of them benefit just by changing the day," he said.
In the international trial, the test will be offered to women who have had two or more previous instances of implantation failure.
Nick Macklon, professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Southampton, estimates that issues linked to the womb lining explain around two-thirds of cases of recurrent implantation failure, with around one-third of cases being due to embryo abnormalities.
He believes that the failure to address issues linked to the womb lining explains why IVF success rates have plateaued in the past decade.
"Doing these tests could significantly improve success rates," he said.
Ultimately, the IVI team are aiming to develop a less invasive version of the test, based on sampling endometrial fluid, that could be used at the time of treatment. The current assessment is done at least one month before the embryo transfer because the act of disturbing the womb lining itself interferes with implantation.


The METEOSERVIS v.o.s. company is engaged in a development, production and service of the automatic meteorological systems and some selected sensors. The company was founded in 1994 year.
During the course of existence of the METEOSERVIS v.o.s. company, various state institutions, research institutes, universities and private enterprises became its customers. Among the important ones, there is the Czech Academy of Sciences - the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, the Central Supervisory and Testing Institute of Agriculture. The METEOSERVIS v.o.s. company installed its systems also under extreme conditions on mountain ridges of Krkonoše Mountains for the workplace of Krkonoše National Park.
Nevertheless, the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute is the most important customer. In 1995, the METEOSERVIS v.o.s. won a public commercial competition for automatization of a network of climatological stations of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. For the same customer, the METEOSERVIS v.o.s. builds the new network of automatic rain gauges with GPRS data transfer method. Graphics form of results is here.
In the Czech Republic is about 175 larger measuring systems (more than ten connected sensors on each of them) today, products of METEOSERVIS v.o.s. company. By one of them was quite unique floating evaporation pan.
Within complete measuring systems the METEOSERVIS company manufactures selected meteorological sensors too. It is especially the consistent series of the rain gauges (with a tipping-bucket principle or a weighing principle, with a 200 cm2 or 500 cm2 catching area, heated or non-heated). A other product is the digital sun detector. Our sensors are used in the hydrometeorology networks in the Czech Republic and were delivered to other countries ( we know about Austria, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, India, etc.. and perhaps to the range others ) too. ( more about these products - see Reference).


I last wrote about virtual assistants and using voice commands almost two years ago (Google Home). Since then, the quality and options have gotten much better. Now when I verbally dictate a message, the transcription is near perfect. This is likely attributed to a combination of the system getting used to my voice and improvements made to the technology.
Now that I've mastered dictating all kinds of things into my phone, the next step would be to invest in a virtual assistant, like Google Home or Alexa. Like most new technological advances, I'm both creeped out and fascinated at the same time. My first reaction was complete aversion to having yet another device hooked up, synced, and monitoring me in my home. We're always being forced to make decisions between Control and Convenience.
In addition to my specific voice commands, I want to know what else the device will be listening to? How easy will it be for somebody to hack into it and listen to what I'm saying, or send their own commands? When I first heard about virtual assistants, which all require some kind of command (e.g., "OK, Google") to notify the device that you're ready to give directions, it never occurred to me that the device would stay on all the time. I assumed it would be the voice command that activated the virtual assistant, but if it wasn't alert and ready, how would it register the command was given.
In one sense it's like voluntarily putting a surveillance device in your home. A recent article in The New York Times, titled "Hey, Alexa, What Can You Hear? And What Will You Do with It?" described some of the other uses being considered when one engages with a virtual assistant. Some of the options discussed included having the device listen for keywords in conversations to tailor advertisements.
I have to confess that once I started thinking about using a virtual assistant, I considered many scenarios when hands-free voice commands could be useful. For example, I like listening to the radio or podcasts while I'm cooking or cleaning in the kitchen. While washing the dishes the other night, I realized I had forgotten to turn on the podcast first. My hands full of suds, I looked longingly at my smartphone wishing I could utter a few words to automatically start the podcast.


Each year we prepare and publish a Corporate Plan in accordance with section 35(1)(b) of the PGPA Act.
The Corporate Plan is our agency's principle planning document, and sets out our plan for the four reporting periods ahead.
You can view our current and previous corporate plans via the links below.


What makes people most memorable to you? Most likely, it is because they somehow impacted your life in a big way. The same goes for the college you choose.
You could study and learn anywhere, but Ferrum College is about people.
People from different walks of life. People who care.
People who are dedicated to knowing you personally.
People who are ready to offer their time and service.
People who are eager to help you reach your goals and find your success.
People who challenge you to push and exceed boundaries.
People who encourage you to make a difference in your community.
People who become your second family.
At Ferrum College, we want to make a positive, lasting impression on our students' education and lives in everything we do. We want you to not only achieve self-fulfillment but also feel equipped to embrace our "Not Self, But Others" motto. We believe that you deserve not only to love what you're learning while at Ferrum College but also to love what you do as you become an integral part of your community.


Published 04/24/2019 12:47:46 pm at 04/24/2019 12:47:46 pm in Power Washing Chemicals.
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FNV and NGG members strike Jacobs Douwe Egberts in Utrecht, Netherlands and in 7 locations across Germany
IASWI November 23, 2018, 9:11 am
Jacobs Douwe Egberts (JDE) workers in Utrecht, Netherlands and in 7 German locations (Bremen, Munich, Stuttgart, Berlin, Elmshorn, Leipzig and Darmstadt) took strike action on November 22. In Utrecht, workers successfully shut down production at JDE for 24 hours, the duration of the strike. Joining together with about 200 FNV JDE strikers in Utrecht, NGG traveled with a group of striking German JDE workers to Utrecht in a show of solidarity. The IUF Secretariat and IUF-EFFAT were also represented in Utrecht to give international support to this joint action.
Workers at JDE in Utrecht and in Joure (Netherlands), where FNV members held a 1-day strike on November 19, want a fair collective bargaining agreement. According to Niels Suijker of the FNV: 'Last year Jacobs Douwe Egberts made a 431 million euro profit and the company continues to do very well. The company has presented its final offer and now refuses to listen to the response of its own employees. It's take it or leave it. Dutch and German employees today are fighting together for fair collective agreements. That's a strong message that JDE can and should not ignore.'
In Germany, JDE workers and their union the NGG are in a dispute over basic trade union rights. JDE has unilaterally terminated its agreement with the NGG and refuses to negotiate with the union, a violation of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. The company is instead attempting to reach agreements with the works council – which, according to German labour law, is illegal.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Cannot delete old MariaDB 5.5.4 End-of Life on 31.01 Migrated successfully to new MariaDB Service. Kept the old just in case.
Now I am not able to delete the old service via Web Console.
Message: Delete App bindings and Service keys first.
But: There are no app bindings and service keys cannot be deleted due to 'internal server error'.
So what's to do?

A: I am confident you already solved this, but just in case. You will have to reach out to the Swisscom Support System and send them a message at the bottom of this page: https://developer.swisscom.com/support
They will be able to delete the service instance for you.
PS: don't forget to include your Organization / Space / Service Name in that correspondence (not here)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package com.fallsea.motan;

import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

import com.weibo.api.motan.config.springsupport.BasicServiceConfigBean;

@Configuration
public class MotanServerConfig
{
    /**
     * @Description: 服务端配置
     * @author: fallsea
     * @date: 2017年11月18日 下午3:21:33
     * @return
     */
    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "fallsea.motan.server")
    public BasicServiceConfigBean baseServiceConfig() {
        BasicServiceConfigBean config = new BasicServiceConfigBean();
        return config;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Each year, an estimated 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed worldwide. That amounts to roughly 1 million plastic bags utilized every minute.
Plastic bags are made from polyethylene plastic, which is manufactured with large amounts of water + fossil fuels. They are not biodegradable, not widely recyclable in mainstream recycling facilities, and they are designed to last forever. It takes about 1,000 years for a plastic bag to break down, and while it breaks down it releases micro plastic particles and leeches toxic chemicals into our soil, water + air. Plastic bags are detrimental to our resources, to our environments, to the ecosystems of animals, to animals, and to human beings.
There is a simple solution! Refuse plastic bags, and carry a reusable bag with you. There are so many options now, and some stores even offer reusable bag credits. Some cities are even beginning to ban the use of plastic bags! Invest in a reusable bag, and refuse plastic bags.
If you do have plastic bags lying around, or if they appear in your life, you can drop them in the designated plastic bag recycling bins are grocery stores or big box stores. These soft plastics are taken to specific facilities and turned into composite building materials, pellets, decking, etc.
We live in a linear world, where infrastructure and commercial corporations manufacture products that are designed for single-use, only to end up in the waste. It's time for us to take this into our own hands, and attempt to create a circular economy and world. By utilizing a reusable bag, not only do we help the environment, but we vote with our action. The less plastic bags are utilized, the less will be manufactured, and the closer we are to saving the world, which is our goal here!


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Winter Wilson at Rosslyn Court, Margate. (1st hour livestreamed)
Thu Oct 06 2022 at 08:00 pm
Rosslyn Court | Tema, AA
The first hour of this performance will be livestreamed via https://www.facebook.com/events/635466431313299?ref=newsfeed
Singing out for the underdog in glorious harmony. Original songs packed with punch and emotion that will get beneath your skin, and all delivered with great humour.
Pre-Covid, Winter Wilson had completed tours of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and most of Western Europe, in addition to the UK. Their eight studio albums had all received rave reviews, and 2019's "Live & Unconventional" (recorded on tour with folk-rock icons Fairport Convention and on stage at Cropredy Festival) was no different.
"If you need evidence of just how special the duo Winter Wilson is, then Live & Unconventional delivers in abundance." Steve Caseman, RnR magazine.
Back in Lincolnshire throughout the pandemic, the pair streamed "Live from the Lounge" for 60 consecutive weeks and also wrote and recorded "The Passing of the Storm", their tenth album, adding further to their reputation as superb writers, singers and musicians, and great all-round entertainers.
Now performing stunning new songs alongside old favourites, Kip Winter and Dave Wilson are thrilled to be back on the road.
You will laugh; you may cry. You will certainly want to see them again!
The Passing of the Storm
"The latest album by Winter Wilson (Dave and Kip to their friends) is very much a document of our times. For me, Dave Wilson's best songs are those rooted in truth and The Passing of the Storm is packed with them". RnR Magazine
"This is an album that is sure to please." Living Tradition.
"A set of twelve all-new songs that stand ready to cement their already enviable reputations both as performers and songwriters...an unmissable album." Folk Radio UK.
"Together they deliver a record full of character." Maverick Magazine.
"A masterclass in songwriting and harmony singing" Debs Earl, F.I.B. Promotions.
"Kip Winter's outstanding vocal talents and Dave Wilson's stunning abilities as a songwriter, composer, guitarist and singer welded seamlessly to produce a most memorable evening." John Waltham, Living Tradition Magazine.
"Dave and Kip of Winter Wilson were a delight to share with a Vancouver BC audience for the first
time. Beautiful voices, exceptional songwriting, and utterly endearing performances from these two charming and engaging artists. I loved watching the audience fall in love with them!" Shari Ulrich
(Canada), Multi Juno Award Winner
"Fabulous voices, fabulous harmonies, singing fabulous songs and to top it off an entertaining and often very humorous presentation - how can you go wrong? Winter Wilson were unquestionably one
of the finest and most polished acts we've ever had here in Humph Hall and that puts them in some very illustrious company indeed!" Wayne Richmond Humph Hall, Sydney Australia.
"...great songs that are beautifully crafted and sung, accompanied by fine musicianship and built on acclaimed, all-round musical talent" Cec Bucello, Trad & Now Magazine, Australia See less
Rosslyn Court, 62 Sweyn road,Margate, United Kingdom, Tema, Ghana
Host or Publisher Winter Wilson
Music in TemaArt in TemaFestivals in TemaLive-music in Tema


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Home » Search titles » Sue O'Connor
Sue O'Connor
Sue O'Connor is a Distinguished Professor of Archaeology in the College of Asia and the Pacific at The Australian National University. She is a specialist in the archaeology of Island Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific, and over the past 40 years has carried out field campaigns and excavations in Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Australia and Papua New Guinea. She is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and has authored over 200 journal articles. Her co-edited books include East of Wallace's Line: Studies of Past and Present Maritime Cultures of the Indo-Pacific Region (2000), The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia (2005) and The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period (2018).
Forts and Fortification in Wallacea »
Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Investigations
Edited by: Sue O'Connor, Andrew McWilliam, Sally Brockwell
'This volume presents ground-breaking research on fortified sites in three parts of Wallacea by a highly regarded group of scholars from Australia, Europe, Southeast Asia and the United States. In addition to surveying and dating defensive sites in often remote and difficult terrain, the chapters provide an important and scholarly set of archaeological and ethnohistoric studies that investigate the origin of forts in Wallacea. Socio-political instability from climate events, the materialisation of indigenous belief systems, and the substantial impact of imperial expansion and European colonialism are examined and comprise a significant addition to our knowledge of conflict and warfare in an under-studied part of the Indo-Pacific. The archaeological record for past conflict is frequently ambiguous and the contribution of warfare to social development is mired in debate and paradox. Authors demonstrate that forts and other defensive constructions are costly and complicated structures that, while designed and built to protect a community from a threat of imminent violence, had (and have) complicated life histories as a result of their architectural permanence, strategic locations and traditional cultural and political significance. Understanding why conflict outbreaks – like human colonisation – often appear in the past as a punctuated event can best be approached through long-term records of conflict and violence involving archaeology and allied historical disciplines, as has been successfully done here. The volume is essential reading for archaeologists, cultural heritage managers and those with an interest in conflict studies.' — Professor Geoffrey Clark, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra.
The Archaeology of Sulawesi »
Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period
Edited by: Sue O'Connor, David Bulbeck, Juliet Meyer
The central Indonesian island of Sulawesi has recently been hitting headlines with respect to its archaeology. It contains some of the oldest directly dated rock art in the world, and some of the oldest evidence for a hominin presence beyond the southeastern limits of the Ice Age Asian continent. In this volume, scholars from Indonesia and Australia come together to present their research findings and views on a broad range of topics. From early periods, these include observations on Ice Age climate, life in caves and open sites, rock art, and the animals that humans exploited and lived alongside. The archaeology presented from later periods covers the rise of the Bugis kingdom, Chinese trade ceramics, and a range of site-based and regional topics from the Neolithic through to the arrival of Islam. This carefully edited volume is the first to be devoted entirely to the archaeology of the island of Sulawesi, and it lays down a baseline for significant future research. Peter Bellwood Emeritus Professor The Australian National University
Transcending the Culture–Nature Divide in Cultural Heritage »
Views from the Asia–Pacific region
Edited by: Sally Brockwell, Sue O'Connor, Denis Byrne
While considerable research and on-ground project work focuses on the interface between Indigenous/local people and nature conservation in the Asia-Pacific region, the interface between these people and cultural heritage conservation has not received the same attention. This collection brings together papers on the current mechanisms in place in the region to conserve cultural heritage values. It will provide an overview of the extent to which local communities have been engaged in assessing the significance of this heritage and conserving it. It will address the extent to which management regimes have variously allowed, facilitated or obstructed continuing cultural engagement with heritage places and landscapes, and discuss the problems agencies experience with protection and management of cultural heritage places.
New Directions in Archaeological Science »
Edited by: Andrew Fairbairn, Sue O'Connor, Ben Marwick
Archaeological Science meetings will have a personality of their own depending on the focus of the host archaeological fraternity itself. The 8th Australasian Archaeometry meeting follows this pattern but underlying the regional emphasis is the continuing concern for the processes of change in the landscape that simultaneously effect and illuminate the archaeological record. These are universal themes for any archaeological research with the increasing employment of science-based studies proving to be a key to understanding the place of humans as subjects and agents of change over time. This collection of refereed papers covers the thematic fields of geoarchaeology, archaeobotany, materials analysis and chronometry, with particular emphasis on the first two. The editors Andrew Fairbairn, Sue O'Connor and Ben Marwick outline the special value of these contributions in the introduction. The international nature of archaeological science will mean that the advances set out in these papers will find a receptive audience among many archaeologists elsewhere. There is no doubt that the story that Australasian archaeology has to tell has been copiously enriched by incorporating a widening net of advanced science-based studies. This has brought attention to the nature of the environment as a human artefact, a fact now more widely appreciated, and archaeology deals with these artefacts, among others, in this way in this publication.
Islands of Inquiry »
Colonisation, seafaring and the archaeology of maritime landscapes
Edited by: Geoffrey Clark, Foss Leach, Sue O'Connor
This collection makes a substantial contribution to several highly topical areas of archaeological inquiry. Many of the papers present new and innovative research into the processes of maritime colonisation, processes that affect archaeological contexts from islands to continents. Others shift focus from process to the archaeology of maritime places from the Bering to the Torres Straits, providing highly detailed discussions of how living by and with the sea is woven into all elements of human life from subsistence to trade and to ritual. Of equal importance are more abstract discussions of islands as natural places refashioned by human occupation, either through the introduction of new organisms or new systems of production and consumption. These transformation stories gain further texture (and variety) through close examinations of some of the more significant consequences of colonisation and migration, particularly the creation of new cultural identities. A final set of papers explores the ways in which the techniques of archaeological science have provided insights into the fauna of islands and the human history of such places. Islands of Inquiry highlights the importance of an archaeologically informed history of landmasses in the oceans and seas of the world.
The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia »
Edited by: Sue O'Connor, Matthew Spriggs, Peter Veth
This volume describes the results of the first archaeological survey and excavations carried out in the fascinating and remote Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia between 1995 and 1997. The naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who stopped here in search of the Birds of Paradise on his voyage through the Indo-Malay Archipelago in the 1850s, was the first to draw attention to the group. The results reveal a complex and fascinating history covering the last 30,000 years from its early settlement by hunter-gatherers, the late Holocene arrival of ceramic producing agriculturalists, later associations with the Bird of Paradise trade and the colonial expansion of the Dutch trading empires. The excavations and finds from two large Pleistocene caves, Liang Lemdubu and Nabulei Lisa, are reported in detail documenting the changing environmental and cultural history of the islands from when they were connected to Greater Australia and used by hunter/gatherers to their formation as islands and use by agriculturalists. The results of the excavation of the late Neolithic — Metal Age midden at Wangil are discussed, as is the mysterious pre-Colonial fort at Ujir and the 350-year old ruins of forts and a church associated with the Dutch garrisons.


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RAILWAY LABOR EXECUTIVES' ASS'N v. UNITED STATES et al.
339 U.S. 142 (70 S.Ct. 530, 94 L.Ed. 721)
No. 337.
Argued: and Submitted Feb. 14, 1950.
Decided: March 27, 1950.
opinion, BURTON [HTML]
dissent, FRANKFURTER, REED [HTML]
See 339 U.S. 950, 70 S.Ct. 800.
Mr. Edward J. Hickey, Jr., Washington, D.C., for appellant.
Mr. Daniel W. Knowlton, Washington, D.C., for appellee Interstate Commerce Commission.
Mr. W. S. Macgill, Washington, D.C., for the appellees Railroad Intervenors.
Messrs. Philip B. Perlman, Sol. Gen., Herbert A. Bergson, Robert L. Stern, Richard E. Guggenheim, Washington, D.C., for appellee, The United States.
Mr. Justice BURTON delivered the opinion of the Court.
We are called upon to decide whether the Interstate Commerce Commission, in approving a consolidation of railroad facilities under § 5(2)(f) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 1 has the power to extend the period of protection of the interests of the railroad employees beyond four years from the effective date of the order. For the reasons hereafter stated, we hold that the Commission has that power.
In 1947, the City of New Orleans, Louisiana, and several common carriers by railroad, all appellees herein, filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission a joint application for authority to construct, acquire and jointly own or use certain lines of railroad, as well as to abandon certain other lines or operations, as incidents to the construction of a passenger terminal at New Orleans. The Railway Labor Executives' Association, appellant herein, intervened as a representative of the interests of the employees of the railroads. Division 4 of the Commission entered a report and order, effective May 17, 1948, approving and authorizing the transactions. New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal Case, 267 I.C.C. 763, and see Oklahoma R. Co. Trustees Abandonment, 257 I.C.C. 177, 197—201.
The order required the construction of the proposed lines to commence by December 31, 1948 (later extended to December 31, 1949), and to be completed by December 31, 1953 (later extended to December 31, 1954). It contained detailed provisions for the compensatory protection of employees affected by the consolidation, but all such protection was to end by May 17, 1952. The order disclosed that many employees affected by the consolidation would not be displaced until the completion of the project and that, therefore, they would receive no compensatory protection. 2
After unsuccessfully seeking reconsideration and modification of the order by the full Commission, the appellant sued the United States, see 28 U.S.C. 2322, 28 U.S.C.A. § 2322, in the District Court for the District of Columbia, asking that court to set aside that part of the Commission's order which limited the period of protection to four years. The Commission and the railroads intervened, answers were filed and, no facts being in dispute, all parties sought a summary judgment. The case was heard by a three-judge District Court, see 28 U.S.C. 1336, 2325 and 2284, 28 U.S.C.A. §§ 1336, 2325, 2284, which granted the defendants' motions for summary judgment and dismissed the complaint. D.C.Cir., 84 F.Supp. 178. The case is here on direct appeal. 28 U.S.C. 1253 and 2101(b), 28 U.S.C.A. §§ 1253, 2101(b).
Section 5(2)(f) of the Interstate Commerce Act provides:
'As a condition of its approval, under this paragraph (2), of any transaction involving a carrier or carriers by railroad subject to the provisions of this part, the Commission shall require a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of the railroad employees affected. In its order of approval the Commission shall include terms and conditions providing that during the period of four years from the effective date of such order such transaction will not result in employees of the carrier or carriers by railroad affected by such order being in a worse position with respect to their employment, except that the protection afforded to any employee pursuant to this sentence shall not be required to continue for a longer period, following the effective date of such order, than the period during which such employee was in the employ of such carrier or carriers prior to the effective date of such order. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Act, an agreement pertaining to the protection of the interests of said employees may hereafter be entered into by any carrier or carriers by railroad and the duly authorized representative or representatives of its or their employees.' 54 Stat. 906—907, 49 U.S.C. 5(2)(f), 49 U.S.C.A. § 5(2)(f).
The appellant and the United States 3 contend that the first sentence of § 5(2)(f) requires the Commission to condition its approval upon a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of railroad employees affected by this consolidation. They contend also that the second sentence prescribes a minimum of protection but does not restrict the Commission's power, under the first sentence, to prescribe further protection if such protection is deemed necessary to make the arrangement fair and equitable to the employees. The Commission, on the other hand, argues that the second sentence sets an inflexible standard for the fair and equitable arrangement required by the first sentence. The Commission concludes, therefore, that, in this case, it has power to require only such an arrangement as will prevent the affected employees from being in a worse position with respect to their employment for a maximum period of four years from the effective date of the order approving the project. 4
Before the Transportation Act of 1940 brought § 5(2)(f) into the Interstate Commerce Act, there was no statutory provision specifically requiring the protection of employees affected by consolidations of railroad facilities. The precursor of this provision was § 5(4)(b), as amended by the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act of 1933. That section authorized the Commission to approve consolidations 'upon the terms and conditions * * * found to be just and reasonable.' 5 There was, however, a widespread awareness in the railroad industry that many of the economies to be gained from consolidations or abandonments could be realized only at the expense of displaced railroad labor. The interests of such employees were recognized in the Washington Job Protective Agreement of 1936. 6 This was a collective bargaining contract approved by about 85% of the railroad carriers and 20 of the 21 railroad brotherhoods. It contained a schedule of substantial financial benefits recommended for employees adversely affected by consolidations or so-called 'coordinations.' 7
Section 5(4)(b) and the Washington Agreement were both in effect when, in 1939, this Court held that the Commission had power to prescribe terms and conditions comparable to those in the Washington Agreement. United States v. Lowden, 308 U.S. 225, 60 S.Ct. 248, 84 L.Ed. 208. The Commission's requirement, in that case, of a protective period of five years was sustained. Thus, at the time of the enactment of § 5(2)(f), the Commission already had power to determine and prescribe just and reasonable terms and conditions to protect employees affected by consolidations. 8
The legislative history of § 5(2)(f) shows that one of its principal purposes was to provide mandatory protection for the interests of employees affected by railroad consolidations. In 1938, the President appointed a Committee of Sex to consider the transportation problem and recommend legislation. 9 It was composed equally of representatives of railroad management and railroad labor. They endorsed the Washington Agreement and recommended amending § 5 of the Interstate Commerce Act so as to include the following:
'After the details of any proposed consolidation have been determined by the interests involved, they should be embodied in an application for approval, addressed to the Transportation Board. In passing upon such an application, the Board should be governed by the following considerations:
'(d) The interests of the employees affected. The Board shall examine into the probable results of the proposed consolidation and require, as a prerequisite to its approval, a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of the said employees.' 10
March 30, 1939, Senators Wheeler and Truman introduced S. 2009, which, in § 49(3)(c), contained substantially the above language:
'The Commission shall require, as a prerequisite to its approval of any proposed transaction under the provisions of this section, a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of the employees affected.' 11
In the meantime, the House of Representatives considered a comparable bill, H.R. 4862, introduced by Representative Lea. Extended hearings were held. On the issue before us, this bill contained the same language as did the Senate bill. It required, as a prerequisite to the Commission's approval, 'a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of the employees affected.' 12 When S. 2009 reached the House, the Committee in charge of it struck out everything after the enacting clause, substituted the text of the House bill and recommended its passage. In it, the provision in question took the form of an amendment to § 5 of the Interstate Commerce Act.
If this provision, which later became the first sentence of § 5(2)(f), now stood alone as it did then, the Commission unquestionably would have power to grant at least as much relief to employees as it had under § 5(4)(b). The crucial question is whether the second sentence of § 5(2)(f), which was inserted soon thereafter, amounts not only to an additional provision for the protection of labor, but also to a limitation upon the discretion vested in the Commission by the first sentence.
The second sentence of § 5(2)(f) has a singificant history of its own. On the floor of the House, Representative Harrington suggested the following proviso to follow the first sentence:
'Provided, however, That no such transaction shall be approved by the Commission if such transaction will result in unemployment or displacement of employees of the carrier or carriers, or in the impairment of existing employment rights of said employees.' 13
The Harrington Amendment thus introduced a new problem. Until it appeared, there had been substantial agreement on the need for consolidations, together with a recognition that employees could and should be fairly and equitably protected. This amendment, however, threatened to prevent all consolidations to which it related.
With the Harrington Amendment in it the bill went to conference. 14 It came out with all provisions relating to consolidations under § 5 eliminated. The House, however, recommitted the bill to conference with instructions to insert a modified form of the first sentence of § 5(2)(f), together with a modified form of the Harrington Amendment. The modification of the first sentence merely extended the original language as to fair and equitable arrangements so as to include abandonments as well as consolidations. 15 The modification of the Harrington Amendment is not now material.
The second conference reported § 5(2)(f) in the final form in which it was enacted into law. It retained the first sentence in its original language. 16 In the second sentence, however, it included a substantial change in the Harrington proposal. It limited it to the four years following the effective date of the Commission's order of approval. It provided also that in each case the protective period was not to exceed the length of each employee's employment by a carrier prior to the effective date of the Commission's order of approval. This clause emphasized the separability of the second sentence, for it provided that 'the protection afforded to any employee pursuant to this sentence shall not be required to continue for a longer period, * * *' than that prescribed. (Mephasis supplied. See 339 U.S. 145, 70 S.Ct. 531, supra, for full text of the clause.)
The second sentence thus gave a limited scope to the Harrington Amendment and made it workable by putting a time limit upon its otherwise prohibitory effect. There was no comparable need for such a restriction upon the first sentence. We find, therefore, that the time limit in the second sentence now applies to it and to it alone. As thus limited, that sentence adds a new guaranty of protection for the interests of employees, without restricting the Commission's power to require greater protection as part of a fair and equitable arrangement. This serves the purpose of the sentence to increase, rather than to decrease, the protective effect of the paragraph.
Under the Commission's order in the instant case, employees displaced through the early elimination of grade crossings or otherwise may receive compensatory protection up to May 17, 1952, but employees displaced after that date will receive none. They will have had long notice that, by 1954, they may be displaced. But that much 'protection' against the adverse effects of the consolidation would have been available to them without § 5(2)(f). Neither such discrimination nor such insubstantial 'protection' is consistent with the purpose or the history of the provision.
The Commission's interpretation of this statute, although entitled to weight, is not persuasive. Its present view of its authority is out of harmony with its broad view of its authority under § 5(4)(b), approved in United States v. Lowden, supra. It also is inconsistent with the broad construction given by this Court to § 1(18, 20) as to abandonments. Interstate Commerce Commission v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n, 315 U.S. 373, 62 S.Ct. 717, 86 L.Ed. 904. The Commission's own decisions under § 5(2)(f), relied upon here, have been made in cases in which the adverse effects of the approved transactions were to be felt by the employees long before the expiration of four years from the effective date of the order of approval. 17 For example, in Chicago, M., St. P. & P.R. Co. Trustees Construction, 257 I.C.C. 292, which is principally relied upon by the Commission, the construction originally was required to be completed December 31, 1943, and that date was extended to December 31, 1944, but the effective date of the order of approval was April 26, 1942, so that the minimum protective period of four years did not expire until 1946. In that case, the Commission did not eliminate all compensatory protection as it has for many employees here.
We conclude, therefore, that the Commission, while required to observe the provisions of the second sentence of § 5(2)(f) as a minimum protection for employees adversely affected, is not cnfined to the four-year protective period as a statutory maximum. The Commission has the power to require a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of railroad employees beyond four years from the effective date of the order approving the consolidation.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the case is remanded to that court with directions to remand it to the Interstate Commerce Commission for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion. It is so ordered.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
Mr. Justice JACKSON dissents upon the ground that resort to legislative history to vary the terms of the statute is not justified in this case.
Mr. Chief Justice VINSON and Mr. Justice DOUGLAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER, whom Mr. Justice REED joins, dissenting.
The sole question before us is the proper construction to be given to the amendment made to § 5(2)(f) of the Interstate Commerce Act by the Act of September 18, 1940, 54 Stat. 899, 906 907. The District Court agreed with the construction given to the provision by the Interstate Commerce Commission. In the court below, but not here, the Department of Justice joined the Interstate Commerce Commission in urging this construction upon that court. I do not think the arguments which the Government urged below have been adequately answered, and I therefore yield to them. I cannot do better than state them in the Government's own language:
'The section contains the clear and precise provision that the four-year period shall commence from the effective date of the order of approval. Had Congress intended that the period shall run from the date when the consolidation goes into effect or, as argued by plaintiff, from the date the employees are adversely affected, such words easily could and would have been used by Congress. Nor does the section give to the Commission discretion in applying a period other than four years from the effective date of the order of approval. The terminology in the statute is that the Commission shall include the four-year limitation therein provided. To provide a different period in the Commission's order would be contrary to the specific requirement imposed upon the Commission by the statute.
'Congress deliberately fixed the period of protection to start from the effective date of the order and not the date an employee is adversely affected.
'In the light of the clear unambiguous and specific language of Section 5(2) (f), its consistent interpretation and application by the Commission since its enactment and over a long period of years, and the legislative history of the statute, the order of the Commission herein should not be disturbed.'
I would affirm the judgment of the District Court.
54 Stat. 906—907, 49 U.S.C. 5(2)(f), 49 U.S.C.A. § 5(2)(f).
'The total number of employees on the New Orleans lines that probably would be affected * * * has been estimated * * * at 1,022, and the number required to operate and maintain the union passenger terminal has been estimated at 680. As provided in the terminal agreement, so far as feasible the terminal manager will recruit the necessary personnel from supervisory and other employees displaced at the 5 separate stations to be abandoned on a completion of the union passenger terminal. The estimates indicate a net displacement of about 350 employees, of whom 9 are bridge tenders and about 108 are crossing watchmen now employed on tracks which will be retired or over which train and yard movements will be reduced; but the opinion is expressed that the number eventually displaced will not exceed 300.' New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal Case, 267 I.C.C. 763, 777—778.
Although in the District Court the United States supported the Commission, it has here filed a brief supporting the appellant.
'As the record shows definitely that employees will be affected adversely by the applicant's proposals, it is appropriate in this case that we require a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of employees so affected. We think that the benefit of such an arrangement necessarily must extend to all the railroad employees affected by exercise of the authorizations herein granted. But we also think that the fair and equitable arrangement contemplated by section 5(2)(f) is measured by the specification therein of a protective period of 4 years from the effective date of our order approving a transaction within the scope of section 5(2). As was decided in Chicago, M., St. P. & P.R. Co. Trustees Construction, supra, 257 I.C.C. 292), we have no authority to prescribe any other period.' New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal Case, 267 I.C.C. 763, 782.
'* * * If after such hearing the Commission finds that, subject to such terms and conditions and such modifications as it shall find to be just and reasonable, the proposed consolidation, * * * will promote the public interest, it may enter an order approving and authorizing such consolidation, * * * upon the terms and conditions and with the modifications so found to be just and reasonable.' 48 Stat. 217.
The agreement is published in the Hearings held by the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on H.R. 2531, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 231—241 (1939).
George M. Harrison, President of the Railway Labor Executives' Association, recommended the enactment of the substance of the proposals of the Washington Agreement into law, so that the Commission might be able to make use of those proposals where appropriate. Those proposals included compensatory relief for employees, dating from the taking effect of a 'coordination.' As applied to a particular employee, the Agreement stated that the taking effect of a coordination 'means the date in said period when that employee is first adversely affected as a result of said coordination.' Id. at p. 232. It prescribed rates of compensation for employees deprived of their employment, for those continued in service but displaced from their former positions, and for those required to move to new places of residence, etc. It related individual protective periods to prior lengths of service. In some instances, it limited relief to five years from the effective date of the coordination.
It was estimated that the compensatory relief at issue in United States v. Lowden, supra, would consume, in five years, $290,000 out of the $500,000 of contemplated savings to result to the railroads. Shortly before that decision, Congress approved, in the bill still pending before it, the language which was to become the first sentence of § 5(2)(f). This Court said of such approval: 'We think the only effect of this action was to give legislative emphasis to a policy and a practice already recognized by § 5(4)(b) by making the practice mandatory instead of discretionary, as it had been under the earlier act.' Id., 308 U.S. at page 239, 60 S.Ct. at page 255. See also, Interstate Commerce Commission v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n, 315 U.S. 373, 379, 62 S.Ct. 717, 721, 86 L.Ed. 904.
Letter of December 23, 1938, transmitting a report to the President from a Committee appointed by him September 20, 1938, to consider the transportation problem and recommend legislation. Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce on S. 1310, 2016, 1869 and 2009, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 3—5 (1939). See also, H.R. Doc. No. 583, 75th Cong., 3d Sess. 1 (1938), as to the earlier Committee of Three appointed for the same purpose.
Hearings before the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on H.R. 2531, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 275 (1939). And see supporting testimony of George M. Harrison at pp. 216—217. The Committee recommended vesting the protective power in a Transportation Board, for which the Interstate Commerce Commission was later substituted.
As this provision was derived from the recommendation of the Committee of Six, the testimony of George M. Harrison, a member of that Committee, throws light upon its meaning. He said:
'In the report of the Committee of Six we do not undertake to lay down the specific, detailed protection that should be accorded labor by the Commission, but we were much of the opinion that in prescribing the protection the Commission would undoubtedly follow what seems to be generally the practice; and that is represented in an agreement that now exists between substantially all of the railroads and all of the employees' labor unions. It provides a schedule of benefits and protections.' Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce on S. 1310, 2016, 1869 and 2009, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 34 (1938).
H.R. Rep. No. 1217, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 12 (1939), and see Hearings before the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce on H.R. 2531, 76th Cong., 1st Sess. 184, 193—194, 214, 260 (1939).
84 Cong.Rec.Pt. 9, 9882 (1939).
This proposal was not without precedent. In the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act of 1933, 48 Stat. 211, there were many temporary provisions which originally were to expire in 1934 and finally did expire in 1936. Among these was § 7(b). It provided that no employee was to be deprived of employment or be in a worse position with respect to his job by reason of any action taken pursuant to the authority conferred by the Act. That provision, on a temporary and independent basis, thus coexisted with the permanent amendments which were then made to § 5 of the Interstate Commerce Act, including § 5(4)(b).
While the bill was in conference, the Legislative Committee of the Interstate Commerce Commission sent a communication to Congress condemning the principle of the amendment and upholding the sufficiency of the first sentence of § 5(2)(f):
'As for the (Harrington) proviso, the object of unifications is to save expense, usually by the saving of labor. Employees who may be displaced should, in the case of railroad unifications, be protected by some such plan as is embodied in the so-called 'Washington agreement' of 1936 between the railroad managements and labor organizations. The proviso, by prohibiting any displacement of employees, goes much too far, and in the long run will do more harm than good to the employees.' Interstate Commerce Commission Report on S. 2009, Omnibus Transportation Legislation, p. 67 (76th Cong., 3d Sess., House Committee Print), transmitted January 29, 1940.
'(f) As a prerequisite to its approval of any consolidation, merger, purchase, lease, operating contract, or acquisition of control, or any contract, agreement, or combination mentioned in this section, in respect to carriers by railroad subject to the provisions of part 1, and as a prerequisite to its approval of the substitution and use of another means of transportation for rail transportation proposed to be abandoned, the Commission shall require a fair and equitable arrangement to protect the interests of the railroad employees affected. * * *' 86 Cong.Rec.Pt. 6, 5886 (1940).
See H.R. Rep. No. 2832, 76th Cong., 3d Sess. 68—69 (1940), and remarks by Representative Lea, Chairman of House Conferees, 86 Cong.Rec.Pt. 6, 10178 (1940), and of Representative Wolverton at p. 10189.
The Commission's powers as to abandonments are thus left to § 1(18, 20), to which the Harrington Amendment has no possible application. They are as follows:
'(18) * * * no carrier by railroad subject to this Act shall abandon all or any portion of a line of railroad, or the operation thereof, unless and until there shall first have been obtained from the commission a certificate that the present or future public convenience and necessity permit of such abandonment.
'(20) The commission shall have power to issue such certificate * * * and may attach to the issuance of the certificate such terms and conditions as in its judgment the public convenience and necessity may require. * * *' 41 Stat. 477 478, 49 U.S.C. 1(18) and (20), 49 U.S.C.A. § 1(18, 20).
Under § 1(18) and (20), the Commission has authority, in its sound discretion, to prescribe the period and the conditions of the protection needed by employees adversely affected by abandonments. See Interstate Commerce Commission v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n, 315 U.S. 373, 62 S.Ct. 717, 86 L.Ed. 904. In that case, this Court reversed the narrow interpretation which had been given by the Commission to § 1(20) in Chicago G.W.R. Co. Trackage, 207 I.C.C. 315, 322. The Commission had held that it was without authority to prescribe conditions for the protection of the interests of the displaced employees. Both the District Court of the District of Columbia and this Court recognized that the authority granted by § 1(18, 20) might be narrower than that applicable to consolidations under § 5(4)(b), see United States v. Lowden, 308 U.S. 225, 60 S.Ct. 248, 84 L.Ed. 208, but held, nevertheless, that it gave the Commission authority to protect the employees affected. Under the restrictive interpretation which the Commission seeks to apply to its power in the instant case, it would be prohibited from applying its full discretion to employees displaced by consolidations, at the same time that it is authorized to apply its full discretion to those displaced by abandonments. See Interstate Commerce Commission v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n, 315 U.S. 373, 62 S.Ct. 717, 86 L.Ed. 904. This distinction would be peculiarly discriminatory in the instant case where the consolidation includes many abandonments.
Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co. Abandonment, 257 I.C.C. 700; Chicago, M., St. P. & P.R. Co. Trustees Construction, 257 I.C.C. 292; Oklahoma R. Co. Trustees Abandonment, 257 I.C.C. 177, 196 202; Texas & P.R. Co. Operation, 247 I.C.C. 285, 295, 296.
NORFOLK AND WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Petitioner, v. Richard NEMITZ et al.
ORDER OF RAILROAD TELEGRAPHERS et al., Petitioners, v. CHICAGO AND NORTH WESTERN R. CO., a Corporation.
BROTHERHOOD OF MAINTENANCE OF WAY EMPLOYES et al., Appellants, v. UNITED STATES et al.


The exhibition 'Silenced Voices: Syrian Women in Assad's prison', organised by Rethink Rebuild Society, was showcased at Leeds University Union on Wednesday 14th February 2018 to raise awareness of the real-life stories of women who have been imprisoned in Syria since 2011. During the exhibition, Bayan Shorbaji and Asmaa Alsakka, two Syrian women refugee in the UK who have relatives detained by the Syrian regime since 2011.
The exhibition attracted a large number of students and helped highlight the plight of Syrian women in captivity in Assad's prisons and the plight of Syrian refugees who still have many relatives disappeared in Assad's prisons.


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RECOMMENDED READING: "Wake Forest University's Radical Imam"
By gmbwatch on	 January 19, 2012 Daily
The Creeping Sharia blog has posted an articled titled "Wake Forest University's Radical Imam" which details the background of Khalid Griggs, the Muslim Assistant Chaplain for Wake Forest University. The post begins:
Radical is a subjective term, he's no more radical than Mohammed right? Semantics aside, couple this with terror-linked Muslims pushing sharia in elementary schools and pro-sharia Muslims rewriting textbooks and you can see how quickly a nation can be destroyed from within. via Wake Forest University's Radical Imam by Clare M. Lopez When Wake Forest University hired Khalid Griggs in February 2010 to be its first Muslim Assistant Chaplain, President Nathan O. Hatch hailed the "broader dialogue among people of different faith traditions" and the "greater awareness of differing beliefs" that he apparently supposed would flow naturally from the appointment.… In the case of Khalid Griggs, Hatch's failure has been and continues to be egregious. Even a cursory Google search readily turns up the information that Griggs is closely affiliated with the Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA). Had Hatch done even the minimal homework expected of a college sophomore, he would know that ICNA was included on a Muslim Brotherhood document submitted (unopposed) into evidence in the Holy Land Foundation trial titled, "A list of our organizations and the organizations of our friends," which identified ICNA as an entity or affiliate of the Muslim Brotherhood. Further, ICNA was named by the Department of Justice (DoJ), which prosecuted the case, an unindicted co-conspirator. To make things even worse, it turns out that Wake Forest's new imam isn't just "affiliated" with ICNA: he's the Chairman for the ICNA Council for Social Justice. This means he's a senior ranking official of an organization the Justice Department named over three years ago as an unindicted co-conspirator in a terror case. There's more. Khalid Griggs is the Imam and a founding member of the Community Mosque in Winston-Salem, NC. Together with other founding members, including Ibrahim Hanif, Jamal Abdullah, and Salih Abdul Latif, Griggs is a member of The Islamic Party of North America. Its signature publication, "Taking Islam to the Street: The Da'wah of the Islamic Party of North America," candidly describes its ideology as "a revolutionary Islam" grounded in the teachings of Maulana Abu'l a'la Maududi, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Muammar Qaddaffi, and Sayyed Qutb. Maududi was the hugely influential Pakistani Salafist who founded Jama'at-i-Islami (Society of Islam) and effectively bridged the thinking of Hasan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, and Sayyed Qutb, perhaps the Muslim Brotherhood's foremost theoretician.
The Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) is a less well-known part of the Muslim Brotherhood network in the U.S., generally thought to be closely tied to the Jamaat-e-Islami organization of Southeast Asia, itself known to be allied with the Muslim Brotherhood. ICNA is particularly close to the Muslim American Society, a part of the US Muslim Brotherhood and tied to the Egyptian organization, and the two organizations have been holding joint annual conventions for many years. Previous posts have discussed ICNA ad campaigns intended to present Islam to the U.S. public. The New York campaign drew national media attention when it was reported that Siraj Wahajj, an American Islamic convert associated with the U.S. Muslim Brotherhood and an unindicted co-conspirator in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was behind the New York campaign.
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Jimmy Carter Pleased With Egyptian Election - 10:03 AM BREAKING NEWS: U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Planning To Meet Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Leaders - 05:23 PM
Global Muslim Brotherhood Leaders Launch New Tunisian Organization - 10:00 PM
Jimmy Carter Visits Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood HQ; Criticizes Israeli Settlements - 10:00 PM KindHearts Charity Closes Its Doors - 10:03 PM
BREAKING NEWS: Egyptian Political Parties Select Muslim Brotherhood Leader As Egypt's First Islamist Speaker Of Parliament - 06:11 PM Qaradawi In Kuwait To Attend ICCO Meeting - 10:00 PM RECOMMENDED READING: "Antisemitic and Anti-Israel Articles on Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Website" - 10:03 PM
BREAKING NEWS: Tariq Ramadan And Youssef Qaradawi Come Together At Launch Of New Qatar Center To Be headed By Ramadan - 05:49 PM
Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood Prepares To Join Future Government - 10:00 PM Far Left/Global Muslim Brotherhood Coalition Announces Global March On Jerusalem - 10:03 PM ICCO Holds Forum For New European Converts - 10:05 PM
Hamas Prime Minister Says Hamas Is "Jihad Arm" Of The Muslim Brotherhood; May Merge With Islamic Jihad - 10:04 PM RECOMMENDED READING: "Wake Forest University's Radical Imam" - 10:41 PM
Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Wins 47% Of Seats In Parliament; IMF Visits With Brotherhood Leaders - 10:00 PM Launch Ceremony For New Qatar Islamic Center Organized By U.S. Universities, Qaradawi Organizations, And Group With Ties to Hamas and Al-Qaeda - 10:03 PM
Georgetown Academic John Esposito Spoke At Launch Of New Qatar Islamic Center - 10:03 PM Ghannouchi Hosts Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Women's Delegation - 10:07 PM
U.S. Universities Have Permanent Relationship With Qatar Faculty For Islamic Studies - 10:00 PM RECOMMENDED READING: "Isma'il Haniya's First Regional Tour Transforms Him From Hamas PM In Gaza to Regional Palestinian Leader" - 10:47 PM
U.K. Muslim Brotherhood Forms Yet Another Coalition; Latest Effort To Investigate U.K. Media - 10:00 PM Hamas Political Leader To Visit Jordan For The First Time In 12 Years; Also Plans Trip To Gaza - 10:03 PM
CAIR Announces Yet Another U.S. Muslim Brotherhood Coalition - 10:56 PM
RECOMMENDED READING: "Enemies of the States" - 10:03 PM Hamas Political Leader Visits Jordan; Accompanied By Former U.S. Muslim Brotherhood Leader - 10:42 PM
Grand Mufti Of Bosnia Once Again Singles Out Kuwait For Praise - 10:00 PM
Qaradawi Wants Islamic Law Gradually Implemented In Egypt - 09:32 AM Hamas Prime Minister En Route To Iran - 10:00 PM


text:
A6 är en 450 kilometer lång motorväg som går mellan Paris och Lyon. Den kallas för Autoroute du soleil (Solens motorväg) då den tillsammans med A7 går ner till Marseille och stränderna vid Medelhavet. Vägen drivs genom koncession från den franska staten av SAPRR som tar upp vägtullar för detta ändamål.

Vägen tar sin början i närheten av Wissous söder om Paris där A6a och A6b går samman. Den passerar sedan Auxerre, Beaune, Chalon-sur-Saône och Mâcon innan den når fram till Lyon vid Anse. Vägen fortsätter sedan inne i staden till tunneln under Fourvière där den byter namn till A7. Vägen är trefilig i varje riktning förutom på sträckan mellan Auxerre och Beaune där den endast har två filer i varje riktning.

Vägen öppnades i tre etapper:
1963: Auxerre syd - Nitry (25 km)
1968: Avallon - Anse (224 km)
1970: Övriga sträckor och öppnande av hela motorvägen (450 km)

Se även
Motorväg
Motorvägar i Frankrike

Externa länkar

Motorvägar i Frankrike

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Recently I bought a groupon for 3 sessions of Brazilian waxing. Two weeks after my final visit, I started experiencing a slight pain to the touch above my inner thigh where my leg connects. I knew there were a lot of lymph nodes there.
Within a day, a cut had opened up in my bikini area and started discharging blood and pus. I went to the wound care center in my area and all they could suggest was an antibacterial ointment on the open wound. When I pointed out that the lymph nodes were starting to swell and become more painful, they just said I had to wait and see.
I came home and did a search on this website for abscess and open cuts. I was so happy to find out I could rub Purification oil on the lymph node area and I could use Lavender on the open would. I used Purification for 2 days and the pain and swelling were gone and I used the Lavender just once and everything healed up beautifully. I love my oils and this website.
Additional keyword(s) assigned by the editor: painful, swollen, waxed.


text:
package ml.grafos.okapi.cf.eval;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import ml.grafos.okapi.cf.CfLongId;

import org.apache.giraph.io.EdgeReader;
import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.IntNullTextEdgeInputFormat;
import org.apache.giraph.io.formats.TextEdgeInputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.BooleanWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.FloatWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext;

/**
 * Simple text-based {@link org.apache.giraph.io.EdgeInputFormat} to read
 * user-item ratings as the input for the CF algorithms.
 *
 * Each line consists of: <user id> <item id> <rating (float)>
 */
public class CfLongIdBooleanTextInputFormat extends
    TextEdgeInputFormat<CfLongId, BooleanWritable> {
  /** Splitter for endpoints */
  private static final Pattern SEPARATOR = Pattern.compile("[\t ]");

  @Override
  public EdgeReader<CfLongId, BooleanWritable> createEdgeReader(
      InputSplit split, TaskAttemptContext context) throws IOException {
    return new CfIdFloatTextEdgeReader();
  }

  /**
   * {@link org.apache.giraph.io.EdgeReader} associated with
   * {@link IntNullTextEdgeInputFormat}.
   */
  public class CfIdFloatTextEdgeReader extends
      TextEdgeReaderFromEachLineProcessed<String[]> {
    @Override
    protected String[] preprocessLine(Text line) throws IOException {
      return SEPARATOR.split(line.toString());
    }

    @Override
    protected CfLongId getSourceVertexId(String[] tokens)
      throws IOException {
      // type 0 is user
      return new CfLongId((byte)0, Integer.parseInt(tokens[0]));
    }

    @Override
    protected CfLongId getTargetVertexId(String[] tokens)
      throws IOException {
      // type 1 is item
      return new CfLongId((byte)1, Integer.parseInt(tokens[1]));
    }

    @Override
    protected BooleanWritable getValue(String[] tokens) throws IOException {
    		return new BooleanWritable(true);
    }
  }
}


text:
Galen är en kommun (town) i Wayne County i den amerikanska delstaten New York med en yta av 155,5 km² och en folkmängd, som uppgår till 4 439 invånare (2000). Det administrativa området har fått sitt namn efter Galenos. Den största orten är Clyde, New York.

Kända personer från Galen
William M. Stewart, politiker

Externa länkar
Galen Historical Society

Orter i delstaten New York
Wayne County, New York


text:
Dallington Street, EC1V
April 21, 2020 londonstreetguide Leave a comment
Named after the Reverend Robert Dallington (1561 – 1637), Master of Charterhouse School between 1624 and 1637 and one of the first tourism guide book authors. During his tenure at Charterhouse he improved its walks and gardens. He also introduced the custom of composing verse on passages of scripture into the school. He had earlier won fame having written two books of his travels around France and Italy: A Survey of the Great Duke's State of Tuscany, in the yeare of our Lord 1596, published in 1605; and A Method for Travell: shewed by taking the view of France as it stoode in the yeare of our Lord 1598, published in 1606. The street was laid out on the site of the former Pardon Churchyard and was there in the 1720s, although it was originally called Allen Street. It changed to its present name in 1937. Charterhouse was a former Carthusian priory, established in the 14thCentury, following its closure during the dissolution of the monasteries, it was turned into a school by Thomas Sutton, Master of Ordnance to Elizabeth I.
← Glasshouse Yard, EC1M
Baldwin Street, EC1V →


text:
« Next Day Thoughts: Giants Falcons
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Justin Tuck is Among "Dream Team For Public Service"
November 23rd, 2009 Jeremy Fuchs Posted in Main
This dropped in my email inbox. Thought I would share it with you guys.
All Stars Helping Kids Announces Ten Athletes For 2010 Jefferson Awards For Public Service
World Champions Venus Williams and Lauryn Williams, MLB star Curtis Granderson, NBA All-Stars Dwight Howard and Dirk Nowitzki, NFL star Justin Tuck form core "Dream Team For Public Service" for prestigious Jefferson Award
SAN FRANCISCO (November 23, 2009) – Ronnie Lott, NFL Hall of Famer and founder of All Stars Helping Kids, today announced the ten "Dream Team For Public Service" winners from 53 nominees selected for the Jefferson Awards for Public Service, which will recognize the top athletes who have given back to their community. The ten will be officially recognized in New York City at the third annual Sports Business and Philanthropy Luncheon on Tuesday, December 8. In addition, two top winners will be honored at the national Jefferson Awards ceremony June 22nd in Washington, D.C. Past Jefferson Awards winners include four Supreme Court Justices, seven Secretaries of State; as well as Oprah Winfrey, Alan Greenspan, Peyton Manning, Colin Powell, Lance Armstrong, Barbara Bush and Bill and Melinda Gates.
The ten "Dream Team For Public Service" winners (whose capsule accomplishments are attached) were selected by the prestigious Jefferson Award board and public voting:
Nnamdi Asomugha (Lafayette, La.) defensive back, Oakland Raiders, NFL
Curtis Granderson (Chicago), all-star outfielder Detroit Tigers, MLB
Stuart Holden (Houston) forward, Houston Dynamo, MLS
Dwight Howard (Orlando, Fla.), all-star forward, Orlando Magic, NBA
Dirk Nowitzki (Wurzburg, Germany), all-star forward, Dallas Mavericks, NBA
Tyrus Thomas (Baton Rouge, La.), forward, Chicago Bulls, NBA
Justin Tuck (Coosa County, Ala.) all-pro defensive end, New York Giants, NFL
Lauryn Williams (Rochester, Pa.), Olympian and World Champion sprinter
Venus Williams (Palm Beach Gardens, Fla.) Olympian and Grand Slam champion, WTA
Ryan Zimmerman (Washington, N.C.) all-star third baseman, Washington Nationals, MLB
Teams from across the sports world nominated 53 athletes from 10 sports, with each athlete having a track record of community outreach as well as a sincere passion for service. Fan voting was conducted online or via text message, with over 25,000 votes logged during the process.
"These champions represent a wide swath of success both on and off the playing field, and we are very excited to be able to honor this group," Lott said. "The real winners in this process are the millions of people that all these athletes have assisted in community service. It is an honor for us to recognize this group and assist all of them in their very noble endeavors."
Sam Beard, founder of the Jefferson Awards for Public Service said, "Many times we forget that elite athletes from so many different walks of life are using their stature to make an impact – especially as role models for young Americans. This group is a great cross-sampling of what is being done in so many sports to impact the lives of others. They are all leaders and champions in their own way and we are proud to salute them all."
About All Stars Helping Kids
Since 1989, All Stars Helping Kids has been a galvanizing force and vehicle for individuals and corporate partners to invest in the future of children in the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond. All Stars Helping Kids' mission is to promote a safe, healthy, rigorous learning environment for disadvantaged children in low-income communities.
About the Jefferson Awards for Public Service
The Jefferson Awards for Public Service is a prestigious national recognition system honoring community and public service in America. The Jefferson Awards were established in 1972 by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, U.S. Senator Robert Taft, Jr. and Sam Beard to establish a Nobel Prize for public service. Today, their primary purpose is to serve as a "Call to Action for Volunteers" in local communities. The Jefferson Awards Board of Selectors is co-chaired by the majority and minority leaders of the United States Senate – The Honorable Harry Reid and The Honorable Mitch McConnell, as well as Laura Bush, Teresa Heinz, Julian Bond, Michael Douglas, Whoopi Goldberg, and Lesley Stahl. 155 television stations and newspapers serve as Jefferson Awards media partners across the country highlighting grassroots "Unsung Heroes."
Tags: 2010, back, C, court, Defensive End, giants, Goldberg, Justin, justin tuck, Manning, Michael, my, New York, NFL, Oakland Raiders, Raiders, Reid, S, Tuck, Williams


Antenatal clinical massage can help relieve the muscular symptoms often associated with pregnancy, in particular lower back and pelvic girdle pain. Regular massages can also help improve your sleep, reduce your blood pressure and make you less stressed and anxious.
Essential oils can be individually blended for use during your pregnancy massage or to create a personalised product to help with pregnancy-related skin complaints like acne, itchiness and stretch marks.
A bespoke oil blend contained in an aromatherapy inhaler can also used during labour to help you feel more relaxed and confident.
To ensure the benefits of treatments are longer-lasting our clinical massage therapist, Nicola, will also teach you how best to position and support your body for a restful and comfortable night's sleep – reducing the stress on soft tissues, ligaments and joints – and advise you on the techniques your partner can use to help you.
Pregnancy massage is a great complement to antenatal pilates and we offer a combined package of massage sessions and pilates classes. Please contact us to find out more.


With blasphemy in the dream it probably depends on it in which form she happened, because this can refer to something in the real life. Blasphemy is a special form of the insults, no constructive criticism. Possibly the objection has not come out against something in the reality also about violent protest instead of objective arguments and actions?
listen: you deal with bad people, - one wants to dissuade you from your good way.
other they express: one is injured somehow and manner and is offended.
your work will be difficult, however, you make to you your bread.