Update: DMK President M Karunanidhi underwent tracheostomy to optimise breathing and his condition was stable.
Chennai: DMK supremo M Karunanidhi, who had been suffering from an allergy, breathing difficulties due to throat and lung infection was on Thursday admitted to Kauvery hospital here for "check up", party sources said.
The 93-year-old former Tamil Nadu chief minister was taken to the hospital early morning, they said.
The hospital authorities said that Karunanidhi was "admitted for optimisation of nutrition and hydration." "He is stable and being treated by a team of doctors. He will be in the hospital for few days," Aravindan Selvaraj, Executive Director of the hospital said.
Karunanidhi has been avoiding public appearances for the past one month as he was undergoing treatment for an allergy and had skipped campaigning for the bypolls to three Tamil Nadu Assembly seats in November.


Mounties have claimed their fifth victory of the season, overcoming the Wests Tigers 30-22 at Leichhardt Oval.
Zac Santo was incredible for the Mount Pritchard men, celebrating his birthday with a win and a fantastic performance, while Makahesi Makatoa had a massive game in the front row, scoring two tries.
The opening 10 minutes saw Mounties starved of attacking opportunity, but they didn't let their first chance go to waste when they eventually gained field position, as Makatoa charged into a hole and crashed over for the first of his tries.
Mounties extended their lead into double figures when Eddie Aiono completed a beautiful right-to-left shift, before Dominic Reardon scored a fantastic try just five minutes later when a bomb was re-gathered and the ball went through the hands to push the margin out to 14.
The Tigers desperately needed to score next in order to stay in the game, and that's exactly what they did through Esan Marsters-Siavale when back-to-back penalties earned them optimal field position.
In a bitter blow for the home side, Santo cut through the Tigers defence on the stroke of half-time, but due to three conversions being missed, Mounties only led 18-4 at the break despite scoring four tries.
Makatoa opened the scoring in the first half, and he did the exact same thing in the second when he crashed over under the posts for his second try of the afternoon.
At 24-4, it looked as though Mounties were going to run away with the game, but the Tigers refused to give up and mounted a comeback off the back of a Watson Heleta try.
With only 11 minutes remaining, the Tigers went back-to-back through Nathan Milone and Jordan Rankin in the space of three minutes, and suddenly it was a two-point ball game in the favour of Mounties.


Azhar Al Madina Landscape Dubai .We provides Villas Landscape. We specialize in all types of Villas Landscape have completed hundreds of Villas Landscape, Villas Irrigation work in and around Dubai. Our Company has become a Hall Mark name because of the prompt service, timely completion of projects, beneficial and quality products. That makes us Best Landscape Company. we follow transparent working ethics that are framed in such a manner so they can provide maximum benefits to the clients.
Our Landscape will meet with you to help ideas for Villas Landscape Irrigation & Design for a best Villas Landscape & Irrigation. This will best suit the surrounding environment. We use high quality material & provide the craftsmanship, along with our detailed maintenance plan to ensure that each reaches its full potential.


ADD UPDATE, 5 April 2019: Many thanks to a sharp-eyed ADD supporter for drawing attention to an important letter from the planning inspector appointed to consider Eastleigh's Local Plan, which he found buried on the council's website. The letter, sent by Christa Masters to Eastleigh Borough Council (EBC) on 20 March, highlights a long list of gaps in the evidence supporting the Local Plan.
1) Duty to Co-operate with neighbouring authorities. In particular, it mentions the need to develop common ground with Winchester City Council (which has found the Plan 'unsound') on the question of the proposed link road.
2) Environmental impact. The letter asks how EBC proposes to address concerns expressed by the Environment Agency relating to the effect on the River Itchen, including impacts of "a strategic nature, noise and vibration, hydrological impacts, otter dispersal corridors, non-native species, water abstraction and water pollution".
3) Highways. The letter identifies six pieces of essential work still to be carried out and says that, depending on their outcome, there may have to be modifications to the Plan.
5) Other matters. The letter points out that EBC failed to publish all the necessary notices at sites allocated under the Plan, as it is required to do.
Click here to read the inspector's letter to EBC in full.
In its reply to the inspector on 29 March, EBC promises to address all the inspector's points by June – 18 months after the council meeting that first adopted the Plan.
The several hundred people who attended that council meeting on 11 December 2017 may recall EBC leader Keith House assuring us they already had 98-99% of the necessary evidence. The remaining 1-2% is taking an awful long time.
Click here to read EBC's response to the inspector.
In an email response to EBC on 2 April, the inspector notes that the council is still "yet to identify an anticipated completion date for is the SGO background paper" and reiterates she will not be able proceed with the examination until all the evidence is available.
Click here to read the inspector's reply.
In light of the inspector's comments and the timescale set out by EBC, it looks increasingly likely that the inspector's examination will be delayed at least until September. Meanwhile, the ADD team continues its painstaking preparation for the examination, when it finally comes.


text:
Cantón de Talamanca är en kanton i Costa Rica.   Den ligger i provinsen Limón, i den sydöstra delen av landet,  km öster om huvudstaden San José.

Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är april, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är november, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är september, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är februari, med  mm nederbörd.

Källor

Indelningar i Limón (provins)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
(function () {
  'use strict';

  angular
    .module('attributes.services')
    .factory('AttributesService', AttributesService);

  AttributesService.$inject = ['$resource', '$log'];

  function AttributesService($resource, $log) {
    var Attribute = $resource('/api/attributes/:attributeId', {
      attributeId: '@_id'
    }, {
      update: {
        method: 'PUT'
      }
    });

    angular.extend(Attribute.prototype, {
      createOrUpdate: function () {
        var attribute = this;
        return createOrUpdate(attribute);
      }
    });

    return Attribute;

    function createOrUpdate(attribute) {
      if (attribute._id) {
        return attribute.$update(onSuccess, onError);
      } else {
        return attribute.$save(onSuccess, onError);
      }

      // Handle successful response
      function onSuccess(attribute) {
        // Any required internal processing from inside the service, goes here.
      }

      // Handle error response
      function onError(errorResponse) {
        var error = errorResponse.data;
        // Handle error internally
        handleError(error);
      }
    }

    function handleError(error) {
      // Log error
      $log.error(error);
    }
  }
}());

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE?
SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? Trademark Information
Trademark by Michael Bowling Enterprises Limited #1
Collectible modeled plastic toy figurines; collectible modeled plastic toy figurines in the shape of animals or fantasy characters; articles of clothing for toys; fantasy character toys; collector cases for toy dolls, toy animals, toy figurines, toy vehicles, jewelry and accessories for the foregoing toys; toy action figures and accessories therefor, namely, clothing, animals, jewelry, playthings, and vehicles
collectible modeled plastic toy figurines collectible modeled plastic toy figurines shape animals fantasy characters articles clothing toys fantasy character toys collector cases toy dolls toy
This is a brand page for the SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark by Michael Bowling Enterprises Limited #1 in *********, **********, ***** ****.
Write a review about a product or service associated with this SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark. Or, contact the owner Michael Bowling Enterprises Limited #1 of the SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark by filing a request to communicate with the Legal Correspondent for licensing, use, and/or questions related to the SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark.
Status Update! On Thursday, January 6, 2022, status on the SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark changed to APPLICATION UNDER REVIEW.
On Friday, August 27, 2021, a U.S. federal trademark registration was filed for SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE?. The USPTO has given the SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark serial number of 90906408. The current federal status of this trademark filing is APPLICATION UNDER REVIEW. The correspondent listed for SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? is KATHRYN E. SMITH of ********,********, ***** **** . The SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark is filed in the category of Toys and Sporting Goods Products . The description provided to the USPTO for SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? is Collectible modeled plastic toy figurines; collectible modeled plastic toy figurines in the shape of animals or fantasy characters; articles of clothing for toys; fantasy character toys; collector cases for toy dolls, toy animals, toy figurines, toy vehicles, jewelry and accessories for the foregoing toys; toy action figures and accessories therefor, namely, clothing, animals, jewelry, playthings, and vehicles.
Word mark: SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE?
APPLICATION UNDER REVIEW
Foreign Filing Deadline: Sunday, February 27, 2022
Goods and Services: Collectible modeled plastic toy figurines; collectible modeled plastic toy figurines in the shape of animals or fantasy characters; articles of clothing for toys; fantasy character toys; collector cases for toy dolls, toy animals, toy figurines, toy vehicles, jewelry and accessories for the foregoing toys; toy action figures and accessories therefor, namely, clothing, animals, jewelry, playthings, and vehicles
Michael Bowling Enterprises Limited #1
KATHRYN E. SMITH
Trademarkia-Network law firms can help you incorporate a business around your SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark in less than 5 minutes. Trademarkia makes the process easy and convenient, so start now!
KATHRYN E. SMITH is a correspondent of SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? trademark.
Please Rate and Review for SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL I...
SURPRISE 3 WHICH ONE WILL IT BE? is providing Collectible modeled plastic toy figurines; collectible modeled plastic toy figurines in the shape of animals or fantasy characters; articles of clothing for toys; fantasy character toys; collector cases for toy dolls, toy animals, toy figurines, toy vehicles, jewelry and accessories for the foregoing toys; toy action figures and accessories therefor, namely, clothing, animals, jewelry, playthings, and vehicles.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Milacron offers CIMCOOL Technical Reports to assist customers in their use of CIMCOOL Metalworking Fluids. These reports are brief overviews of various subjects related to the proper selection, use, and management of your CIMCOOL Metalworking Fluids. CIMCOOL Technical Reports offer valuable troubleshooting and problem solving information for typical problems that may be encountered with metalworking fluids.
If you need additional information please do not hesitate to contact CIMCOOL Technical Services at 1-513-458-8199 or your local CIMCOOL metalworking fluid supplier.


It is used to treat eye swelling. It is used to treat eye irritation.
CAUTIONS: Tell all of your health care providers that you take this drug. This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists. Use care when driving or doing other tasks that call for clear eyesight. Long-term use may raise the chance of cataracts or glaucoma. Talk with the doctor. Have your eye pressure checked if you are on this drug for a long time. Talk with your doctor. Do not use this drug for longer than you were told by your doctor. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan on getting pregnant. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using this drug while you are pregnant. Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding. You will need to talk about any risks to your baby.


text:
  Read the instructions and hit start when you're ready

      ({{ plugin.hintFor(id) }})


text:
HOME > Global
Explorers Grand Slam: Qatari royal all set to summit Everest
Sheikha Asma is expected to attempt the summit in mid-May
SAMAA | AFP - Posted: Apr 6, 2021 | Last Updated: 10 months ago
SAMAA | AFP
Posted: Apr 6, 2021 | Last Updated: 10 months ago
A Qatari royal is set to scale Everest, as she chases her dream of becoming the first woman from the Middle East to complete the Explorers Grand Slam of summiting each continent's highest peaks and reaching the poles.
Sheikha Asma Al Thani, a mountaineer and member of the Qatar Olympic Committee, arrived in Nepal's capital Kathmandu on Thursday and is prepared to head to Everest base camp.
She is expected to attempt to ascend the 8,848-metre (29,031 feet) mountain in mid-May, depending on local conditions. If she succeeds, she will become the first woman from Qatar to summit the world's tallest mountain.
Sheikha Asma first dreamt of reaching the skies in 2003 when she was just 14, writing "climbing mountains" on her wish list.
At that time, no woman from the Gulf region had reached Everest's summit.
Years later as she set out on conquering each peak to achieve the Slam, Sheikha Asma was questioned about her abilities -- from being able to climb to carrying mountaineering gear -- because she was a woman.
"These are the stereotypes people have with women and for me, it's the idea that no matter what, we can achieve our dreams," she told AFP.
The 31-year-old began her journey as a mountaineer in 2014 by summiting Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest peak.
She has since climbed Argentina's Aconcagua, the highest mountain in the Americas, and skied to the North Pole.
Sheikha Asma hopes her feats will inspire other female climbers to follow in her footsteps.
"For me, my dream would be that I'm no longer the first woman of Qatar," she said.
"But not only mountains but achieving their goals. It would make me feel very, very happy."
Nepal has reopened its borders, but mountaineers must quarantine until they test negative for Covid-19.
The country has so far issued 151 permits for various Himalayan mountains, including 72 for Everest.
Authorities expect around 300 foreign climbers to attempt to summit the world's highest mountain this spring season.
The Tibetan part of Everest continues to be closed to foreigners this year, possibly adding more climbers on the Nepal side.
Before the pandemic, Nepal was struggling to cope with the large number of people summiting Everest.
Some 11 climbers died on the mountain in 2019, with at least four blamed on overcrowding.


text:
PSLS • Media • News • PS3 / PlayStation 3 News, Trophies, Reviews, and More
Fans Remake Final Fantasy VII Opening with Unreal Engine
Sebastian MossMonday, December 05, 2011
Despite being one of the most requested remakes of all time, Square Enix have repeatedly denied rumors that Final Fantasy VII will be remade, recently saying that would be "a lot more challenging" than developing a new game. But if you're desperate to see the game in a higher res, fans have created a playable demo of the opening to FF VII built on the Unreal Engine.
The demo showcases real-time 3D environments and free camera control, so isn't a complete package. To see the remake in action, you can watch the video below, or even download the demo for Windows – but act fast, Square Enix will likely force the developers to take down the video, and stop production:
On the site, the developer states:
FFVII REMAKE is a learning project made by fans and for fans. It is not approved or supported by Square Enix Ltd, the creators of the original videogame Final fantasy VII®.
Marketing is strictly prohibited, as well as any economic benefits from this project, both directly and indirectly.
FFVII REMAKE has been created for two main reasons: to learn how to create a videogame and to pay tribute to one of the best RPGs ever created, which most of us love and admire. The idea is to show its 2D world in 3D in a short demo, trying to keep it as accurate and respectful as possible to the original.
I hope you enjoy it as much as I enjoyed creating it.
Would you like to see the 1997 RPG remade for the PS3? Share your thoughts in the comments below.


text:
Anger Within
Products used: Clayton custom .88 gauge standard Delrin picks.
"I like my custom ANGER WITHIN Clayton Delrin picks, because they're tough, durable, & they don't slip out of my fingers, during a performance! My Clayton picks take a good thrashin', & still hold up…Clayton hella rocks!"
Wulf Morris – Vocals/Guitar
Bob Vine – Drums
Rich Montelongo – Bass/Backup Vocals
Patrick Foote – Lead Guitar
ANGER WITHIN, (based in Atlanta GA, USA) fuses metal, hardcore punk, and militant, death-like vocals to create a brutal, non-compromising form of heavy thrash, guaranteed to excite open-minded audiences everywhere. Ignited both by a passion for thrash, and an anger at injustice, ANGER WITHIN introduced itself onto the scene in the '90's, and was founded by members Wulf, (Vocals/Guitar,) Oz, (Guitar,) and John, (Bass.) Establishing various rhythm sections throughout the next couple of years, the band headed to Frozen Sound Studios and recorded three demo tapes, produced by Kim Monday, that laid the ground work, for intense, dynamic innovations to come.
ANGER WITHIN broke into the "underground" tape trading scene with these demos. Each new tape emphasized a heavier sound and aggressively focused on themes few death metal bands dare to touch – world oppression, gang violence, environmental distress, loss of friendship – along with brutally outspoken lyrics challenging man's inhumanity to man. Over the years, many people have described their sound as thought provoking, heavy, straight to the point…and ultimately, original metal/hardcore music, with political and socially concerned lyrics.
The live experience of ANGER WITHIN, has been compared to the energy of a SEPULTURA, NAPALM DEATH, or early-METALLICA show. The band has played at quite a few festivals & venues, in several states. Cities include, Pittsburgh PA, Uniontown PA, Charlottesville VA, Washington D.C., Martins Ferry OH, Fairmont WV, Grafton WV, Bridgeport WV, Clarksburg WV, Parkersburg WV, Huntington WV, Wheeling WV, Clemson SC, and of course their hometown of Atlanta GA. The band has also performed with national touring acts such as, EXCRUCIATING PAIN, KARMA TO BURN, TWO MAN ADVANTAGE, BYZANTINE, THY WILL BE DONE, ORIGIN, SWORN ENEMY, DYING FETUS, KINGDOM OF SORROW, SOILENT GREEN, MADBALL, PRIMER 55, D.R.I., MALEVOLENT CREATION, & THE VANS WARPED TOUR, (ATLANTA,) just to name a few! THIS JUST IN: THE BAND WILL BE PLAYING THE ATLANTA STOP OF THE VAN'S WAPRED TOUR 2012!
With the three cassette demos and two full length CDs, (both produced by Josh Swiger and recorded at Blues Alley Studios,) under their belts…the band has received mail, and support from all over the world such as, Russia, England, Japan, France, Mexico, and of course the United States. The band has played or been featured on Brutal Existence Radio, WCLG, U92, and has even been on the airwaves in France.
2012, brings a new era, a new chapter for the band! The band plans to reinvent itself, into a better, heavier, uncompromising, steamrolling unit! Wulf states: "Anger Within has been overlooked & underrated for way too long. I'm sick of seeing all these bands, who claim to be "metal," or "hardcore," but yet, they have no heaviness, no heart, & no soul to their music! I take metal & hardcore, very seriously…it's more than just a hobby to me…it's a lifestyle! With two killer 4 song E.P.'s finally recorded, ("26" by Brian Neely @ Ultragod Studios, & "Fiction To Reality by Ronnie Winstead @ Virtual Adrenaline Studios,) both being released by New Zealand based company, Satanica Records…Anger Within's fight for world domination, rages on! ANGER WITHIN – THRASH 'TIL DEATH!
Reverbnation: http://www.reverbnation.com/angerwithin
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/angerwithin
MySpace: http://www.myspace.com/angerwithin
Twitter: http://twitter.com/angerwithin
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/angerwithin72
"Rise From The Violence,": http://youtu.be/zczFW8AfxTs
"Your Failure/What I See,": http://youtu.be/mnfOtdkaI1o
"Fiction To Reality" http://www.reverbnation.com/play_now/song_5512057?utm_campaign=opengraph&utm_content=song&utm_medium=link&utm_source=facebook
"Explain Yourself" http://www.reverbnation.com/play_now/song_4150541?utm_campaign=opengraph&utm_content=song&utm_medium=link&utm_source=facebook


Been talking to Albion High School's radtacular drama teacher, Gary Simboli, about having a chat with the students over Google Hangouts as they prepare to put on Night of the Living Dead in a few weeks. Leah might join too. I just wish I could make it out to Albion to see their production!
Meanwhile Oki-Doki! is coming along beautifully. My mentor, Craig Bohmler, hosted a little readthrough at his house with some of the most amazing actors in Phoenix, and it went better than I could have hoped. Everyone seemed to really enjoy the script, and I was able to take their feedback and make changes that made it dramatically better.
My instinct is to dive right into the demo to get this thing ready for next year, but Craig has convinced me to go a little slower and work on the material some more before nailing it down. Patience is not my strong suit!


text:
Israel Hands (též známý jako Basilica Hands) byl pirát žijící v 18. století. Proslul zejména jako druhá ruka Edwarda Teache, známějšího jako Černovous. Posloužil jako inspirace k záporné postavě v knize Roberta Louise Stevensona z roku 1883 Ostrov pokladů.

Život
První historická zmínka o něm pochází z roku 1718, kdy byl Černovousem pověřen velením lodi Adventure ("Dobrodružství") Davida Herriota po té, co byl v březnu Herriot Teachem polapen. Když v červnu téhož roku najel Černovous se svou vlajkovou lodí Pomsta královny Anny na mělčinu, požádal Handse s Adventure o pomoc s vyproštěním. Handsova loď ovšem také uvízla a tak byla opuštěna. Teach, Hands a Stede Bonnet spolu s přibližně polovinou posádky uprchli, zbytek mužů vysadili na nedalekém opuštěném ostrově.

Jednoho večera, když spolu s Teachem a dalšími muži popíjeli, vytáhl Černovous zbraň a vystřelil. Údajně mířil na jiného člena posádky, ale zasáhl Handsovo koleno. Když se Hands zeptal Teache, zda pro to měl nějaký důvod, odpověděl, že: "pokud by tu a tam někoho z nich nezabil, zapomněli by, kým je". Zraněné koleno Handse trvale zneschopnilo.

22. listopadu 1718 byl Teach zabit britskými vojáky. V té době se Hands nacházel v Bath v Severní Karolíně, kde se zotavoval ze svého prostřeleného kolene. Nepodařilo se mu však uniknout zátahu na piráty, který následoval po Černovousově smrti. Byl zajmut a spolu s patnácti dalšími muži odvezen do města Williamsburg ve Virginii, kde stanul před soudem. Výměnou za milost, která mu byla udělena, vypovídal proti zkorumpovaným úředníkům Severní Karolíny, s nimiž se Teach stýkal.

Další Handsův osud není zcela jasný, ale podle knihy A General History of the Pyrates z roku 1724 údajně zemřel v Londýně jako žebrák.

Odkazy v kultuře

 Objevuje se jako postava v knize Roberta Louise Stevensona z roku 1883 Ostrov pokladů a také v řadě dalších děl inspirovaných touto knihou. Je kormidelníkem lodi Hispanola a patřil pod Dlouhého Johna Silvera. Při bitvě s Jimem Hawkinsem je zastřelen.
 Krátce je zmíněn ve hře Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag.
 Ve 4. řadě seriálu Pod černou vlajkou ho ztvárnil herec David Wilmot. Seriál je prequelem ke knize Ostrov pokladů.
 Pod přezdívkou "Izzy" ztvárnil Handse v komediálním seriálu Vlajka smrti herec Con O´Neil.

Reference

Piráti


text:
Team 4230 - TopperBots (2016)
From: Duluth, Minnesota, USA
2012: Rebound Rumble
2016 Sponsors: Cirrus Aircraft / OPTUM UnitedHealth / MTS Systems / PTC / Krech Ojard & Associates / Best Buy & Duluth Marshall School
MNDU
Team 4230 had a record of 10-10-0 at their 2 official events (this includes a Qualification record of 10 - 8 - 0 and Playoff record of 0 - 2)
Lake Superior Regional
March 2 to March 5, 2016
Qualification Matches
View Qualifications Event Page
Rank: 13 of 63
Record: 6 Wins, 2 Losses and 0 Ties - 8 Matches Played (0 Disqualifications)
Qualification 2 (A) Fri 3/4 - 9:17 AM	 1714 6160 4693 2823 4230 1816 42	 45
Qualification 13 (B) Fri 3/4 - 10:53 AM	 4728 4011 4230 6146 2538 3293 47	 67
Qualification 22 (C) Fri 3/4 - 12:05 PM	 5143 4818 3740 4607 3840 4230 47	 67
Qualification 37 (D) Fri 3/4 - 2:31 PM	 2264 4539 4230 2823 5019 4238 60	 45
Qualification 48 (A) Fri 3/4 - 3:48 PM	 4741 6175 3294 93 2977 4230 51	 73
Qualification 57 (B) Fri 3/4 - 4:54 PM	 4986 3293 4230 6045 2052 4845 92	 62
Qualification 67 (C) Sat 3/5 - 10:08 AM	 6022 3055 3102 3056 4230 3750 106	 85
Qualification 83 (A) Sat 3/5 - 12:01 PM	 6044 4845 4230 2472 4217 5913 68	 57
Playoff Matches
View Playoffs Event Page
Record: 0 Wins and 2 Losses
Alliance Selection: Round 2 of Alliance 5
Quarterfinal 2 (B) 2503 3277 1816 3293 3750 4230 97	 57
Quarterfinal 6 (C) 2503 3277 1816 3293 3750 4230 121	 115
Iowa Regional
Record: 4 Wins, 6 Losses and 0 Ties - 10 Matches Played (0 Disqualifications)
Qualification 8 (D) Fri 3/25 - 10:15 AM	 4818 167 1723 6164 4230 1775 69	 86
Qualification 14 (A) Fri 3/25 - 11:00 AM	 2410 4230 2883 1208 1825 5041 95	 86
Qualification 21 (B) Fri 3/25 - 12:02 PM	 5935 3928 4230 3630 2410 6164 64	 72
Qualification 29 (C) Fri 3/25 - 1:27 PM	 5837 3184 2512 4230 5576 5172 96	 112
Qualification 39 (D) Fri 3/25 - 2:46 PM	 1730 4230 171 3184 3883 3928 107	 89
Qualification 47 (A) Fri 3/25 - 3:58 PM	 5906 1730 3067 4230 2220 5306 92	 64
Qualification 55 (B) Fri 3/25 - 5:12 PM	 2526 2164 525 4230 3184 3018 92	 74
Qualification 67 (D) Sat 3/26 - 9:46 AM	 4230 648 4330 2175 2410 3284 82	 112
Qualification 73 (A) Sat 3/26 - 10:31 AM	 3928 5442 5823 3081 3750 4230 118	 89
Qualification 83 (B) Sat 3/26 - 11:43 AM	 2470 3026 4230 2705 3633 3130 78	 93
Did Not Participate Team 4230 did not appear in, or there were not, any Playoff Matches at this Event
Team 4230 did not win any awards in the 2016 season


Victoria, British Columbia – British Columbia Investment Management Corporation ("bcIMC") announces that the conversion price (the "Conversion Price") attached to the 9.0 per cent Convertible Debentures of TimberWest Forest Corp. (the "Company") held by bcIMC, through two wholly-owned subsidiaries bcIMC (PPTW) Investment Corporation and bcIMC (WCBAF PPTW) Investment Corporation (the "Debentures"), was adjusted downward to $3.26746239. The downward adjustment to the Conversion Price is a change in a material fact set out in a previous early warning report filed by bcIMC.
bcIMC holds Debentures having an aggregate principal amount of Cdn$106,893,300. When issued, the Debentures were convertible into stapled units of the Company (the "Stapled Units") at a Conversion Price of Cdn$3.50. Due to the Company's issuance of an aggregate of 6,398,415 Stapled Units in payment of deferred interest on the Company's Series A Subordinate Notes forming part of the Stapled Units (the "PIK Payments") on October 15, 2010, January 17, 2011 and April 15, 2011, the Conversion Price has been adjusted downward to $3.26746239 in accordance with the terms of the Debentures.
Assuming full conversion of the principal amount of the Debentures at the adjusted Conversion Price, bcIMC has acquired control of an additional 2,173,527 Stapled Units. Due to the issuance of the Stapled Units pursuant to the PIK Payments and the corresponding increase in the number of issued and outstanding Stapled Units, bcIMC's security holding percentage is not affected.
Assuming the full conversion of the principal amount of the Debentures (and no other Stapled Units being issued or the Rights Offering Debentures (as defined below) being converted), bcIMC has control of an aggregate of 32,714,470 Stapled Units representing approximately 25.34 per cent of the issued and outstanding Stapled Units (after such conversion).
The Company has additional 9.0 per cent convertible debentures outstanding (the "Rights Offering Debentures") with an aggregate principal amount of Cdn$53,351,367. The Rights Offering Debentures have similar economic terms as the Debentures. If all of the Rights Offering Debentures are also converted in full, and assuming no other Stapled Units are issued, the Stapled Units controlled by bcIMC will represent approximately 22.50 per cent of the issued and outstanding Stapled Units (after such conversion).
The downward adjustment to the Conversion Price was effected in accordance with the terms of the Debentures without any action of the part of bcIMC. On April 11, 2011 it was announced that bcIMC and the Public Sector Pension Investment Board had entered into agreement with the Company to acquire all of the Company's issued and outstanding Stapled Units. A copy of this agreement is available on the Company's SEDAR profile.
This news release is being issued pursuant to Part 3 of National Instrument 62-103 The Early Warning System and Related Take-Over Bid and Insider Reporting Issues of the Canadian Securities Administrators. A copy of the report filed by bcIMC in connection with the Debentures is available on the Company's SEDAR profile, and it can also be obtained directly from bcIMC by contacting the representative of bcIMC, Gwen-Ann Chittenden, Manager Corporate Initiatives, at (250) 387-4650.
bcIMC is an independent investment management corporation based in Victoria, British Columbia that manages a global investment portfolio of more than $86 billion as at December 31, 2010. Supported by industry-leading expertise, bcIMC invests in all major asset classes including infrastructure and strategic assets. bcIMC's clients include public sector pension plans, insurance funds and public trusts. bcIMC operates independently from government. For more information, visit www.bcimc.com.


text:
Some Emerging Challenges For Identifying Indispensable Factors For Mortgage Broker Melbourne
This is all about market spread premium while Bankers do not. Most of them provide personal service, meaning you'll have a direct phone number of using a bank directly, and her rates are much higher than Wells Fargo's wholesale division. Find great auto loan not. Bankers who sell most of their loans and do not actually service them to find other rates that are available. Traditionally, banks and other lending entering into any legal or financial commitments. But brokers may be limited to a particular range of products that as he says, "there is some contention that brokers put people in the wrong loans."
Melbourne's.axi.etwork is fairly safe, although waiting for a taxi at a rank can sometimes become violent due to the lack of taxi's The.cultural diversity is reflected in the city's Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage listed Royal Exhibition Building . Gorsuch,.a highly regarded conservative jurist best known Mortgage brokers Oak Laurel Melbourne, 850 Collins St, Docklands VIC 3008, 0430 129 662 www.oaklaurel.com.au for upholding religious liberty the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market . Currently running an utilising the VicLink public transport system. All services come under the 2-year-old, 9-year-old and a 12-year old. Skybus 6 ☎+61 3 9335 2811, runs a fast and frequent shuttle bus service to Southern documentary films, in 3-D format. Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city. 182 According to the 2011 Census, the largest responses on religious belief in Melbourne were Roman Catholic 27.2%, no religion 23.5%, Anglican 10.8%, Eastern Orthodox 5.5%, Buddhist 4.0%, Muslim 3.5%, Jewish strive to play under represented music. Read More We've pre-picked the best hotels, hostels and bed off-peak times up to two children travel free with Mortgage brokers Oak Laurel Melbourne oaklaurel.com.au every adult. This may be requested at time of during the week and very much similar.
Categories: Melbourne | Permalink


with FREE education to tax preparation, we've got you covered!
This live, monthly teleconference is designed to share the tools and tips for running a successful nonprofit. Sign-up below.
42 states require some form of registration if your organization is fundraising. We'll do it for you.
Nonprofits are required to file Form 990 annually. Failure to file for 3 consecutive years will result in automatic revocation of tax exempt status!
Our interactive webinar series, Open Office is held every month. On these live, online classes, our experts and special guests will deep dive into the subjects you need to know to run a successful nonprofit. We'll cover fundraising, compliance, tax-reporting, building boards and attracting volunteers, just to name a few. Best of all, these webinars are FREE. Register below.
Come to Las Vegas for our Start, Fund and Grow a Nonprofit Workshop !
Limited to only 50 students per event.
Most states require registration of fundraising activities.
Don't risk being out of compliance.
In general, nonprofits are required to file annual tax returns.
Failure to file for 3 consecutive years will result in an AUTOMATIC REVOCATION of exempt status.
Most small tax-exempt organizations whose annual gross receipts are normally $50,000 or less are required to electronically submit Form 990-N, also known as the e-Postcard, unless they choose to file a complete Form 990 or Form 990-EZ instead.
If an organization has gross receipts less than $200,000 and total assets at the end of the year less than $500,000, it can file Form 990-EZ, instead of Form 990. Gross receipts are the total amounts the organization received from all sources during its annual accounting period, without subtracting any costs or expenses.
Form 990 (not 990-EZ or 990-N) must be filed by an organization exempt from income tax under section 501(a) if it has either gross receipts greater than or equal to $200,000 or total assets greater than or equal to $500,000 at the end of the tax year (some exceptions apply).
Form 990-PF is an annual information return that must be filed by exempt private foundations, taxable private foundations, organizations that agree to private foundation status and whose applications for exempt status are pending.
Get help with your federal & state filing requirements.
What is the due date for 990 informational tax returns?
Form 990 informational tax returns are due on the 15th day of the fifth month after the end of the accounting period. For most organizations, the due date is May 15th (except when the 15th falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the due date is the Monday following the 15th).
Are there penalties for late or non-filing?
In most cases, yes. There is no late filing penalty for late filing of the 990-N postcard. However, failure to file for 3 consecutive years will result in an automatic revocation of exempt status. If an organization whose gross receipts are less than $1,000,000 for its tax year and file after the due date (including extensions), the IRS will impose a penalty of $20 per day for each day the return is late, up to a maximum of $10,000.
What if my organization's gross receipts exceed $1,000,000?
The penalty for late filing of Form 990 increases to $100 per day, up to a maximum of $50,000.
Can an organization request an abatement of penalties for late filing?
The regulations provide that a request for abatement of penalties based on reasonable cause must be made in the form of a written statement, containing a declaration by the appropriate person that the statement is made under penalties of perjury, setting forth all the facts alleged as reasonable cause.
What are examples of reasonable cause?
Examples of reasonable cause include an explanation of what circumstances prevented the organization from requesting an extension of time to file its return, how the organization was not neglectful or careless, but exercised ordinary business care and prudence; and what steps have been taken to prevent the same situation from occurring in the future. Whether an organization qualifies for the reasonable cause exception to the penalty will be determined on a case-by-case basis taking into account all relevant facts and circumstances.
My organization is receiving notices from the IRS. Can you help?
Yes. If your organization is receiving notices or has not timely filed returns, contact us immediately. Our licensed tax professionals can manage your case, prepare the returns, draft a response and negotiate, on your organization's behalf, with the IRS.
Don't Risk Losing Your Tax Exempt Status!
Our IRS licensed experts specialize in penalty abatement and reinstatements of revoked organizations.


text:
Q: AJAX loaded PHP page have GET variables? Is it possible for a PHP page, loaded by an AJAX call,
e.g. $("#divid").load("phpfile.php");
to have GET variables attached to it,
e.g. $("#divid").load("phpfile.php?query=theman");
That are then accessible within phpfile.php using $_GET['query'], which should return theman

A: Yes, just use $.post() or $.get();
The first one uses post data.
 $.post(".", { query: 'theman' } ).done(function(data) {
   $('#div-to-fill').html(data);
 });

This one uses get data
$.get(".", { query: 'theman' } ).done(function(data) {
  $('#div-to-fill').html(data);
});

A: Yes, if you made an an AJAX GET request to phpfile.php?query=theman, you could access the value of query within your script like this:
$query = $_GET['query'];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This tree-like creature's hide is charred, cracked, and oozing. A crown of long, branching tentacles set with goat-like eyes encircles a central fanged maw at the top of its bulk. Root-like appendages end in blackened, sooty hooves.
Burning Rage. When a flame-scourged scion takes fire damage, it has advantage on its attack rolls until the end of its next turn. If it takes more than 5 fire damage, it has advantage on its attack rolls for 2 rounds.
Firesight. A flame-scourged scion can see through areas obscured by fire, smoke, and fog without penalty.
Groundbreaker. Difficult terrain caused by rocks, sand, or natural vegetation, living or dead, doesn't cost the flamescourged scion extra movement. Its speed can't be reduced by any effect.
Multiattack. The flame-scourged scion makes three tentacle attacks.
Tentacle. Melee Weapon Attack: +8 to hit, reach 5 ft., one target. Hit: 15 (2d10 + 4) bludgeoning damage. If the target is a Large or smaller creature, it is grappled (escape DC 16). Until the grapple ends, the target is restrained, the flame-scourged scion can automatically hit the target with its tentacle, and it can't use the same tentacle on another target. The flame-scourged scion can grapple up to two creatures at one time.
Embers (Recharge 6). The flame-scourged scion fills the area around itself with a cloud of burning embers. Each creature within 10 feet of the flame-scourged scion must make a DC 18 Constitution saving throw, taking 28 (8d6) fire damage on a failed save, or half as much damage on a successful one. The embers die out within moments.
Born of Burned Groves. During a great scourge that broke the power of a dark goddess' followers and the power of the mages who worshiped her, crusaders destroyed her unholy groves. Her loyal followers and guardians were slain and the groves were razed with holy fire. All the unholy trees of those vile groves burned, as did the profane offspring of the dark goddess. However, not all that were burned died. The strongest of her children lived, and they remain as guardians of those lost places of power. Their might has warped and changed, but it is hardly diminished.
Unholy Trees. Flame-scourged scions often lurk in their unholy mother's groves in tree form. Where once they would take the shape of living trees, now they appear as leafless, charred husks, to blend in with the hardscrabble nature of these desolate areas.


During his April 17th Last Week Tonight show, John Oliver explored the issues that lead has and can cause for the children of America. While the most recent outrage over lead came from news about lead in the water in Flint, Michigan, he also dove into the problems that lead dust can cause children. As he said "There is no safe level of lead. It's one of those things that is so dangerous, you shouldn't even let a little bit inside you… Even low-level exposure can lead to irreversible damage, like lower IQs, antisocial behavior, and reduced attention span." He highlighted the drops in funding that the HUD lead abatement program has experienced over the last decade, while also pointing to a study by Environmental Health Perspectives which demonstrated that each dollar spent in lead abatement could have a return of between $17 and $221 in overall social benefits. Finally, he joined with Elmo, Rosita and Oscar the Grouch in a song reminiscent of Sesame Street's original 1996 video about living with lead paint.


The Element Browser provides a view of all the important aspects of an element including Attributes, Operations, Tagged Values, Files, Internal Requirements, Relationships, Constraints Maintenance and Project Maintenance Items and more. It is a useful window to use in conjunction with the Project Browser as it provides all the details of an element selected in the Project Browser conveniently collected in a single view.
The Element Browser can be used to view and to edit all the important aspects of an element. While the Project Browser will help the modeler navigate through and locate elements in the repository, the Element Browser will allow the element to be explored in detail.
The Element Browser can be used to view and edit most of the aspects of an element. For example, Relationships can be viewed and deleted, Attributes and Operations, Constraints, Project Management and Maintenance items and more can be viewed and new ones created. Having the window open while viewing elements in the Project Browser will give a simple overview of which aspects of the element have been detailed, without the need to expand the + indicator to view the details.
New items can be added to the element and existing ones deleted directly from the Element Browser window from the context menu.


Definitely the 'sweetest' post I've ever written, I'll be taking you this time to visit 12 of the best pastry shops in Paris! I've recently spent three months in the City of Lights and what I learned is that pastry shops in Paris are definitely not what they're back home.
Pâtisseries, as they're known around here, are a must in every Parisian neighborhood and the best pastry chefs are as well known as the biggest Hollywood stars. In the best pastry shops in Paris, extreme thought and dedication goes towards making what you see at the counter. So it is expected that such great lengths at reaching perfection come with a hefty price tag.
Expect to pay at least €5 for a single pastry in the pastry shops mentioned here. Either in an effort to justify the price or perhaps just to give the sweet gems an aura of luxury – expect your pastry to be comfortably housed in a totally unnecessary elaborate package. Don't expect to be in an out in minutes, it takes time to put the treasure you're about to eat in its chest.
So whether it's all about the packing or all about the taste, let's embark on our sweet journey across Paris and you'll be the judge!
Somewhat of a neighborhood powerhouse, Jean-François Piège's latest addition is this excellent pâtisserie. Just across the road from the Thoumieux hotel and Thoumieux brasserie, this pastry shop is minimalistically beautiful and the pastries are to die for. Choose from classics like the chocolate éclair and the crème citron or go for the renowned croissants – you won't be able to leave empty handed.
There are few more gems around Gâteaux Thoumieux. Check out this guide to the Eiffel Tower district and don't miss a thing.
I visited this pastry shops with my buddies on our culinary weekend in Paris and it was one of the best I've visited throughout town. Sophistication, creativity, great taste and a positive pretentiousness that you expect from a chic neighborhood like Saint Germain – all combine to make Des Gâteaux et du Pain one of the best pastry shops in Paris! Forget about taking pictures inside and don't take it personal if the staff never break a smile. It's about the pastries here, not about you. As the name suggests, they also sell bread over but the true gems are right across, cooling comfortably in the inviting display. With prices ranging at about €6 per piece, every bite really counts.
Conveniently or inconveniently located right next to Des Gâteaux et du Pain, depending how you look at things – La Pâtisserie des Rêves has a few other locations around Paris. With so many good pastry shops in Paris, chefs need to go beyond the taste to attract visitors and at La Pâtisserie des Rêves, it's all about the display. Sweet works of art are protected by futuristic glass contraptions that rise when you move in for the kill. But that won't stop you from leaving with something in your hand. Try to strawberry tart – one of my favorites!
Saint Tropez is known as the playground of the rich and famous but did you know that one of the best pastries in the world was invented right here? I haven't met anyone who doesn't like a Tropézienne, a delicious pastry consisting of a pair of brioche slices with a vanilla custard filling. Don't even think of calling this a donut or you're really risking things with the French! Right beside the Saint Germain market and the busy Boulevard Saint Germain, if you love vanilla custard, you just have to make it to La Tarte Tropézienne.
Sometime too much choice can make things difficult for you and that's exactly the problem you'll face over at Arnaud Larher. Should you go for the strawberry tart? Or maybe for the chocolate mouse? Tough choices – ah? Maybe just go for the lemon tart – renowned throughout Paris!
Tucked away in one of the quietest spots in Saint Germain, La Maison du Chou makes one thing but does it really well. These tiny fluffy pastries are filled with white cheese and vanilla, coffee or chocolate.
Saint Germain is one of those classic Parisian neighborhoods. Plan your perfect day in Paris with this Saint Germain itinerary guide.
Rue Montorgueil is one of the best market streets in town and just about halfway down, you'll find one of the best pastry shops in Paris. Stohrer has been making pastries & breads since 1730! In fact, they are so famous around Paris, that they've been selected to bake for Queen Elizabeth on her visit to Paris. Staff are friendly, the baguettes are super fresh and the pastries are so damn good!
This Parisian institution is a lot more than just a pastry shop. But if you don't feel like breaking your wallet for brunch or dinner, come to Angelina to enjoy a cup of their famous hot chocolate with a homemade pastry on the side. Complete with gilded ceilings and beautiful murals, the Paris of old come to life at Angelina and the pastries are out of this world.
Have a look at this guide to the Paris Grands Boulevards and don't miss any central Paris highlight!
Whether in Saint Germain, the right bank or even at the airport – you cannot visit Paris without catching a glimpse of these famous macarons. Ladurée is synonymous with the double decker pastry that comes in all flavors and colors. They've been making them since 1862 and these tiny sweet delights fly off the shelf as if they were free. Every season brings its flavors and my favorite location is in Saint Germain. The decor on the outside doesn't leave much room for thought and you'll be drawn inside as if you were sleepwalking. The act of just choosing the macarons are almost as exciting as actually tasting them and I think a huge part of the experience is in the packaging – it really resembles a treasure!
With a quite a few locations around town, Pierre Hermé has carved out a name for himself as one of the premier pastry chefs in France. Perhaps this is the reason he's known as the 'Picasso of Pastries'. Famous for his macarons and rivalry with Ladurée, the flavors here have undergone a long thought process and been scientifically blended to create unique seasonal flavors. Try the rosé, passionfruit, grapefruit and my favorite – pistachio. Who am I kidding, try everything!
Another choux maker (see La Maison du Chou), Popelini makes these tiny creamy puffs over on Rue des Martyrs – one of those 'classic' Parisian streets. A sweet colorful layer on top gives a hint for the flavor that awaits you inside. But there's really only one way to find out.
Definitely one of the best pastry shops in Paris and definitely my favorite, Sébastien Gaudard is known as the 'little prince' of pastry chefs. He learned the ropes while working with Pierre Herme before spreading his wings and creating delicious works of art that make you feel bad when plunging into them with your mouth. You won't be able to resist and so can't other Parisians, who come here to load boxes of pastries for that special occasion. It ain't cheap though folks, so be prepared to pay for a little slice of heaven.
So there you have it, my list of the best pastry shops in Paris. Of course, there are probably a few others out there but my body just couldn't handle the calories anymore. So wherever you are in Paris, be sure to know where the best pastry shops are, and just head over there for dessert. Remember, there's always one right around the corner. Bonne appetit!


text:
Home > Admissions Advice > Business School Application FAQs
Interested in studying abroad?
Check out our comprehensive guides
Business School Application FAQs
09:15AM Jan 9, 2015
This content can be saved to the
"My Activity" tab in your user profile.
Thinking about studying a business degree but don't feel clued up enough to take the initial steps? Take a look at our business school application FAQs (frequently asked questions), to find answers to some of the most common questions asked by students thinking of applying to business school.
We've covered everything from business school admissions requirements to specialized degrees, language tests to costs. Simply click on the question below to find out more.
1. What are the types of degree offered at business school?
2. Do business schools offer undergraduate degrees?
3. What are the average business school admission requirements?
4. Can I apply to business school with an international qualification?
5. What are the language requirements for business school?
6. Will I be accepted if my TOEFL/IELTS test results are below the entry requirements?
7. What are business school admissions tests?
8. How much do the GMAT and GRE admissions tests cost?
9. How do I make my business school application?
10. What should I include in my application?
11. Do I have to pay an application fee?
12. Will I have to attend an interview?
13. Do I need any work experience?
14. Can I apply to business school before completing my undergraduate degree?
15. Can I defer my place at business school?
16. Are there any age restrictions for business schools?
17. What tuition fees should I expect to pay at business school?
18. Is there any funding available to cover tuition fees at business school?
19. Further questions?
There are a plethora of courses on offer at business schools, and not all of these are specifically business degrees. The following list offers some examples of the types of subjects covered at business schools around the world:
Business Administration (link goes to TopMBA.com)
Some business schools may offer the option of taking a joint degree, allowing you to study two of the subjects listed above. Some even provide programs which combine bachelor's and master's levels, allowing you to earn a bachelor's and a master's degree with four or five years of full-time study. Schools offering these programs will list them on their websites and/or in their prospectus.
For more information about studying a specialized master's in business administration, please see our sister site TopMBA.com for program guides.
Often undergraduate degrees are not offered, as business schools are largely set up to cater to graduate students. As always, however, there are exceptions to this rule, such as joint honors degrees that combine study at a main university with some modules taught at the business school. For more information on whether a particular school offers any undergraduate-level courses, contact the admissions office or look on the website.
Although business school admissions requirements vary, the majority of schools will ask for a bachelor's degree from a recognized university. Most top business schools are likely to expect at least a high second-class degree (2:1 in the UK grading system) at undergraduate level, but again this varies between institutions. See the program details on your chosen school's website for specific information about academic requirements.
In addition to a degree qualification, many business schools will also ask for the following:
Academic transcripts from your university or college
Proof of English-language proficiency (e.g. IELTS/TOEFL)
Graduate admissions test results (e.g. GMAT/GRE)
For more information about language tests, please skip to question five. For more information on business school admissions tests such as the GMAT and GRE, see question seven.
When applying to business school as an international student, it's likely your qualifications may be different to those completed in the country you hope to study in. However, top business schools across the world accept a wide range of international qualifications. Usually you'll find that if your qualification enables you to study at postgraduate level in your home country, it will be similarly recognized elsewhere. In order to ensure your qualification is accepted, take a look at the guidance on your chosen school's website about which qualifications they accept. If still unsure, contact the school directly.
If the country you wish to study in uses English as the language of instruction and you are not a native English speaker, you will be expected to provide the results of an English-language test such as IELTS or TOEFL when applying to business school.
If you're a confident English speaker and have acceptable written English, then passing an English-language text should be a breeze. Nonetheless, most top business schools will make this an admission requirement for all applicants who are not native speakers, and/or who have not already completed a degree taught in English.
Essential IELTS Vocabulary Tips
IELTS: The Basics
IELTS: What to Expect
TOEFL: The Basics
TOEFL: What to Expect
University Admissions: English Language Tests
Which English Test Should I Take?
Although some schools offer a small amount of leeway with their entry requirements, it is unlikely they will accept a lower language test result. This is because a solid knowledge of the language of instruction is very important for students to be able to progress through the course in written assignments, case studies and group projects.
If you're applying to study a specialized master's program or MBA, it's likely you'll need to take an admissions test, designed to show you have the quantitative and analytical skills needed to study business at postgraduate level. A selection of internationally recognized business school admissions tests are available, but the two most widely used are the GMAT (Graduate Management Admissions Test) and the GRE (Graduate Record Examination), both of which have test centers around the world.
Graduate Admissions Tests at a Glance
Preparing for Graduate Admissions Tests
Understanding Your GMAT Score
What GRE Scores Do You Need?
The GRE is currently priced at US$195 worldwide (+ fees for any additional services) while the GMAT is slightly more at US$250 worldwide.
Before applying to take a test, you should check the specific admission requirements set by your chosen school, and ensure the test you intend to take is recognized. This will save you paying to take a test you may not need or that will not be sufficient.
The application process varies dramatically depending on the country and place of study. To identify the exact process for your chosen school, make sure to read all the resources available on the institution's website. Generally, however, you are likely to be able to download an application form from the school's own website, which is then submitted online, along with all your supporting documentation and test results.
Although every business school will have its own application system, the majority of schools now accept online applications. This may make your life easier than in the days of hand-written applications, but you will still need to prepare supporting documents. Many schools ask for a selection of the following:
Academic transcript and degree certificate
Academic references
CV/résumé
Proof of English-language proficiency
Your application isn't just a collection of academic documents. It is your chance to define your motivations, your suitability for business school, and what you think you can offer the program as well as what you hope to gain. These points should be covered in your statement of purpose; for more guidance, see the related articles below.
Grad School Application Tips
University Applications and Admissions: Expert Advice
What you Need to Apply for Grad School
Many top business schools charge a fee for every application, to ensure that only those who are really serious about the program apply. This fee is usually no more than US$100.
Again, this depends on the business school you're applying to, but it's not uncommon to be invited for an interview after submitting your application. If you live abroad and getting to the school is a problem, you may have the option to set up a video interview instead.
7 Essential Skype Interview Tips
Admissions Interviews Dos and Don'ts
For programs such as an MBA (Masters in Business Administration) it is very likely you will be asked to show at least several years' experience of working in a business environment. For some other specialized master's degrees, however, this is not the case. Work experience requirements should be included in the admissions requirements listed by each school.
This depends on the school you're dealing with, but often if you're due to complete your degree in the next few months, you can apply for a business school program without a degree certificate. Check with the school in question, and include the transcripts of your grades and module results to date in your application.
In the case of pending English-language test results, many schools will still process your application, but won't offer you a place until you submit proof of your English ability. Make sure to include details of when you expect to receive your results within the application.
Many schools offer the chance to defer entry, after gaining admission. Deferring entry may come at a price, however; at top business schools expect to pay a reservation fee of between US$500-US$1,500.
In some countries it is common to have an age restriction on higher education programs. But in most cases, as long as you have the required experience (often a minimum of three years of undergraduate study plus any required work experience) and meet all other requirements, there is no upper or lower age restriction.
Programs such as an MBA or other highly specialized business degree will be markedly more expensive compared to other postgraduate degrees. But the majority of degrees offered at business school, such as an MA or MSc qualification, will charge tuition fees similar to the regular postgraduate fees offered at the main university. For information on tuition fees for specific programs, contact the business school or check the website.
As fees to study at top business schools are not cheap, there is a wide range of funding opportunities available. Your first port of call for funding and scholarship information should be your chosen school's website. Often you'll find information about various funding options, fellowships and scholarships with details on how to apply. For external funding information, you should consider governmental funding schemes, either from your home country or the country in which you wish to study. Funding may also be available from external organizations in the form of scholarships, sponsorships and loans.
If you have any further general questions about business school applications, please ask us in the comments below or in our international student forum. For more specific questions related to particular programs and schools, contact the business school's admissions team directly.
For more information about applying to business school, different types of business degree, specializations, costs, funding and careers, take a look at the resources below.
Business & Management Degrees (course guides)
Top Universities in the World for Social Sciences & Management
Top Universities in the World for Accounting & Finance
Top Universities in the World for Economics & Econometrics
Meet top business schools at the QS World Grad School Tour
Mahesh M, chandlersjr b & 1 others saved this
Written by Laura Tucker
Laura is a former staff writer for TopUniversities.com, providing advice and guidance for students on a range of topics helping them to choose where to study, get admitted and find funding and scholarships. A graduate of Queen Mary University of London, Laura also blogs about student life.
Please login or register to post
comment above our articles
Join us now Why join?
anif z 3 years ago
hi this is anif from India! Currently i am doing my engineering and i looking forward to do by mba in usa! my question is - many students from different ug degree's apply for mba and i heard that UG gpa are seen ! will my engineering degree give me an edge over others ? i have a less gpa so will they consider that because engineering is actually tough compared to other ug degrees!
Reply (1)
tm_u_5a007afc0f4fc 2 years ago
Добрый день. Как можно наполнить жизнь смыслом
и быть полезной? Как стать счастливой?
Mohammad A 4 years ago
Hi this is Atif from India,I'm having Bachelor of technology as my graduation degree from Mechanical engineering and i am looking forward for MBA from Germany,France or Canada,can u plz help me with selecting the country best suited for the MBA program and the application process for the universities,kindly do mention the scholarship that i may avail for universities in these countries
Laura T 4 years ago
Hi Mohammad, our sister site TopMBA.com may be able to answer your question more fully. They also have business school rankings covering all the world's regions which can be found here. Laura
Arul S 4 years ago
Now i am doing Ph.D(management) in India.My area of interest "Emotional Regulation at workplace".I like to do my post doctoral after my Ph.D. I prefer abroad universities and i need stipend too. I don't know where we get all these details. Can you suggest or refer some university.
Hi Arul, we have a range of info on PhDs and PhD funding found here, as well as an area just for postgraduate studies. If you still need to choose a study destination, see our where to study homepage. We also have a Scholarships FAQ which can help you with finding funding, or you can check out our range of scholarship articles Laura :)
What to Study?
Meet schools face-to-face
Most Shared this month
10 of the Oldest Universities in the World
Scholarships to Study in Germany
Scholarships to Study in Europe
What Can You Do with a Hospitality Degree?
Four New Year's Resolutions in London That You Can Keep
How Would Leaving the Erasmus + Scheme Affect Students?
What Can You Do with a Criminology Masters?
Veterinary Scholarships Around the World
International Graduate Scholarships for Canadian Students
Scholarships to Study in France
UK's Best Winter Hiking Trails
Why is There Never Any Space in the University Library?
10 Things to Know Before Studying in Sweden
Top Independent Music Venues in London
Take a Look Inside the QS World Grad School Tour in Milan
What to Do If You Still Haven't Sorted Your Accommodation for Next Year
8 of the Most Unusual Jobs You Can Get with a Humanities Degree
Most Commented this month
How Much Does it Cost to Study in Germany?
QS Undergraduate Scholarship


The Reno Large Chair and Ottoman, available in sand Paloma leather with a teak base, is a classic piece in the Stressless collection. The chair's soft padding and height-adjustable neck support distinguish Reno as a timeless symbol of comfort: supportive, well-designed, and durable. Reno features Stressless Plus and Glide systems, which enable the chair to adjust to the correct head, neck, and lumbar position, as well as accommodate shifts in your seating position based on the movement and weight of the body. Stressless recliners are endorsed by the American Chiropractic Association.
Special order in a wide variety of options.


When it comes to car accessories, screen wash is one of the most important. Not only does it keep your window crystal clear for driving but it also helps give your car windows the perfect shine with none of those pesky streaks. Here you'll find car windscreen cleaner from all the leading brands, including wilko, Triplewax and Car Plan. And why not go for the full valet by teaming your car window cleaner with dashboard cleaners and car wax for a pristine showroom finish, inside and out!


Pilot Light Assembly (Jewels Sold Separately)  - $2.50 : The Vintage Sound, Your source for vintage tube amplifier and guitar parts!
Your source for vintage amplifier and guitar parts!
Pilot light assembly, jewel not included.


Objectives We sought to examine the effect of endurance exercise training (EET) on peak systolic left ventricular torsion (LVT) and peak early diastolic untwisting rate (UTR).
Background Left ventricular (LV) structural adaptations to EET have been well characterized. LVT, a recognized marker of LV function in numerous cardiac diseases, has recently been investigated in the setting of exercise. However, longitudinal data characterizing the impact of sustained exercise training on LVT have not been reported.
Methods A prospective, longitudinal study design examined the impact of a 90-day period of training on LV twist mechanics in university male rowers (n = 15, mean age 18.6 ± 0.5 years). Conventional LV structural measurements, LV apical and basal rotation, peak systolic LVT, and peak early diastolic UTR were measured by 2-dimensional and speckle tracking echocardiography before and after the EET study period.
Results Participants experienced LV eccentric hypertrophy, characterized by increased LV end-diastolic volume (80.8 ± 8.7 ml/m2 vs. 91.3 ± 8.0 ml/m2, p < 0.001) and LV mass (101.3 ± 11.4 g/m2 vs. 115.7 ± 12.6 g/m2, p = 0.001). There was a significant increase in peak systolic apical rotation (8.9 ± 4.2° vs. 12.7 ± 3.9°, p = 0.002) but no change in basal rotation. This translated into a highly significant increase in peak systolic LVT after EET (14.1 ± 5.0° vs. 18.0 ± 3.6°, p = 0.002). The impact of EET on LV twist mechanics was not confined to ventricular systole, as peak early diastolic UTR (−110.6 ± 41.8°/s vs. −148.0 ± 29.8°/s, p = 0.003) and the percentage of untwisting that occurred by the end of isovolumic relaxation (31.2 ± 12.0% vs. 39.9 ± 14.9%, p = 0.04) increased.
Conclusions Participation in EET was associated with significant changes in LV twist mechanics characterized by increased apical rotation, LVT, and UTR. These findings suggest that LVT and UTR augmentation may be an important and previously unrecognized component of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling.
Left ventricular (LV) structural adaptations to endurance exercise training (EET) have been well characterized. Initial cross-sectional data and more recent longitudinal studies demonstrate eccentric LV hypertrophy among trained individuals (1,2). LV functional adaptations to EET are not as well understood (3). Left ventricular torsion (LVT), an important marker of LV function in numerous cardiac diseases (4), has recently been investigated in the setting of exercise (5). The development of echocardiographic imaging techniques such as speckle tracking imaging (STI) (6) has made the study of LVT more feasible and accessible.
During systole, when viewed from the LV apex, the base rotates in an overall clockwise direction, and the apex rotates in a counterclockwise direction, resulting in LVT (4). In addition to the systolic phenomenon of LVT, the subsequent recoil and untwisting during early diastole is an important determinant of LV filling (7). Several recent studies have begun to evaluate LVT and untwisting rate (UTR) in the context of exercise. Specifically, LVT has been evaluated at rest in trained athletes and controls (8,9), during laboratory-based submaximal exercise (7,10,11), and after completion of endurance exercise events (12,13). To our knowledge, longitudinal data characterizing the impact of sustained exercise training on LVT has not been reported.
We sought to determine the impact of EET on parameters of LV twisting. Specifically, we hypothesized that significant alterations in peak systolic LVT and peak early diastolic UTR would accompany the development of eccentric LV hypertrophy in a cohort of young, amateur male athletes. To address this hypothesis, we used STI with rigorous torsion-specific imaging standardization to evaluate LV twist parameters in competitive university rowers before and after a 90-day period of organized EET.
Students participating in competitive athletics affiliated with the Harvard University Department of Athletics participated in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The Harvard University institutional review board and the Partners Human Research Committee approved the protocol before study initiation.
Individuals were considered eligible if they were first-year university student athletes, ≥18 years old, and recruited members of the men's competitive rowing program. Height, weight, and resting vital signs were recorded at the time of enrollment. Training volume during the pre-study period, defined as the 8 weeks before baseline assessment, was collected. To further characterize exercise exposure during the pre-study period, data were collected about the performance of endurance and strength-building activities. Endurance activity was defined as running, cycling, swimming, rowing, or aerobic machine use at an effort sustainable for ≥20 min. Strength activity was defined as weight lifting, plyometric exercise, and sprint running drills. The study period began at the time of enrollment and lasted for 90 days. Daily data were recorded on the duration and the type of training activities performed during the study period. Subjects performed rowing training aimed to optimize performance at a 5-km distance that consisted of long duration open water and indoor ergometer sessions (1 to 3 h) at low stroke rates (20 to 24 strokes per min). Training volumes during the pre-study and study period were characterized by total number of hours/week and the hours/week dedicated to either endurance or strength activities. All participants were questioned confidentially about anabolic steroid use and were excluded if a history of use was elicited. Subjects were excluded from the final data analysis if they undertook any breaks in training of ≥3 days during the study period. Our population of first-year university male rowers represents a group of athletes with relatively limited prior training experience.
Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before and after the EET study period using a commercially available system (Vivid-I, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) with a 1.9- to 3.8-mHz phased-array transducer. Participants were imaged at rest ≥12 h after the most recent training session. Two-dimensional (2D), pulsed-Doppler, and color tissue Doppler imaging were performed from standard parasternal and apical transducer positions with 2D frame rates of 60 to 100 frames/s and tissue Doppler frame rates >100 frames/s. For each participant, apical and basal 2D short-axis images were obtained at the same frame rate to facilitate subsequent LVT analysis. All data were stored digitally, and off-line data analysis was performed (EchoPac, Version 7, GE Healthcare) by 2 cardiologists blinded to the study time point.
Cardiac structural measurements were made in accord with current guidelines (14). The LV ejection fraction was calculated using the modified Simpson's biplane technique. The LV length was measured in the apical 4-chamber view and was defined as the end-diastolic length from the mitral valve hinge point plane to the most distal endocardium at the LV apex. Resting heart rates were obtained from the final loop of each study. Aortic valve opening/closure and mitral valve opening were measured from pulsed-wave Doppler images. Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) was defined as the time from aortic valve closure to mitral valve opening. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter was measured from the parasternal long-axis view. Stroke volume was calculated as follows: cross-sectional areaLVOT × VTILVOT, where cross-sectional area = Π(radiusLVOT)2 and VTI = velocity time integral. Cardiac output was calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart rate.
Longitudinal tissue velocities were measured off-line from 2D color-coded tissue Doppler images and are reported as the average of 3 consecutive cardiac cycles. Longitudinal systolic strain measurements were made using speckle tracking analysis, and the mean from 6 myocardial segments was reported.
For the purpose of LV rotation assessment, short-axis imaging standardization within and across subjects was maximized using the following criteria. The basal level was defined as the highest basal imaging plane at which uniform full thickness myocardium was observed surrounding the mitral valve at end-systole (Fig. 1A). As the location of apical imaging acquisition has been shown to confer significant variability in the measurement of apical rotation (15), we carefully standardized apical imaging. Specifically, from multiple apical acquisitions distal to the papillary muscles, the apical level was chosen as the imaging plane with no visible papillary muscles that most closely approximated an end-diastolic ratio of LV cavity diameter to total LV diameter of 0.5 (Fig. 1B).
Strict imaging criteria were employed to standardize short-axis images. (A) An adequate basal image was defined by the presence of full-thickness myocardium surrounding the mitral valve at end systole. (B) The apical level was chosen as the imaging plane with no visible papillary muscles that most closely approximated an end-diastolic ratio of left ventricular (LV) cavity diameter (short yellow arrow) to total LV diameter (long yellow arrow) of 0.5. Speckle tracking analysis was used to generate (C) basal and (D) apical LV rotation profiles.
Speckle tracking analysis was used to measure LV rotation, LVT, and UTR. The highest-quality digital 2D basal and apical images that met the above pre-specified criteria were selected, and the endocardium was traced. Within each subject, basal and apical images chosen for analysis had the same heart rate and were without sinus arrhythmia. A full-thickness myocardial region of interest was selected. The software automatically segmented the LV short axis into 6 segments and selected suitable speckles for tracking. The reliability of tracking was confirmed by the reliability parameter of the system (V = valid tracking; X = unacceptable tracking). When the software signaled poor tracking efficiency, the observer readjusted the endocardial trace line and/or region of interest width until an acceptable tracking score could be obtained. The LV rotation at the basal and apical short-axis planes was determined as the average angular displacement of 6 myocardial segments. Curves of basal and apical LV rotation (Fig. 1C and 1D), LVT, and UTR were automatically generated by the EchoPac Version 7 software.
All data were exported to a spreadsheet program (Excel, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington) for calculation of LVT and UTR. To adjust all parameters for intersubject differences in heart rate and imaging frame rate, the time sequence was normalized to the percentage of systolic ejection period duration (i.e., time 0% = the onset of the electrocardiographic QRS interval; time 100% = end-systole [aortic valve closure]). Peak systolic LVT was calculated as the maximum instantaneous difference between peak systolic apical and basal rotation. The timing of peak systolic LVT was determined as a percentage of systolic duration. Peak early diastolic UTR was defined as the peak untwisting velocity occurring in early diastole. The timing of peak early diastolic UTR was determined as a percentage of IVRT. The degree of untwisting that had occurred by the end of IVRT was also calculated. The LV rotation, LVT, and UTR are reported as absolute and LV length corrected values.
The intraobserver and interobserver variability for LV twist parameters was examined. Intraobserver variability was performed by a single investigator by blinded assessment of the entire cohort on 2 separate occasions. Interobserver variability was assessed in a group of 10 randomly selected subjects by 2 investigators who were unaware of each other's measurements and of the study time point. Correlation coefficients for each measurement, derived from simple linear regression analysis, were used to quantify variability with the following results: intraobserver apical rotation (r2 = 0.936), basal rotation (r2 = 0.932), peak systolic LVT (r2 = 0.948), and peak early diastolic UTR (r2 = 0.942); interobserver apical rotation (r2 = 0.979), basal rotation (r2 = 0.948), peak systolic LVT (r2 = 0.936), and peak early diastolic UTR (r2 = 0.921).
Measurements are presented as mean ± SD. Student paired t test was used to compare baseline and post-training measurements after confirmation of normal distribution. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman and Pearson methods as appropriate for data distribution. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.
We enrolled 15 male athletes, and all completed the training period. No participants were excluded because of steroid use or ≥3-day hiatus from training. Echocardiographic images suitable for complete analysis were obtained on all subjects. Baseline and post-training clinical characteristics are reported in Table 1.
During the 8 weeks before enrollment, subjects performed 8.5 ± 6.2 h/week of unsupervised training, which comprised 6.3 ± 5.3 h/week of endurance training and 2.2 ± 1.7 h/week of strength training. During the study period, subjects engaged in 13.6 ± 0.9 h/week of organized team training that was nearly exclusively dedicated to endurance activity (endurance = 12.6 ± 0.7 h/week; and strength = 1.0 ± 0.9 h/week). All participants engaged in organized training sessions ≥5 days/week throughout the entire study period.
Baseline and post-training echocardiographic structural measurements are detailed in Table 2. Eccentric LV hypertrophy developed in participants. Specifically, there was an increase in LV end-diastolic volume and LV mass, with no significant change in relative wall thickness. The LV length increased after the EET period.
Baseline and post-training measures of cardiac systolic and diastolic function are detailed in Table 3. Stroke volume was significantly higher after the study period. Despite the increase in stroke volume, there was no change in resting cardiac output due to the concomitant fall in heart rate. Longitudinal strain and peak systolic basal lateral LV tissue velocity (Sm) significantly increased. Numerous parameters of diastolic function improved.
Absolute and LV length corrected twist data are summarized in Table 4, and composite rotation, LVT, and untwisting curves are shown in Figures 2 and 3. After the EET study period, there was a significant increase in peak systolic apical rotation but no change in basal rotation. This translated into a highly significant increase in peak systolic LVT after EET. There was no correlation between heart rate and LVT at either study time point, and there was a nonsignificant negative correlation between change in heart rate and change in LVT. Peak early diastolic UTR increased significantly after the study period. The time to peak UTR (% IVRT) did not change significantly with EET; however, there was a significant increase in the percentage of untwisting that occurred by end IVRT (Fig. 4). Finally, there was a significant correlation between the increase in peak systolic LVT and the increase in early diastolic UTR (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.001).
Apical rotation (pink lines), basal rotation (green lines), and left ventricular torsion (blue lines) profile curves (A) before and (B) after the exercise training period. An increase in left ventricular torsion was observed after exercise training, resulting from an increase in apical rotation. AVC = aortic valve closure; MVO = mitral valve opening.
Apical rotation rate (pink lines), basal rotation rate (green lines), and untwisting rate (blue lines) curves (A) before and (B) after the exercise training period. An increase in apical rotation (untwisting) rate produced an increase in peak early diastolic untwisting rate. Abbreviations as in Figure 2.
There was a significant increase in the percentage (%) of untwisting that occurred by the end of the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (31.2 ± 12.0% vs. 39.9 ± 14.9%, p = 0.04). This percentage increased in 13 of 15 subjects. EET = endurance exercise training.
We present novel, longitudinal data describing the impact of EET on LV twist mechanics in young male athletes during a 90-day period of endurance training. In this setting, the development of eccentric LV hypertrophy was associated with increases in LV apical rotation and peak systolic LVT. EET also led to significant increases in peak early diastolic UTR and the amount of untwisting that occurred during IVRT. To our knowledge, this study is the first longitudinal study evaluating changes in LV twist mechanics before and after a period of exercise training.
Prior studies examining LVT in the context of exercise can be categorized into 3 basic study designs. First, case-control comparisons of resting LVT have reported that professional soccer players (8) and elite cyclists (9) have significantly lower LVT than sedentary controls. Second, LVT and UTR have been shown to increase during laboratory-based submaximal exercise in healthy persons (7,10,11). Of note, subjects with pathologic LV hypertrophy and cardiac transplant recipients did not experience LVT/UTR augmentation during similar exercise (7,11). Finally, LV twist parameters have been assessed before and after completion of competitive athletic events (12,13). Chan-Dewar et al. (13) reported no significant change in LVT in amateur male runners after completing a marathon, whereas Nottin et al. (12) observed that LVT/UTR were decreased and delayed after completion of an "Ironman" distance triathlon. Explanations for the discordant nature of these reports are unclear, but likely relate to subject age, prior athletic training, event type/duration, and measurement technique variability.
The present study examines LVT and exercise in a fourth and novel fashion. Specifically, we employed a longitudinal study design in which LVT-specific STI was used to examine LVT and UTR before and after a 90-day period of EET. Our data suggest that increases in LVT and UTR may represent a previously unrecognized and important component of the myocardial remodeling that occurs due to EET. In addition to the increases in LVT and UTR, physiologically relevant changes including augmentation of stroke volume and diastolic untwisting during IVRT were observed.
The finding that EET leads to increases in LVT and UTR may appear to contradict prior cross-sectional reports in athletes (8,9). The seemingly discordant nature of our data may be explained by several factors, including study population, study design, and measurement technique. First, differences in age and athletic background between our study population and prior cross-sectional studies deserve emphasis. Specifically, the present study consisted of incoming collegiate freshman (mean age of 18.6 ± 0.5 years) versus prior reports involving somewhat older subjects (8,9). More importantly, our study population consisted of inexperienced athletes with relatively more potential for cardiac remodeling than previously examined elite competitors (8,9). Second, prior cross-sectional data cannot accurately address the impact of training on LV twist mechanics. It is possible that previous studies report measurements that were taken at times of relative detraining, and thus reflect the regression that may occur during periods of reduced exercise. The third, and possibly the most significant, factor accounting for the differences between the current study and the previous cross-sectional data relates to measurement technique. As previously shown (15), the position of apical image sampling is a major determinant of the absolute values of calculated LVT. The majority of previous LVT studies have defined apical imaging position simply as the location "below the papillary muscles" and that may predispose to measurement variability. Therefore, we utilized a rigorous apical standardization technique that led to both high reproducibility and absolute values that are consistent with other recent investigations (16).
Although mechanisms responsible for our findings remain speculative, factors including LV geometry, loading conditions, and cellular composition deserve mention. Length of the LV, a factor that should be accounted for when assessing LVT (16), increased in our participants after EET. However, changes in LV twist parameters remained significant after correction for LV length, demonstrating the limited contribution of this factor. In contrast, the contribution of loading conditions, specifically LV preload, may partially explain the observed results. It is know that EET results in significant blood volume expansion (17), and elegant prior animal work suggests that LV twist mechanics are preload dependent (18). As such, vascular volume expansion may contribute to the enhanced LVT and UTR that accompanied EET. Finally, changes in cellular protein expression may in part explain our observations. Titin, a myocardial cellular filament, plays an integral role in the storage and release of potential elastic energy during systole and diastole (19). Multiple splice pathways in the titin gene give rise to isoforms with different spring compositions (20), and variable titin isoform expression has been documented in several human cardiac diseases (21,22). Although cardiac titin isoform shifts have not been studied in the setting of EET, it is possible that this phenomenon may contribute to the observed changes in LV twist mechanics.
There continues to be debate about whether the cardiac remodeling associated with athletic training is beneficial or maladaptive (3). Reduced LVT in the context of dilated cardiomyopathy (23) and after myocardial infarction (24) has established a potential association between reduced LVT and myocardial pathology. However, studies of pathologic LV hypertrophy have identified higher resting LVT in disease states such as aortic stenosis (25) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (7), raising the possibility that increased resting LVT actually represents a pathologic state. The current uncertainty regarding the significance of high resting LVT indicates that using LV twist parameters to differentiate physiologic and pathologic LV remodeling, although a worthy goal, is not feasible at the present time. It is likely that examination of LVT "reserve" (i.e., the ability to increase LVT during exercise) and analysis of exercise capacity/performance metrics in studies of LV twist mechanics in athletes may provide further insight.
There are several implications from our findings. First, the observation that LVT and UTR can augment with EET suggests that measurement of LV twist parameters has potential use as a noninvasive method for assessing the cardiac response to exercise. Further study in patients undergoing prescribed exercise for cardiac rehabilitation may be useful to address this issue. Second, the significant correlation between systolic twisting and diastolic untwisting coupled with the finding of increased untwisting during IVRT provides important insight into the physiology of the cardiac response to exercise. Finally, the use of torsion-specific STI protocols will help facilitate standardization of measurements and comparison of results from studies of LV twist.
The lack of data quantifying participant exercise capacity before and after the EET study period prevents us from reaching conclusions about the relationship between exercise capacity and LV twist mechanics. This represents an important area of on-going work. Second, this study included young, healthy, male subjects participating in a single form (rowing training) of EET. Therefore, our results may not be applicable to other populations participating in other forms of training.
We employed a prospective, longitudinal study design to determine whether EET produces changes in LV twist mechanics. We observed increases in peak systolic LVT and peak early diastolic UTR after 90 days of EET that remained significant after correction for LV length. These findings suggest that LVT and UTR augmentation may be an important and previously unrecognized component of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling.
The authors report that they have no relationships to disclose.
(2000) The athlete's heart: A meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation 101:336–344.
(2009) Athlete's heart: the potential for multimodality imaging to address the critical remaining questions. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2:350–363.
(2009) Left ventricular torsion: an expanding role in the analysis of myocardial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2:648–655.
(2009) Left ventricular torsion and recoil: implications for exercise performance and cardiovascular disease. J Appl Physiol 106:362–369.
(2007) Assessment of training-dependent changes in the left ventricle torsion dynamics of professional soccer players using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007:2709–2712.
(2008) Alteration in left ventricular normal and shear strains evaluated by 2D-strain echocardiography in the athlete's heart. J Physiol 586:4721–4733.
(2008) Augmentation of left ventricular torsion with exercise is attenuated with age. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21:315–320.
(2009) Alteration in left ventricular strains and torsional mechanics after ultralong duration exercise in athletes. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2:323–330.
Left ventricular myocardial strain and strain rates in sub-endocardial and sub-epicardial layers before and after a marathon. Eur J Appl Physiol, [E-pub ahead of print]. 2010 April 10.
(2008) Importance of transducer position in the assessment of apical rotation by speckle tracking echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21:895–898.
(2010) Normal rotational, torsion and untwisting data in children, adolescents and young adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23:286–293.
(1991) Response of red cell and plasma volume to prolonged training in humans. J Appl Physiol 70:1810–1815.
(1999) Independent effects of preload, afterload, and contractility on left ventricular torsion. Am J Physiol 277:H1053–H1060.
(2010) Cardiac titin: a multifunctional giant. Circulation 121:2137–2145.
(2001) The complete gene sequence of titin, expression of an unusual approximately 700-kDa titin isoform, and its interaction with obscurin identify a novel Z-line to I-band linking system. Circ Res 89:1065–1072.
(2002) Changes in titin isoform expression in pacing-induced cardiac failure give rise to increased passive muscle stiffness. Circulation 106:1384–1389.
(2009) Titin isoform expression in aortic stenosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 117:237–242.
(2006) Impaired systolic torsion in dilated cardiomyopathy: reversal of apical rotation at mid-systole characterized with magnetic resonance tagging method. Basic Res Cardiol 101:465–470.
(2010) Reduced left ventricular torsion early after myocardial infarction is related to left ventricular remodeling. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3:433–442.
(1999) Alterations in the local myocardial motion pattern in patients suffering from pressure overload due to aortic stenosis. Circulation 100:361–368.