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The 2013 New Zealand winter storm was a highly intense extratropical cyclone which affected New Zealand on 20–22 June. The storm brought strong winds and high waves especially around the Wellington Region, and further afield chilling cold temperatures and heavy snow to the South Island. The storm was described by the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) as an extreme event. The maximum 10-minute average, sustained wind reading, recorded at Wellington airport was 101 km/hour, with individual gusts up to 130–140 km/hour at this location. Winds were equivalent to the strength of a category 1 or 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Record wave heights of 15 m peak to trough were recorded by a buoy offshore from Baring Head in the Cook Strait.
The highest wind gust was 202 km/hr, at Mt Kaukau, Wellington.

Meteorological history
On 19 June a surface low pressure just to the northwest of the South Island and at the same time there was a southerly coming in with some cold air at the top of the atmosphere. "The whole thing developed as a massive low that started to move across the west of the South Island, then [20 June] it moved across Cook Strait to create a new low just east of Kaikoura... that was the real kick in pants that caused a clockwise circle of wind." -Associate Professor James Renwick at the School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences at Victoria University has researched how polar conditions affect our weather. "To get an event like this, which is pretty extreme, we need the westerly wind that normally blows across New Zealand and the southern oceans to slow down and to buckle into a series of big meanders, north-south waves around the hemisphere." The air was so cold over the country, temperatures dropped to −6˚C in Tekapo, because the isobars stretched all the way to down to the edge of the Antarctic sea ice". This followed bad weather earlier in the month on 4 June which saw winds up to 120 km/h and torrential rain and flooding across the country.

Impacts

High winds struck Central New Zealand on the night of 20 June and morning of 21 June. Wind gusts uprooted trees, ripped roofs off houses, smashed windows and flung trampolines into powerlines in Wellington, Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, closing roads and schools across the lower North Island. The Fire Service received 932 emergency calls for help in the lower North Island in the 12 hours to 6 am 21 June. During the Storm residents were advised to stay indoors and not go out by the City Council. Wellington City Council said they had received many reports of flying debris with multiple reports of trees and powerlines down, along with broken windows and structural damage. In the suburb of Kingston a house lost its roof. Radio New Zealand listeners reported that roofing iron was blowing about on roads in Newtown. Emergency services said they were very busy during the storm. The Northern Police Communications Centre said 90% of the calls it received couldn't be answered by its overloaded central branch based in Wellington.

The storm damaged houses, roads and seawalls, as well as closing 150 schools and leaving thousands without power across the country. The storm caused significant damage to the capital's electricity network and resulted in 30,000 homes and businesses without power at its peak. Conditions were so dangerous that some council and power companies stopped their workers from carrying out repairs, until the storm had subsided.

Ocean waves measuring  from trough to peak were recorded from a buoy about 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) out to sea, near Wellington by NIWA. The waves washed away parts of some coastal roads and seawalls, and were the largest recorded near the capital since measurements began in 1995. Localised coastal flooding also occurred in the Wellington suburbs of Island Bay, Seaview and the city of Porirua. In Lower Hutt the local council estimated a cost of $100,000 NZD to remove debris washed up on the Petone foreshore when parts of the wall were smashed by the storm surge. Logs and driftwood lay scattered around Marine Parade to Eastbourne. The childhood holiday home of writer Katherine Mansfield was severely damaged by massive waves at Days Bay where several homes were completely destroyed.

Racing at Trentham Racecourse was cancelled following the storm and the start of the Wellington LUX light festival was postponed until 22 June.

The Hawkes Bay region saw destructive winds, with a peak gust of 80 km/h recorded at Hawkes Bay Airport on 21 June. Police and council workers spent much of the following weekend cleaning up after the storm, most of which involved uprooted trees and blocked roads. Hawke's Bay Civil Defence manager Trevor Mitchell said the region had got off "pretty lightly" compared to other parts of the country, though some areas suffered localised surface flooding.

The Insurance Council of New Zealand says the storm could be the biggest weather event, insurance-wise, in the lower North Island since the 2004 Manawatu River floods. Measurements placed the storm in the same category as five other major storms recorded in 1961, 1965, 1967, 1974, 1977 and 1985.

References

External links

NIWA: Raw Footage Wellington Storm 21 June 2013
weatherwatch.co.nz: Wellington's hurricane force storm in 15 photos
Wellington City Council: Wellington's South Coast after June 2013 Storm
Video: June Storm, Island Bay. by Marc Hill
Wellington Region Emergency Management Office (WREMOnz), Facebook

Winter storm
Extratropical cyclones
Weather events in New Zealand
2013 meteorology
June 2013 events in New Zealand
Floods in New Zealand


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Dedicated to your Domain Name needs.
#218 - bagbalm.ca - TRANSFER GRANTED
The Complainant established its case and the Panelists transferred the Domain Name to the Complainant.
The Complainant, Dr. A.C. Daniels Co. Ltd., has owned the BAG BALM trademark in Canada since 1998 and has used it since at least 1930. The product is a medicinal ointment used to heal wounds on livestock. The Registrant registered the Domain Name in 2003, and distributes the Complainant's ointment using the BAG BALM trade-mark in Canada, but is not affiliated in any way with the Complainant. The Panel found that the Registrant registered the Domain Name in bad faith because the web site is focused solely on the Complainant's ointment and sells that product to consumers allowing the Registrant to reap commercial and financial benefits off of the Complainant's trade-mark. Finally, the Panel found that the Registrant's disclaimer that it is in no way affiliated with the Complainant was not enough to avoid a finding that the Registrant has no legitimate interest in the Domain Name.
You can read the decision here.
#217 - grilladesstk.ca (and others) - COMPLAINT DISMISSED
The Complainant could not satisfy the bad faith and legitimate interest criteria and the Complaint was therefore dismissed.
The Complainant is One Group LLC, which owns and operates a popular chain of restaurants using the STK trade-mark in the USA. They also own the STK trade-mark in Canada. The Registrant is Gouverneur Inc. and they operate hotels in Quebec. The Registrant initiated opposition proceedings as it relates to the Complainant's STK registered trade-mark, which is still awaiting a decision. The Registrant argues that the Complainant is not using the trade-mark in Canada, that it has taken steps to register its STK mark in Canada (application is based on proposed use and is currently pending) and that it therefore has a legitimate interest in the STK trade-mark. The Panel found that the Registrant is taking common, appropriate and reasonable steps, and this is certainly not one of the cases where a Registrant is preying on the trade-mark of others.
#216 - americangirl.ca - COMPLAINT DISMISSED
The Complainant did not establish its case and the panelist therefore dismissed the americangirl.ca Complaint.
The Registrant ("G.L.P."/not disclosed) did not respond to the Complaint. The Complainant registered its AMERICAN GIRL trade-mark in 2000, in association with dolls and toys. The Domain Name was registered on October 18, 2004. The Registrant was not known to the Complainant at the time this Complaint was submitted. Despite the Panelist's invitation to submit additional evidence once it learned the identity of the Registrant, it elected not to make any further submissions, to its detriment. Although the Registrant operated a pay-per-click web site, the Complainant did not provide any evidence that the Registrant had no legitimate interest in and to the Domain Name. Instead, the Complainant made assertions that closely followed the criteria listed in the Policy.
#215 - HAVAIANAS.CA - TRANSFER GRANTED
The Complainant established its case and the Panelist transferred the domain name to the Complainant.
The Complainant is Alpargatas S.A. The Registrant is Hexonet Services Inc. The Complainant uses the HAVAIANAS trade-mark in association with its very popular sandals, and has enjoyed success around the world. The Complainant registered its trade-mark in Canada in 1999 and then in July of 2012, the Registrant registered the Domain Name. The Registrant did not respond to the Complaint. The Panelist found that the Domain Name was registered in bad faith because the Registrant had a continuous pattern of registering well known and famous trade-marks or variations thereof as Domain Dames in order to prevent the person with rights in the trade-mark from registering it themselves.
#214 - ebeam.ca - COMPLAINT DISMISSED
The Complainant did not establish its case and the panelist therefore dismissed the ebeam.ca Complaint.
The Registrant (Paterasp Nirumvala) did not respond to the Complaint. The Complainant owns the EBEAM trade-mark in association with its innovative products that transform flat surfaces into interactive and collaborative workspaces. According to the Complainant, the Domain Name was registered by the Complainant's former authorized distributor following a breakdown in the relationship whereby the Registrant acquired the Domain Name and offered to sell it to the Complainant for $250,000.00. The panelist held that mere allegations as to the registration will not suffice, and the allegations must be proved by way of evidence, which was not done in this case. The decision does not provide any details about the evidence required, nor whether the Complainant provided, by way of example, the Distributorship Agreement, a WHOIS print-out of the domain name registration, etc.
#213 - enmotion.ca - TRANSFER GRANTED
The Complainant is Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products LP and known around the world for its manufacturing of tissues, towels, napkins, dispensers and other related products. The Registrant registered the Domain Name in October, 2010 (the ENMOTION trade-mark was registered by the Complainant as early as November 12, 2004). The Registrant did not provide a response to the Complaint. The fact that the Registrant did not rebut the Complainant at all was fatal to any claim of legitimate interest. The Panelists also held that the Domain Name was registered in bad faith because the Registrant diverted traffic from legitimate websites to the Registrant's Domain Name, creating advertising revenue from third parties.
#212 - mymagna.ca - TRANSFER GRANTED
Magna International Inc. is a Canadian company involved in the global automotive supply industry. The trademark was registered on June 21, 1985; however, the trademark had been extensively used and very well-known since 1968. The Registrant registered the Domain Name on June 26, 2011. The web site displayed a banner of an automobile and was populated with pay-per-click advertisements that linked to websites belonging to competitors of the Complainant. The Registrant contacted the Complainant and offered to sell the Domain Name. The offer was rejected, but the Registrant just came back with another offer to sell the domain at a lesser price. The Panel concluded that the Domain Name was confusingly similar as the Registrant just added the prefix "my" to a famous name and this does not detract from the identical reproduction of the trade-mark that otherwise exists. An objective bystander would naturally be confused.
#211 - legostore.ca - TRANSFER GRANTED
The Complainant established its case and the panelist therefore directed the transfer of legofurniture.ca to the Complainant.
The Registrant (Emma A. Lehmann) did not respond to the Complaint. LEGO Juris A/S ("LEGO") in an extremely well-known maker of toy building block sets. The LEGO trade-mark was registered in Canada in 1957. The Domain Name was registered on July 27, 2012 and the Complainant therefore served a cease and desist letter. After following-up, the Registrant requested a payment in the amount of $2,500.00 plus escrow fees, opening the door for the Complainant to satisfy that the Domain Name was registered in bad faith (paragraph 3.5 (a)). The panelist noted that more facts would be necessary as it relates to the website and its funding model, before finding bad faith under 3.5 (d) (intentionally attempting to attract user for commercial gain).
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#217 - grilladesstk.ca (and others) - COMPLAINT DI...
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Herman Nackaerts (L), deputy director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA] who headed the six-member IAEA mission to Iran, talks to journalists on his arrival from Tehran at the international airport in Vienna, February 1, 2012.
The United Nation's nuclear agency's chief inspector says he had a "good" visit to Iran and plans to make another trip in the "very near future" to discuss Iran's controversial nuclear program.
Speaking Wednesday in Vienna after returning from Tehran, Herman Nackaerts said his team of International Atomic Energy Agency experts had three days of "intensive discussions" with Iran about all of its nuclear aims.
The West fears Iran is developing a nuclear weapons capability. Iran says its nuclear ambitions are peaceful.
Nackaerts said the IAEA and Iran have "a lot of work" to do, but that both sides are committed to resolving outstanding issues. He declined to elaborate.
The IAEA issued a report in November citing evidence of Iranian efforts to design a nuclear weapon in violation of international sanctions and agreements. Iran says the report was based on fabrications.
Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi said Wednesday the IAEA team asked questions about the allegations in the report. He did not say how Iran responded.
Salehi told Iran's Fars news agency, though, that the meetings with the IAEA team were "good." He also said the U.N. experts declined an Iranian offer to conduct a tour of the country's nuclear sites.
Tensions between Western powers and Iran have risen in recent weeks, with the United States and European Union tightening sanctions on Iran to pressure it into stopping uranium enrichment - a process that has military and civilian uses. Iran has responded to the sanctions by threatening to close the Strait of Hormuz, a key pathway for global oil supplies.
The United States and European Union have urged Iran to engage in serious talks with world powers to address their concerns about alleged military dimensions to Iran's nuclear work. The talks were suspended one year ago. Iran has said it is prepared to resume the discussions, but no timetable and venue have been set.
In an interview with VOA, Stephen Zunes, a Mideast analyst at the University of San Francisco, said Western sanctions are having an economic impact on Iran, but the political impact remains unclear.
He said that if the sanctions end up hurting ordinary Iranians more than Iranian elites, it may get people to rally around the flag and may give the regime an excuse to confront what he called a growing popular outcry about its misguided economic policies.


We have combined our range of silver trinket boxes for important gifting occasions with a delightful range of flower seeds, presented in biodegradable paper disks. The round seed gifts are presented inside each trinket box and make a wonderful lasting gift alternative to cut flowers.
If you are shopping for a keepsake gift, we believe that we have created a lasting gift idea that will delight the recipient. Choose a silver plated trinket box that will match the occasion you are buying for. Every trinket box comes with a photo lid, meaning that you can personalise it with a small photograph. Each trinket box contains three biodegradable paper disks that contain special flower seed mixes.
The flower disks make growing flowers so easy and offer a lasting and meaningful sentiment. Why not grow flowers, press them and keep them in the trinket box to remember the special occasion?
Our silver trinket box range includes the following products: I Love You Mum Trinket Box, I Love You Grandma Trinket Box for female relations. We also have a small anniversary range that includes the Silver Anniversary Trinket Box, the Ruby Anniversary Trinket Box and the Golden Anniversary Trinket Box. Our baby range includes the New Baby Trinket Box and the My Christening Trinket Box gifts.
We can accept large orders for bespoke trinket boxes, please get in touch with us with your requirements and we can give you a quote.


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IGS Kaberry Lecture: Peace and Reconstruction in the Middle East: Where are the Women?
Duration: 0:52:29 | Added: 01 Jun 2009
This podcast was recorded at the International Gender Studies Centre's Kaberry Commemorative Lecture which was on Thursday 27th May 2009 at St Anne's College, University of Oxford.
This podcast was recorded at the International Gender Studies Centre's Kaberry Commemorative Lecture which was on Thursday 27th May 2009 at St Anne's College, University of Oxford. The Rt Honourable Professor The Baroness Afshar gave the lecture on the subject of Peace and Reconstruction in the Middle East: Where are the Women?
Refugee Studies Centre
Maria Jaschok
Haleh Afshar
Public lectures and seminars from the Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford Department of International Development.
The Refugee Studies Centre (RSC) aims to build knowledge and understanding of the causes and effects of forced migration in order to help improve the lives of some of the world's most vulnerable people.
<iframe width="640" height="400" src="https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/embed/9cb59b591c9279af1c52" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>


You say you don't want kids, but you should have them anyway. It is the only way to get out of working full-time. You'll like them when you get them, I promise. It isn't all changing diapers and wiping noses like you've done your whole life with your younger siblings. You will love your own kids more.
You say you want to be free from responsibility, and while that sounds good, really it is boring and empty. Having kids will make your life meaningful and interesting. When you are responsible for something or someone, you love it more. And when you love something a lot, then life is worthwhile. Think about how much you love your Honda Elite 150 scooter. A lot, right? Well, imagine loving something 100 times that. You know how you wake up every morning and feel happy to see your scooter? That is how you feel when you wake up and see your children every day.
You say you just want to have fun. Here's a secret you don't know yet: You get to relive your childhood with each kid. Childhood is fun, remember? It wasn't too long ago for teenaged you. Not only do you get to be excited about Christmas and Disneyland again, you get to be excited about your children achieving milestones like walking, reading, playing instruments, babysitting, and on and on.
You think YOU are the most interesting person in the world. As it should be for now, but trust me, there isn't anything more interesting than a little person who reflects you and your husband's personalities. When one of your children starts walking around with his nose in a book or putting together cute outfits, you'll know where it came from. You. And what is more interesting than you?
I don't really need to convince you. I'm pretty sure you are going to have children someday. I predict you'll have four and that they will be the best things that ever happened to you. Better than a new car or a trip to Europe or a kiss from the cute boy. I promise.
Celia, mother to four children, lives in the California Bay Area. She writes about it at Groundhog Day with Celia Fae.


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Something Good to Read
Book Reviews. Book Recommendations. What to Read Next.
L.A. Times Covers Candidates Forum; McCain Says You're Not Rich Until You have $5 Million in Income
A Presidential candidates forum was held last night at Saddleback Church in Orange County, California. Here are some highlights from coverage of the event by the L.A. Times:
* The standard issues were covered: abortion, same-sex marriage, stem cell research. Senator McCain promised more of the same old thing as he rattled off the usual GOP/George Bush answers. "I will be a pro-life president," said McCain, "and this presidency will have pro-life policies." McCain used his well worn line that he would pursue Osama bin Laden to the "gates of hell".
* In contrast to McCain, Senator Obama gave more lengthy, thoughtful, and personal answers. He quoted from the New Testament to answer a question about what had been America's greatest moral failure. "We still don't abide by that basic precept of Matthew that whatever you do for the least of my brothers, you do for me," Obama replied.
* Senator Obama said he would not have nominated to the United States Supreme Court either Clarence Thomas, who he said was not a "strong enough jurist or legal thinker," or Antonin Scalia, though he said he didn't doubt "his intellectual brilliance."
* When asked to define "rich", Senator Obama said that ". . . if you're making more than $250,000, you're in the top 3% or 4% of the country, and you're doing well." Senator McCain's answer: "I think if you're just talking about income, how about $5 million?" (emphasis supplied).
Five million?? Think how those with only $3 or $4 million in income must suffer.
Labels: Los Angeles Times, McCain, Obama
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August 15, 2019 Posted by admin	0 Comments Tagged with Chase Edmonds Youth Jersey, David Price Authentic Jersey	Posted in David Price Jersey
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Entertainment Weekly reported in 2014 that Sandler, during an appearance on Norm McDonald's video podcast, said, Why should I?Jackson, now, has 84 receptions for the year, breaking the franchise record of 81 by Brian Blades in 1994.We're not going to the playoffs, Brooks said after the game.Here's the phone.' And handed the phone to me.Ryan Schwieger added 15 points and Jaelin Llewellyn 10 with Richmond Aririguzoh grabbing 11 rebounds to go with seven points.
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Transcriptional analyses of adult and pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma reveals similar expression signatures regarding potential therapeutic targets
Eric Prince ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-66081,2,
Ros Whelan3,
Andrew Donson2,4,
Susan Staulcup1,
Astrid Hengartner1,2,
Trinka Vijmasi1,2,
Chibueze Agwu5,
Kevin O. Lillehei3,
Nicholas K. Foreman2,4,
James M. Johnston6,
Luca Massimi7,8,
Richard C. E. Anderson9,
Mark M. Souweidane10,11,
Robert P. Naftel12,
David D. Limbrick13,14,
Gerald Grant15,
Toba N. Niazi16,
Roy Dudley17,
Lindsay Kilburn18,19,
Eric M. Jackson20,
George I. Jallo21,
Kevin Ginn22,
Amy Smith23,
Joshua J. Chern24,25,
Amy Lee26,27,
Annie Drapeau28,
Mark D. Krieger29,
Michael H. Handler1 &
Todd C. Hankinson1,2
on behalf of the Advancing Treatment for Pediatric Craniopharyngioma Consortium
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a biologically benign but clinically aggressive lesion that has a significant impact on quality of life. The incidence of the disease has a bimodal distribution, with peaks occurring in children and older adults. Our group previously published the results of a transcriptome analysis of pediatric ACPs that identified several genes that were consistently overexpressed relative to other pediatric brain tumors and normal tissue. We now present the results of a transcriptome analysis comparing pediatric to adult ACP to identify biological differences between these groups that may provide novel therapeutic insights or support the assertion that potential therapies identified through the study of pediatric ACP may also have a role in adult ACP. Using our compiled transcriptome dataset of 27 pediatric and 9 adult ACPs, obtained through the Advancing Treatment for Pediatric Craniopharyngioma Consortium, we interrogated potential age-related transcriptional differences using several rigorous mathematical analyses. These included: canonical differential expression analysis; divisive, agglomerative, and probabilistic based hierarchical clustering; information theory based characterizations; and the deep learning approach, HD Spot. Our work indicates that there is no therapeutically relevant difference in ACP gene expression based on age. As such, potential therapeutic targets identified in pediatric ACP are also likely to have relvance for adult patients.
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a histologically benign brain tumor that arises in the sellar/suprasellar region. Despite being a WHO grade I lesion, ACP often follows a clinically aggressive course and has been associated with the worst quality of life outcomes of any pediatric brain tumor [1]. Unlike its histological counterpart, Papillary Craniopharyngioma (PCP), ACP is characterized by bimodal incidence, with spikes during childhood and adulthood [2, 3]. Also unlike PCP, for which promising therapies targeting the BRAFv600e mutation are in clinical trials, ACP is known to harbor only a mutation in the CTNNB1 gene, leading to a failure of normal β-Catenin degradation, with resultant cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation in a subset of cells, where it can act as a transcription factor that may promote ACP pathogenesis. Unfortunately, this understanding has not yet led to the introduction of effective targeted therapies against ACP. As such, current therapies consist primarily of surgery, radiation and intracystic treatments. While downstream effects of the CTNNB1 mutation appear to be the most likely driver mutation in ACP, it is likely that tumorigenesis is multifactorial. Recent studies of the human ACP transcriptome, using both microarray [4] and RNA sequencing [5], have identified potential novel therapeutic targets. However, this work has focused exclusively on pediatric tumors, leaving open the question of whether these potential therapies could be relevant in adult patients, who represent approximately 69% of all patients with ACP [2, 3].
This work sought to investigate, using bulk RNA sequencing of adult and pediatric ACP, whether there is evidence that patients with ACP from different age cohorts could be expected to respond to the same targeted therapeutic strategies. In order to identify even subtle differences in the transcriptome profile of the 2 tissue populations, we conducted a highly rigorous mathematical analysis that considered the potential for both linear and non-linear age group-related dependencies within the data.
Tumor samples
A total of 36 craniopharyngioma tumor samples, as diagnosed by surgical pathology, were included in this study (Table S1). Twenty-seven were acquired during surgery for pediatric patients (age at surgery < 18 years; mean = 8.4 years, median = 8.0 years), and 9 from adults (age at surgery ≥18 years; mean = 47.9 years, median = 44.0 years). The pediatric specimens were obtained from patients who underwent surgery at member institutions of the Advancing Treatment for Pediatric Craniopharyngioma (ATPC) consortium. Adult specimens were obtained from University of Colorado Hospital and from the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Tumor samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen in the operating room and subsequently stored in freezers at − 80 °C. For transport between institutions, samples were packaged on dry ice, shipped via overnight courier, and immediately placed in a freezer at − 80 °C.
RNA extraction and sequencing
RNA was extracted from snap-frozen samples using the Allprep DNA/RNA Kit (QIAGEN®, Maryland, USA). The quality of the isolated mRNA was determined via DNA analysis ScreenTape (Aligent Technologies). Samples that passed quality control were used to generate cDNA libraries using the Illumina TruSeq Stranded mRNA Sample Prep Kit. RNA sequencing was carried out using the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform with paired-end reads (2 × 151). On average, 40 million reads were collected for each sample and outputted to FASTQ files. Sequencing reads were subjected to adapter-trimming and quality control using the Trimmomatic package [6]. Files were mapped to the GRCh38 genome (v33) and subsequently sorted to yield BAM files using the standard STAR pipeline [7]. BAM files were converted to feature counts using the R Bioconductor package RSubread [8]. Normal pituitary RNA sequencing data was obtained from the GTEx portal (www.gtexportal.org).
Analysis methodology
Due to the possibility that adult and pediatric transcription patterns would be distinguished by only subtle expression differences, we chose a multimodal bioinformatic approach. This was designed to assess for both linear and non-linear relationships, but also to insulate the statistical analysis from potentially false assumptions.
Canonical differential expression analysis
Feature counts for transcriptomes of adult and pediatric ACP samples were analytically processed using a standard DESeq2 protocol [9]. As the experiment intended to rule out differences in gene expression between the 2 age groups, an Independent Hypothesis Weighted (IHW) p-value threshold of 0.1 was utilized to filter transcripts identified as differentially expressed. Results were visualized using a Mass Action (MA) plot and a Euclidean Distance Matrix was employed to serve as a qualitative foundation from which to make statistical methodology arguments downstream.
Divisive, agglomerative, and probabilistic clustering was performed using the DIANA, AGNES, and FANNY functions in the cluster R package [10], respectively. AGNES was implemented with the complete-linkage method. Complete-linkage clustering groups variables by their most dissimilar members and also avoids combining clusters with highly similar elements (as opposed to single-linkage). As shown below in Fig. 1b, we expect no linear dissimilarity between transcriptomes relative to age group, making complete-linkage an appropriate clustering strategy. As subtle differences in the gene expression patterns could be expected, complete-linkage was employed due to its superiority over a single-linkage approach in handling data groups that closely neighbor one another. DIANA and AGNES calculate metrics for cluster organization known as the Divisive Coefficient (DC) and Agglomerative Coefficient (AC), respectively. These coefficients range between 0 and 1, and indicate the precision with which the dendrogram describes the data, with 1 being the most ideal structure and 0 being the worst. As FANNY is not a hierarchical algorithm, and is visualized in principal component space, the percent of variance explained serves as a surrogate value for AC and DC (i.e., a larger percent variance explained value indicates how well a datasets information is represented in the decomposed space).
Global Transcriptional Profiling of Adult and Pediatric ACP Samples. a MA-plot visualizing transcripts indicating significant (Independent Hypothesis Weighting (IHW) adjusted p-value < 0.1; red) and insignificant genes (black) as determined in differential expression analysis; transcripts enriched relative to pediatric patients are log fold change (LFC) up (> 0) and transcripts enriched relative to adult patients are LFC down (< 0). b Euclidean sample distance matrix without clustering demonstrated the relative heterogeneity across all sample groups from a global transcriptional expression perspective. c-e Clustering paradigms utilized in dataset exploration. c Dendrogram yielded from the DIvisive ANAlysis (DIANA) hierarchical clustering algorithm. d Dendrogram produced by the AGlomerative NESting (AGNES) hierarchical clustering algorithm using complete linkage. e Clustering partitions and group ellipsoids generated by the fuzzy analysis (FANNY) probabilistic k-centroid technique. f-h Silhouette plots depicting mean silhouette width across a range of numbers of clusters. Possible silhouette values are within [− 1,1] where a value of 1 indicates the cluster member is most-closely related to the members within that cluster and dissimilar to those outside of the cluster. As values approach − 1, the opposite is true which indicates the cluster member is an outlier within the cluster. f Silhouette plot generated from the DIANA clustering presented in 1c. g Silhouette plot produced by the AGNES algorithm output presented in 1d. h Silhouette plot yielded by the FANNY algorithm results visualized in 1e
Although cluster analysis is a primarily descriptive mathematical technique, we calculated the silhouette width as a means to make a quantitative comparison of the differential expression data. Silhouette widths range between − 1 and 1. A value of 1 indicates that the cluster members are closely related to the other members of the cluster, and not to members outside the cluster. A value of − 1 suggests the cluster member is an outlier within the cluster and is actually more representative of other clusters. The mean Silhouette Value was calculated for a range of cluster numbers for the DIANA, AGNES, and FANNY algorithms (Fig. 1f, g, h, respectively).
Information theory analysis
In order to extend the analysis beyond the linear methodology utilized in the canonical analysis, we calculated the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence (DKL) and Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC). This was necessary because non-linear transcriptional relationships (i.e., dynamic networks of transcripts) between age groups could exist and are likely abundant, as seen by the development of numerous pathway-based analytical tools (e.g., GSEA, GO-terms, Reactome, etc.). While these types of modules are interesting they often require predefined lists. However, utilizing information theory allows us to inspect potential networks in the absence of prior known networks, and also reduces analytical bias.
DKL is a mathematical approach to identify differences between data distributions through non-linear integration. While this is most commonly used to compare machine learning outputs to ground truth distributions, we employed it by treating one distribution (e.g., pediatric) as the predicted distribution and the other distribution (e.g., adult) as the target distribution (e.g. "ground truth"). This scenario effectively asks the following question: given the expression distribution of the adult cohort, how well can the distribution of the pediatric cohort be predicted. To calculate DKL, raw feature counts generated by RSubread were first class-balanced using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) [11] via the python imblearn package [12]. DKL values were then calculated for the synthetically balanced dataset using the python scipy stats module.
MIC is used to measure the strength of any linear and/or non-linear relationship between two variables. This is accomplished by binning continuous variables and iteratively calculating mutual information (i.e., the dependence between variables) to identify the maxima. By plotting MIC against Pearson's R the magnitude of the relationship between the variables can be visualized (MIC = 0 indicates no relationship; MIC = 1 indicates highly related), as can the nature of the relationship (linear vs. non-linear). MIC was calculated using the python minepy module [13].
HD spot analysis
Raw feature counts derived from RSubread were submitted to the HD Spot algorithm [14]. Due to the substantial imbalance of data classes, the HD Spot algorithm was optimized with respect to maximizing the area under the precision-recall (AUPR) curve. HD Spot developed a classifier that achieved an average AUPR value of 1.00 over 5-fold cross-validation and subsequently determined the mean absolute Shapley value for each transcript. Shapley values can conceptually be understood as importance scores. In this context, a higher Shapley value means a transcript is more important in determining the age group from which the sample was taken. The top 50 transcripts ranked by Shapley value and the list of 20 previously identified therapeutic targets were then submitted for Metascape [15] express analysis to explore potential ontologic connections between gene sets using GO terms.
Canonical differential expression analysis reveals no therapeutically relevant distinction between adult and pediatric ACP specimens
Overall, 87.3% of the transcripts interrogated were insignificant (IHW p-value > 0.1) and slightly more transcripts enriched within the pediatric population versus the adult population (6.8% versus 5.9%, respectively, Fig. 1a). Considerable heterogeneity between all samples (irrespective of age group) was identified with the Euclidean distance matrix (Fig. 1b). Both the agglomerative and divisive clustering algorithms demonstrated reliable data organization (Fig. 1c-d; Divisive Coefficient [DC] = 0.66, Agglomerative Coefficient [AC] = 0.59) as well as the absence of distinct clusters between the adult and pediatric ACP samples. Congruently, probabilistic analysis in 2D principal component space, using FANNY, depicted nearly 70 % of the data variance (69.93%, Fig. 1e) and failed to partition the data into groups based on age cohort. Further analyses of these clustering approaches, using silhouette plots to quantify clustering integrity, demonstrated that k = 2 yields the optimal clustering (Fig. 1f-h). However, all silhouette widths are close to 0 (maximum ≈ 0.30), indicating that clusters are not unique from one another and cluster memberships could easily be randomized another way. When examined as a whole, agglomerative, divisive, and probabilistic clustering algorithms yield consistent and well-organized results, indicating that the transcriptomes of ACP specimens do not cluster based on the age of the patient from which they were obtained.
Our group previously identified a group of twenty potentially targetable transcripts within pediatric ACP [4]. The primary clinical question underlying this research is to determine whether initial treatment strategies against ACP should be differentiated based on age at diagnosis. Accordingly, we validated these targets in the current dataset compared to normal pituitary (Figure S1) and created a subset of the transcriptome data focusing on these twenty targets to assess differential expression status (Fig. 2a and b). Of the previously identified potential targets, three genes were significant (IHW p-value < 0.1): SHH, MAPK14, and AREG. Next, this data subset was subjected to the same divisive, agglomerative, and probabilistic clustering protocols (Fig. 2c-e) as the total dataset above. There was slight improvement in data organization (i.e., an increase in clustering coefficients; DC = 0.78, and AC = 0.77, relative to 0.66 and 0.59 when analyzing the full transcriptome). Additionally, k = 2 remained the superior cluster count but higher k values improved relative to the clustering performance of the full transcriptome (Fig. 2f-h). Although four genes were significantly differentially expressed, the data subset remained linearly undifferentiable based on age. In other words, these results indicate that there is no direct linear relationship between transcriptional profiles and age group at diagnosis.
Transcriptional Profiling of Previously Identified Therapeutic Targets. a Previously identified therapeutic targets with transcriptions fold-change metrics for adult versus pediatric samples. A positive fold-change indicates enrichment in pediatric patients, and conversely a negative value indicates enrichment in adult patients. b Volcano plot for all transcripts with previously identified targets indicated by red arrows. The solid black horizontal line at y = 1 indicates the threshold for p-value significance (p < 0.1; y = −log(0.1) = 1). c-e Clustering paradigms utilized in dataset exploration. c Dendrogram yielded from the DIvisive ANAlysis (DIANA) hierarchical clustering algorithm with respect to only the twenty previously identified targets. d Dendrogram produced by the AGlomerative NESting (AGNES) hierarchical clustering algorithm using complete linkage with respect to only the twenty previously identified targets. e Clustering partitions and group ellipsoids generated by the fuzzy analysis (FANNY) probabilistic k-centroid technique with respect to only the twenty previously identified targets. f-h Silhouette plots depicting mean silhouette width across a range of numbers of clusters. f Silhouette plot generated from the DIANA clustering presented in 2c. g Silhouette plot produced by the AGNES algorithm output presented in 2d. h Silhouette plot yielded by the FANNY algorithm results visualized in 2e
Information theory and machine learning techniques identify a cohort of transcripts relevant to differentiating adult and pediatric patients
In the present context, Kullback-Leibler divergence (DKL) represents the difference between transcript expression profiles of the two age groups (Fig. 3a). DKL is asymmetric, so we visualize both directions of the relationship (i.e., Pediatrics to Adults, and Adults to Pediatrics; Fig. 3b). These results demonstrate that qualitatively the global transcriptomes of both age groups are informationally similar. Of the four differentially expressed therapeutic targets, SHH and AREG demonstrate the greatest informational difference (DKL ≈ 3) although still less than 50 % of maximum (DKL ≈ 6) informational differences (i.e., they are not among the top contributors for informational difference between age groups).
Information Theory-Based Analysis Suggests Majority of Genes Have Minimal Linear and Non-linear Relationships with Age Groups. a Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence representation of SHH (top) and IL6R (bottom) distributions for adult and pediatric samples. b KL-divergence versus Log Fold Change plot, with previously identified therapeutic targets overlaid and all points colored by IHW-adjusted p-value, demonstrating relationship between calculated LFC and informational differences. Higher KL-Divergence values indicate that a gene has informational difference between age groups. As KL-Divergence is an asymmetric method, the scenario of having a pediatric prior (left) and an adult prior (right) are both shown. c Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) vs Maximal Information Criterion (MIC) plot with previously identified targets overlaid. MIC scores the strength of a relationship from 0 (no relationship) to 1 (noise-free relationship) for genes between the age groups. Points A and B on the graph represent where genes should fall if they have a strong direct or inverse linear relationship with age groups. Values that have low PCC and high MIC scores indicate genes with non-linear (i.e. dynamic; one-vs-many) relationships. d Summary statistics of where genes lie on the PCC vs MIC plot along with their respective differential expression values as visualized in (b)
We analytically assed both linear and non-linear relationships by comparing the MIC versus Pearson's R (Fig. 3c). From this we determined that of the 41,914 transcripts interrogated only 0.03% (N = 13) genes maintain expression levels that differ based on age group (Fig. 3d). The encoded genes include a long intergenic non-protein coding gene, innate immune system related genes, a chromosomal open reading frame, and a keratin metabolism related gene. When cross-checked with canonical differential analysis methods, four genes (FBXL16, COG8, CHST2, and TMCC2) were statistically significant as determined by p-value. However, Log Fold Change (LFC) magnitudes were less than 1 for all but FBXL16 (LFC = 1.38). Of the seven genes identified, none are currently of therapeutic interest.
Ontology assessment of deep learning identified age group-differentiable transcripts
Following classification using the HD Spot algorithm, the 50 (0.20%) transcripts with the highest Shapley values (Fig. 4a) and the 20 previously identified potential therapeutic targets were examined using a Metascape analysis (Fig. 4b). HD Spot identified primarily pseudogenes, novel transcripts, and non-coding transcripts as most differentiable between age groups. Only one ontology group (GO:0051222) is enriched in HD spot analysis and it is also enriched (though more significantly) with respect to the therapeutic targets. The lack of enrichment returned from Metascape analysis reinforces that the differential genes identified are not well studied and are currently not of therapeutic interest. Importantly, HD Spot achieved a mean 5-fold cross-validation area under precision-recall curve value of 0.97, indicating that the derived classifier was well optimized. In total, these findings indicate that while there may be underlying transcriptional difference for ACP pathogensis relative to pediatric and adult patients, current therapeutic targets do not maintain age-dependent linear or non-linear expression signatures.
Deep Learning Approach HD Spot Identifies Genes Related to Adult and Pediatric Cohort Differences From Raw Feature Counts. a Summary plot of the top 50 genes identified by HD Spot as being the most important in separating adult and pediatric ACP transcriptomes. b Heatmap of GO terms found to be enriched in Metascape analysis comparing HD Spot-identified and the 20 previously identified therapeutic targets. Heatmap color represents ontology term enrichment
Using a thorough comparative bioinformatic analysis following bulk tissue RNA sequencing of pediatric and adult ACP tissue, we identified no gene expression differences that have implications regarding potential therapies. This implies that potential therapies identified or initially tested in either the adult or pediatric population will have relevance in the other age group. To our knowledge this work consists of the largest analysed cohort of ACP transcriptome data to date.
Canonical differential expression techniques demonstrated no clear differences between age groups. At the global level, only 12 and 13% of transcripts yielded a Log Fold Change (LFC) with an IHW-adjusted p-value < 0.1. Using divisive, agglomerative, and probabilistic hierarchical clustering approaches, we observed that while clustering was at a relative optimum with k = 2 clusters, cluster memberships were arbitrary (mean silhouette widths < 0.35) and contained a mixture of age groups in each branch. In the context of the twenty previously identified potential therapeutic targets, we found that only SHH, AREG, and MAPK14 were differentially expressed with adjusted p-value < 0.1. Analysis of these 20 transcripts demonstrated the same clustering performance results that were observed with analysis of the entire transcriptome. Specifically, adult and pediatric patients did not cluster uniquely and inter-cluster members could arbitrarily be replaced by intra-cluster members.
The findings from the canonical techniques were confirmed through further analysis using information theory principles. This demonstrated that 99.97% of the transcriptome has no expression level relationship with the age group of the patient. The remaining 0.03% was composed of a mixed collection of transcripts that have not been implicated in tumor pathogenesis or therapy, and LFCs were modest.
Next, we sought to qualitatively examine non-linear transcriptional relationships to age group by utilizing KL-divergence. This again demonstrated that the global transcriptome profile for pediatric ACP differs very little from that of adult ACP. Quantitative assessment of linear and non-linear relationships using MIC vs. Pearson's R plots revealed that over 99% of transcripts do not possess strong relationships of any type to age group. Importantly, the required synthetic expansion of the dataset (see Methods) in order to calculate DKL and MIC would be expected to artificially magnify any data relationships. Therefore, the lack of any clear relationship between transcript expression and age group in this context further supports the assertion that the adult and pediatric transcriptomes lack therapeutically relevant differeces.
The threshold selected to distinguish adult from pediatric ACP (age 18 years) may be considered arbitrary. However, the bimodal age distribution of ACP incidence includes a nadir between age 20 and age 39. This implies that there may be a distinction, on some level, between the tumors that present before and after this window. The age threshold of 18 years has further clinical significance because it relates to the clinical environment (pediatric vs. adult) in which a patient may receive care. Furthermore, by leveraging the deep learning technique HD Spot, we identified genes, in a manner free of human-interpreter bias, that have age group dependent expression profiles. HD Spot accurately discriminated between pediatric and adult transcriptomes. The top 50 genes contributing to this classification were primarily comprised of genomic features that are currently poorly understood (e.g., pseudogenes, novel transcripts, etc.). Through utilizing classical genomic analysis protocols, information theoretic models, and deep learning this work rigorously interrogated linear and non-linear relationships to demonstrate that, at the transcript level, there is no evidence to differentiate therapy between adult and pediatric ACP patients strictly based on age at diagnosis.
Despite the rigorous characterization of the transcriptional relationship between pediatric and adult ACP tumor tissue, our findings are limited by the fact that only RNA expression profiles were considered. This provides a specific window into the genomic landscape. It does not provide thorough insight into potential differences in the epigenetic environment or extracellular milieu between pediatric and adult ACP. Furthermore, the transcriptome data analyzed was generated through bulk RNA sequencing. Given heterogeneous nature of ACP tissue, bulk sequencing is likely to lose some information, which may be explored in more detail with techniques such as single cell RNAseq, RNA mutation analysis or protein-level quantification. Lastly, there is also still potential that an even larger dataset contrasting these age groups (which to our knowledge does not exist) may still reveal more therapeutically important differences. Such studies may identify biological distinctions that could guide therapeutic intervention, even if this is at the level of second or third line therapy.
Analysis using multiple bioinformatic techniques, including the Deep Learning method, HD Spot, indicates that there is no therapeutically relevant distinction between ACP tissuein adult and pediatric patient. This implies that the identification of biologically-guided therapeutic targets, and the potential clinical translation of such targets in either group of patients may also be relevant in the other. As such, recent and future findings regarding ACP may be applied for the benefit of a larger group of patients. Future work including more in depth study of RNA features, protein expression and extracellular characteristics of these tumors will be necessary.
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The authors wish to express their gratitude for study coordinators Anastasia Arynchna (University of Alabama Birmingham), Kari Bollerman (Miami Children's Hospital), Stephen Gannon (Vanderbilt University), Lisa Tetreault (Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital), Corrine Gardner (Washington University St. Louis), Kris Laurence (Children's Mercy Hospital), Anthony Bet (Stanford University), Hannah Goldstein (Columbia University), and Kaitlin Hardy (Children's National Medical Center) for their assistance in making this study possible.
The authors wish to acknowledge The Brain Tumor Charity for funding which made this work possible (GN-000522 (181477)).
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, USA
Eric Prince, Susan Staulcup, Astrid Hengartner, Trinka Vijmasi, Michael H. Handler & Todd C. Hankinson
Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Aurora, USA
Eric Prince, Andrew Donson, Astrid Hengartner, Trinka Vijmasi, Nicholas K. Foreman & Todd C. Hankinson
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
Ros Whelan & Kevin O. Lillehei
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, USA
Andrew Donson & Nicholas K. Foreman
Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
Chibueze Agwu
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmhingham, Birmingham, USA
James M. Johnston
Neurochirurgia Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
Luca Massimi
Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, USA
Richard C. E. Anderson
Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Mark M. Souweidane
Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, USA
Robert P. Naftel
Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
David D. Limbrick
Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
Gerald Grant
Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, USA
Toba N. Niazi
Department of Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Roy Dudley
Children's National Health System, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Washington, DC, USA
Lindsay Kilburn
Children's National Health System, Brain Tumor Institute, Washington, DC, USA
Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
Eric M. Jackson
Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Institute of Brain Protection Sciences, St Petersburg, USA
George I. Jallo
The Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, USA
Kevin Ginn
Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Arnold Palmer Hospital, Orlando, USA
Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
Joshua J. Chern
Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, USA
Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, USA
Annie Drapeau
Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
Mark D. Krieger
Eric Prince
Ros Whelan
Andrew Donson
Susan Staulcup
Astrid Hengartner
Trinka Vijmasi
Kevin O. Lillehei
Nicholas K. Foreman
Michael H. Handler
Todd C. Hankinson
Primary Authors: EP, RW. Analysis and Interpretation of Data: EP. Experimental Design: TCH. Experimental Implementation: RW, AD, SS, AH, TV, CA. Internal Reviewers/Editors: KL, NF, MH, TCH. Advancing Treatment for Pediatric Craniopharyngioma (ATPC) Consortium Members: JJ, LM, RA, MS, RN, DL, GG, TN, RD, LK, EJ, GJ, KG, AS, JC, AL, AD, MK, TCH. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Eric Prince.
All patient samples were acquired after consent was granted according to the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board (COMIRB) approved study guidelines.
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Log fold change versus p-value for therapeutic targets across ACP age groups compared to GTEx normal pituitary dataset. Table S1. Dataset Demographics and CTNNB1 Mutation Status. Hyphen values indicate data not available. WT: Wild Type; Age at Dx: Age at Diagnosis.
Prince, E., Whelan, R., Donson, A. et al. Transcriptional analyses of adult and pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma reveals similar expression signatures regarding potential therapeutic targets. acta neuropathol commun 8, 68 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-020-00939-0
Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma
Transcriptional analysis
Age-related therapy
Pediatric Craniopharyngioma
Suprasellar tumor


text:
The Grand Canyon of the Atlantic Ocean
Air Date: Week of September 30, 2022
Deepwater octocoral, Anthomastus sp. (Photo: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research)
Hudson Canyon is a vast underwater gorge and ecological hotspot with deep-sea corals that's being considered for national marine sanctuary status. Living on Earth's Jenni Doering called up Merry Camhi, director of the New York Seascape at the Wildlife Conservation Society and New York Aquarium to learn more about what protecting Hudson Canyon could mean.
CURWOOD: Set sail southeast of New York City and about 100 miles out, you'll be coasting above an underwater chasm far deeper than the Grand Canyon. Descending ten thousand feet into the depths of the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Canyon is a vast gorge and ecological hotspot that's being considered for national marine sanctuary status. That would make it the very first marine sanctuary off the coast of New York and New Jersey. Living on Earth's Jenni Doering called up Merry Camhi, director of the New York Seascape at the Wildlife Conservation Society and New York Aquarium to learn more.
CAMHI: The canyon itself is the drowned riverbed of the Hudson River, right? So it has actually cut a channel and a deep fissure into the side of the shelf. And it's down there where we have a very complex, a fragile, a biodiverse, a productive ecosystem that is characterized by a lot of different kinds of habitats and a multitude of species. It's what we like to call an ecological hotspot, it's widely recognized by scientists as a hotspot, because of the high biodiversity that's there, and the amazing productivity and diversity of the ecosystem.
DOERING: Wow. Yeah, I can imagine. I mean, I think in biology, there's this idea that when you have different environments, you tend to have a lot of different species that can take advantage of those environments and a mixing of environments. And in this case, it's, I believe, thousands of feet deep and 350 miles long. So what are the species that we can find there in this ecological hotspot?
Area proposed for Hudson Canyon National Marine Sanctuary. (Image: NOAA)
CAMHI: Yes, so you're right, the diversity of habitats means that we also have a diversity of wildlife that it can support. And we have everything from, starting at the surface, an amazing diversity of pelagic seabirds that spend most of their time offshore. I think we have like almost 20 different seabirds that had been identified there. We have 17 species of marine mammals, mostly large whales, like sperm whales, as well as a lot of different kinds of dolphins, right. There are over 200 species of fishes in there and hundreds of species of invertebrates. Four of the world's seven sea turtles also pass through or depend in some way on the riches of the canyon. And to top it off at the very bottom, we have cold water corals.
DOERING: It certainly sounds like an amazing place. And there are some like yourself who believe it's well worth protecting. So tell me about this proposal to make Hudson Canyon a National Marine Sanctuary. How did we get to this point?
CAMHI: Well, I think part of this is just recognizing that right here in these waters, right here in our own backyard, we have this amazing treasure. The Hudson Canyon is the largest submarine canyon along the US Atlantic coast. And it's also one of the largest submarine canyons in the world. It's important to our local fisheries, there are commercial and recreational fisheries out there that are worthy of protection. There are all these species, many of them endangered and threatened, some sea turtles, marine mammals, sharks and some other fishes, that depend on the canyon. And whether it's seasonally or they live there full time, that need that canyon ecosystem. And because we are a wildlife conservation organization, we decided that this was worth pursuing as a National Marine Sanctuary.
An octopus, sea star, bivalves, and dozens of cup coral all share the same overhang. (Image: NOAA/BOEM/USGS)
DOERING: So and what does that, what does that mean? You know, I mean, we have national parks, we have national monuments, we have wildlife refuges. What kind of protection does a National Marine Sanctuary afford a place like Hudson Canyon?
CAMHI: One of the main benefits that we think would happen for Hudson Canyon is that it would exclude oil and gas and mineral extraction. That's one of the most important conservation benefits. A lot of other uses are allowed as long as they are compatible with the goals and objectives of a National Marine Sanctuary.
DOERING: Uses like continued fishing or wind development, offshore wind?
CAMHI: Yes, so fishing occurs in about 98% of the sanctuary area, under the sanctuary program. And currently there are 15 national marine sanctuaries and none right here in the mid-Atlantic. So we would be the first sanctuary right here in the New York Bight and in our area and the first submarine canyon here on the Atlantic coast to be protected. It does allow for fishing, as long as fishing is sustainable. WCS believes that fishing should continue under the current authorities that manage fisheries, which is the Fisheries Service, not the National Marine Sanctuary program. Wind is also an issue here in New York, right? So we know that we have phenomenal wind resources in New York. And there is a very big push by the states of New York and New Jersey to develop those offshore wind capacity here to help reduce our dependence on fossil fuel. So WCS is supportive of offshore wind, as long as it's being done in a way that minimizes impact to wildlife and wild places, our habitats.
DOERING: Now, we've covered the endangered North Atlantic right whales quite a bit on this show. And I'm curious whether, you know, on their journey from, I think off the coast of Georgia, where they have their calves, all the way up through the coast of Massachusetts and, and Maine. Do they stop at Hudson Canyon on the way?
CAMHI: Yes, so actually, many of the great whales, including the North Atlantic right whale, pass through New York waters as they head up further to their foraging grounds, where they spend the summer, and can also pass back on their way south as they head towards their birthing grounds. One of the ways that we are able as the Wildlife Conservation Society to document this is that we have acoustic buoys that are situated in and around New York Harbor and out on the shelf, that can actually listen to the calls of whales as they are either feeding in the area or passing through the area.
Overhead view of Hudson Canyon. The transect demonstrates the width and relief of the canyon with Empire State Building for scale. (Image: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.)
[RIGHT WHALE CALLS]
CAMHI: I think the most common sounds that we are hearing are from humpback whales.
[HUMPBACK WHALE CALLS]
CAMHI: Humpbacks are increasingly present in our local waters. Our waters are getting cleaner. The Clean Water Act from, you know, 50 years ago has really made a difference. Because as we all, many of us know, the Hudson River was a source of tremendous amounts of sewage and pollution that fed right into the canyon. And with, as our waters in the rivers and coastal waters get cleaner, so does the health of the canyon. With that comes resources like menhaden and other forage species that bring the predatory animals, like sharks, and whales, etc, to our local waters. And so we've been seeing an increase in whales, even within view of New York City, right in the harbor.
DOERING: So it sounds like an amazing place. And I would love to visit if I could, although I'm not scuba certified. And I think even the best scuba divers can't go two miles deep, certainly. [LAUGHS] But, but I am, I am wondering, you know, with such a special place, a lot of the time we have to worry these days about, or we have to wonder these days, about how it'll be affected because of climate change. And you know, the oceans are warming, they're also absorbing a lot of the CO2 that we're putting into the atmosphere, so they're becoming more acidic. So I'm wondering what effect that might have on this wonderful ecosystem and Hudson Canyon?
A pair of mating deep-sea red crabs rests on a ledge of a canyon wall. (Image: NOAA/BOEM/USGS)
CAMHI: Well, you're asking a very interesting question: How will climate change and warming oceans affect special places like deep sea canyons? And there's still a lot of uncertainty about that. We know it will have an impact, we're already seeing shifts in the distribution of species that occur in and around the canyon near the surface as the waters get warmer, right? A lot of our more southern species are starting to move northward as waters warm up. In addition, we know that warming can change the acidity of these ecosystems, it can change the amount of oxygen that's in the water, and that changes the dynamics of currents and upwelling etcetera in these canyons. How that's going to affect our wildlife, we don't really know. And one of the reasons we're really keen about having a National Marine Sanctuary here in Hudson Canyon, is because oftentimes, sanctuaries serve as, can serve as sentinel sites. They attract research and exploration and can actually help establish long term ecological monitoring there that will help us understand what the impacts are on deep sea ecosystems, and even how they will affect the resilience of coastal species and coastal communities by looking at those incremental changes and monitoring them over time. So that's one of the reasons we are really happy to see the government support the National Marine Sanctuary here, we're hoping it'll establish a long-term monitoring sentinel site.
CURWOOD: Merry Camhi, director of the New York Seascape at the Wildlife Conservation Society, speaking with Living on Earth's Jenni Doering.
Learn more about Hudson Canyon's proposed designation as a national marine sanctuary
More about Hudson Canyon from WCS
About Merry Camhi


At the corner of Art and Insanity, there's a new resident. It's a blood-soaked, neon chromed whirlwind of impossible decisions, but it's there all the same. Mandy, directed and co-written by Panos Cosmatos in the same oblique horror oeuvre as his Beyond the Black Rainbow, is a tremendous film in almost every regard, and it seems that the more words used to describe it, less I'm able to capture its thoroughly batshit essence.
Heavily touted as a return of Nicolas Cage, he actually isn't even a prominent part of the film until halfway through. Everything leading up to it is an excruciatingly slow build of Mandy (Andrea Riseborough) attempting to decipher her inscrutable dreams, dreams that we see as intersecting with the existence and will of cult leader Jeremiah Sand (Linus Roache). This quiet woodland life that Red (Cage) and Mandy have built for themselves is necessarily seen, as it delivers the payload of the second half.
Which I won't say much more about because, well, it's almost impossible to convey just exactly what happens but also because the less you know about this film going into it, the better. But the glacial dissection of this banality—Red and Mandy eating dinner in front of the TV, discussing their favorite planets, simply working their jobs with no purpose other than to see them work—is crucial. It's a reset of the outside world; all you know is the silence. And then Cage begins.
All the praise you've heard surrounding this film for Cage's performance is probably correct. The truly surprising part is that it almost all comes from just one scene. It's a reminder that for all the goofy Internet fuel he has gifted us with his career, he is still a top-shelf actor, and this one scene has him shuttling in and out of emotions—wordlessly, at that—with a raw and reckless drive. It's deeply affecting, somewhat to the point of where all you can do is laugh it's so dramatic, but it serves a direct and gory purpose. It's a switch being flipped.
It's a switch that flips the audience from stewing in the haunting and enthralling performances of Riseborough and Roache. Between them and the rest of Jeremiah's cult, it feels as if everyone had to draw a Twin Peaks character out of a hat to pull inspiration from, except every slip just just said "Red Room." And that's with the highest praise. They are all nothing if not perfectly ethereal, skimming across the peaks of reality as Cosmatos has them stare directly into your mind.
And it all slots right into the pastiche, everything seemingly oozing with a nightmarish crimson, all of cinema's grotesque detritus washed down the drain and landing here in Mandy. The dramatic shifts from intimate closeups to the epic breadth of classic 80s sci-fi framing, all backed by the audio-visual marriage of the late Jóhann Jóhannsson's thumping soundtrack with a grainy metallic sheen, can only put you on edge and keep you there. It is a complete and affecting experience.
There is so much more to be said about this movie, but only to those that have seen it. It is, for the first timers, a viewing meant to be unraveled at a pace unknown. It feels of the same ambition that Darren Aronofsky's Mother aimed for, except it wanted to do away with the ambiguity and simply marinate in the bare essentials of the narrative, giving prominence to the vision. Mandy is an unsettling odyssey, but one that you're going to love.


and then 3 come along all at once well that's what it feels like here. the last real delivery we had here was Xmas eve, we have had the odd style of jean or hoodie arrive but nothing to speak off until today when Rogue Status, Mighty Healthy and Diamond Supply Co. all dropped on the same day.
if you've never heard of these brands well all 3 are US based and have deep roots in streetwear or Skateboarding and have reached cult status in the US and other parts of the world.
Diamond Supply Co. leather belts are in they aint cheap but they are very nice, also the Brilliant Cut beanies as well as new Spring 09 t-shirt designs.
Rogue Status design are now in and for the first time we have full zip hoodies and crew neck sweatshirts to go with the Rogue Status t-shirts.


text:
function T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, varargin)
%SLTENSOR_MULTIPLY Multiplies a tensor and a matrix
%
% $ Syntax $
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, M, k)
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, Ms)
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, Ms, ks)
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, M1, k1, M2, k2, ...)
%
% $ Description $
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, M, k) Computes the tensor multiplication between
%   a tensor and a 2D matrix along the k-th mode.
%
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, Ms) Sequentially multiplies the tensor with
%   the elements in Ms, which is a cell array from the mode 1 to n. n is
%   the number of matrices in Ms. It should be that n == ndims(T).
%
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, Ms, ks) Sequentially multiplies the tensor
%   with the matrices in the cell array Ms along the modes specified in
%   corresponding element in ks. ks should be an array with the same size
%   as Ms.
%
%   - T2 = sltensor_multiply(T, M1, k1, M2, k2, ...) Sequentially multiplies
%   the tensor with the matrices M1, M2, ... along the modes k1, k2, ...
%
% $ History $
%   - Created by Dahua Lin on Dec 17th, 2005
%

%% parse and verify input arguments
if nargin < 2
    raise_lackinput('sltensot_multiply', 2);
end
n0 = ndims(T);
if iscell(varargin{1});
    Ms = varargin{1};
    if nargin == 2
        n = numel(Ms);
        if n ~= n0
            error('sltoolbox:invalidarg', ...
                'For the case no specifying mode indices, it should be n == ndims(T)');
        end
        ks = 1:n;
    elseif nargin == 3
        ks = varargin{2};
        if ~isequal(size(Ms), size(k))
            error('sltoolbox:argmismatch', ...
                'The size of ks does not match that of Ms');
        end
    else
        error('sltoolbox:invalidarg', ...
            'Invalid input arguments');
    end
else
    if mod(length(varargin), 2) ~= 0
        error('sltoolbox:invalidarg', ...
            'Invalid input arguments');
    end
    Ms = varargin(1:2:end);
    ks = [varargin{2:2:end}];
    if numel(Ms) ~= numel(ks)
        error('sltoolbox:invalidarg', ...
            'Invalid input arguments');
    end
end
if any(ks(:) < 1)
    error('sltoolbox:invalidarg', ...
        'mode indices should all be positive integers');
end
maxk = max(ks(:));
dims = size(T);
if maxk > n0
    dims = [dims, ones(1, maxk-n0)];
end
nmat = numel(ks);

%% compute
if nmat == 1
    T2 = multiply_tensor_matrix(T, Ms{1}, ks, dims);
else
    T2 = T;
    for i = 1 : nmat
        T2 = multiply_tensor_matrix(T2, Ms{i}, ks(i), dims);
    end
end

%% compute (by converting to matrix product)

function T2 = multiply_tensor_matrix(T, M, k, dims)

Tk = sltensor_unfold(T, k);
T2 = M * Tk;
clear Tk;
dims(k) = size(M, 1);
T2 = sltensor_fold(T2, dims, k);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With due respect and with God all thing were possible that is why I call for help to please Permit me to inform you of my desire of going into business relationship with you.
I am David Bamba the only son of late MrBamba Radci, My father was a very wealthy cocoa merchant in Abidjan the economic capital of Ivory coast, my father was poisoned to death by his business associates on the first of January 2006 on their outing for the new year celebration.
My mother died when I was a baby and since then my father took me so special.
Before the death of my father on january 2006 in a private hospital here in Abidjan he secretly called me on his bed side and told me that he has the sum of 9 million United State Dollars. US(9.m) left in fixed /suspense account in one of the prime bank here in Abidjan that he used my name as his only son for the next of Kin in Depositing of the fund.
He told me that I should seek for a foreign partner in a country of my choice where i will transfer this money into and use it for investment purpose such as real estate management or hotel management and also for orphanages, helping the widows, propagating the word of God and to endeavour that the house of God is maintained and building companies where poor God people can work and have their daily feedings with their families.
I pray to God to grant you more blessing to your business and for making up your mind that you will be doing this for the denefit of the people who are in need. i know that God will see you through.
Moreover, I am willing to offer you 25% of the total sum as compensation for your effort/input after the successful transfer of this fund into your nominated account overseas.
they will transfer this money to my destination. Please RING me immediately you received this mail on my direct line 225 45903371for us to proceed in this transaction which I beleived that in few days you shall call me for good news that you have comfirm my money in an account which you will provide.
Anticipating to hear your voice immediately.
All the relevants documents which my late father used in deposting of this money will be sent to you immediately I hear from you for more confirmation and trust and confidence in this transaction.


One final note, all insurance companies and all insurance products are not created equal! Your invested capital is regulated but that doesnt mean the insurance company will be around to honor its commitments to you, so conducting due diligence on your part is required, and is smart. As you evaluate your entire capital structure including your house, your cash, your equity assets, your debt assets and your commodity assets, keep in mind that only you have genuine concern about your future. Your advisor and your agents care, but they have many people to care about. You and you alone bear the ultimate responsibility to know where your money is, what your money is doing, and why its placed as it is!


Our greatest support comes from those who work closely with us, our clients, project team members, artisans and craftspersons. We treasure these relationships. We honor the projects and stories that have united our lives through design.
We hope the following testimonials speak to you as you consider working with us.


If you're a hockey fan, there is 99.9% chance you have a hockey superstition just like many of the players that play.
Some tape their sticks from left to right or right to left. Some put their right skate on first, lace it up, and then the left.
Watch a goalie when he enters the crease…he of course scratches up the ice and stretches out, but what about the tap of the crossbar over each shoulder? Superstition or Habit?
Being a fan, I have my own superstitions. Heading into Round 3 with the Rangers vs Devils, I carried a sweatshirt one my best friends wore during the Game 7 against the Caps. I listened to the radio broadcast vs the televised broadcast in Game One. They won. In Game Two, I wore the jersey and watched the game. They lost. In Game Three, I returned to Game One vibe…carry jersey, listen to broadcast. They won.
Deep down inside, I know that where I sit, what I'm wearing, what I'm doing, etc has no effect on the game. I don't control it through some white or black magic. I, in fact, have no outcome on the game, but I can't help but feel that dedicated to my team(s).
And if the listening vs watching the Game tonight changes, I'll change my habit as well.
It's just the way us sports fan think.


The behaviour of the predicate setup_call_cleanup/3 is described in . Our implementation is based on a dissection of this behaviour into the system predicates sys_atomic_call/1 and sys_on_cleanup/1. The implementation needs the newly introduced cutter mechanism.
Clean-up exception accumulation, not part of ISO proposal.
Failure of clean-up throws exception, not part of ISO proposal.
?- catch(setup_call_cleanup(S, G, C), E, throw_cause(E))).


There is the age-old adage of there's nothing like seeing your name in print. USA Today, Wall Street Journal, New York Times… While these outlets are "nice", and even though blogs such as Mashable, Huffington Post, and LifeHacker are considered social media, more often than not, companies now consider them a part of traditional media and hire PR agencies that specialize in social media over traditional. They want agencies that can build a buzz through the company's Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram pages.
This begs the question: is traditional media dead when it comes to an organization's PR goals and initiatives? We all know the print media industry has suffered greatly. Yes, newspapers have gone online, their content still easily accessible from any mobile device. Everything is digital. But, what about the visibility these outlets still bring to the table? USA Today has a readership of 3.1 million; The Today Show has a viewership of over 5 million; Mashable has a monthly unique visitor rate of 42 million and 23 million social followers. Why wouldn't a company want to hire a PR agency that has strong relationships with and the ability to gain visibility in these outlets?
On the other hand, social media is less expensive for advertisers. It moves much faster; it's more measurable; and it allows an organization to better engage with its audience, start a conversation, and build better relationships with customers, share holders and partners. Television has been surpassed by social video: Vine, Twitter, Instagram. Millennials – a demographic with purchasing and influence power- probably wouldn't know about a product, service or event if it wasn't trending on Twitter.
Personally, I get all of my news from social mediums, mainly Twitter. I can get the 140 character snippet and move on to the next item. I can follow a live blog feed on a breaking news item, read customer feedback on a product that I'm interested in purchasing, or watch a sporting event from my phone.
The problem with social media when it comes to the news is: (1) it lacks genuineness because it moves so quickly. Have sources and facts been checked? Is the information reliable? And (2) it's become more a form of entertainment rather than a reliable source of information.
As someone who has handled PR strategies on both sides of the table, including that for my own companies, social media is very time consuming. You have to keep the conversation going, and it can't just be your voice. That's like being at a party and only talking about yourself assuming people are interested in everything you have to say about yourself.
Of course, there's more to PR than engaging with your audience via social mediums: events, social responsibility, press tours, not to mention keen writing skills that don't always translate over social media.
So what's the verdict? There is no clear winner here. Organizations need a hybrid approach when it comes to their marketing communications initiatives, a healthy combination of both social and traditional media methods. Hire two agencies? Most agencies now have experts on both sides of the fence, and if you're a PR professional in this day and age, you best know social media regardless.


text:
City Views
CityViews 1/7/12: Olympics 2026?/"Dido and Aeneas"
Listen https://kcpw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/010713CityViews.mp3 77750 CityViews 1/7/12: Olympics 2026?/"Dido and Aeneas"
by JNP
Listen https://kcpw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-07CityViewsSeg1.mp3 CityViews 1/7/12: Olympics 2026?/"Dido and Aeneas"
Segment 1:
Salt Lake City wants to relive its 2002 Olympic dream and will go for the gold to host another Winter Games in 2026. On Monday, we'll explore why city and state leaders want to welcome the world for the ultimate sporting event and just what it will take to win another bid.
Jeff Robbins, Utah Sports Commission
Helen Langan, Salt Lake City
Opera is coming to Westminster College, with a classic baroque love story as its first fully-staged opera production. On Monday, we'll discuss beauty and pain in Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas.
Michael Chipman, Westminster College Music Department
Corinne Rydman, Dido
Hilary Olson, Belinda
Westminster Chamber Opera presents Dido and Aeneas on Friday, Jan. 11 and Saturday, Jan. 12 at 7:30 p.m. at the Jay W. Lees Courage Theatre, Jewett Center for the Performing Arts, Westminster College, 1840 S. 1300 East, Salt Lake City. For tickets and more information, call 801-832-2457.
City Views was a daily public affairs program that ran on KCPW from 2011 to 2013. It was hosted by Jennifer Napier-Pearce, who later went on launch and host "Behind the Headlines," the weekly news roundup from KCPW and The Salt Lake Tribune. The show featured news reports and interviews with policymakers, local newsmakers and
City Views CityViews 10/22/12: "The Rocky Horror Picture Show"/Arts & Community
Listen https://kcpw.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/10-22CityViewsFullShow.mp3 76741 CityViews 10/22/12: "The Rocky Horror Picture Show"/Arts & Community
City Views CityViews 7/2/12: Convention Center Hotel/Stolen Valor
Listen https://kcpw.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/07-02CityViewsFullShow.mp3 74341 CityViews 7/2/12: Convention Center Hotel/Stolen Valor
Local News CityViews 1/15/12: "El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency" / Refugees Among Us
Listen https://kcpw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/1-15CityViewsFullShow.mp3 77840 CityViews 1/15/12: "El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency" / Refugees Among Us


text:
Q: Antlr4 visitors and members I'm currently investigating ANTLR4 , and I'm struggling a bit to find information on how the visitors are used. The following page: http://www.antlr.org/wiki/display/ANTLR4/Parser+Rules and reading though the ANTLR generaged files in my little dummy project, leaves me with the following questions

*

*how do I access the fields of the parser in the listener? For example, if i use @members {int mynumber = 0;} in the grammer, how can I access this within a method of the listener implementation?

*Can anybody point me to a small example, targeted at somebody fairly new to antlr which uses visitors?

A: This example by Bart Kiers really helped me: If/else statements in ANTLR using listeners
There's more info if you grab the example source files: https://github.com/bkiers/Mu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
As Crisis Continues, More Californians are Receiving Unemployment Insurance Benefits
New research from the California Policy Lab shows that while the state's recipiency rate has increased, disparities also persist in communities of color.
By: Sean Coffey California Policy Lab
Men wait at dawn to be the first in line to enter a bookkeeping shop to fill out unemployment forms near the U.S.-Mexico border in Imperial County, which has been hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, on July 24, 2020 in Calexico, California. Unemployment claims in California have reached their highest levels in almost three months with surging coronavirus cases upending plans to reopen the economy. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images)
5 Ways to Support Economic Recovery in 2021
How a Small Think Tank's Mathematical Models Are Shaping Modern Politics
Nevada's Secret to a Better Unemployment System: Invest in Workers
New research released by the nonpartisan California Policy Lab finds that the recipiency rate (share of unemployed and underemployed workers who receive unemployment benefits) has increased dramatically in California, with nearly 90% of unemployed or under-employed workers in California were receiving unemployment benefits in December 2020, a dramatic increase from earlier in the crisis when between 50-60% were receiving benefits.
"The share of unemployed workers receiving UI benefits tends to rise during economic downturns, but even during the Great Recession, we didn't approach the high rates that we're seeing now," explains Till von Wachter, a co-author of the analysis, UCLA economics professor and faculty director at the California Policy Lab. "About 60% of impacted workers were receiving benefits in April and May, which was already substantially larger before the pandemic. But as this crisis dragged on, that share increased substantially, with about 90% of unemployed or under-employed workers receiving UI benefits in December 2020."
Based on past CPL UI reports, the analysis uses a more accurate measure of UI recipiency that factors in when individuals were unemployed, increased UI eligibility during the crisis, and the presence of partial UI benefits. The analysis found that over 2.5 million unemployed Californians were not receiving regular UI benefits in April and May 2020, and while some of these workers likely received benefits under the Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) program, at least 500,000 workers did not.
As the share of workers receiving regular UI benefits increased, the number of workers not receiving regular UI benefits decreased, hovering at around 250,000 in the last four months of 2020. There are several reasons why unemployed workers may not receive regular UI benefits, including not being eligible, not knowing about the program, and technology and administrative challenges in applying for and obtaining benefits.
The research team also examined how geographic disparities in the rates of UI benefit collection correlate with income, race and ethnicity, access to technology, and other social and economic factors. In counties with higher median household incomes, a larger share of their unemployed workers tended to receive UI benefits, while a smaller share of unemployed workers received benefits in counties with higher poverty rates.
The analysis also includes an update to CPL's "Recovery Index" which finds wide variation in how well counties are recovering across the state, as measured by the number of people claiming UI benefits.
Of the 15 largest counties in California, Santa Clara (36.6) and Ventura (35.4) received the highest score on the Recovery Index, while Los Angeles (24.3), Kern (21.4), and San Bernardino (19.9) had the lowest scores. A score of 100 would indicate a full recovery, and that a county had the same number of people claiming UI benefits in December 2020 as it did in January 2020, before the crisis began. In contrast, a score of 0 would reflect that the number of individuals receiving UI benefits in December 2020 was still as high as during the peak of the crisis in early May 2020.
Key Research Findings
Recipiency rates were lower in poorer counties, counties with a higher share of Hispanic residents, and in counties with higher shares of workers in agricultural industries.
San Bernardino County had the lowest Recovery Index score (19.9%), while San Benito County had the highest score at 49.1%.
Counties with a higher share of Black and Hispanic residents have seen slower recoveries than counties with more White residents.
DATA POINT: As Crisis Continues, More Unemployed Californians are Receiving UI Benefits
More from Tax Policy
Fighting For Equity in Tax Law
Fighting For Equity in Tax Law Q&A
Property Taxes Rob From the Poor, Give Breaks to the Rich
Property Taxes Rob From the Poor, Give Breaks to the Rich Tax Policy
How State and Local Budget Directors Are Responding To A Fast and Deep Recession
How State and Local Budget Directors Are Responding To A Fast and Deep Recession Tax Policy
What States May Face During the Pandemic-Driven Recession
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The Trillion-Dollar Problem Facing States
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Last Economic Crisis Response Holds Lessons for Next Round of Aid
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'Long Slog of Nerd-dom' Brought New Leader of Public Finance to Arnold Ventures
'Long Slog of Nerd-dom' Brought New Leader of Public Finance to Arnold Ventures Q&A
'They Were Selling Charitable Tax Deductions for Profit'
'They Were Selling Charitable Tax Deductions for Profit' Tax Policy


The Administrator's calendar displays meetings with staff, stakeholders, elected officials, and others outside the Agency.
Andrew Wheeler served as Deputy Administrator from April 20, 2018. On July 5, 2018, President Trump appointed him to be Acting Administrator and he assumed the position on July 7, 2018. The Senate confirmed him as EPA's fifteenth Administrator on February 28, 2019.