The patients in our study endorsed the integrated model of early palliative care and oncology. It simply produces better outcomes.
Although initiation of palliative care from the time of cancer diagnosis produces optimal outcomes for patients, this strategy is often not practiced. A recent Canadian study conducted in patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers examined the opinions of patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers who participated in a trial of early palliative care regarding the respective roles of their oncologist and their palliative care physician.1 The ASCO Post recently spoke to the trial's lead author, Camilla Zimmermann, MD, PhD, Senior Scientist and Head of the Division of Palliative Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto.
Please tell our readers a bit about your background and current work.
Despite progress, however, there remain barriers to early adoption of clinical interventions that would work in partnership with the oncologist and may produce better quality-of-life outcomes for our patients.
Please describe your study, its aim, and results.
The recent analysis was a substudy of a larger randomized controlled trial of 461 patients, in which the patients were cluster-randomized to early palliative care intervention or routine oncology care.4 Among 24 clinics, 12 received the early palliative care intervention and 12 were randomized to routine oncology care. After the 4-month trial, we conducted one-on-one qualitative semistructured interviews, which we analyzed using grounded theory, a systematic method that constructs a theory through the analysis of data.
We asked patients and their caregivers in both cohorts what they thought the role of their oncologist was. The early palliative care group was also asked how they defined the role of their palliative care team. We had all of the interviews transcribed and analyzed the responses in order to develop themes. The results fell into three main categories, which related to the focus of care, the model of care delivery, and the manner in which the care from oncology and palliative care complemented each other to improve the patient and caregiver experience.
The patients and their primary caregivers felt that their oncologist focused predominantly on the tumor and that the aim of the oncologist was to keep the patient alive as long as possible and direct the treatment to that end. In contrast, the patients and their caregivers viewed the palliative care team's focus as centering on symptom control, particularly of pain. They also saw the palliative care team's approach as more holistic, looking at the entire person, not just the disease.
Moreover, they saw their palliative care doctors not only as symptom specialists, but also as "interpreters of care"—that is, interpreting, for the patient and caregiver, what the cancer was doing and answering complicated questions they had about care that the oncologist didn't answer. The palliative care specialists served as a sounding board and as doctor-therapists, providing emotional support for the patient and caregiver.
When asked about the model of care, the patients and caregivers saw oncology care as highly structured, based on the specific protocol of therapy. The oncology model was also perceived as very time-limited, leaving patients feeling that if they wanted to get their own issues addressed, they had to be very assertive, to the point that some felt they were almost intrusive. On the other hand, they felt that the palliative care visits were much less formal and with far less pressure on time. In short, patients sensed that they were in control of these visits, as opposed to the more structured oncologist-led visits.
On the third question about how the two care models worked, patients and caregivers felt that concurrent palliative care alongside oncologic care made their overall health-care experience more rewarding and holistic. They felt that each team had its own focus and that one wasn't necessarily better than the other, but working together produced the best patient outcomes.
What was the overall conclusion?
I think it is clear that we need to foster a system that combines palliative and oncology care in a coordinated way. It is also beneficial to educate oncologists so that they can provide a certain amount of palliative care to their patients. There shouldn't be a segregated model that separates the disciplines.
Of course, this kind of coordination varies between settings. Oncology practices that are time-constrained would find it very difficult to engage in complex palliative and end-of-life discussions, so that's where the palliative care team would be needed.
Did your study identify barriers to early initiation of palliative care?
In Canada, we don't have the same reimbursement barriers that exist in the United States; for example, there's no hospice benefit in which the patient has to choose between active care and palliation. However, I think the main barrier to initiating palliative care in Canada is the misperception that it is solely end-of-life care. Several of the patients and caregivers interviewed for our study expressed fear that seeing a palliative care specialist meant that death was imminent.
This mindset is found not solely among patients, as it also still exists among a percentage of health-care providers. Furthermore, a lack of palliative care specialists limits access to services, but we're making progress in that department.
Do you have any last thoughts on your research?
Disclosure: Dr. Zimmermann reported no potential conflicts of interest.
1. Hannon B, Swami N, Pope A, et al: Early palliative care and its role in oncology: A qualitative study. Oncologist. July 22, 2016 (early release online).
2. Temel JS, Greer JA, El-Jawahri A, et al: Effects of early integrated palliative care in patients with lung and GI cancer: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. December 28, 2016 (early release online).
3. Hui D, Bruera E: Integrating palliative care into the trajectory of cancer care. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 13:159-171, 2016.
4. Zimmermann C, Swami N, Krzyzanowska M, et al: Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 383: 1721-1730, 2014.


text:
Pileus (lat. "Mütze", Abk. pil) ist eine Begleitwolke von geringer horizontaler Erstreckung in Form einer Kappe oder Haube über dem Wolkengipfel oder unmittelbar am oberen Teil einer cumulusartigen Wolke, von der sie oft durchstoßen wird. Pilei neigen dazu, ihre Erscheinung sehr rasch zu wandeln. Sie entstehen, wenn die Luft an der Oberseite des Cumulus sehr feucht ist und durch die weiter aufquellende Wolke gehoben wird. Sie können als Vorstufen einer Umwandlung von Cumulus in Cumulonimbuswolken gesehen werden und somit eine mögliche Schauer- oder Gewitterbildung signalisieren. Pilei treten nur bei diesen beiden Wolkenarten auf und können häufig auch übereinander beobachtet werden; verwandt sind sie mit den lenticularis-Wolken.

Sie kommen auch bei Vulkanausbrüchen vor.

Entwicklung eines Pileus in Bildern

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Wolke

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
2017 Oscars Predictions: Adapted and Original Screenplays
by Edward | Feb 23, 2017 | Highlights, Movie Reviews and TV Reviews, WriteMovies News, Writing Insights
Here are our 2017 Oscars predictions for the Adapted and Original Screenplays… by John Sullivan
The Oscars buzz is growing… are you ready? Me too! Got your invitation to the ceremony? No, me neither… It's OK, though, we can still have a bit of fun predicting who will take home one of those little golden men. Best Picture seems obvious, though. And we can probably guess Best Actors. Screenplays? Hey, that's our thing! So, place your bets for this Sunday, here's my predictions for which scripts will end up winning…
In the Original Screenplay category we have 20TH CENTURY WOMAN, HELL OR HIGH WATER, LA LA LAND, MANCHESTER BY THE SEA, and THE LOBSTER. This seems to be a competition between two films, taking nothing away from the other three, though. LA LA LAND and MANCHESTER BY THE SEA are the runaway favorites here.
MANCHESTER is a script that defies convention and proves that we are ready to accept scripts and films that don't adhere to conventional storytelling tropes. The flashbacks to Lee Chandler's (Casey Affleck's) past can be confusing, but that is partly the point. This is a man struggling to live in the present because of his past. The film shows the authentic-looking life of a man at the bottom of the barrel – Lee is at rock bottom, and he doesn't try, or seem to want to, get up. There is no uplifting Hollywood story arc at play here, it's much more honest – even if that alienates many mainstream cinemagoers. It is Lee's "failure" that audiences can empathize with – he feels real, this story feels more authentic. The critical acclaim shows that a lot of movie commentators have been crying out for a film that deals with real issues in a real way and doesn't fall into the usual uplifting, all-wrapped-up story structures. Our Director of World Wide Development Ian Kennedy suspects this is a "movie critics' movie" more than a "movie audiences' movie". Which may give it the edge with the Academy…
MANCHESTER'S main competition is LA LA LAND. A wonderful film that will no doubt clean up at the awards in Cinematography, Original Score and even Best Director. Original Screenplay seems one too far, though. The plot is considered the weakest part of LA LA, but it is far from weak. The story of Mia and Seb is a conventional romance, apart from deviating from predictable "happily ever after" endings. It is a story the film tells beautifully, though. What the script does do well is show the choreography in the big dance numbers, particularly towards the start of the script. This is something taken for granted in scripts – showing actors how they should act. You can also never underestimate how much Hollywood loves films about Hollywood.
Original Screenplay Prediction: MANCHESTER BY THE SEA. The winner of the BAFTAs seems a strong choice, but don't be surprised if LA LA takes it…
Adapted Screenplay is a much tougher pick. The 5 nominees are ARRIVAL, FENCES, HIDDEN FIGURES, LION, and MOONLIGHT. The BAFTAs opted for LION, but those award exist to recognize British films and actors in particular (Dev Patel won Best Supporting Actor, quite unexpectedly). Despite its clever reliance on a 5-year old protagonist, It's less likely that LION will win here. My favorite, ARRIVAL, is based on a short-story by Ted Chiang. The script nicely enhances and expands on the novella. The film plays with the notion of language nicely and uses time travel (if it can be called that) uniquely. It's confusing, yet intricate and generally an enjoyable film to watch.
Adapted Screenplay Prediction: ARRIVAL. A tough decision, but my money is on this mystery sci-fi.
We're looking forward to seeing how these 2017 Oscars predictions pan out this Sunday. We can help make your script the next Oscar-nominated script. Enter our Spring 2017 Screenwriting Competition and be in the chance of winning guaranteed pitching to the top of the film industry. CLICK HERE to enter before 14th May.
Exclusive to WriteMovies – To syndicate this content for your own publication, contact ian (at) writemovies dot-com.
© WriteMovies 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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text:
require "active_record/connection_adapters/redshift_adapter"

module DataSourceAdapters
  class RedshiftAdapter < StandardAdapter
    def fetch_table_names
      query_result = source_base_class.connection.query(<<~SQL, 'SCHEMA')
        SELECT table_schema, table_name, table_type
        FROM (
          SELECT table_schema, table_name, table_type
          FROM svv_tables
          WHERE table_schema = ANY (current_schemas(false)) or table_type = 'EXTERNAL TABLE'

          UNION

          SELECT DISTINCT view_schema, view_name, 'LATE BINDING'
          FROM pg_get_late_binding_view_cols() cols(view_schema name, view_name name, col_name name, col_type varchar, col_num int)
          WHERE view_schema = ANY (current_schemas(false))
        ) tables
        ORDER BY table_schema, table_name;
      SQL

      table_groups = group_by_table_type(query_result)

      @base_table_names = table_groups['BASE TABLE'] || []
      @external_table_names = table_groups['EXTERNAL TABLE'] || []
      @view_names = table_groups['VIEW'] || []
      @late_binding_view_names = table_groups['LATE BINDING'] || []

      (@base_table_names + @external_table_names + @view_names + @late_binding_view_names).uniq
    rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, PG::Error => e
      raise DataSource::ConnectionBad.new(e)
    end

    def fetch_columns(table)
      adapter = connection.pool.connection
      connection.query(<<~SQL, 'COLUMN').map { |name, sql_type, default, nullable| Column.new(name, sql_type, adapter.quote(default), nullable || false) }
        SELECT column_name, data_type, column_default, is_nullable FROM svv_columns WHERE table_schema = '#{table.schema_name}' and table_name = '#{table.table_name}';
      SQL
    rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, Mysql2::Error, PG::Error => e
      raise DataSource::ConnectionBad.new(e)
    end

    def fetch_rows(table, limit)
      return [] if late_binding_view?(table)
      return fetch_spectrum_rows(table, limit) if spectrum?(table)
      super
    end

    def fetch_spectrum_rows(table, limit)
      adapter = connection.pool.connection
      column_names = table.columns.map { |column| adapter.quote_column_name(column.name) }.join(", ")
      sql = "SELECT #{column_names} FROM #{adapter.quote_table_name(table.full_table_name)} LIMIT #{limit};"
      rows = connection.select_rows(sql, "#{table.full_table_name.classify} Load")
    rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError, Mysql2::Error, PG::Error => e
      raise DataSource::ConnectionBad.new(e)
    end

    def fetch_count(table)
      return 0 if late_binding_view?(table)
      super
    end

    def fetch_view_query(table)
      return nil unless view?(table)
      adapter = connection.pool.connection
      connection.query(<<~SQL, 'VIEW QUERY').join("\n")
        SELECT definition FROM pg_views WHERE schemaname = '#{table.schema_name}' and viewname = '#{table.table_name}';
      SQL
    end

    def fetch_view_query_plan(query)
      return nil if query.blank?
      # to explain, extract of select statement from view query without 'with no schema binding'
      query = query.match(/select(.|\n)+/i)[0].sub(/\)? ?with no schema binding/, '')
      super
    end

    private

    def group_by_table_type(records)
      records.group_by { |r| r[2] }.map { |k, v| [k, reject_table_type(v)] }.to_h
    end

    def reject_table_type(records)
      records.map { |r| [r[0], r[1]] }
    end

    def spectrum?(table)
      raise "@external_table_names must be defined, execute fetch_table befor spectrum?" unless instance_variable_defined?(:@external_table_names)
      @external_table_names.include?(table.full_table_name.split('.'))
    end

    def view?(table)
      base_view?(table) || late_binding_view?(table)
    end

    def base_view?(table)
      raise "@view_names must be defined, execute fetch_table befor view?" unless instance_variable_defined?(:@view_names)
      @view_names.include?(table.full_table_name.split('.'))
    end

    def late_binding_view?(table)
      raise "@late_binding_view_names must be defined, execute fetch_table befor late_binding_view?" unless instance_variable_defined?(:@late_binding_view_names)
      @late_binding_view_names.include?(table.full_table_name.split('.'))
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Amy Schumer on S.N.L.: Kardashians, Hillary, and an Audacious Gun Commercial
The Schumer-hosted episode was the step up the show needed.
By Joe Reid
Amy Schumer was visibly giddy at the thought of hosting Saturday Night Live for the first time last night, but there were no jitters apparent in her blistering monologue, which saw her at the top of her stand-up game. After opening with a bit about the challenges for women in Hollywood, Schumer talked about the Kardashians. "Is that a great message for little girls? A whole family who take the faces they were born with as a light suggestion," she said. "And we used to have Khloe. Khloe was ours, right? […] But then Khloe, she lost half her body weight; she lost a Kendall. And we have nothing."
As is typical of Schumer's stand-up, she got laughs at everything from feminism to buttholes to Jessica Alba to Hillary Clinton, who apparently would not be a tequila-shots kind of president. This is information we'll need in 2016!
One thing that felt apparent in this set as opposed to Schumer's earlier stand-up was her rapidly increasing level of fame. There was the aforementioned Hillary anecdote, which came from a meeting with the 2016 Democratic frontrunner, followed by an extended bit that seemed to be mostly about how she is friends with Bradley Cooper. It was screamingly funny, of course, but it'll be interesting to see how far into the realm of celebrity her material goes from here now that she's becoming a huge star/Jennifer Lawrence-bestie herself.
The episode as a whole was a huge step up from last week's Miley Cyrus-hosted premiere. Schumer's Trainwreck co-star Vanessa Bayer got prime placement in quite a few sketches, which is always a good thing. And then there was the rather audacious commercial parody for guns.
It'd be hilarious if it didn't also feel too real.
Joe Reid
See More By Joe Reid »
In an episode of her web series with her husband, Charles, a groundskeeper who worked on the estate for more than 40 years provided some wisdom on how things used to operate.
"Charles is a forgiving person by nature, and he wants to move on," sources close to Charles tell Vanity Fair. "Whatever has been said and done, Harry is still his son and he loves him."
The Sussexes also made some new hires at the charity as the organization continues to grow.
Report: Trump Could Actually Be Criminally Charged for the Stormy Daniels Hush Money Payment
A grand jury began hearing evidence on Monday.
Ron DeSantis Is "Actively Preparing" for Presidential Run and Donald Trump Is Having a Meltdown
The Florida governor's team is reportedly in talks with key campaign hires.
Cocreators Donald Glover and Janine Nabers, plus star Dominique Fishback, get candid about the wild new series that is "a sister to Atlanta."
Donald Trump's Tantrumless Reaction to Nikki Haley's 2024 Ambitions Is Telling
The former president, who cordially welcomed the former governor into the field, appears to have a clear sense of who he thinks his real enemies are.
By Caleb Ecarma
Priscilla Presley Seeks to Invalidate Daughter Lisa Marie Presley's Will
The ex-wife of Elvis Presley filed a petition this week challenging the "authenticity and validity" of Lisa Marie's decision to appoint her eldest daughter, Riley Keough, as sole trustee of her estate.
"Reality Is Submerged in Fantasy": The Villages Is a Boomer's Utopia—And Demographic Time Bomb
Florida's Trump-loving retirement community was meticulously created "to make boomers in particular feel comfortable and happy," as Philip Bump writes in his forthcoming book, Aftermath. But behind its idyllic façade lurks a crisis that the Villages—and the rest of the country—have yet to reckon with.
By Philip Bump
After a review of the To Leslie campaign, the Academy notes it discovered "social media and outreach campaigning tactics that caused concern."


text:
Current: Julie Hall
Julie is an experienced teacher, having changed career after over a decade working as a dietitian in the NHS
Throughout her teaching career, she has taken forward her concern for championing and providing a supportive and nurturing environment for children vulnerable as a consequence of disabilities or social/emotional deprivation. Her relational approach to her work has produced transformational outcomes in supporting parental engagement with schools, facilitating access to education and services, and closing the attainment gap.
More recently, Julie has worked within her local authority training school leaders, teachers and Early Years workers in relational approaches. She has contributed to the development of Education Scotland materials on Applying Whole School Nurturing Approaches, working alongside Educational Psychologists, and has developed, delivered and evaluated training for school staff on trauma-informed practice. Julie continues to teach in Inverclyde alongside her role as a consultant trainer within KCA.
2019–Present: Independent Consultant and Trainer
2019–Present: Outreach Teacher, Inverclyde Attainment Challenge
2015–2019: Coaching and Modelling Officer, Health & Wellbeing/Nurture, Inverclyde Attainment Challenge
2015–2018: Co-ordinator, West of Scotland Nurture Groups, Nurture UK
2008–2015: Nurture Teacher, St Andrew's Primary School, Greenock
2003–2008: Class Teacher, Glenburn ASN (Additional Support Needs) School, Greenock
2002–2003: Class Teacher, St John's Primary School, Port Glasgow
1998–2000: Community Dietitiaan, Argyll and Clyde Health Board
1990–1996: Paediatric Dietitian, Argyll and Clyde Health Board
1987–1989: Dietitian, St George's Hospital, London
Fellowship, School of Education, University of Strathclyde, 2016
MSc in Educational Support, University of Strathclyde, 2015
Postgraduate Certificate in Education, University of Glasgow, 2002
BSc Nutrition and Dietetics, Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh, 1987


The California YMCA Youth & Government Model United Nations program is a simulation of the "real life" United Nations. In this unique, immersive program, middle school delegates from Kent and White Hill schools will research, debate and establish policies, treaties and resolutions focusing on international issues. These include disputes between countries, peace-keeping responsibilities, border crisis, stabilizing financial markets and dealing with hunger, disease and poverty. Delegations are assigned one or more countries (depending on the number of participants) that they will represent, and students will research the countries and come to the MUN as representatives of those countries.
Under the direction and supervision of the delegation Lead Advisor, Model United Nations (MUN) Advisors are responsible for supporting and implementing the Model UN program in our local community. Primarily, this includes acting as a guide, mentor and chaperone at 2 out-of-town conferences with other delegates from all over California: The MUN Training Conference, March 23-25, 2018 at Camp Roberts near Paso Robles, and the MUN Summit in Los Angeles from April 26-29, 2018. An Advisor will help to lead a group of middle school age youth delegates and develop their skills related to leadership, personal growth, and service to others.
There are few things in life more rewarding than being a YMCA Youth & Government Advisor!
How's that for a bold statement? Well, it's the absolute truth. As a Youth & Government (Y&G) MUN Advisor, you will have the opportunity to facilitate a life-changing experience for a group of children, and in the process, have a life changing experience of your own. It doesn't get much better than that. As an Advisor, you will embark on a series of adventures that you may have never imagined, with people you never thought you'd meet, in places you never thought you'd go (like Camp Roberts). And when you're done, you'll not only have made an enormous impact on the youth under your care, you'll have memories that you'll cherish for a lifetime.
Be a mature, dependable and responsible individual.
Relate well to and enjoy working with middle school age youth.
Have group facilitation experience or be willing to receive training in this area.
Demonstrate and be committed to the four core values of the YMCA (Caring, Honesty, Responsibility and Respect).
Have a basic understanding of current and historical international issues and concerns.
Be organized, attentive to detail, and have good follow-through skills.
Meet all volunteer requirements set by the local YMCA including, but not limited to, fingerprint clearance.
Attend all MUN related programs and conferences, January through May. Provide active supervision, guidance and support to Marin YMCA delegates.
Actively supporting Y&G programs goals and objectives.
Preparing participants for their roles in Model United Nations.
Working with participants to complete country banner projects, position papers, and other required assignments.
Actively seeking local community and political involvement and support for the delegation.


text:
SAI International School Bags the Green School Award for the 12 Time in a Row
SAI International School, bags the Green School Award yet again, for the 12th consecutive year on January 15, 2023. The coveted award was presented from the Plant Lovers' Association, Bhubaneswar. This year too, the School was awarded the 1st Prize for Private School Garden (minimum 1000 square feet category) at the State level Annual Flower Show 2023, jointly organized by Regional Plant Resource Centre and Plant Lovers 'Association, Bhubaneswar.
The Annual Competition saw schools, teaching and training institutions, residential buildings, corporate offices, government offices as well as public gardens and nurseries participate with great enthusiasm.
Director Academics & Sr Principal, Shri Nilakantha Pangrahi, received this honour on the behalf of the entire school. Extremely happy to be the recipients, SAI reiterates its commitment for preserving the much-needed green mantle of the planet and pledges to work continuously on winning the award year after year. With a huge area dedicated specially for gardening and planting new saplings on every auspicious occasion, the school always undertakes initiatives to maintain the lush green gardens, with rows of blooming flowers, lines of trees and medicinal plants that adorn around 30,000 sqft of the entire area. From conserving water to increasing recycling, paying attention to nutrition and fitness and integrating those lessons across the curriculum, SAI International School has made a considerable commitment to address the major environmental challenges in today's world.
SAI is an ardent believer of 'Clean City, Green City' and tries to instil a deep connect & love for nature among the students and staff since its inception. For its painstaking effort to maintain greenery, the school has been highly appreciated and has won various awards for several years in a row.


text:
Are there any recorded discrepancies between The Odyssey as oral tradition and The Odyssey as Homer transcribed it?
The Odyssey began as oral tradition, and was later transcribed by someone we now call "Homer." Disregarding the Homeric Question concerning the identity of the person who transcribed these works, it recently occurred to me...
Since The Odyssey began as oral tradition, it must naturally have evolved over time. Transcription of oral tradition is an imperfect process, and having been passed by memory and by oral education, small changes are bound to accrue. Additionally, any specific player/orator has control over their performance, and individual changes as an individual deemed necessary are also likely.
It also seems plausible that multiple copies of at least parts of The Odyssey should exist: that "Homer" and Homer alone should feel the need to write them down seems counter-intuitive and inexplicable. It would be surprising to me to learn that only Homer bothered to write any portion of The Odyssey down.
At a minimum, if multiple people had versions of The Odyssey in their memory that differed from Homer's, I'd expect to find an account of that somewhere. There are a great number of ways that changes and differences could have been recorded and retained; that none of them seem to be mentioned anywhere confuses me.
Are there different copies of parts of The Odyssey, or is Homer's version the only known evidence of this oral tradition? If so, are there major differences between them, or are written versions largely consistent with the one presented by Homer?
greek-literature homer the-odyssey oral-tradition
Aza♦Aza
Some scenes, such as the detailed story of the Trojan Horse, were not in this transcription but survived in the oral tradition long enough for there to be a written trace of them today. Any flagrant discrepancies however, except on mythological subjects, would have lost ground even in the oral tradition and thus not have been left for today's eyes to see or study. "Les mots s'envolent, mais l'écrit reste." – VicAche Mar 21 '17 at 22:26
On the answer
Much of the structure of this answer is based on the very clear history of #The Odyssey# and #The Illiad# written by Nicolas Bertrand in a 2009 Article (PDF). The primary sources discussed are the following, and I will try to reference them more closely in successive edits, but this is a process that takes time, as I relied on translations to write the original answer):
Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, Lord, A,B, Cornell University Press, 1991
The Making of the Homeric Verse: the collected papers of Milman Parry, Parry, M, Clarendon Press, 1971
Die typischen Scenen bei Homer, Arend, Weidmann, 1933
Homeric Questions, Nagy, University of Texas Press, 1996
What's a text? This is a question that needs to be answered to be able to understand this question fully. What your asking is basically, why we don't we have a diff /homer.txt /oral.txt? There is nothing like a signed version of The Odyssey. Whatever version you read was probably compiled (I'm not saying translated, I mean compiled) in the 19th century.
This implies that if we want to compare the version you're reading with oral tradition, we need to identify which version you're reading - a problem one seldom has with texts from post-medieval era, and has to a much latter degree with texts that post-date the diffusion of codices by Ancient Rome.
Come on, I want an answer
At the birth of the Odyssey (and the Iliad) is a long-lasting oral tradition. This sophisticated tradition has few current-day equivalent in Europe, but luckily enough, in the early 20th century, Perry and Lord, who were as curious as the OP but had no access to the Internet, went on asking living bards for their input on what the Oral Odyssey (this is my term, not there) could have been: epske pjesme, the oral epic tradition in Yugoslavia, was still lively and they had many interviews with practicing bards that confirmed their intuition (intuition shared with a third guy called Arend, working separately, who apparently preferred libraries to the Balkans).
What they got from their discussion confirmed two great intuitions those guys had:
1) The Odyssey and the Illiad were not written to be... written. They were written down after being composed to be learned by heart. This was first identified by identifying then studying structures called "Homeric verses": those are rhyme structures repeated with similar semantic content (generally a character and an associated adjective). The canonical example of this is "Swift-footed Achilles". One would have three or four such structures for each character, that he could rely on when coming back to the character. They have an evident mnemonic function, which tells you a lot about how close to Oral tradition the version we can read is, but they are also a great "writting" tool: they are prepared to fit in Homeric verses well, allowing to keep the flow whenever the story takes a new twist. Those structures are actually very old and are sometimes shared with Sanskrit (making it ridiculous to argue that we're talking about western culture here)!
2) Even if you go away from the language itself, the oral character of the story is evident: all boat landings, all fights, share a common structure so that poets only have to remember the scheme once, and decline it according to what's important in a given example. Of course, seeing this from only a single version of the story (whichever "Homer" version you found) can be difficult, but it's confirmed by the study of the above mentioned epske pjesme. This kind of system speaks very much against The Odyssey being written by a single man. It also says a lot about the stability you may expect between versions: they will all share the same structure, and big discrepancies would therefore be about omitting or detailing a given event in the story (small discrepancies between oral tradition and a written text not being very likely to survive time...)
So come on, where are those discrepancies?
The same studies on Yugoslav poets that "proved" the existence of a mnemonic framework throughout The Odyssey and The Iliad were studied long enough that we know how little they vary: several years apart, poems built around similar verse and story structure were recorded.
This allows for poet to compose quickly and efficiently improvisations on a given structure. What "modern" users of the same technique tell us is that this was used to give out acts, various and varied performance of a given theme, with both great consistency and great diversity.
Then how come we have only one version?
Now that we know for sure that those were oral texts, how did we get down to the single version we read today?
First, it's a transcription. The best way to see the Odyssey or the Iliad is as a movie. A movie is not a script, it's not even the sum of all scenes of the script that were played out once. It's a collage of chosen bits that were recorded and distributed. Of course the base material (the actual scenes recorded) is important, but you can't go back to them from the written (recorded) piece. Nor is it realistic to think we recorded a single performance of a poet: both "books" are far too long for that.
Once we agree The Odyssey is just a movie, we need to know when it was shot.
Shooting The Odyssey
The question is: who put The Odyssey on paper?
First option: The Scriptist. There was a predating cultural substrate, but the guy who wrote done the two poems also composed them. The main argument for this is in my opinion weak, ie that poems of such wisdom and complexity could not have been conceived without the help of writing
Second option: The Oralist. The poems were dictated (by one or more poets). The tenants of this option (among which Lord and Powell) witnessed that the texts that were dictated to them by the Yugoslav poets were much better when dictated than when recorded, as it forced the poets to pace themselves and extend the sentences. We can use the analogue of theater actors knowing they are recorded for a movie, asking to shoot a scene again or including bonuses that are not in their usual performance.
Retaining this option gives for a very affirmative answer to your question: the two poems are not different per se from the oral tradition, but they consist a more organised and exhaustive version of the poetic wisdom that brought them to life.
Third hypothesis: The texts transitioned slowly from oral to written to written and unified. This is Nagy's hypothesis. He gives a very precise timeline (which in my opinion is quite irrelevant here) but the basic idea is to have the text put down in three phases. At first, as described above (just a writing framework and tool), then more and more "standard" versions would circulate. In a third time, some of these performances would be recorded in a written form. In a fourth time, those written down would be aggregated and standardized before, ultimately, a "fixed" version appears (for The Odyssey, we can date this to Aristarchus's edition in 150 B.C.)
I think this last option is preferable: we should be able to imagine an oral tradition that is slowly merged into a nascent, written tradition, before for both political and cultural versions a central version emerged, that would then vary only slightly - "corruptions" and "cleaning" periods, basically through spread (for corruptions) and study of many versions to make a clean one (for cleaning or bottlenecks). The text you know comes at one of those bottlenecks, and its incredibly long history as a "single" cultural object explain no variations of it have gained wide tract.
Notable exceptions to this are details of the Trojan Horse that survived in other texts/the popular culture, and a lot of mythology that we know in contradictory/more detailed version, because both these elements had a cultural significance to those over time that transmitted the text to you, from Athens scholars to Roman and Egyptians to Arabics and Bizantines, to Italian scribes of the 15th century, to French scholars of the 19th and British scholars of the 20th...
You know of one version because every effort has been made to present a coherent, written version of a text that was initially probably a collection of oral performances.
Gallifreyan♦
@Hamlet this answer is not based on wikipedia. It is based on the link sent in a comment above. Wikipedia was used twice as a way to develop. The Scriptist and The Oralist are translations from the French academic terms. As asked yesterday on chat, I'm looking for interresting references on the subject in English, but if the wording may be clumsy, this is all backed information contrary to what you're implying. – VicAche Mar 22 '17 at 17:26
@Hamlet I believe that as a source, Wikipedia has many limitations but it is by far not an "horrible way" of presenting research that you don't want to dive in for an answer, yet you want your readers to be able to develop on. – VicAche Mar 22 '17 at 17:48
The edit improves things. If you base an answer off of a source, you always should state what that source is. – user111 Mar 22 '17 at 18:58
It's worth to look at the birth of the Kalevala (or even Kodály's collecting folk songs) as examples for how a single canonical version can be created from oral traditions, because those canonizations are more recent and compiled largely by a single person, so their history is recorded better. – b_jonas Mar 25 '17 at 15:11
Interesting analogy to film (scripts are very fluid things, undergoing many changes between initial drafting and final shooting version, often with rewrites during production.) For those interested, here are some links related to the compiling of Homer: Geneticists Estimate Publication Date of Iliad; Linguistic Evidence Supports Date for Homeric Epics; Homer Before Print – DukeZhou Nov 15 '17 at 16:12
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged greek-literature homer the-odyssey oral-tradition or ask your own question.
Are there recorded instances of asexuality in the body of ancient Greek writings?
Did Homer base the Iliad and the Odyssey on mythology?
Was Odysseus considered unfaithful to his wife in the Odyssey?
How long did accounts of the Sängerkrieg last as purely oral literature?
What are the parallels between The Odyssey and The Time Traveler's Wife?
Why does the portrayal of fate in the Odyssey differ from that of the Iliad?
What are the other (aside from the Iliad) classical sources for the saga of Troy?
Are there any surviving works of Ancient Greek playwrights/poets excluding the more well known ones?
Is there any connection between Paris of Troy and Paris of Verona?
Is there any significance in Shakespeare's use of the name "Laertes" (name of the father of Odysseus) in Hamlet?


text:
<?php

namespace Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Functional\Ticket;

/**
 * @group DDC-1526
 */
class DDC1526Test extends \Doctrine\Tests\OrmFunctionalTestCase
{
    public function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->_schemaTool->createSchema(array(
            $this->_em->getClassMetadata(__NAMESPACE__ . '\\DDC1526Menu'),
        ));
    }

    public function testIssue()
    {
        $parents = array();
        for ($i = 0; $i < 9; $i++) {
            $entity = new DDC1526Menu;

            if (isset ($parents[($i % 3)])) {
                $entity->parent = $parents[($i%3)];
            }

            $this->_em->persist($entity);
            $parents[$i] = $entity;
        }
        $this->_em->flush();
        $this->_em->clear();

        $dql = "SELECT m, c
            FROM " . __NAMESPACE__ . "\DDC1526Menu m
            LEFT JOIN m.children c";
        $menus = $this->_em->createQuery($dql)->getResult();

        // All Children collection now have to be initialized
        foreach ($menus as $menu) {
            $this->assertTrue($menu->children->isInitialized());
        }
    }
}

/**
 * @Entity
 */
class DDC1526Menu
{
    /**
     * @Column(type="integer")
     * @Id
     * @GeneratedValue
     */
    public $id;
    /**
     * @ManyToOne(targetEntity="DDC1526Menu", inversedBy="children")
     */
    public $parent;

    /**
     * @OneToMany(targetEntity="DDC1526Menu", mappedBy="parent")
     */
    public $children;
}


In need of some Spring outfit inspiration? Look no further than our roundup of fashion bloggers slaying the street style scene. In looks that range from preppy to casual, menswear bloggers Allen Onyia (Upscale Hype) and Marcus Troy are redefining what it means to be Renaissance men. Bloggers Blake von D, Kela Walker and Essie Golden inspire women all over the world with bold outfits that show off their individuality and confidence.
This season, be inspired by our favorite street style stars to take your wardrobe to the next level. Recreate each of their looks with trendy, affordable picks from Macys, and make this your most stylish Spring yet.


text:
Local prep stars arrive in Shreveport
SHREVEPORT – Seventy-two Louisiana football seniors descended on Shreveport on Wednesday to begin preparation for Sa...
Local prep stars arrive in Shreveport SHREVEPORT – Seventy-two Louisiana football seniors descended on Shreveport on Wednesday to begin preparation for Sa... Check out this story on theadvertiser.com: http://usat.ly/JKbxQo
Louisiana Published 12:19 a.m. CT Dec. 19, 2013
Neville quarterback Andre Fuller II was among several local players to arrive in Shreveport on Wednesday for Saturday's East-West All-Star game in Independence Stadium. (Photo: Michelle Tripp/The News-Star )
SHREVEPORT – Seventy-two Louisiana football seniors descended on Shreveport on Wednesday to begin preparation for Saturday's East-West All-Star game in Independence Stadium.
Northeast Louisiana was represented well with nine members on the East team.
They include Neville quarterback Andre Fuller II and linebacker Ashari Goins join receiver Cameron Sims (Ouachita), linebacker Eric Bowie (Ouachita), linebacker Ronnie Smith (Union Parish), defensive back Ahkeem Henderson (Ouachita Christian), defensive back Darren Crawford (Ruston), linebacker Cody McGuire (Sterlington), offensive lineman Dustin Brooks (West Monroe) and offensive lineman Dustin Staples (West Ouachita).
"I'm real happy, we got us some nice new Nike gear, and it's a really nice stadium," Fuller said. "I'm getting to play with some people I've been playing against and that I actually played with when we were younger."
Mickey McCarty of Neville will lead the East team. McCarty coached in the 2005 all-star game, the last contest held in Louisiana before the game was played between Texas and Louisiana in Baytown, Texas — called the Bayou Bowl. Ouachita Christian School coach Steven Fitzhugh is an assistant for the East.
"The first day being here with players from across the state, the thing you see right away is that everybody is trying to get a feel for everyone else. Very much unlike a college team going to a bowl game, they are with each other for the first time for the most part," McCarty said.
"But that's also unique thing about this experience is building some relationships and friendships through players and coaches."
Meanwhile, Evangel receiver Jared Cornelius said he's excited to play in what he called his "bowl game."
Cornelius, who signed a scholarship with Arkansas on Wednesday after decommiting from the Hogs and visiting Texas Christian earlier this month, said he will have fun in facing some of the best players in the state.
"To God be the glory. This is an amazing stage to showcase your talent, and I'm thankful for the opportunity," Cornelius said. "I know the two from Byrd and know a couple of other guys' faces from camps. I was really looking forward to play (Trey Quinn from Barbe), but he backed out at the last second. It's like a last hurrah ... and it feels great to go out like this."
Cornelius is one of five local players and two local coaches to suit up for the West squad.
Other locals include Byrd's Chander Nance (defensive line), Byrd's Nicholas Pratt (defensive back), Calvary's Jaren Stringer (offensive line) and Fair Park's LaDarrius Woodards (defensive line).


text:
Home/All News/Squash Players advocate for inclusion through Sport in Buenos Aires
All NewsArgentinaMajor Event NewsOlympicsTop StoriesWSF NewsYOG2018
Squash Players advocate for inclusion through Sport in Buenos Aires
Maria Toorpakai Wazir, a professional squash player from Pakistan, and Shahd Bshara, a member of the Israel-based urban squash programme SquashBond, participated in two inaugural initiatives launched this week in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that saw them advocate for inclusion through sport by sharing their inspiring stories on the eve of the Youth Olympic Games that kick off in the Argentinian capital today.
Squash is introduced as a Showcase Sport at the Youth Olympic Games with 38 young players from 28 countries looking forward to capture imaginations of visiting fans and forum delegates alike.
Toorpakai Wazir, whose remarkable journey to become a professional athlete saw her disguise herself as a boy in order to train, compete and attend school in defiance of imposed Taliban rule in her home region of Waziristan, Pakistan, spoke during a working session entitled "Spark Talk: Fighting for the Right to Play Sport" at the inaugural Olympism in Action Forum – a newly launched IOC programme focused on building a better world through sport.
The world-ranked number 116 is a renowned gender equality advocate and serves on the IOC Women in Sport Commission, aiming to promote equal opportunities for girls and women to participate in, and benefit from sport and physical activity.
"It was very exciting to be part of the Olympism in Action Forum ahead of the Youth Olympic Games this week," said Toorpakai Wazir
"It is a perfect opportunity and a great platform to talk about the importance of sports and how it can transform individuals and communities and make the world a more humane, peaceful and well connected place to live in.
"I also cannot wait to see squash being showcased at the Games. I want to see squash, the sport that I love the most, becoming part of the Olympic programme soon and the process is very exciting."
Toorpakai Wazir is one of 300 professional female players competing on the PSA World Tour – the sport's professional body which jointly administers the male and female game with a commitment to achieving parity in prize money and playing opportunities.
15-year-old Bshara, meanwhile, was chosen as one of four athletes from around the world to form the first Sport at the Service of Humanity Young Leaders Mentoring Program, launched at the Young Leaders Forum on Thursday, October 4, 2018, which aims to prepare athletes and young leaders in sport to "Win in Life" and inspire their communities through the power of their example.
SquashBond, of which Bshara is a member, is a cross-community organisation that helps to bridge the gap between Jewish and Arab cultures in Israel and teaches lifeskills and leadership through the game of squash. The organisation aims to help children and teenagers grow into confident, mature adults who can venture beyond their communities, pursue educational achievements and ultimately jointly promote a shared community.
"I fell in love with squash the moment I first played it five years ago and through squash so many new opportunities and doors have opened for me," said Bshara, who lives in an Arab town in Israel.
"The opportunity to travel to Argentina and be part of Young Leaders Mentoring Program is a great honour and has been very exciting. I have enjoyed talking to the other mentees and the mentors about squash and to meet and learn from inspirational leaders, who have such vast experience, will help me to develop as a person.
"Learning how sport can help promote peace and empower people is very important and I hope that I can help bring the sport of squash to our community in the future."
Jacques Fontaine, the World Squash Federation President who is leading the squash delegation in Buenos Aires, commented: "We are very honoured to have such strong voices advocating for inclusion through sport on behalf of the squash family here in Buenos Aires, in a demonstration of squash being at the forefront of breaking cultural and gender barriers through sport. As WSF and PSA are jointly vying for squash to be included in the Olympic Programme, we are proud to have this opportunity to share our ideas and vision with the IOC, Paris 2024 Organising Committee and other Olympic, sport and civil society representatives gathered here in Argentina."
Toorpakai Wazir imagery courtesy of IOC
Buenos Aires Maria Toor Pakay YO2018 Youth Olympic Games
Squash's YOG Ambassadors
Innovative Squash Showcase captures minds of Buenos Aires schoolchildren
Squash's YOG Ambassadors
Excitement building as Squash prepares for inaugural Youth Olympic Games showcase
WSF Reveals Youth Olympic Games Squash Ambassadors
Squash's YOG Debut Formalised


When Travelling As A Group?
AmeriSpan group programs immerse participants in a language, culture, and everyday life of the host country. All participants have the opportunity to live with a local family (other options available upon request). Homestay accommodations, language classes, and organized activities offer cultural exposure 24 hours a day. Learning takes place whether eating a meal, watching local TV, visiting a museum, or participating in an activity or excursion.
All AmeriSpan staff members have studied and/or lived abroad for extended periods of time. Collectively, we have traveled to more than 65 countries and speak 10 languages. Since 1993, we have used our expertise and experience to help more than 30,000 people study abroad. AmeriSpan has organized group programs for public and private schools, universities, large corporations, religious organizations, government agencies, and groups of friends. We have arranged programs as short as a week and as long as a semester. AmeriSpan is here to act as your partner in this process by listening and making suggestions for options you may not have considered.
Whether you choose a standard language program, a Ready Made Group program, a custom SALUD program, or an Educator program, AmeriSpan offers something for each group and its members. With over 15 languages in more than 45 countries throughout the Americas, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and Africa, AmeriSpan will help you find a program that suites the needs and interests of your group.
Whether small or large, each group with at least 5 students is eligible to receive our group incentives. Incentives vary by program type and number of participants.
10% discount - Any group of 5 or more participants is eligible to receive 10% off the program cost when choosing an existing AmeriSpan program. This includes Language Immersion, SALUD Medical Immersion, Programs for Educators, Teen Study Abroad, Business and Professional Programs, and Language & Fun Programs.
Free Leader- AmeriSpan offers 1 FREE program for every 8 paying participants, including airfare. This discount can be applied to any Ready Made Program or Custom Group Program.
SALUD Mini Group – If a group of 3 or more students plan to participate in an established SALUD Medical Immersion program, each will receive a 10% discount.
AmeriSpan will enroll you in a comprehensive travel assistance program when you register at least 4 weeks prior to your start date. Benefits include: Emergency Medical Evacuation, Accidental Medical Expense, Passport Replacement, Baggage Delay, 24-Hour Telephone Access, and Medical/Legal Referral. Complete information regarding benefits and coverage amounts will be included with your confirmation package after registration. Download the Official Policy (PDF) or Summary of Coverage (PDF).
Since the beginning, AmeriSpan has been active in "making a difference." Over the years, we have been involved in numerous charity projects such as rainforest preservation, literacy projects targeting Hispanic communities in the USA, and various organizations in Latin America that are part of the AmeriSpan's Volunteer & Internship program.


If you are going to launch an email campaign, then choosing the right email template is the foremost question that comes to mind. Here in this article we will give you a detailed explanation on the free HTML email template. HTML email is an email that is formatted like a web page using the colors, graphics, table columns and links. Below we have discussed some of the features of HTML email template.
Customize the email template according to the company's requirement. There are a vast variety of colors you can choose. Make your email template with enchanting colors to centralized the attention of the viewers on your brand.
The HTML email template can be rendered according to the size of the mobile device. The clients can view the email template anywhere. There is no specific requirement of PC or desktop for viewing the template. You can easily access it on the smart-phone and from any place whether in office, home or while traveling.
The email template can be designed by thousands way. Before delivering the email template to the client, it can be checked. If any technical problem arises, it can be easily resolved to deliver the faultless email template to the client.
There are some technical problems associated with the HTML email. Let's have a look at the arising hurdles with the free HTML email template and the methods to handle them.
If the coding of the email template is messy, then automatically the HTML email are delivered in the spam folder. The spam filters cross-check whether the coding is freshly made or being copied from the another word document file. If the coding is not copied, then there is no need to worry at all. It will easily get skip from the spam folder.
The coding of the HTML email is a little bit difficult from the HTML pages. The coding needs to be proper align to make it escape from the spam folder. CSS is also used for some specific purpose. While at many times, you need distinct HTML email templates for different requirement of clients.
Many corrections are left out regardless of how much efforts the developers and designers put into it. The main issue is how the email template is going to look to the end-user in the email. There are critical issues with the HTML email coding that might hampers at the last. Due to this, the email template delivered to the subscriber may differ from the original template made by the designers.
On a majority level, the users are reading the email without any image. There is a dead white space in the email instead of colorful and information text that leads to image blockage in the email.
Nowadays, the maximum users are accessing the emails on the phone. The HTML email doesn't get properly displayed on the mobile screens. Therefore, it's a wise suggestion to view the email template on the PC. For making the users engage with the email, visual graphics, presentation and the subject-line of the email should be highly amazing and exciting that thrills the subscriber to open up the email and have a glance over the email. The messages send in the format of the big paragraphs disinterest the reader's attention to go through it. Hence, always try to write-up in the form of bullets and make mega-tag lines for each paragraph that pushes the client to read the entire message.


One of the fastest growing online sites can be beneficial to growing your customer base, and the reason is the way they target potential customers. The site is Groupon, and the way they target customers is by zeroing in on the products and services people are searching for to start with.
Groupon is unique in that it allows shoppers to narrow their search to neighborhoods, so instead of getting a wide range of ad clicks from folks who are just bored you get those who are already in the market for a product or service, right in your backyard. For example, someone looking for casual mens wear can enter their zip code and find a deal at their local Old Navy store and instantly receive a digital coupon code for a percent off their total purchase. The same holds true for whatever line of business you're in: hair salons, chiropractors, website developers, and landscapers can zero in on their potential client base without using a hit-or-miss strategy.
If you've been fighting the marketing trends and are weary of getting lukewarm results Groupon might be the perfect solution. It narrows the demographics to a specific area and targets people who are already shopping for deals. What more could you ask for?
The best part is once a customer gets in the habit of using Groupon is the repeat business: they already have the app, their already shopping, and they'll check for discounts before choosing the business they want to buy from. If yours pops up with a discount coupon it narrows the field of competitors, and that's what sales are all about!
Groupon has nearly 50 million active customers and over 115 million app downloads. While we're not saying it's the perfect choice for your business, we are saying it's well worth looking into. As a marketing tool it can be very valuable both in raising sales and in broadening your demographics, so your customer base grows as the word gets out. Wouldn't you love to see your business info pop up on 50 million screens today?


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Innovation. Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS) is leading humanitarian efforts globally with their no nonsense approach to search and rescue of the thousands of people either fleeing war, conflicts or economic hardships across the Mediterranean Sea.
Now, MOAS, in conjunction with Grey for Good, are launching the I SEA app for the iPhone to crowdsource searching the sea through satellite imagery technology with people around the world. Each person is allocated one plot of the sea to "watch" and then alert MOAS if a migrant vessel is spotted.
The I SEA app is available through iTunes.
MOAS is an internationally recognized search and rescue organization founded by two entrepreneurs and humanitarians, Christopher and Regina Catrambone. They have achieved another milestone in successfully transforming humanitarian emergency operationss through technology, first with drones and now with a crowdsourcing app, I SEA.
Download, watch and help rescue people.
By Keri Douglas, founder and publisher of 9 Muses News, Washington, DC. All Rights Reserved.
Tags: Christopher Catrambone, Humanitarian, I SEA app, Innovation, Mediterranean, Mediterranean Sea, Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS), MOAS, refugees, Regina Catrambone, sea. Bookmark the permalink.
Thanks, Maria! Amazing initiative by MOAS.