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as rendered by Muhammad Mahmoud Ghali
Muhammad Mahmoud Ghali rendition of Surah Victory, Conquest(al-Fath)
48:1 Surely We have given you an evident conquest, (Literally: conquered for you; or: opened for you)
48:2 That Allah may forgive you your guilty (deeds)-whatever of them has gone forward and whatever is postponed-and perfect His favor upon you, and guide you (The Prophet) on a straight Path,
48:3 And that Allah may vindicate you with a mighty victory.
48:4 He is (The One) Who has sent down serenity (or: tranquility) in the hearts of the believers, that they may increase in belief (added) to their belief; and to Allah belong the hosts of the heavens and the earth; and Allah has been Ever-Knowing, Ever-Wise.
48:5 That He may cause the male believers and the female believers to enter Gardens from beneath which the rivers run, eternally (abiding) therein, and expiate for them their odious deeds; and that is in the Providence of Allah a magnificent triumph.
48:6 And that He may torment the male hypocrites and the female hypocrites, and the male associators and the female associators, (i.e., those who associate others with Allah) the ones surmising ill surmises of Allah. Against them will be the woeful turn of fortune; and Allah h is angry with them and has cursed them and has prepared for them Hell-and what an odious Destiny!
48:7 And to Allah belong the hosts of the heavens and the earth, and Allah has been Ever-Mighty, Ever-Wise.
48:8 Surely We have sent you as a witness, and a bearer of good tidings, and a constant warrner,
48:9 That you may believe in Allah and His Messenger, and (readily) rally to Him, and reverence Him, and extol Him before sunrise and before sunset.
48:10 Surely the ones who swear allegiance to you, surely swear allegiance only to Allah; the Hand of Allah is above their hands. So, whoever breaches (his oath), then he breaches against himself; and whoever fulfils what he has covenanted with Allah, then He will soon bring him a magnificent reward.
48:11 The Arabs of the desert who were left behind will soon say to you, "Our riches and our families occupied us; so ask forgiveness for us!" They say with their tongues what is not in their hearts. Say, "Then who can possess for you anything from Allah, in case He wills harm for you, or He wills profit for you? No indeed, (but) Allah has been Ever-Cognizant of whatever you do.
48:12 No indeed, (but) you surmised that the Messenger and the believers would never come over to their own families at all, and that was adorned (i.e., made alluring) in your hearts, and you surmised woeful surmises, and you were a futile people."
48:13 And whoever does not believe in Allah and His Messenger, then surely We have readied for the disbelievers a Blaze.
48:14 And to Allah belongs the Kingdom of the heavens and of the earth; He forgives whomever He decides, and He torments whomever He decides; and Allah has been Ever-Forgiving, Ever-Merciful.
48:15 The ones who were left behind will soon say, when you go off after booty (The Arabic word is plural) to take it, "Give us leave to follow you closely, " willing to exchange the Speech of Allah (for their own lies). Say, "You will never closely follow us; even thus Allah said earlier." Then they will soon say, "No indeed, (but) you envy us." No indeed, (but) they have not comprehended except a little.
48:16 Say to the Arabs (of the desert) who were left behind, "You will soon be called against a people endowed with strict violence to fight them, or they surrender. So, in case you obey, Allah will bring you a fair reward, and in case you turn away, as you did turn away earlier, He will torment you with a painful torment."
48:17 There is no objection (Literally: restring) on the blind, nor is there objection (Literally: restring) on the lame, nor is there objection on the sick (if they do not go out to fight). And whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger, He will cause him to enter Gardens from beneath which rivers run; and whoever turns away, He will torment him with a painful torment.
48:18 Indeed Allah has already been satisfied with the believers as they were swearing allegiance to you beneath the tree. So He knew what was in their hearts, then He sent down serenity upon them, and requited them with a near conquest.
48:19 And much booty (The Arabic words are plural) for them to take; and Allah has been Ever-Mighty, Ever-Wise.
48:20 Allah has promised you much booty (The Arabic words are plural) to take; so He has (quickly) hastened it to you, and has restrained the hands of mankind from you, and that it may be a sign to the believers, and to guide you on a straight Path.
48:21 And other (booty) which you were not able to (take), Allah has encompassed it already; and Allah has been Ever-Determiner over everything.
48:22 And if the ones who have disbelieved fought you, indeed they would have turned their backs; thereafter they will find neither a patron nor a ready vindicator.
48:23 The enactment of Allah, which has already passed away earlier, and you will never find any exchange (s) to the enactment of Allah.
48:24 And He is (The One) Who restrained their hands from you, and your hands from them, in the hollow (Literally: the belly, i.e., the midst of makkah) of Makkah, even after He had made you to win over them; and Allah has been Ever-Beholding whatever you do.
48:25 They are (the ones) who disbelieved and barred you from the Inviolable Mosque and (barred) the consecrated offering (also) from reaching its lawful destination. And had it not been for (some) believing men and (some) believing women whom you did not know, (for fear) that you should trample (i.e., kill them) them, and so dishonor would afflict you on their account without (your) knowing it, that Allah may cause whomever He decides to enter into His mercy. If they (i.e., believers and disbelivers) had been made clearly distinct, indeed We would have tormented the ones who disbelieved among them with a painful torment.
48:26 As the ones who have disbelieved (got) in their hearts haughtiness, the haughtiness of (pagan) ingnorance, then Allah sent down His serenity upon His Messenger and upon the believers, and He imposed upon them the word of piety, and they were truly worthier of it and (qualified) population for it; and Allah has been Ever-Knowing of everything.
48:27 Indeed Allah has already sincerely vouchsafed to His Messenger the vision with the Truth: "Indeed you will definitely enter the Inviolable Mosque, in case Allah (so) decides, secure, (some of you) heads clean-shaven, (and some) hair cut short, not fearing." Yet He knew what you did not know, and so set up (Literally: made) for you, apart from that, a near conquest.
48:28 He is (The One) Who has sent His Messenger with the guidance and the religion of the Truth, that He (would) make it topmost above all religion; and Allah suffices as an Ever-Present Witness.
48:29 Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and (the ones) who are with him are strict against the steadfast disbelievers, constantly merciful among themselves. You see them constantly bowing themselves, (and) constantly prostrating themselves, seeking Grace from Allah and all-blessed Satisfaction. Their mark is on their faces, (being) the trace of prostration; that is their likeness in the Tawrah; (the Book revealed to Musa (Moses), of which the extant Torah is a corruption) and their likeness in the Injil (The Book revealed to clea (Jesus), of which the extant Gospel is a corruption) is as a plantation that brings out its shoot; then it upholds it; then it grows stout; then it matures level upon its stalks, wonderful to the diligent planters, that through them He may enrage the steadfast disbelievers. Allah has promised the ones of them who have believed and done deeds of righteousness forgiveness and a magnificent reward.


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Family & Military Divorce
Michael Kevin Murphy
Alimony, Spousal Support & Spousal Maintenance
Negotiation & Drafting of Family Law Documents
Services for Military Professionals
Services for Government Employees
Military Timesharing & Child Visitation Rights
Relocation of Children with Military Parents
Military Spousal Support
DIVORCE ATTORNEYS FOR PROFESSIONALS
A family law team for active duty military, civilian U.S. Government professionals, and retirees and their spouses.
Military Divorce Family Law
In consideration of evolving guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), our office will continue to offer virtual appointments either through phone or video conferencing as we have for over a year. However, if you believe your case requires in-person interaction with an attorney, please call the office and we will work with you on a case-by-case basis to ensure that we comply with current CDC health-related guidance regarding social distancing, etc.
Divorce Attorney in Fairfax VA
Serving Military & Government Professionals Throughout Northern Virginia
Established in 1982, the Law Offices of Michael Kevin Murphy, PLLC is conveniently located in Northern Virginia. Its main office is close by the Fairfax County Courthouse in the City of Fairfax; another office is close by the Loudoun County Courthouse in Leesburg. These offices provide our attorneys excellent access to local courts throughout all of Northern Virginia and beyond.
MKM Law lawyers and staff have learned early-on how to use technology in creative and useful ways to help our divorce, family, law, and military clients save money. Over the years we have had a number of clients whom we've never met in person, but with whom we have helped often; both initially, and as their cases developed, via "Zoom" "Facetime", "Cisco Webex", "Skype" or other means of video teleconferencing. Setting up a video teleconference with one of our attorneys for an initial client consultation or a follow-up video teleconference is easy. Just give us a call or send us an email and we'll make it happen.
A former U. S. Army officer, Michael Kevin Murphy has practiced family law for more than 30 years. Our divorce law firm addresses the legal needs of active duty and retired military professionals and their spouses from all branches of our country's military, as well as those of civilian federal government personnel and their spouses. We also work with many other professionals or their spouses on Virginia family law matters.
Because of our longstanding personal connection to the military and the wonderful community of devoted men and women who comprise it, we understand the unique demands of military life. Our law firm's attorneys often associate on a case-by-case basis with divorce attorneys who have also served in the military or are married to current or former service members.
When you need a military divorce lawyer in Northern Virginia, the attorneys from the Law Offices of Michael Kevin Murphy, PLLC are here for you.
Call our law firm at (703)721.7640 between 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., Mondays through Fridays to schedule an initial consultation. We serve clients throughout all of Northern Virginia.
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" I found Mr. Murphy's staff so welcoming and helpful through this entire process that it made an extremely stressful time a little less difficult."
Sarah Goding
Fariha Williams
Providing Strong Representation In Virginia & Worldwide
Mr. Murphy is licensed to practice law in Virginia and they associate with other attorneys as necessary to represent clients in other jurisdictions. Although the majority of our firm's clients live and work in Northern Virginia, near Washington, D.C., the firm and the other law firms with which we associate throughout Virginia, across the nation, and overseas are available to serve our clients almost everywhere.
See Our Client's Success Stories
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When you find yourself looking for an attorney to handle complex and deeply personal family law or divorce matters, you want a team who has extensive experience and recognition to back it up. The Law Offices of Michael Kevin Murphy, PLLC, are proud to have earned numerous accolades, such as an AVVO Rating of 9.1 – Superb in Military Family Law, and were voted AVVO's Clients' Choice for Military Family Law in 2015. Additionally, we have been rated by Martindale-Hubbell® AV Preeminent® which is its highest rating given for professional competence and integrity in the practice of law. Find out more today about how our proven track record can work for you and your family.
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Visual representation of a Schwarzschild wormhole. Wormholes have never been observed, but they are predicted to exist through mathematical models and scientific theory.
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
The advancement of science generally depends on the interplay between experimental studies and theory. In some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of mathematical rigour while giving little weight to experiments and observations.[a] For example, while developing special relativity, Albert Einstein was concerned with the Lorentz transformation which left Maxwell's equations invariant, but was apparently uninterested in the Michelson–Morley experiment on Earth's drift through a luminiferous aether.[citation needed] Conversely, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect, previously an experimental result lacking a theoretical formulation.[1]
A physical theory is a model of physical events. It is judged by the extent to which its predictions agree with empirical observations. The quality of a physical theory is also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a mathematical theorem in that while both are based on some form of axioms, judgment of mathematical applicability is not based on agreement with any experimental results.[2][3] A physical theory similarly differs from a mathematical theory, in the sense that the word "theory" has a different meaning in mathematical terms.[b]
" R i c = k g {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ric} =k\,g}
The equations for an Einstein manifold, used in general relativity to describe the curvature of spacetime
A physical theory involves one or more relationships between various measurable quantities. Archimedes realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water, Pythagoras understood the relation between the length of a vibrating string and the musical tone it produces.[4][5] Other examples include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles and the quantum mechanical idea that (action and) energy are not continuously variable.
Theoretical physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard, theoretical particle physics forms a good example. For instance: "phenomenologists" might employ (semi-) empirical formulas to agree with experimental results, often without deep physical understanding.[c] "Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.[d] Some attempt to create approximate theories, called effective theories, because fully developed theories may be regarded as unsolvable or too complicated. Other theorists may try to unify, formalise, reinterpret or generalise extant theories, or create completely new ones altogether.[e] Sometimes the vision provided by pure mathematical systems can provide clues to how a physical system might be modeled;[f] e.g., the notion, due to Riemann and others, that space itself might be curved. Theoretical problems that need computational investigation are often the concern of computational physics.
Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied. In the latter case, a correspondence principle will be required to recover the previously known result.[6][7] Sometimes though, advances may proceed along different paths. For example, an essentially correct theory may need some conceptual or factual revisions; atomic theory, first postulated millennia ago (by several thinkers in Greece and India) and the two-fluid theory of electricity[8] are two cases in this point. However, an exception to all the above is the wave–particle duality, a theory combining aspects of different, opposing models via the Bohr complementarity principle.
Relationship between mathematics and physics
Physical theories become accepted if they are able to make correct predictions and no (or few) incorrect ones. The theory should have, at least as a secondary objective, a certain economy and elegance (compare to mathematical beauty), a notion sometimes called "Occam's razor" after the 13th-century English philosopher William of Occam (or Ockham), in which the simpler of two theories that describe the same matter just as adequately is preferred (but conceptual simplicity may mean mathematical complexity).[9] They are also more likely to be accepted if they connect a wide range of phenomena. Testing the consequences of a theory is part of the scientific method.
Physical theories can be grouped into three categories: mainstream theories, proposed theories and fringe theories.
Further information: History of physics
Theoretical physics began at least 2,300 years ago, under the Pre-socratic philosophy, and continued by Plato and Aristotle, whose views held sway for a millennium. During the rise of medieval universities, the only acknowledged intellectual disciplines were the seven liberal arts of the Trivium like grammar, logic, and rhetoric and of the Quadrivium like arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the concept of experimental science, the counterpoint to theory, began with scholars such as Ibn al-Haytham and Francis Bacon. As the Scientific Revolution gathered pace, the concepts of matter, energy, space, time and causality slowly began to acquire the form we know today, and other sciences spun off from the rubric of natural philosophy. Thus began the modern era of theory with the Copernican paradigm shift in astronomy, soon followed by Johannes Kepler's expressions for planetary orbits, which summarized the meticulous observations of Tycho Brahe; the works of these men (alongside Galileo's) can perhaps be considered to constitute the Scientific Revolution.
The great push toward the modern concept of explanation started with Galileo, one of the few physicists who was both a consummate theoretician and a great experimentalist. The analytic geometry and mechanics of Descartes were incorporated into the calculus and mechanics of Isaac Newton, another theoretician/experimentalist of the highest order, writing Principia Mathematica.[10] In it contained a grand synthesis of the work of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler; as well as Newton's theories of mechanics and gravitation, which held sway as worldviews until the early 20th century. Simultaneously, progress was also made in optics (in particular colour theory and the ancient science of geometrical optics), courtesy of Newton, Descartes and the Dutchmen Snell and Huygens. In the 18th and 19th centuries Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Leonhard Euler and William Rowan Hamilton would extend the theory of classical mechanics considerably.[11] They picked up the interactive intertwining of mathematics and physics begun two millennia earlier by Pythagoras.
Among the great conceptual achievements of the 19th and 20th centuries were the consolidation of the idea of energy (as well as its global conservation) by the inclusion of heat, electricity and magnetism, and then light. The laws of thermodynamics, and most importantly the introduction of the singular concept of entropy began to provide a macroscopic explanation for the properties of matter. Statistical mechanics (followed by statistical physics and Quantum statistical mechanics) emerged as an offshoot of thermodynamics late in the 19th century. Another important event in the 19th century was the discovery of electromagnetic theory, unifying the previously separate phenomena of electricity, magnetism and light.
The pillars of modern physics, and perhaps the most revolutionary theories in the history of physics, have been relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Newtonian mechanics was subsumed under special relativity and Newton's gravity was given a kinematic explanation by general relativity. Quantum mechanics led to an understanding of blackbody radiation (which indeed, was an original motivation for the theory) and of anomalies in the specific heats of solids — and finally to an understanding of the internal structures of atoms and molecules. Quantum mechanics soon gave way to the formulation of quantum field theory (QFT), begun in the late 1920s. In the aftermath of World War 2, more progress brought much renewed interest in QFT, which had since the early efforts, stagnated. The same period also saw fresh attacks on the problems of superconductivity and phase transitions, as well as the first applications of QFT in the area of theoretical condensed matter. The 1960s and 70s saw the formulation of the Standard model of particle physics using QFT and progress in condensed matter physics (theoretical foundations of superconductivity and critical phenomena, among others), in parallel to the applications of relativity to problems in astronomy and cosmology respectively.
All of these achievements depended on the theoretical physics as a moving force both to suggest experiments and to consolidate results — often by ingenious application of existing mathematics, or, as in the case of Descartes and Newton (with Leibniz), by inventing new mathematics. Fourier's studies of heat conduction led to a new branch of mathematics: infinite, orthogonal series.[12]
Modern theoretical physics attempts to unify theories and explain phenomena in further attempts to understand the Universe, from the cosmological to the elementary particle scale. Where experimentation cannot be done, theoretical physics still tries to advance through the use of mathematical models.
Mainstream theories
Mainstream theories (sometimes referred to as central theories) are the body of knowledge of both factual and scientific views and possess a usual scientific quality of the tests of repeatability, consistency with existing well-established science and experimentation. There do exist mainstream theories that are generally accepted theories based solely upon their effects explaining a wide variety of data, although the detection, explanation, and possible composition are subjects of debate.
Condensed matter physics (including solid state physics and the electronic structure of materials)
Fundamental interaction
Electroweak interaction
Analog models of gravity
Conservation law
Conservation of mass
Laws of thermodynamics
Kinetic theory of gases
Classical field theory
Scattering theory
Quantum field theory
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
Conformal field theory
Algorithmic information theory
Quantum information theory
Computational complexity theory
Quantum complexity theory
Theory of relativity
Special relativity
Physical cosmology
Fractional quantum mechanics
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Quantum dynamics
Quantum chromodynamics
Quantum electrochemistry
Quantum electrodynamics
Quantum geometry
Quantum chaos
Perturbation theory
Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
Cosmological Constant
Gravitational constant
Standard Model
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Proposed theories
The proposed theories of physics are usually relatively new theories which deal with the study of physics which include scientific approaches, means for determining the validity of models and new types of reasoning used to arrive at the theory. However, some proposed theories include theories that have been around for decades and have eluded methods of discovery and testing. Proposed theories can include fringe theories in the process of becoming established (and, sometimes, gaining wider acceptance). Proposed theories usually have not been tested.
Black hole thermodynamics
Brane cosmology
Canonical quantum gravity
Causal Sets
CPT symmetry
Dark fluid
Digital physics
Doubly special relativity
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis
Einstein–Rosen Bridge
Event symmetry
Grand unification theory
Hidden variable theory
Loop quantum cosmology
Mathematical universe hypothesis
M-theory
Pilot wave theory
Quantum gravity
Scale relativity
Supergravity
Superstring theory
Supersymmetry breaking
Unparticle physics
Fringe theories
Fringe theories include any new area of scientific endeavor in the process of becoming established and some proposed theories. It can include speculative sciences. This includes physics fields and physical theories presented in accordance with known evidence, and a body of associated predictions have been made according to that theory.
Some fringe theories go on to become a widely accepted part of physics. Other fringe theories end up being disproven. Some fringe theories are a form of protoscience and others are a form of pseudoscience. The falsification of the original theory sometimes leads to reformulation of the theory.
Electrogravitics
Tesla's dynamic theory of gravity
Aether (classical element)
Luminiferous aether
Odic force
Thought experiments vs real experiments
Main article: Thought experiment
"Thought" experiments are situations created in one's mind, asking a question akin to "suppose you are in this situation, assuming such is true, what would follow?". They are usually created to investigate phenomena that are not readily experienced in every-day situations. Famous examples of such thought experiments are Schrödinger's cat, the EPR thought experiment, simple illustrations of time dilation, and so on. These usually lead to real experiments designed to verify that the conclusion (and therefore the assumptions) of the thought experiments are correct. The EPR thought experiment led to the Bell inequalities, which were then tested to various degrees of rigor, leading to the acceptance of the current formulation of quantum mechanics and probabilism as a working hypothesis.
Book: Physics
List of theoretical physicists
Symmetry in quantum mechanics
Timeline of developments in theoretical physics
^ There is some debate as to whether or not theoretical physics uses mathematics to build intuition and illustrativeness to extract physical insight (especially when normal experience fails), rather than as a tool in formalizing theories. This links to the question of it using mathematics in a less formally rigorous, and more intuitive or heuristic way than, say, mathematical physics.
^ Sometimes the word "theory" can be used ambiguously in this sense, not to describe scientific theories, but research (sub)fields and programmes. Examples: relativity theory, quantum field theory, string theory.
^ The work of Johann Balmer and Johannes Rydberg in spectroscopy, and the semi-empirical mass formula of nuclear physics are good candidates for examples of this approach.
^ The Ptolemaic and Copernican models of the Solar system, the Bohr model of hydrogen atoms and nuclear shell model are good candidates for examples of this approach.
^ Arguably these are the most celebrated theories in physics: Newton's theory of gravitation, Einstein's theory of relativity and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism share some of these attributes.
^ This approach is often favoured by (pure) mathematicians and mathematical physicists.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Theorems and Theories Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, Sam Nelson.
^ Mark C. Chu-Carroll, March 13, 2007:Theorems, Lemmas, and Corollaries. Good Math, Bad Math blog.
^ Singiresu S. Rao (2007). Vibration of Continuous Systems (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 5,12. ISBN 978-0471771715. ISBN 9780471771715
^ Eli Maor (2007). The Pythagorean Theorem: A 4,000-year History (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0691125268. ISBN 9780691125268
^ Bokulich, Alisa, "Bohr's Correspondence Principle", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
^ Enc. Britannica (1994), pg 844.
^ Simplicity in the Philosophy of Science (retrieved 19 Aug 2014), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
^ See 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol.2, 1676–1687' ed. H W Turnbull, Cambridge University Press 1960; at page 297, document #235, letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679.
^ Penrose, R (2004). The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape. p. 471.
^ Penrose, R (2004). "9: Fourier decompositions and hyperfunctions". The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape.
Physical Sciences. Encyclopædia Britannica (Macropaedia). 25 (15th ed.). 1994.
Duhem, Pierre. "La théorie physique - Son objet, sa structure," (in French). 2nd edition - 1914. English translation: "The physical theory - its purpose, its structure,". Republished by Joseph Vrin philosophical bookstore (1981), ISBN 2711602214.
Feynman, et al. "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" (3 vol.). First edition: Addison–Wesley, (1964, 1966).
Bestselling three-volume textbook covering the span of physics. Reference for both (under)graduate student and professional researcher alike.
Landau et al. "Course of Theoretical Physics".
Famous series of books dealing with theoretical concepts in physics covering 10 volumes, translated into many languages and reprinted over many editions. Often known simply as "Landau and Lifschits" or "Landau-Lifschits" in the literature.
Longair, MS. "Theoretical Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics". Cambridge University Press; 2d edition (4 Dec 2003). ISBN 052152878X. ISBN 978-0521528788
Planck, Max (1909). "Eight Lectures on theoretical physics". Library of Alexandria. ISBN 1465521887, ISBN 9781465521880.
A set of lectures given in 1909 at Columbia University.
Sommerfeld, Arnold. "Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik" (Lectures on theoretical physics); German, 6 volumes.
A series of lessons from a master educator of theoretical physicists.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Introduction to Theoretical Physics
Timeline of Theoretical Physics
MIT Center for Theoretical Physics
How to become a GOOD Theoretical Physicist, a website made by Gerard 't Hooft
Theory of longitudinal and transversal angular momentums
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_physics&oldid=906457229"


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2017 is off to a mixed start. Unit sales and the number of homes on the market were up while prices were mixed.
628 homes were sold in January which was 1.5% or nine more than January of last year. While this is not a large increase, it the first one since September of last year.
In January, the number of homes for sale increased to 6,480 units which represents a 10.3 month supply. Anything above the five to six month range is generally considered a buyer's market whereas anything in the five and below month range is considered a seller's market. This is not all bad as many buyers left Naples disillusioned in 2015 when they were unable to find a home they liked when the Months of Supply ran in the three to six month range. This also means that sellers are going to have to be more willing to negotiate as buyers can easily move on to their second choice.
In January, the average sales price was up 1.7% at $572,391 while the median sales price was down 9.2% at $317,000 from January of last year. This may appear as a large decrease but if you exclude December, you have to go back to May to find higher prices. A better picture begins to immerge when we look at sales by price range and housing type. This is much more positive with 40 out of the 60 categories showing gains and sales prices constantly up from six months ago.
It is not safe to assume that the prices for individual communities are showing the same trends, as prices are very community driven. Following are the twelve month Median List and Sale Price trends for specific property types in a number of selected communities. Again we see a much more positive picture. However, even these can be misleading as they do not reflect condition, upgrades, location, view, etc. The best way to determine what your home is worth is to get a Comparative Market Analysis from a professional Realtor.
Not as positive are Months of Inventory and Days on Market. At 10.3 months one has to go back to January of 2012 to find a higher Supply. The number of days a home is on the market is not quite as bad as you only have to go back to July of 2015.
It is also interesting to note that sellers have been holding firm as to prices and still expect to see positive appreciation.
On a more positive note, the Sales to List Price Ratio continues to hover in the 96% range which is a strong market indication. At the same time the number of buyers paying cash increased to 65.2% which is the first time it has been above 60% since 2015.
Although anecdotal in nature, the feeling amongst Naples' Relators is that the market slowed down in January. Hopefully this is only a lull and will change as we get into the heart of the season.
As always the question is "What does this mean for the future?". Normally I would be bullish given the upswing in the stock market and the promise of lower corporate taxes both of which bode well for the economy and the creation of jobs. However the viciousness of the political climate makes me cautiously optimistic as many buyers are scared and holding back for the time being. At this point I don't see any dramatic increase in sales but sill feel we will see price increases in the 5% to 10% range for the year.
In summary, if you are looking to buy, do it now. Prices will only go up, mortgage rates are forecasted to increase and you have a nice selection to choose from. If you are looking to sell, be patient. The market is still soft and it may take longer to sell your home, but it will if priced correctly!
I hope the above has been helpful and informative. If I can be of any assistance, please let me know.
P.S. If you are thinking of putting your home on the market and would like a no obligation Comparative Market Analysis, please let me know. I would love the opportunity to earn your business. If you know of anybody who is looking to buy or sell, feel free to share my February Naples Real Estate Market Report with them. The opinions are those of the author and should not be considered to be a specific recommendation. They along with the data are presented to help you make an informed decision. The source of the data is the Sunshine MLS and Naples Board of Realtors.


Arizona Sen. John McCain has endorsed Florida Gov. Charlie Crist in his bid for the U.S. Senate, adding to Crist's list of top Republicans who support him.
"I was proud to have had Charlie's support in my campaign, and I am proud to support him in his campaign," McCain said in a statement.
McCain said he considered Crist as a vice presidential candidate last year before selecting Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin. Crist's endorsement helped McCain capture the key Florida primary over rival Rudy Giuliani.
Since Crist announced his decision last week to seek the seat being abandoned by Republican Mel Martinez, he has received backing from powerful Republicans, including Minority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky and Texas Sen. John Cornyn, head of the Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee.
Meanwhile, Crist received positive tidings in the first poll released since his decision to run for Senate.
A Mason-Dixon poll conducted for Ron Sachs Communications shows Crist with a commanding lead of 53 percent to 18 percent over primary opponent Marco Rubio, a former Florida House speaker. Rubio is trying to appeal to conservatives in his campaign against the moderate Crist.
McCain sought to boost the governor's conservative credentials on economic policy. "Now more than ever, we need leaders who are committed to lower taxes, limiting government spending and fighting for the people,'' McCain says in the statement.
As for the poll, it also indicates Crist has a wide lead over the Democratic primary contestants. The poll shows Crist with a 55 percent-24 percent advantage over Rep. Kendrick Meek, and a 57 percent-22 percent lead over state Sen. Dan Gelber.


PALO ALTO, Calif., October 17, 2018 — Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Inc., (NASDAQ: EIGR) today announced positive data with Pegylated Interferon Lambda (Lambda) in the Phase 2 LIMT HDV (Lambda Interferon MonoTherapy in Hepatitis Delta Virus) Study. LIMT HDV enrolled a total of 33 patients, randomized to Lambda 180 μg (N=16) or Lambda 120 μg (N=17), respectively, with weekly subcutaneous injections for 48 weeks in patients with chronic HDV. Lambda is a first in class, type III interferon, in development for the treatment of HDV.
At Week 48, patients in the 180 μg Lambda treated group experienced a -2.4 log10 mean decline in HDV-RNA, with 6 of 10 (60%) experiencing ≥2 log10 decline, 4 of 10 (40%) patients were HDV-RNA negative at end of treatment. At Week 48, patients in the 120 μg Lambda treated group experienced a -1.5 log10 mean decline in HDV RNA, with 6 of 14 (42.9%) experiencing ≥2 log10 decline, 2 of 14 (14.3%) patients were HDV-RNA negative at end of treatment. The most common adverse events included mild to moderate flu-like symptoms and elevated transaminase levels.
Lambda is a well-characterized, late-stage, first in class, type III interferon (IFN) that stimulates immune responses that are critical for the development of host protection during viral infections. Lambda targets type III IFN receptors which are distinct from the type I IFN receptors targeted by IFN alfa. These type III receptors are highly expressed on hepatocytes with limited expression on hematopoietic and central nervous system cells, which reduce off-target effects and improve tolerability of Lambda. Although Lambda does not use the IFN alfa receptor, signaling through either the IFN Lambda or IFN alfa receptor complexes results in the activation of the same Jak-STAT signal transduction cascade.
Eiger licensed worldwide rights to Lambda from Bristol-Myers Squibb in April 2016. Lambda has been administered in HBV / HCV clinical trials involving over 3,000 subjects. Lambda has not been approved for any indication. Eiger has received Orphan Designation and Fast Track Designation for Lambda in HDV.
LIMT HDV is a 1:1 randomized, open-label study of Lambda 120 or 180 μg subcutaneous injections administered weekly for 48 weeks in 33 patients with chronic HDV. End of treatment will be followed by a treatment-free 24-week observation period. The primary objective of the Phase 2 study is to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of treatment with two dose levels of Lambda monotherapy in patients with chronic HDV infection. All patients are administered an anti-hepatitis B virus nucleos(t)ide analog throughout the study. LIMT HDV is an international study with sites in New Zealand, Israel and Pakistan.
LIFT (Lambda InterFeron combo-Therapy) is an open-label, Phase 2 study evaluating Lambda + LNF + RTV in approximately 26 HDV-infected patients. Patients will be dosed for 24 weeks + undergo follow up for 24 weeks. Primary endpoint will be ≥ 2 log decline in HDV RNA at end of treatment. Secondary endpoints will include histology (> 2 point improvement in histological activity index and no progression in fibrosis) at end of treatment. LIFT is being conducted within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
Hepatitis Delta is caused by infection with HDV and is considered to be one of the most severe forms of viral hepatitis in humans. Hepatitis delta occurs only as a co-infection in individuals harboring Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Hepatitis delta leads to more severe liver disease than HBV alone and is associated with accelerated liver fibrosis, liver cancer, and liver failure. Hepatitis delta is a disease with a significant impact on global health, which may affect up to approximately 15-20 million people worldwide. The prevalence of HDV varies among different parts of the world. Globally, HDV infection is reported to be present in approximately 4.3% to 5.7% of chronic Hepatitis B carriers. The prevalence of HDV in patients infected with chronic HBV is even higher in certain regions, including certain parts of Mongolia, China, Russia, Central Asia, Pakistan, Turkey, Africa, Middle East and South America, with an HDV prevalence as high as 60% being reported in HBV-infected patients in Mongolia and Pakistan. There is no approved therapy for HDV infection.
Eiger is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the accelerated development and commercialization of targeted therapies for rare and ultra-rare diseases. We innovate by developing well-characterized drugs acting on newly identified or novel targets in rare diseases. Our mission is to systematically reduce the time and cost of the drug development process to more rapidly deliver important medicines to patients. Lonafarnib is our lead compound advancing into Phase 3 with a single, pivotal trial to treat HDV to initiate by the end of the year. Lonafarnib is also advancing toward an NDA for the treatment of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS or Progeria) in 2019. For additional information about Eiger and its clinical programs, please visit www.eigerbio.com.
This press release contains "forward-looking" statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts, including statements regarding our future financial condition, timing for and outcomes of clinical results, business strategy and plans and objectives for future operations, are forward looking statements. These forward-looking statements include terminology such as "believe," "will," "may," "estimate," "continue," "anticipate," "contemplate," "intend," "target," "project," "should," "plan," "expect," "predict," "could," "potentially" or the negative of these terms. Forward looking statements are our current statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations concerning, among other things, our ongoing and planned clinical development, including whether the D-LIVR study will be successful as a single, pivotal study to support registration; the timing of and our ability to initiate or enroll clinical trials, including whether our D-LIVR study can be advanced by the end of this year; the timing for completion and potential filing for registration for our clinical candidates; whether lambda interferon will be further developed as monotherapy in HDV; whether PREVENT Phase 2 study results of avexitide will be repeated in larger, more advanced clinical trials and the timing and costs of such trials; our ability to make timely regulatory filings and obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for lonafarnib as a single agent or in combination, ubenimex, PEG IFN lambda, avexitide and our other product candidates; our intellectual property position; and the potential safety, efficacy, reimbursement, convenience clinical and pharmaco-economic benefits of our product candidates as well as the commercial opportunities, including potential market sizes and segments; our ability to finance the continued advancement of our development pipeline products, including our results of operations, cash available, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth and strategies; and the potential for success of any of our product candidates.
Various important factors could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that Eiger makes, including the risks described in the "Risk Factors" sections in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 and Eiger's periodic reports filed with the SEC. Eiger does not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law.


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Bank stock-rout hits bonuses; Derek Jeter invests in whistleblower app; Ray Dalio says expect lower returns, higher risk; Hookers 4 Hillary Offers 'Extras' To Nevada Clinton Supporters; and more.
For bankers, getting a bonus in stock has become an albatross. Employees at Goldman Sachs Group Inc. have been hit with more than $400 million in paper losses thanks to a plunge in the value of stock bonuses paid out early last year, according to a Wall Street Journal analysis. Similar declines have been felt by advisers, traders and other staff across Wall Street.
STOPit, a New York-based start-up that counts former New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter as an investor, is set to announce on Thursday that it is debuting a new product for financial institutions and other corporations that want to give their employees an anonymous way to expose fraud or other kinds of unethical or inappropriate behavior.
Okapi Partners LLC, a proxy-solicitation adviser typically used by Starboard, has been calling Yahoo shareholders, said the people, who asked not to be identified because the process isn't public. Firms such as Okapi often make these calls ahead of a potential proxy battle, and Starboard could push for new board members as soon as this month. The investor owned less than 1 percent of Yahoo's stock at the end of last year.
So the small investor actually makes money off the hedge funds. That's fun. But small-cap ETFs are down more than 17 percent in the past year, so why care about being paid a few extra basis points to own such lousy performers? The reason may be that many of the ETFs are actually beating their index over the long term. The largest of the bunch, IWM, has been posting benchmark-beating performance for a while now, as seen in the five-year return chart below. Not only did investors get free exposure to the Russell 2000 Index's 27.9 percent return; they got paid an extra 0.25 percent on top.
The National Bank of Hungary bought 200,000 rounds of live ammunition and 112 handguns for its security company, according to documents posted on a website for public procurements. Additional protection is needed due to the rise of "international security risks" including bomb and terror threats and migration, central bank Governor Gyorgy Matolcsy said in a written response to a lawmaker who asked about the purchases, posted on Parliament's website Feb. 17.
The group includes 490 workers at various legal brothels, including the Moonlight Bunny Ranch and Kit Kat Guest Ranch near Carson City, the Love Ranch Las Vegas and the Alien Cathouse, a space-themed brothel near Area 51. They're backing Clinton because they believe she is the presidential candidate most likely to protect Obamacare from being repealed, according to member Ivy Mae...Many of the Hookers 4 Hillary members are going the extra mile to stimulate interest in Clinton with brothel customers, such as offering a 25 percent discount to Nevada locals willing to caucus for the former secretary of state. "If you tell me you're caucusing or voting for Hillary, I will give you a free lunch or 30 extra minutes to use however you like," Kisses said.
The Bridgewater Associates founder contended that central banks would "increasingly ease" through negative interest rates and bond-buying. But those methods would have limited effectiveness amid already easy policy, he argued. "As a result, central banks will increasingly be 'pushing on a string,'" Dalio wrote, adding that "QE will be less and less effective because there is less 'gas in the tank.'"
Bank of Japan Gov. Haruhiko Kuroda, who announced the nation's first move into minus rates three weeks ago, found himself dodging a concerted attack in Parliament from lawmakers who charged the policy was victimizing consumers and sending a message of despair. Even a ruling-party member, Masahiro Ishida, called the policy hard to grasp. "It could have the opposite effect of confusing the market," he said.
Kanye West's troubled release of his latest album, "The Life of Pablo," has already cost the hip-hop star at least $10 million in sales, a review of estimated pirated downloads on Tuesday revealed. TorrentFreak, which tracks music piracy and file-sharing, reported that West's album was illegally downloaded more than 500,000 times in the first 24 hours of its Feb. 14 release. That made it the most ripped-off album by far on The Pirate Bay and other file-sharing sites.
A police review of Waffle House surveillance video showed Evans taking Mikeals's drink into a store bathroom. She then returned the beverage without Mikeals realizing it had been missing. Investigators allege that Evans spiked the drink with methamphetamine while inside the bathroom. Cops report that they have not discovered a motive for the poisoning.
Tsipras says ECB is choking him; 'WALL ST' vanity plate could be yours for 12k; Derek Jeter gets funding; "Financier in harassment suit lasted 2 minutes in bed"; and more.
Mark Johnson ruins it for the rest of the forex world; Klarman has Baupost at 40 percent cash; Ray Dalio is talking wealth transfers; Amazon but for weed; and more.
Occupy Sets Wall Street Tie-Up As Protesters Face Burnout (Bloomberg) Occupy Wall Street, the global movement against inequality that ignited in Manhattan last year, will mark its first anniversary by trying to block traffic in the financial district and encircle the New York Stock Exchange. Planning for the Sept. 17 protest, dubbed S17, follows months of internal debate and flagging interest, according to interviews with organizers. The morning action may include attempts to make citizens' arrests of bankers, and some activists intend to bring handcuffs, they said. "We are here to bring you to justice," said Sean McKeown, a 32-year-old chemist and New York University graduate who's helping organize the demonstration. "We're offering you the chance to repent for your sins." HSBC Marks Plaza For Eviction Of Hong Kong Occupy Protest (Bloomberg) HSBC is marking out the area in its Hong Kong ground floor plaza that has been occupied by protesters for more than 10 months ahead of their eviction by court-authorized officers. Hong Kong's High Court has issued a writ of possession empowering a bailiff to re-possess the site, according to an internal HSBC memo obtained by Bloomberg News. Gareth Hewett, a HSBC spokesman, confirmed the content of the memo. "The process by which the bank takes back the plaza has reached a new stage and is now in the hands of the bailiff, whose job is to execute the writ," according to the memo. The Occupy Central protest in Hong Kong, one of the longest-running demonstrations sparked by the Occupy Wall Street movement, numbered about 50 at the peak. They were ordered by the court to evacuate by 9 p.m. on Aug. 27. Stamford salts aim salvo at hedgie's hq (NYP) Ray Dalio, founder of $130 billion asset manager Bridgewater Associates, is not making friends in his company's new hometown of Stamford, Conn. Residents and officials of the coastal city are up in arms after early development of a piece of an 80-acre plot of land — now Bridgewater's proposed waterfront home — resulted in the surprise demolition of part of a historic 14-acre boat yard. The demolition was specifically prohibited by Stamford officials..."To me, this is the latest outrage by Governor Malloy — giving a water view to a hedge-fund operator and taking away a boat yard that serviced well over 1,000 boats and boaters each year," said Randy Dinter, a boat owner and member of the group Save Our Boatyard, founded by Maureen Boylan after the boat yard demolition. As Europe's Banks Stall, Companies Look Afar (WSJ) The increased search for alternative sources of funding is yet another indication that Europe's debt crisis is far from over. That could intensify in the fall, when the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund assess whether Greece has done enough to cut its debts. At the same time, some economists expect Spain to seek a rescue package to cut its own debt. Argentines Plan to Shoot Gulls to Save the Whales (NYT) What began as bizarre bird behavior has turned into something out of a horror film for threatened whales in Argentina, where seagulls have learned that pecking at the whales' backs can get them a regular seafood dinner. Seagull attacks on southern right whales have become so common now that authorities are planning to shoot the gulls in hopes of reducing their population...Seagulls around the city of Puerto Madryn discovered about a decade ago that by pecking at the whales as they come up for air, they can create open wounds. Then, each time the whales surface, it's dinner time: Gulls swoop down and dig in, cutting away skin and blubber with their beaks and claws. Marcelo Bertellotti's answer: Shoot the gulls that display this behavior with air rifles and hunting guns, and recover each downed bird before they are eaten along with the ammunition, causing still more damage to marine life. His "100-day Whale-Gull Action Plan" was approved by the government of Chubut, and provincial officials came out Tuesday in defense of it. Ackman: $900M Penney markdown (NYP) Activist investor Bill Ackman has been beating the drums for a sale of mall owner General Growth Properties in recent days, but it's his stake in JCPenney that's really causing him grief. The hedge-fund manager confessed to investors that his 18 percent stake in Penney had lowered returns by about $900 million this year. In the latest quarterly investor letter of his $10.5 billion Pershing Square firm, he said Penney "has cost us more than nine percentage points of gross return this year." The hedge fund lost 6.4 percent in the quarter, after the retailer's shares slid from their high of $43 in February. Asia's Tide Of Cash Hems Policy Makers (WSJ) Foreign investors are pumping money into several Asian economies, pushing up currencies, stocks and property prices, but threatening to complicate efforts by the region's policy makers to soften an economic slowdown. Investment flows to Southeast Asia and South Korea have swelled in recent months, and overseas money has even crept back into India, as global markets calmed and risky assets became popular again. Analysts expect such markets to get a further boost if central banks in the U.S. and Europe step in with additional measures to bolster their economies. Burglary Suspect Blamed for Thousands of Chicken Deaths (WBOC) Authorities say a Delmar man is facing burglary and related charges following allegations that he got drunk and turned off the power to three poultry houses, which led to the deaths of nearly 70,000 chickens. The Wicomico County Sheriff's Office reports that shortly after 9 a.m., Saturday, Aug. 25, a deputy responded to a reported incident at a poultry farm on the 32000 block of East Line Road in Delmar, Md. The deputy met with the property owner who stated that the electric power had been turned off to his three chicken houses on his property during the night. According to the property owner, this deprived the flock of food, water and cooling fans. As a result, nearly the entire flock was found deceased. Police said that when the property owner entered the control shed that controlled the power, he located an unknown man passed out on the floor of the shed, clad only in a T-shirt and boxer shorts. The man was also lying in a pool of his own urine and had a strong odor of alcohol coming from him, investigators said.
Ray Dalio ponders impeachment; Leon Cooperman lives to trade again; murder trial hinges on Florida man's endowment; and more.
Ray Dalio frightened by populism; Goldman bored by 'reflation'; politician emboldened by death of political correctness; and more.


Brecks says it has 'pulled out all the stops' to design a multi-species spoon.
↑ The Williams Wabler and Ice Jig both get extra paint jobs for 2013.
↑ The new multi-colour paint finishes on the honeycomb and nuwrinkle bases.
The Williams® HQ™ is a new series the company says incorporates proven designs that have numerous Great Lakes tournament wins to their credit.
Its trademark genuine silver 24 carat gold and deep copper bases are complemented by new UV reactive multi-colour painted finishes on honeycomb base material.
"We have pulled out all the stops to design a multi-species spoon series that is ideal for the Great Lakes and west coast trout and salmon fisheries as well as the Erie walleye fishery, but not limited to them," says the Canadian-based company.
"The HQ is a lake trout, rainbow or brown trout spoon for any inland watershed. Northern pike and walleye also find them to their liking. Our European partners have been bringing in the new HQ series since it's early debut in the summer of 2012 and European trout, zander and pike find them to their liking as well.
"The lure is offered in a range of nine colours (eight UV reactive) that are based on historically proven fish producing patterns –not the hot for one year and gone the next colours.
They are available in two sizes to 'match the hatch' season, species and/or lake you are fishing. The HQ35 is 3¼" long and weighs ⅓oz, while the HQ60 measures 4¼" and weighs 3⁄5oz.
The Williams® Wabler and Ice Jig™ both get extra paint jobs for 2013.
The Ice Jig features vivid painted colour accents on a genuine silver and 24 carat gold nuwrinkle base. These are EBN Silver Blue nuwrinkle, FWN Silver Red nuwrinkle, and two UV reactive colours, GRN Silver Green nuwrinkle and GNOR Gold Orange nuwrinkle. They are offered in both the J50 and J60 sizes.
The Williams Wabler – in sizes W40, W50 and W60 – will be offered in two new colours. The multi-colour paint finishes on a honeycomb large scale base pattern features Candied Ice Silver/Pink-Blue and Envy Copper-Bright Green-Orange.
The company says that the new multi-colour paint finishes on the honeycomb and nuwrinkle bases – introduced over the last two years – have been well received and will be expanded to include the Wobbler™ and Thinfish® series.
There are four finishes in the Junior 160, Medium 140 and Large 380 Wobbler; Watermelon #46 and Candied Ice #47, both on a genuine silver honeycomb base with silver back and Orange Monkey #48 and Green Monkey #49 on a copper honeycomb base with copper back.
The Midget 112 Wobbler will be available in two colours, the 46 and 47, on a silver nuwrinkle. All the new colours react to UV.
The Thinfish 180 is being produced in colours 46, 47 and 48 on spring brass mirror bases with silver or copper backs.


text:
Labrador retriever – rasa psów należąca do grupy psów aportujących, płochaczy i psów wodnych, zaklasyfikowana do sekcji psów aportujących. Typ wyżłowaty. Podlega próbom pracy.

Nazwa rasy pochodzi od półwyspu Labrador w Kanadzie (pomimo tego, iż psy te w rzeczywistości pochodzą z Nowej Fundlandii) oraz od angielskiego czasownika "to retrieve" (przynosić), co wiąże się z zadaniami, jakie spełniają w myślistwie.

Rys historyczny
Podobnie jak nowofundland i landseer rasa pochodzi z południa Nowej Fundlandii. W XVIII wieku była wykorzystywana przez rybaków do pracy na kutrach (psy pomagały przy wyciąganiu sieci, aportowaniu przedmiotów, a nawet ratowaniu tonących). Nazywane były psami św. Jana. Do Europy pierwsze psy tej rasy sprowadził w 1870 lord Malmesbury (błędnie nazywając je "psami z Labradoru"), który razem z synem rozpoczął ich hodowlę w Wielkiej Brytanii.

To właśnie dzięki brytyjskim próbom hodowli, podejmowanym między innymi przez Earla Malmesbury (1778-1841), ukierunkowanym konsekwentnie na zdolności łowieckie rasy, stała się ona popularna wśród polującej szlachty. Dnia 7 lipca 1903 labrador retriever został oficjalnie uznany za rasę samodzielną przez angielski klub kynologiczny.

Wygląd

Wzorzec rasy

 Oczy: średniej wielkości; o inteligentnym, łagodnym wyrazie; brązowe lub orzechowe.
 Uszy: niezbyt duże ani ciężkie, przylegające ściśle do głowy, osadzone dość daleko z tyłu.
 Zgryz: szczęka i zęby mocne, z doskonałym, regularnym i kompletnym zgryzem nożycowym, tj. górny rząd siekaczy przykrywa rząd dolny, stykając się z nim.
 Szyja: gładka, mocna, osadzona w poprawnie ustawionych łopatkach.
 Kończyny przednie: łopatki długie, ustawione ukośnie. Kończyny przednie o mocnym kośćcu, od łokcia do podłoża proste, zarówno widziane z przodu, jak i z boku.
 Tułów: klatka piersiowa szeroka i głęboka, z dobrze wysklepionymi żebrami. Prosta górna linia. Szerokie, silne, mocne lędźwie.
 Umaszczenie:
 czarne
 biszkoptowe (w odcieniach od jasnokremowego do ogniście rudego)
 czekoladowe/wątrobiane (występujące najrzadziej)
 Sierść: cecha charakterystyczna; krótka, gęsta, przylegająca, niefalista, twarda w dotyku. Nieprzepuszczający wilgoci podszerstek.
 Łapy: okrągłe, zwarte; dobrze wysklepione palce i poprawnie rozwinięte opuszki. Krótkie pazury nie wyrastają poza linię łapy.
 Ogon: cecha charakterystyczna; bardzo gruby u nasady, zwężający się ku końcowi, średniej długości, bez "pióra", pokryty krótkim, grubym, gęstym włosem.
 Kończyny tylne: zad dobrze wykształcony, nieopadający w kierunku ogona; dobrze kątowane stawy skokowe, krowia postawa w najwyższym stopniu niepożądana.
 Wrażenie ogólne: mocnej budowy, zwarty, bardzo aktywny; szeroka czaszka, klatka piersiowa dobrze rozwinięta, żebra dobrze wysklepione, lędźwie i kończyny tylne mocne i szerokie.
 Labrador długowłosy: często powtarzany błąd. W rzeczywistości pojęcie to opisuje inną rasę – Golden retriever. Labrador retriever występuje jedynie z krótką sierścią.

Zachowanie i charakter
Labrador retriever to rasa psów żywiołowych, skorych do zabawy, także z innymi psami. Stworzone do pracy w wodzie i aportowania, potrzebują bezpośredniego kontaktu w pracy z człowiekiem. Lubią towarzystwo ludzi. Dobrze tolerują dzieci i są cierpliwe w kontaktach z nimi.

Zdrowie i pielęgnacja
Trzeba zapewnić mu odpowiednią do jego potrzeb dawkę codziennego ruchu. Niespełnienie tego warunku prowadzi do otyłości powodującej choroby stawów, a także nadpobudliwości oraz przyczynia się do wielu niepożądanych zachowań. Psy tej rasy przejawiają średnie ryzyko do wystąpienia skrętu żołądka. Mogą zdradzać tendencję do połykania niejadalnych przedmiotów. Długość życia: 12 do 14 lat.

Użytkowość
Pierwotnie był użytkowany jako pies myśliwski, aportujący postrzałki, głównie ptaki. Jedną z cech labradora jest umiejętność zapamiętania miejsca upadku kilku postrzelonych ptaków i następnie zaaportowanie jednego po drugim do myśliwego.

Ze względu na umiejętność współpracy z człowiekiem, labradory są współcześnie wykorzystywane w różnych dziedzinach, niezwiązanych z łowiectwem, takich jak:
 psy ratownicze (gruzowiskowe, lawinowe, poszukiwawcze i do ratownictwa wodnego),
 psy-przewodnicy ociemniałych,
 psy rodzinne, sprawdzające się także w sportach kynologicznych,
 psy wykorzystywane w dogoterapii,
 psy wykorzystywane do wykrywania narkotyków i wyrobów tytoniowych (w służbach celnych i w policji).

Popularność
Według liczby psów oficjalnie zarejestrowanych w organizacjach kynologicznych labrador retriever to jedna z najpopularniejszych ras w Wielkiej Brytanii, USA i Polsce.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Brigitte Rauth – Widmann "Labrador" – poradnik opiekuna, Wydawnictwo RM, Warszawa 2006

 Izabela Przeczek: Psy rasowe: pochodzenie, rasy, zachowania. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo SBM, 2016. .

Aportery
Retrievery

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The "You shall not pass" one is unreal looking!!
I'm quite happy with that one myself.
agree , was looking at them yesterday and if i hadnt already bought my brother his xmas present that was a serious contender.
Has anyone come across a 3D printed widened Snes cart slot? I remember we were talking about them a while ago. Getting sick of using my action replay cart as a passthrough!
The action replay keeps wiping my Earthbound save!
Same issue I had with Super Metroid and that magic disk copier.
Definitely not the cart battery?
Initially I thought it was, but then I remembered years back when I played through Super Metroid first, I had the cart in a disk copier and it wiped the save every time.
Seems Action Replays/Game Genies can too!
Free Game Boy 3D printable lithophane for those with 3D printers.
You can also grab it on Thingiverse along with my other free stuff.


01.03.19– GENERALI Friday & Express Guided Tour / No Looking Back, Okay?
A guided tour with the exhibition assistant curator and a chance to experience the gallery in the after-hours!
The author explores daytime parahypnagogia, an altered state of consciousness between sleep and wakefulness.
The elephant, glad to have found his audience at last, and the ant, happy to be noticed, become friends and start sharing stories.
16.02.19– Guided tour / No Looking Back, Okay?
The exhibition reflects on the question of whether a look back can at last offer us a new beginning? Perhaps the time has come to remember the future!
UGM | Maribor Art Gallery opens its doors wide for the Slovenian Culture Holiday, inviting visitors of all nations into the arms of visual arts.
25.01.19– GENERALI Friday & Express Guided Tour / No Looking Back, Okay?
A guided tour with the exhibition curator and a chance to experience the gallery in the after-hours!


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Key Figures & Milestones
Humanities › Geography
A History and Overview of Medical Geography
A young girl is rushed from a makeshift hospital.
Daniel Berehulak / Getty Images
by Amanda Briney, Contributing Writer
Medical geography, sometimes called health geography, is an area of medical research that incorporates geographic techniques into the study of health around the world and the spread of diseases. In addition, medical geography studies the impact of climate and location on an individual's health as well as the distribution of health services. Medical geography is an important field because it aims to provide an understanding of health problems and improve the health of people worldwide based on the various geographic factors influencing them.
History of Medical Geography
Medical geography has a long history. Since the time of the Greek doctor, Hippocrates (5th-4th centuries BCE), people have studied the effect of location on one's health. For example, early medicine studied the differences in diseases experienced by people living at high versus low elevation. It was easily understood that those at living low elevations near waterways would be more prone to malaria than those at higher elevations or in drier, less humid areas. Though the reasons for these variations were not fully understood at the time, the study of this spatial distribution of disease is the beginnings of medical geography.
This field of geography did not gain prominence until the mid-1800s though when cholera gripped London. As more and more people became ill, they believed they were becoming infected by vapors escaping the ground. John Snow, a doctor in London, believed that if he could isolate the source of the toxins infecting the population they and cholera could be contained.
As part of his study, Snow plotted the distribution of deaths throughout London on a map. After examining these locations, he found a cluster of unusually high deaths near a water pump on Broad Street. He then concluded that the water coming from this pump was the reason people were becoming sick and he had authorities remove the handle to the pump. Once people then stopped drinking the water, the number of cholera deaths dramatically decreased.
Snow's use of mapping to find the source of disease is the earliest and most famous example of medical geography. Since he conducted his research, however, geographic techniques have found their place in a number of other medical applications.
Another example of geography aiding medicine occurred in the early 20th Century in Colorado. There, dentists noticed that children living in certain areas had fewer cavities. After plotting these locations on a map and comparing them with chemicals found in the groundwater, they concluded that the children with fewer cavities were clustered around areas that had high levels of fluoride. From there, the use of fluoride gained prominence in dentistry.
Medical Geography Today
Today, medical geography has a number of applications as well. Since the spatial distribution of disease is still a large matter of importance though, mapping plays a huge role in the field. Maps are created to show historic outbreaks of things like the 1918 influenza pandemic, for example, or current issues like the index of pain or Google Flu Trends across the United States. In the pain map example, factors like climate and environment can be considered to determine why high amounts of pain cluster where they do at any given time.
Other studies have also been conducted to show where the highest outbreaks of certain types of disease occur. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States, for instance, uses what they call the Atlas of United States Mortality to look at a wide range of health factors across the U.S. Data ranges from the spatial distribution of people at different ages to places with the best and worst air quality. Subjects such as these are important because they have implications for the population growth of an area and the instances of health problems such as asthma and lung cancer. Local governments can then consider these factors when planning their cities and/or determining the best use of city funds.
The CDC also features a website for traveler's health. Here, people can get information about the distribution of disease in countries worldwide and learn about the different vaccines needed to travel to such places. This application of medical geography is important for reducing or even stopping the spread of the world's diseases through travel.
In addition to the United States' CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO) also features similar health data for the world with its Global Health Atlas. Here, the public, medical professionals, researchers, and other interested persons can gather data about the distribution of the world's diseases in an attempt to find patterns of transmission and possibly cures to some of the more deadly illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and various cancers.
Obstacles in Medical Geography
Although medical geography is a prominent field of study today, geographers have some obstacles to overcome when gathering data. The first problem is associated with recording a disease's location. Since people sometimes do not always go to a doctor when ill, it can be difficult to get entirely accurate data about a disease's location. The second problem is associated with the accurate diagnosis of disease. While the third deals with the timely reporting of a disease's presence. Often, doctor-patient confidentiality laws can complicate the reporting of a disease.
Since, data such as this needs to be as complete as possible to monitor the spread of illness effectively, the International Classification of Disease (ICD) was created to make sure that all countries use the same medical terms to classify a disease and the WHO helps monitor the global surveillance of diseases to help data get to geographers and other researchers as quickly as possible.
Through the efforts of the ICD, the WHO, other organizations, and local governments, geographers are in fact able to monitor the spread of disease fairly accurately and their work, like that of Dr. John Snow's cholera maps, is essential to reducing the spread of and understanding contagious disease. As such, medical geography has become a significant area of expertise within the discipline.
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