text:
Income Tax Office
Unsure of whether you live in Montgomery? Click here for our Street Address Listing or call the tax office at 513-792-8333.
Taxpayer Rights and Responsibilities
Annual Interest Rates
The interest rates to be applied to all unpaid income and withholding tax balances. These rates are being published in accordance with Ohio Revised Code 718.27(F) which states that "By the thirty-first day of October of each year the municipal corporation shall publish the rate described in division (A) of this section applicable to the next succeeding calendar year".
Tax year 2019 – 7%
Tax year 2015 and prior – 12%
Estimated Payments
Quarterly payments are required if estimated liability is $200 or greater. (Annual wage of $20,000 or greater)
Note: New Ohio State law (HB5) has mandated that estimated payments reach a minimum of 90% of the declaration by December 15th, which equates to 22.5% due per quarter. Payments of 22.5% may be made; however, the City statements will reflect 25% of the yearly declaration per quarter.
1st Quarter – Due with filing, by April 15
2nd Quarter – Due by June 15
3rd Quarter – Due by September 15
4th Quarter – Due by January 15
Any balance will be due with the yearly filing
The City of Montgomery has a 1% Income Tax which applies to all who live, work or operate a business in Montgomery regardless of age or income level.
Individual returns due on or before April 15, or the Federal equivalent.
Business returns due on or before April 15 (or Federal equivalent); or the 15th day of the 4th month following the end of the fiscal year.
Withholding Reconciliations due on or before February 28.
Documents to be included with your Individual return: W-2 forms, showing Medicare wages (Box 5) and local tax paid, if any (Boxes 18-20). Page 1 and 2 of Federal 1040 form and Federal Schedule 1. If applicable, include the following: Schedules C, E, F; Form 4797, 1099-Misc, W2-G.
An extension may be requested by any business or individual unable to complete their tax return by the deadline. Beginning with tax year 2016, obtaining a federal extension will automatically extend your Montgomery due date to the approved federal date. However, the federal government does not share information with the City of Montgomery, so it is recommended that a Montgomery Extension Form be completed and submitted to the City. If you do not have a federal extension you must send a written extension request to the Montgomery tax office by the due date of the return. Only those extension requests received in duplicate with a self-addressed, postpaid envelope will have a copy returned.
Please mail to:
City of Montgomery Tax Office
Montgomery, OH 45242
FOR TAX YEARS BEGINNING JANUARY 1, 2016
Interest shall be imposed at the rate calculated based on the federal short-term rate, rounded to the nearest whole number percent, plus five percent (5%) per annum on all unpaid income tax, unpaid estimated income tax and unpaid withholding tax. Interest shall be charged per month, or fraction of a month.
With respect to unpaid income tax and unpaid estimated income tax, a penalty equal to fifteen percent (15%) of the amount not timely paid shall be imposed.
With respect to any unpaid withholding tax, a penalty equal to fifty percent (50%) of the amount not timely paid shall be imposed.
The Tax Office shall impose a monthly penalty of twenty-five dollars ($25.00) for failure to timely file a return, regardless of the liability. The penalty shall be charged for each month, or fraction thereof, not to exceed a total of one hundred fifty dollars ($150.00).
Email: tax@ci.montgomery.oh.us
Extended Hours During Tax Season:
April 1 – April 12
Saturday April 6 and April 13
9:00 a.m. to noon
Income Tax Ordinance (Effective Tax Year 2016)
Income Tax Ordinance Rules & Regulations (Effective Tax Year 2016)
Income Tax Ordinance (Tax Year 2015 and prior)
Income Tax Ordinance Rules and Regulations (Tax Year 2015 and prior)
Tax Forms and Instructions
City of Montgomery Individual Income Tax Return
Fillable PDF forms require Adobe Acrobat Reader. The calculating functions will not work with the Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge built-in PDF reader.
2018 Individual Tax Return (Fillable PDF)
2018 Individual Tax Form Instructions
Individual Tax Return – Line by Line Instructions (Effective Tax Year 2016)
Individual Tax Return – Line by Line Instructions (2015 and prior)
City of Montgomery Business Income Tax Return
2018 Business Tax Form
2018 Business Return Instructions
2017 Business Tax Return
Quarterly Tax Estimate Voucher (fillable pdf)
W1 – Employer Withholding
City of Montgomery Annual Withholding Reconciliation (W-3) (Fillable PDF)
Landlord Questionnaire (fillable pdf)
Extension Request Form
Federal Tax Forms – This is a link to the Federal site where all available Federal tax forms can be found.
State of Ohio Tax Forms – This is a link to the State of Ohio site where all available State of Ohio tax forms can be found.
City Tax Listings – A listing of all Ohio Municipalities with a City Income Tax and tax rates, maintained by the City of Columbus.
Greater Cincinnati Street Guide – Access street listings and corresponding taxing municipality, maintained by the City of Cincinnati and the Southwestern Ohio Tax Administrators Association.
What is the tax rate for the City of Montgomery?
The City of Montgomery has a 1% Income Tax which applies to all who live, work or operate a business in Montgomery.
What is the filing deadline and how may I receive an extension?
An extension may be requested by any business or individual unable to complete their tax return by the deadline. Forms are available online. Beginning with tax year 2016, obtaining a federal extension will automatically extend your Montgomery due date to the approved federal date. However, the federal government does not share information with the City of Montgomery, so it is recommended that a Montgomery extension form be completed and submitted to the City. If you do not have a federal extension you must send a written extension request to the Montgomery tax office by the due date of the return. Only those extension requests received in duplicate with a self-addressed, postpaid envelope will have a copy returned.
I moved to Montgomery during the year, do I need to file for the entire year?
Any partial year resident or business needs to file a return only for the period of time that they actually resides and/or did business in Montgomery. When prorating your income, you must also prorate any other city credit. A partial year resident and/or business should enclose an explanation of how their liabilities were calculated.
My partner and I started a small business in Montgomery this year and have only a loss to report. Do we need to file a return?
Yes, even if the business has incurred a loss, a return must be filed. Additionally, the loss may be carried forward up to five (5) years to offset any future gains.
Does the City of Montgomery give credit for taxes paid to other municipalities?
The City of Montgomery grants credit up to 1% of taxed wages for taxes paid to other municipalities. A spouse who pays in excess of 1% cannot offset their spouse's untaxed income.
My minor child had a summer job. Do they need to file?
All residents, regardless of age or income level, must file a return if they have earned income to report.
What forms are required to accompany my Montgomery Tax Return?
For a resident return to be complete, please include the following: W-2 forms, showing qualifying wages and taxes paid to other cities; a copy of the front page of the Federal 1040 Form, including all federal schedules that pertain to lines 12,17,18 and 21, if any. If you have partnership income shown on Federal Schedule E, copies of the Federal K-1 Forms must also be included. Additionally, please include a copy of tax returns filed with other municipalities, if applicable.
For a business return to be complete: a copy of the Federal Return with all pertinent federal schedules must be attached. For example, a sole proprietor would need to include a Federal Schedule C; a landlord should submit a copy of their Federal Schedule E, etc. Corporations should also ensure that their Schedule Y allocation tables are completed.
What income is NOT taxable to Montgomery?
Includes, but is not limited to: Interest, dividends, capital gains, government unemployment benefits, workers compensation payments, alimony, child support, active duty military pay, social security benefits and retirement income.
Additional information can be found in the 'Taxable Income' tab.
My company incorrectly withheld payments to the City of Montgomery. I have requested a refund. When can I expect a check?
The Tax Office has 90 days from the time that a completed return is received to issue a refund. The Tax Commissioner will need the following information: a request for the refund including a letter from your employer confirming that a withholding error has occurred, a completed return and all applicable W-2 forms.
My financial situation has worsened and I cannot pay my Montgomery tax liability. Should I file?
YES, file your Montgomery return whether or not you can pay the tax owed. A satisfactory payment schedule can be worked out with the Tax Commissioner.
I am a resident and have started a part-time consulting business out of my home and have a loss for this tax year. Can I offset my wage liability with the loss?
No, business losses taxable to Montgomery cannot offset wages. Losses may be carried forward for up to five (5) years to offset any future gains on business activity taxable to Montgomery.
Who must file?
Not sure that you are located in the City of Montgomery? Access our Street Address Listing
Resident Individuals
The City of Montgomery has a 1% income tax levied on all businesses, individual proprietorships, partnerships, landlords and corporations doing business within the City of Montgomery. All businesses located within Montgomery city limits must file an annual return whether or not tax is due. Fiscal taxpayers' annual returns are due four months after the close of their taxable year. A copy of the federal return and all applicable supporting forms and statements must be included. Business losses may be carried forward for up to five (5) years. An IRS extension will automatically extend your Montgomery return provided a copy of the form is included with your filing. If a Federal extension has not been secured, a request must be made in writing and received in the Tax Office on or before the due date of the return. See 'Tax Forms and Instructions' for a copy of the Montgomery extension form. A minimum late filing penalty of $25.00 will be charged on returns received past the due date.
All residents are subject to the tax, including those who rent their residence. Montgomery has mandatory filing, which requires all residents to file an annual return whether or not tax is due. Residents employed in another city where the tax rate is 1% or higher, or whose wages are totally taxed by that city will receive credit, not to exceed 1%, for the amount of tax paid to that municipality. If a resident is only partially taxable to the municipality where employed, that portion of income which is not taxed becomes taxable to the City of Montgomery at a rate of 1%. Interest, dividend, pension and retirement income is not taxable.
Business losses may not be used to offset W-2 income. IRA and KEOUGH deductions are not allowed.
An annual return for the previous year is due on or before April 15th or the Federal equivalent. Copies of all W-2 forms showing gross wages and any other city withholding taxes, the front page of the Federal Form 1040, and applicable schedules for income shown on Lines 12, 17, 18 and 21 must accompany the return. A declaration of estimated tax for the current year is also due on or before April 15. Quarterly statements will be billed. A Federal extension will automatically grant an extension on your Montgomery filing until October 15; or the 15th day of the 10th month following the end of the fiscal year. If you have not filed for a Federal extension, you may still request an extension by completing and returning a Montgomery extension form. The form can be found on our website under 'Tax Forms and Instructions'. Extension requests must be made in writing, and received in the Montgomery Tax Office before the original due date of the return. Extension will not be granted for payment of tax due. Payment of any estimated balance due must accompany a request for extension to file. Only those extension requests received in duplicate with a self-addressed, postpaid envelope will have a copy returned.
Nonresident Individuals
Employers withhold for non-residents (and residents) working within the City's limits at a rate of 1% of their gross wages and files a City of Montgomery Form W-3 (Annual Reconciliation) at the end of the calendar year. A nonresident who is properly withheld upon by their employer does not need to file a return with the City of Montgomery. Nonresidents who are not withheld upon by their employer and/or are self-employed (1099 Misc., Federal Schedule C, etc.) are required to file a return for the income earned within Montgomery.
All Businesses maintaining a Montgomery location or doing business in Montgomery
The City of Montgomery has a 1% income tax levied on all businesses, individual proprietorships, partnerships, landlords and corporations doing business within the City of Montgomery. All businesses must file an annual return whether or not tax is due. Fiscal taxpayers' annual returns are due four months after the close of their taxable year. A copy of the federal return and all applicable supporting forms and statements must be included. Business losses may be carried forward for up to five (5) years. Extensions may be granted for filing, provided an IRS extension has been secured. Extension requests must be made in writing and received in the Tax Office on or before the due date of the return. A minimum late filing penalty of $25.00 will be assessed on returns received past the due date.
Employers within the City of Montgomery are required to withhold income tax from all compensation paid to their employees, which includes employee contributions to deferred compensation plans and other qualified and non-qualified plans retirement plans, group life insurance benefits, stock option income, etc. Taxes withheld must be remitted quarterly, unless the tax withheld exceeds $200.00 per month (or $600.00 per quarter) in which case remittance must be made monthly. Monthly payments are due on or before the 15th day of the month for the preceding month. Quarterly payments are due on April 30, July 31, October 31 and January 31. An annual reconciliation is required for the preceding year and is due on or before February 28th with copies of the employees' W-2 forms and 1099's.
Includes, but is not limited to:
Wages, salaries, commission, fees and other compensation including tips, bonuses or gifts – use qualifying wages as defined in section 3121(a) of the Internal Revenue Code
Gambling, prizes and lottery winnings (Losses are not allowed unless taxpayer is established as a 'Professional Gambler' by the IRS and file on a Federal Schedule C)
Business conducted by trust or estate
Trusts not made pursuant to employee's retirement
Schedule F net profit
Sick pay subject to Medicare tax
Income from wage continuation plans during periods of disability or sickness are taxable when paid
Supplemental unemployment compensation benefits described in Section 3402 (o)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code
Strike pay; grievance pay
Incentive payments, no matter how described, including, but not limited to payments to induce early retirement
Severance pay
Car allowance or personal use of employer-provided vehicle
Group term life insurance to the extent taxable by the federal government
Sick pay or disability pay whether paid by the employer to the employee or through a third party
Contributions by an employee or on behalf of an employee from gross wages, into an employee or third party trust or pension plan as permitted by any provision of the Internal Revenue Code which may be excludable from gross wages for federal income tax purposes (401K plans and similar plans)
The ordinary income portion of a stock option or employee stock purchase plan to the extent that it is shown on the W-2 as ordinary income and is includable on the taxpayer's federal income tax return
Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plans or programs described in Section 3121(v)(2)(C) of the Internal Revenue Code
Ordinary gains as reported on Federal Form 4797
Net profits from profession and/or business operations, rental property, partnerships, enterprise or other business activity
Punitive damages received from a legal settlement
Non-Taxable Income
Military pay and allowances received as a member of the U.S. Armed Forces (active duty)
Alimony / Child Support
Capital gains, unless taxed as ordinary income
State unemployment benefits
Income of religious, fraternal, charitable, scientific, literary or educational institutions to the extent that such income is derived from tax-exempt real estate, tax-exempt tangible or intangible property or tax-exempt activities; housing allowance
Welfare payments
Compensation for damage to property by way of insurance or otherwise.
Income from the sale of, or lease of, mineral rights except in cases where taxpayer conducts the activities by which the minerals are extracted from the land
Pension income from qualified retirement plans as defined by Internal Revenue Code
Annuities – at time of distribution
Housing allowances for the clergy to the extent that the allowance is used to provide a home
Cafeteria Plans – (Section 125's)
Cancellation of debt
Moving expenses included in gross earnings shall be an allowance as a deductible expense. No deduction will be allowed if the taxpayer does not provide the federal Form 3903, or substitute IRS form Employee Moving Expenses Information for his moving deductions.
Income from election day poll work (under $1,000)
Transit authority compensation paid to an employee including regional transit authority, or regional transit commission
Income of a public utility when that public utility is subject to the tax levied under Section 5727.24 or 5727.30 of the Ohio Revised Code
Dues, contributions and similar payments received by charitable, religious, educational organizations, or labor unions, trade or professional associations, lodges and similar organizations
Income from a fellowship is exempt only when given for attendance as a student at a recognized college or university and exempt for federal income tax purposes.
Ohio Business Gateway
Employer Withholding Registration (fillable PDF)
New account setup
New Resident Letter
IR-New Resident Questionnaire (fillable pdf)
New Business Letter
BR-Business Questionnaire (fillable pdf)


And thus, in a cloud of smoke, Brent and his new Russian colleagues launched one of the most ambitious archival publishing projects of all time.
Brent was, and still is, the editorial director of the Yale University Press, not a job, one would think, that requires qualities like adventurousness or an ability to tolerate heavy smoking and large quantities of drink. But in the immediate post-Soviet moment, Western ventures of any kind, with any Russian partners, required precisely those sorts of talents. In the same period—I'm guessing it was 1993—I also visited British historian Norman Stone, one of the first Western researchers allowed into the Moscow archives, in the ex-KGB officer's flat he shared with a young British businessman (one of his former students, if I remember correctly) and the businessman's ludicrously beautiful Russian girlfriend. Stone was sleeping on a kind of prehistoric pullout sofa, vodka bottles were in conspicuous evidence, and the KGB officer's hideous wooden furniture dominated the room—all of which was fairly typical at the time.
Yale's convictions were not, alas, always shared, either by the archive directors or by the Russian public. The former often believed that their material held a good deal more commercial value—and more possibilities for personal enrichment—than did Yale; the latter were often convinced that these American researchers were trying to "steal" their national secrets.
This mistrust did not ease with time, either. Only a few years before, during the early period of Gorbachev's glasnost, newspapers with archival "revelations" had sold in the millions. But by the early 1990s, many Russians were already struggling to cope with the Soviet collapse. They faced a logistical crisis—how to get by in dramatically changed circumstances—and often a psychological crisis as well. Perhaps the old system was bad, they now felt, but at least back then we were powerful. And now that we are no longer powerful, we don't want to hear about how bad it really was, especially from foreigners.
Nevertheless, Yale, along with a very few others—most notably the Hoover Institution, which made microfilm copies of the entire Gulag administration archive and other important collections—persevered. The result was an extraordinary series, "The Annals of Communism," whose collective impact on Soviet historiography is something akin to that of the Rosetta Stone on the study of hieroglyphics. Among other things, Brent published edited collections of documents on the Spanish Civil War, the Great Terror, collectivization, the Katyn massacre, and the gulag; Stalin's correspondence with various henchmen, including Molotov and Kaganovich; the police files of Andrei Sakharov; even the final diary of the last Czarina.
A few did contain sensations: Yale's book on the American Communist Party, authored by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, exposed, among other things, the CPUSA's secret financial relationship with the Soviet Union and its covert obedience to Soviet causes. Brent's own book, Stalin's Last Crime, described the anti-Jewish purge carried out by Stalin at the end of his life—and hints, though doesn't quite prove, that Stalin was murdered.
All of this gave a new lease on life to the incestuous world of Soviet studies, which had been divided for decades into historians who preferred the triumphant version of Soviet history, accessible in official documents like newspapers, and those who listened to the very different story told by witnesses, refugees, and dissidents. This essentially ideological argument ended forever with the publication of archival information by Yale and others, replacing it, for the first time, with real history—and proving, among other things, that the witnesses, refugees, and dissidents had largely been right.
Elsewhere—in East Germany, for example—the collapse of communism meant that the archive doors swung wide open, and researchers of all kinds flooded inside. But in Moscow, each archive (state, party, military) made its own decisions about which documents to release and to whom to release them. Some, among them the Russian state archive, where gulag documents are kept, were relatively open, though more out of negligence than any commitment to historical truth. I worked there in the 1990s and had the impression that nobody much cared if a bunch of foreigners were reading some old crumbling documents, let alone wasting their time writing books about them. By contrast, the military and ex-KGB archives were always kept under tight control. The image of the Red Army, the identities of informers—all of these things continued to matter to the Soviet authorities and still do.
In the past couple of years, this control has even expanded, with reclassification of documents and heavier restriction on foreign researchers. And in place of the official disregard of the past, there is now a new, state-promulgated version of history. The crimes of Stalinism are acknowledged but downplayed: "Mistakes were made." By contrast, the Second World War, and in particular the moment of Stalinist military triumph in 1945, is ever more loudly celebrated in books, films, and public anniversaries.
This change of attitude has a political purpose, of course. Ex-President and de facto Russian leader Vladimir Putin is well aware that the more people take pride the Soviet past, the less likely they are to want a system that is more genuinely democratic and genuinely capitalist. The more nostalgia there is for Soviet-era symbols, the more secure he and the ex-KGB clique around him are going to be. Putin has in effect made a promise to the Russians that goes something like this: Support me, and Russia will once again be stable; Russians will get rich; the media will sing in harmony with the politicians; the country will have an international presence, just like it was when you or your parents were young. And nobody will talk about how bad we used to be.
What Brent's book provides is some sense of that strange moment of transition, the few years between the crumbling Soviet Union of Gorbachev and glasnost and the resurgent Russian nationalism of the present. He evokes the odd smell of Moscow streets, some combination of poor plumbing, boiled cabbage, and exhaust fumes; the conversations with Russians who constantly wanted to know what things cost in America and were taken aback to realize that we were far richer than they were; the furtive assignations with ex-KGB officers, always eager, even excited, to speak; the cheap plumbing fixtures; the tasteless cookies and too-strong black tea; the odd vacuum where everything—ideology, politics, nation—used to be. That anarchic, open, exciting, and frightening atmosphere is gone now: Moscow is a more rigid, more subdued, and more hierarchical place. The past is on its way to being reburied, or at least reassessed. If Brent arrived in Moscow with Winston cigarettes today, I'm afraid that nobody would pay any attention to him at all.


text:
A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor
Farah Rehan, Md. Emranul Karim, Nafees Ahemad, Mohd Farooq Shaikh, Manish Gupta, Siew Hua Gan, Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
Malaysia Sch of Pharmacy
Malaysia Jeffrey Cheah Sch of Med & HS
Purpose: Natural materials have been extensively studied for oral drug delivery due to their biodegradability and other unique properties. In the current research, we fabricated sodium caseinate nanomicelles (NaCNs) using casein as a natural polymer to develop a controlled-release oral delivery system that would improve the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin (DOX) and reduce its toxicity. Methods: DOX-loaded NaCNs were synthesized and thoroughly characterized, then subjected to in vivo anti-tumor evaluation and bio-distribution analysis in a 4T1-induced breast cancer model. Results: Our findings indicated that the tumor would shrink by eight-fold in the group orally treated with DOX-NaCNs when compared to free DOX. The tumor accumulated drug 1.27-fold more from the orally administered DOX-NaCNs compared to the intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs, 6.8-fold more compared to free DOX, and 8.34-times more compared to orally administered free DOX. In comparison, the orally administered DOX-NaCNs lead to a significant reduction in tumor size (5.66 ± 4.36 mm3) compared to intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs (10.29 ± 4.86 mm3) on day 17 of the experiment. NaCNs were well tolerated at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg in an acute oral toxicity study. Conclusion: The enhanced anti-tumor effects of oral DOX-NaCNs might be related to the controlled release of DOX from the delivery system when compared to free DOX and the intravenous formulation of DOX-NaCNs. Moreover, NaCNs is recognized as a safe and non-toxic delivery system with excellent bio-distribution profile and high anti-tumor effects that has a potential for oral chemotherapy.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
Biodistribution studies
Oral drug delivery
10.1007/s40005-022-00595-7Licence: CC BY
Rehan, F., Emranul Karim, M., Ahemad, N., Farooq Shaikh, M., Gupta, M., Gan, S. H., & Chowdhury, E. H. (2022). A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 52(6), 787-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-022-00595-7
Rehan, Farah ; Emranul Karim, Md. ; Ahemad, Nafees et al. / A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor. In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation. 2022 ; Vol. 52, No. 6. pp. 787-804.
@article{cf5704af1e8c4c2bb5fe285fb6b08932,
title = "A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor",
abstract = "Purpose: Natural materials have been extensively studied for oral drug delivery due to their biodegradability and other unique properties. In the current research, we fabricated sodium caseinate nanomicelles (NaCNs) using casein as a natural polymer to develop a controlled-release oral delivery system that would improve the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin (DOX) and reduce its toxicity. Methods: DOX-loaded NaCNs were synthesized and thoroughly characterized, then subjected to in vivo anti-tumor evaluation and bio-distribution analysis in a 4T1-induced breast cancer model. Results: Our findings indicated that the tumor would shrink by eight-fold in the group orally treated with DOX-NaCNs when compared to free DOX. The tumor accumulated drug 1.27-fold more from the orally administered DOX-NaCNs compared to the intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs, 6.8-fold more compared to free DOX, and 8.34-times more compared to orally administered free DOX. In comparison, the orally administered DOX-NaCNs lead to a significant reduction in tumor size (5.66 ± 4.36 mm3) compared to intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs (10.29 ± 4.86 mm3) on day 17 of the experiment. NaCNs were well tolerated at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg in an acute oral toxicity study. Conclusion: The enhanced anti-tumor effects of oral DOX-NaCNs might be related to the controlled release of DOX from the delivery system when compared to free DOX and the intravenous formulation of DOX-NaCNs. Moreover, NaCNs is recognized as a safe and non-toxic delivery system with excellent bio-distribution profile and high anti-tumor effects that has a potential for oral chemotherapy.",
keywords = "Biodistribution studies, Breast cancer, Casein, Doxorubicin, Oral drug delivery",
author = "Farah Rehan and {Emranul Karim}, Md. and Nafees Ahemad and {Farooq Shaikh}, Mohd and Manish Gupta and Gan, {Siew Hua} and Chowdhury, {Ezharul Hoque}",
journal = "Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation",
publisher = "Springer - The Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology",
Rehan, F, Emranul Karim, M, Ahemad, N, Farooq Shaikh, M, Gupta, M, Gan, SH & Chowdhury, EH 2022, 'A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor', Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 787-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-022-00595-7
A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor. / Rehan, Farah; Emranul Karim, Md.; Ahemad, Nafees et al.
In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, Vol. 52, No. 6, 11.2022, p. 787-804.
T1 - A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor
AU - Rehan, Farah
AU - Emranul Karim, Md.
AU - Ahemad, Nafees
AU - Farooq Shaikh, Mohd
AU - Gupta, Manish
AU - Gan, Siew Hua
AU - Chowdhury, Ezharul Hoque
N2 - Purpose: Natural materials have been extensively studied for oral drug delivery due to their biodegradability and other unique properties. In the current research, we fabricated sodium caseinate nanomicelles (NaCNs) using casein as a natural polymer to develop a controlled-release oral delivery system that would improve the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin (DOX) and reduce its toxicity. Methods: DOX-loaded NaCNs were synthesized and thoroughly characterized, then subjected to in vivo anti-tumor evaluation and bio-distribution analysis in a 4T1-induced breast cancer model. Results: Our findings indicated that the tumor would shrink by eight-fold in the group orally treated with DOX-NaCNs when compared to free DOX. The tumor accumulated drug 1.27-fold more from the orally administered DOX-NaCNs compared to the intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs, 6.8-fold more compared to free DOX, and 8.34-times more compared to orally administered free DOX. In comparison, the orally administered DOX-NaCNs lead to a significant reduction in tumor size (5.66 ± 4.36 mm3) compared to intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs (10.29 ± 4.86 mm3) on day 17 of the experiment. NaCNs were well tolerated at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg in an acute oral toxicity study. Conclusion: The enhanced anti-tumor effects of oral DOX-NaCNs might be related to the controlled release of DOX from the delivery system when compared to free DOX and the intravenous formulation of DOX-NaCNs. Moreover, NaCNs is recognized as a safe and non-toxic delivery system with excellent bio-distribution profile and high anti-tumor effects that has a potential for oral chemotherapy.
AB - Purpose: Natural materials have been extensively studied for oral drug delivery due to their biodegradability and other unique properties. In the current research, we fabricated sodium caseinate nanomicelles (NaCNs) using casein as a natural polymer to develop a controlled-release oral delivery system that would improve the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin (DOX) and reduce its toxicity. Methods: DOX-loaded NaCNs were synthesized and thoroughly characterized, then subjected to in vivo anti-tumor evaluation and bio-distribution analysis in a 4T1-induced breast cancer model. Results: Our findings indicated that the tumor would shrink by eight-fold in the group orally treated with DOX-NaCNs when compared to free DOX. The tumor accumulated drug 1.27-fold more from the orally administered DOX-NaCNs compared to the intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs, 6.8-fold more compared to free DOX, and 8.34-times more compared to orally administered free DOX. In comparison, the orally administered DOX-NaCNs lead to a significant reduction in tumor size (5.66 ± 4.36 mm3) compared to intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs (10.29 ± 4.86 mm3) on day 17 of the experiment. NaCNs were well tolerated at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg in an acute oral toxicity study. Conclusion: The enhanced anti-tumor effects of oral DOX-NaCNs might be related to the controlled release of DOX from the delivery system when compared to free DOX and the intravenous formulation of DOX-NaCNs. Moreover, NaCNs is recognized as a safe and non-toxic delivery system with excellent bio-distribution profile and high anti-tumor effects that has a potential for oral chemotherapy.
KW - Biodistribution studies
KW - Breast cancer
KW - Casein
KW - Doxorubicin
KW - Oral drug delivery
JO - Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
JF - Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
Rehan F, Emranul Karim M, Ahemad N, Farooq Shaikh M, Gupta M, Gan SH et al. A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation. 2022 Nov;52(6):787-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-022-00595-7

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1) Question: Do I need to fill out an application form for performance and musicianship if both are being tried at the same session?
Yes, please fill out two application forms.
The beauty of this option is that teachers are now able to tailor an exam program specifically for each student. When deciding on appropriate grade levels, think of other pieces, which you know to be at that particular grade. Also take into consideration the technical requirements of that grade as well as your student's capabilities and comfort zone. When in doubt, teachers are always welcome to contact CNCM for guidance, either by email or phone.
1) Question: I had a Grade 1 student who played Haydn as a Baroque selection, and we received a comment on the exam form about her Baroque choice. In selecting repertoire for exams, should we be selecting "style" or composers by date?
It is realized that some schools go by List A, B, C, etc, but even within those lists they combine a couple of eras and time periods. Haydn is considered a Classical composer, even if listed under a List A selection with other schools. If a piece by a classical composer is in the style of the Baroque period, then the student could make this connection in their introduction to the piece. This happens a lot with W.A. Mozart as well, where some conservatories will list his minuets as a List A piece. For CNCM, the student would need to explain why it is being played as a Baroque piece e.g. "it's in the style of the Baroque minuets." The student could give a bit of history of the Minuet and tie it together with their selection of choice.
2) Question: I'm having difficulty finding a Grade 3 Romantic selection for a student's performance examination; should I stretch the dates of a classical composer (e.g Beethoven) and include a piece that is leaning to the Romantic style, or do I stretch the style and include a piece by a 20th Century composer in the Romantic style.
Although some of Beethoven's works are of the romantic style, e.g. Fur Elise; in his symphonies and movements of sonatas, generally, Beethoven is considered a Classical composer. If selecting a piece in the Romantic style by a 20th Century composer the candidate would be expected to make the connection of why it should be accepted as a Romantic selection. The connection would need to be made in the commentary of why the piece is being played as that selection. Some of the Romantic composers that you may want to consider for this level are, Gurlitt, Tchaikovsky, some of Rebikov's work, Maykapar, Gretchaninov, Burgmuller, Le Couppey, Kohler, some of Schubert's works (just be careful; as some are in the classical style; as he is considered the bridge between Classical and Romantic period), and Schumann.
This isn't a problem at all. Providing the candidate is within her allotted time for the exam, she can take as much time as needed. As with concerts and recitals, it's not uncommon for the artist to leave the stage between pieces to compose themselves, so it isn't a problem for her to leave to put on her costume. The idea behind additional selections is to allow the candidate to show other aspects of their music education.
4) Question: For the printed programs for performance exams, are candidates required to name the collection/source of the pieces performed? If yes, how do you show this in the printed program?
When the information is readily available candidates are encouraged to include this information in the printed program. This will help expand the musical knowledge of both the candidate and their teacher. It also becomes a great reference point for students if they would like to learn more repertoire of the same.
5) Question: Can you give us a clue as to whether the rhythm clap-backs are presented as a rhythm only or as a melody?
Rhythm clap-backs will be played as a melody. Melodies are easier to clap back because they provide a rhythmic as well as melodic pattern for the student to hear.
6) Question: My student is preparing for a Grade 4 Performance exam and is working on a "pop" study. Can she use this as her study piece or would it be best to save this for her encore?
Your student can use the pop study as her study piece or for her encore. Either would be fine.
7) Question: Two of my students will be taking Performance exams during the same session. They are preparing a duet for the Festival - would it be appropriate for them to perform this duet (once) as the "additional" piece for BOTH their exams?
It will be fine for both students to programme the duet on their Performance exams as an additional piece; however, it will have to be performed on EACH exam.
8) Question: For the Transposition portion of the Musicianship exam will the student be expected to play only in the transposed key or will they be allowed to play in the written key first?
As outlined in the syllabus, students are asked to transpose at sight, so they will be expected to play only in the transposed key.
9) Question: How do we source required repertoire for CNCM practical examinations?
There is no required repertoire listing. In fact, repertoire selections may be chosen from any source. Graded repertoire books and listings may assist teachers/candidates in their selections, as well as any composer collections and solos. A number of publishing companies now offer graded anthologies and repertoire collections, along with stylistic and biographical information, which may further assist teachers/candidates. Remember, the Canadian National Conservatory of Music may be contacted at any time to confirm appropriateness of repertoire selections.
10) Question: What is meant by the additional piece?
This is an opportunity for the student to showcase other areas of strength. They may play another (any level) instrument, an original composition, perform a vocal piece, or present a duet or trio with friends or family members. If they prefer to perform another piano solo here, it may be one grade level below the rest of their repertoire.
11) Question: Are arrangements allowed on recital exams?
Yes, but try to limit them to one arrangement per exam. Categorize them for traditional exams and perhaps reserve them for the additional or encore piece. They might be used more freely in a theme exam, especially for a "pops" theme, where they would be necessary. However, regardless of the theme, remember that a Canadian composition is a requirement on every exam.
12) Question: How many pieces need to be memorized?
Only 5 pieces are required to be memorized. It is up to the discretion of the candidate on which five it is. There will be a 2 mark deduction for each piece out of the five not memorized, to a maximum of 10 marks. E.g. if only 4 pieces are memorized there will be a 2 mark deduction, if only 3 pieces are memorized there will be a 4 mark deduction.
1) Question: How is the melody question marked?
CNCM believes that it is important to encourage the compositional aspect of the young musician so any attempt will be awarded some marks. Marks are awarded for ending on a tonic chord, avoiding wide leaps that are difficult to sing, writing the clefs or key signatures, including correct time values, proper stem direction, accents or solfège syllables.
2) Question: How are scales marked? Do you lose all marks if you use the wrong key signature?
Each element of scale writing has weight, since there are several elements to incorporate: clef, key signature, time signature, accidentals, stems, semitones and rests in the final bar. The scale is marked on all of these elements. The candidate would have to make several errors before all marks would be deducted.
3) Question: Do you need to spell the Italian term correctly for full marks?
Candidates are expected to spell all required Italian, French and German terms correctly to receive full marks.
4) Question: What versions of chromatic scales and 20th century scales does CNCM permit?
Any textbook form of chromatic, pentatonic, octatonic, blues, or whole tone scales is permitted.
5) Question: When writing in open score from short score, do all slurs, phrase lines, dynamic markings and fermatas have to be written separately for each voice?
Yes. Indeed, writing separately for each voice is one of the most important elements in writing for open score. Each voice is singing their own line, and needs to have all the markings transferred. However, the tempo marking at the beginning of the piece above the staff does not have to be written separately.
6) Question: How should my student label keys. Is lower case for minor keys mandatory?
When writing in long hand, it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish a lower case c from an upper case C. Any method of writing a key name is permitted, as long as it is clear. Students may write A major, A+, C minor, c minor, C- or c-, as long as the letter is accompanied by the word or sign.
7) Question: If my student got the wrong key in the transposition question would they lose all the marks? What about in the transposing instruments question?
CNCM awards part marks in the junior grades if the candidate wrote in the wrong key, but transposed the notes correctly, or if they wrote in A major and the key should have been A flat major. However, when transposing to or from concert pitch, the key is crucial, and partial marks are not awarded in the higher grades.


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Brian Wilson Paved the Way for the Sensitive Pop Revolution
Beyoncé Vs. Adele: Which Miami Concert Should You Spend Your Money on?
Ryan Pfeffer
Ryan Pfeffer | February 10, 2016 | 8:03am
We've got a tough decision to face Miami: Beyoncé or Adele? With ticket prices in the triple digits, chances are you can only afford one. Unless you are Beyoncé or Adele, in which case not only can you afford a ticket, you can afford several thousand, fashion them all into a life-size manikin, and then buy your artificial ticket-human a brand new house in Malibu.
But we normal folk have to be practical. And, boy, is this a tough one.
In case you haven't heard the news, Beyoncé is kicking off her tour in Miami on April 27. Also, congratulations on freeing yourself from the boulder you've been trapped under for the last 72 hours. And in case you also haven't heard, Adele is coming to Miami for two back-to-back shows in October. Also, congratulations on emerging from your three-month long coma. You clearly have bad luck and should wear a helmet/stay away from large rocks.
Beyoncé or Adele? This is like choosing between a child except Beyoncé or Adele are much more awesome than your children and have never pooped on you. Probably.
Beyoncé Formation Tour Kicks Off at Marlins Park
Seven New Miami Music Venues That Should Be on Your Radar
Miami's Most Anticipated Concerts of 2016 (Updated)
This is actually much harder than choosing between children, because, let's face it, even though you don't say it out loud, you definitely have a favorite offspring. I mean, one has a lot of trophies and it takes the other two weeks to multiply two fractions together. But this is Beyoncé and Adele we're talking about. How do you even begin to compare two talents so unique and important?
Well, we're going to try, and in the end we will have an answer. It's going to hurt and we might lose friends and alienate people along the way, but this a question that needs examining. Let's break it down point-by-point.
Hawthorne Heights and Emery
Monday, Jan. 20, 2020 / 6:30pm @ Culture Room 3045 N Federal Hwy Fort Lauderdale FL 33306
3045 N Federal Hwy, Fort Lauderdale FL 33306
Tuesday, Jan. 21, 2020 / 7:30pm @ Amaturo Theater at Broward Ctr For The Perf Arts 201 Sw 5th Avenue Fort Lauderdale FL 33312
201 Sw 5th Avenue, Fort Lauderdale FL 33312
Tuesday, Jan. 21, 2020 / 8:00pm @ King Center For The Performing Arts 3865 N Wickham Road Melbourne FL 32935
3865 N Wickham Road, Melbourne FL 32935
5. Talent.
We're going right for the jugular here: who's more talented? But let's make a distinction first. Beyoncé and Adele's talent is unquestionable and immense and, most importantly, very different. They share similar skills but their abilities veer from each other's in many different categories. So, yes, it's pointless and probably impossible to quantify whose level of talent reaches the highest. But what we can do is analyze each singer's talent and try and decide which would be more interesting to watch live onstage with thousands of screaming, likeminded people. Vocally, we have to go with Adele here. The notes she hits and holds — the sonic power she can so skillfully deploy and retract — it would give a dead opossum goosebumps and it holds up just as well in a live setting as it does on a recording. Beyoncé trails in raw vocal ability, but just barely (those four consecutive key changes in "Love On Top" never fails to make me reach for a new pair of underwear). But what she lacks in vocals, she makes up tenfold with the ability to comprehensively entertain. Adele is a Ferrari, built for one specific purpose: speed. Beyoncé is a Ferrari that doubles as a jetski and airplane and microwave that will also do your taxes and send emails for you. And for that reason, Beyoncé ekes out this category.
Winner: Beyoncé.
4. Timing.
Who's at a more pivotal point in their career? Context is everything. Yes, seeing Paul McCartney live today is a great honor, but what rational person wouldn't hop in a time machine to watch the Beetles play The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 if given the opportunity? Actually, I can think of a few groups of people who don't want to go back to 1960s America, but you get what I'm saying. When you finally get the grandchildren to put down their iPhone 74's and gather round, who will they be more impressed to hear that you saw in the year 2015, before microchips implanted in our brain allowed everyone to be at the same concert at once (until, of course, the 129-year-old hybrid cyborg President Trump banned music once and for all because it was "too gay"). Here, we have to go with Adele. Yes, Beyoncé is perfect and amazing and all the other cliches we've come to associate with her, but Adele is smack dab in the middle of something truly special, what athletes refer to as their "prime." Her newest album, 25, just became only the sixth album since 2001 to sell 8 millions copies. What's happening to her now is the same thing that happens when Super Mario eats a mushroom. She's huge and powerful and crushing everything in her path. If you trace back the career of each iconic artist, you can pinpoint a chunk of time — it can be a year, a week, a decade — where that artist is firing on all cylinders, flying with almost supernatural ability. Its arguable that both Beyoncé and Adele are in this rectangle of their respective careers, but Adele is shifting into a gear we didn't know she had. And to witness that firsthand, that would be special.
Winner: Adele.
A concert, at its best, is more than just music. It's an experience. The sound and color and $15 beers — it all adds up to an experience. So, whose going to put on a better show? There is something to be said about the understated elegance of Adele live. The ingredients are straightforward and fresh, presented simply yet gorgeously on a clean white plate. People come to here Adele sing and she doesn't beat around the bush. But, dude, who are we kidding? When it comes to production — lasers, dancing, fire, spectacle — nobody beats Beyoncé. I mean, just look at her hair. It's literally always blowing in the wind. Always. She could be locked in an underground bunker seven miles beneath the earth's crust with no electricity and her hair would still be dancing like it was made out of feathers. You could shave Beyoncé's head like Natalie Portman in V for Vendetta and, the second you blinked, her hair will have miraculously sprouted back to life, glistening in the breeze.
2. Cultural Importance
When it's all said and done — when we're six feet beneath the ground and polar bears are a thing of the past — who will have a bigger spread in the history books? Both Beyoncé and Adele have forever altered the way we look at female celebrities. The two are as positive a role model as a child could ever hope to have, preaching honesty, courage, and authenticity at ever turn. At the 2012 Grammy Awards, a tearful Adele laughed as she accepted her award for Album of the Year, wiping at her nose as she said, "Oh, I've got a bit of snot." What a message to send to the young girls of America: It's okay to have a bit of snot. We're just human, after all. Adele has showed the world that vulnerability and self-confidence can coexist triumphantly. What Beyoncé did was different but equally as important. In 2001, she along with the rest of Destiny's Child, told women around the world that not only was it permissible to have a little bit of jelly, but you could do with that jelly whatever the hell you please. Since then, she's been teaching the world how to be a survivor, how to be single, and how to be irreplaceable. Simply put: Beyoncé makes you feel like you can run the world, while Adele makes you feel like you understand it a little better. For that, both are heroes, and we have ourselves a tie.
Winner: All of us.
1. Special Guests
And so it comes down to this: Who is more likely to give you that extra bang for your buck? The last time Queen B was in Miami, she brought along her husband, Jay-Z. Yes, they were technically touring together, but it was still a sweet two-for-one deal. On her last self-titled album, Beyoncé's list of collaborators include Frank Ocean, Drake, and Jay-Z. She hasn't announced any details about opening acts or support on this tour yet — and she's more than capable of carrying a show all on her own — but when you compare B's list of collaborators with the fact that Adele's last album was a completely solo effort (no guest features at all), the odds on this one are with Beyoncé. We might get no one at Beyoncé's concert. Or we might get Jay-Z or Drake or a Destiny's Child reunion. This is, after all, Beyoncé's first show of the tour. If there ever was a time to pull out all the stops, it would be live in Marlins Park.
And so, even though there is no wrong choice here, if you can only afford to go to one show, we have to counsel you to pick Beyoncé. If you can afford to go to neither, we unofficially recommend you burrow your way into Marlins Park like El Chapo. Godspeed.
Winner and champion: Beyoncé.
Adele. 7:30 p.m. Tuesday and Wednesday, October 25 and 26, 2016, 7:30 p.m. American Airlines Arena, 601 Biscayne Blvd., Miami; 786-777-1000; aaarena.com. Tickets cost $36.95 to $146.50 plus fees via ticketmaster.com.
Beyoncé. 6 p.m. Wednesday, April 27, at Marlins Park, 501 Marlins Way, Miami; 305-480-1300; miami.marlins.mlb.com. Tickets cost $45 to $305 plus fees via ticketmaster.com. Presale tickets are available starting February 9; general public tickets go on sale Tuesday, February 16, at 10 a.m.
Ryan Pfeffer is a contributor and former Miami New Times music editor. After earning a BS from Florida State University, Ryan joined the New Times staff in November 2013 as a web editor.
Facebook: Ryan Pfeffer
Twitter: @Ryan_Pfefferoni
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There is no denying that the increasing popularity of 'online' in India. Since moving back to India a couple of years ago, I have been regularly using a plethora of online services – ride hailing, food delivery, house rentals, packers and movers, shopping – and by and large, the experience has been pleasant. It has certainly made life easier and more fun, though I still have reservations about the long term viability of some of these companies (but that's a topic for another post!).
I had registered on a property website while casually looking at some properties. And a few days later, I received a call from the company saying that they would be happy to help me shortlist a property, asking for my details, talking about a few properties and then the catch – they will share my contact details with the property developers who would then call me to schedule a visit, etc. Please note that this was completely outbound as I had not expressed any interest in these properties on their website or even asked anybody to call me.
One of the reasons I prefer to use online services is the relative degree of anonymity – I do not have to talk to a customer service agent, provide details, then have further people calling me, etc. I would rather do all the activities myself and only have an option to talk to someone at the company if I need any help.
This got me thinking. Is it that our digital economy is not mature enough that companies still have to hire a team of agents to call its users and be enablers? Or is it that companies are not happy at the volume of business they are getting from pure self service users and feel the need to hire people to push things along? I appreciate that this provides employment opportunities and, in our country, that is very important. But is there a case then, for companies to provide an option to users who prefer to be completely self service?
I went on to the website of a very popular DTH provider with whom I have an existing relationship. I had to make a service request. It was easy to find the service request section on their website and within a few seconds, I had made my request which was time bound. And then the wait started. It's been a couple of months now, so the details are a bit vague but I do not believe I received even an acknowledgment that my request has been received. So, two days later, what did I have to do? You guessed it right, I had to call their Customer Support and within minutes, I received a follow up call and things were sorted.
It begs the question, doesn't it? Why have a Service Request option on your website when clearly, it is not being monitored? In western markets, companies love it when users self serve, saves them significant costs of hiring and training call centre agents and the operational costs involved (office space, telecommunications, etc.). I wonder, if in India, the cost structure is so skewed that it is still cheaper for companies to have a team of people on call than build a technological solution? I am not sure that it is, but would love to hear from experts.


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Any truth in that family legend?
Resources for Gloucestershire Family History
Member of the Society of Genealogists
Associate Member of
Are you researching your Gloucestershire family history? Here are some links to online genealogy resources you might not be aware of and which can help you.
Gloucestershire Archives
Gloucestershire Archives is the primary archives centre for both the county of Gloucestershire and the Diocese of Gloucester. It holds important collections of major interest to genealogists and family historians, such as
parish registers and other parish records
Bishop's Transcripts
Nonconformist registers
wills and probate records
records of schools, businesses, societies and organisations
family and estate papers
Searching the Gloucestershire Archives online catalogue is the best way to explore the resources available prior to visiting.
There is also an online genealogical database which lets you search the following collections by name, date, parish and occupation:
will, inventories, administrations and other probate records
overseers accounts and other Poor Law and settlement records
gaol calendars (prisoners detained in Gloucester gaol awaiting trial)
canal boat inspections
Bear in mind that some of the earlier records will be difficult to read or understand. Prior to 1733, documents may be in Latin and before the 18th century handwriting can also be very different from ours today. If you can't get to Gloucestershire Archives to look something up yourself, or if you need help with reading, transcribing or understanding anything, we would be happy to assist.
Gloucestershire Family History Society
Gloucestershire Family History Society publishes a range of extremely helpful indexes and transcripts of local records, such as
parish registers
Noncomrmist registers
monumental inscriptions
Their online BMD indexes are particularly helpful. These are the result of an ongoing project to create an online database from the indexes to civil registration of births, marriages and deaths held by local registry offices in the county. Using these indexes has a number of significant advantages over resources such as www.freebmd,org.uk and the civil registration indexes available from www.ancestry.co.uk and www.findmypast.co.uk , all of which are taken from the indexes compiled nationally by the General Registry Office in London.
(Some - but not all - of these advantages have been superseded by the new GRO indexes released in 2017, however).
The GFHS birth indexes contain the former surname of the mother right from 1837
This makes it much easier to find children of the same family, in particular where the surname is common. For example, if you're looking for the children born to a couple called SMITH, you've got a pretty much impossible job on your hands unless you can narrow things down (there are 4585 births of children named SMITH in the GFHS index for the period 1837-1860, for example - and that's just for Gloucestershire). But if you known the mother's maiden name was, say, VIZARD, your job becomes much easier (only 9 SMITHs where the mother was formerly VIZARD were registered in that period, all in Stroud district, and so more than likely to the same couple). The mother's maiden name was not recorded in the national birth indexes until 1911, so this technique to narrow things down is impossible until after that date, when working with the national indexes.
The GFHS birth indexes contain the father's surname as well as the child's and mother's
Having the father's surname recorded separately from the child's surname makes it easier to identify probable cases of illegitimacy, and is not available from the national indexes.
The GFHS death indexes contain and allow searching on the age at death from 1837
The national indexes do not provide this information until 1866.
The GFHS marriage indexes allow searching on groom's full name and bride's full name from 1837.
The spouse's surname does not appear in the national marriage indexes until 1912. When you search on spouse's name prior in 1912 on www.freebmd.org.uk what you actually get is a list of possible "hits" where that name appears on the same page of the register, but with no guarantee that person was actually the spouse.
if you know the family were from Gloucestershire, it will be easier and quicker to find the entries you're interested in
Please bear in mind, however, that the GFHS indexes are not yet complete (neither are those at www.freebmd.org.uk, for all years, of course).
Also remember that the reference shown on the GFHS BMD site is the reference used by the local registrar and can only be used for ordering a certificate from the local office: you can't use it for ordering from the GRO online certificate ordering service. To do that, you will need to cross-reference to the national indexes using www.freebmd.org.uk or another similar website and take the GRO reference from that site.
If you can't find the person you're looking for, feel free to contact us for help. We have over 25 years of experience working with the records of civil registration and are well aware of some of the pitfalls and traps our ancestors laid for us! We might be able to find them if you can't.
Forest of Dean Family History Pages
The Forest of Dean Family History Pages are a fantastic online resource for anyone with an interest in Gloucestershire west of the River Severn.
The transcripts of parish registers for parishes in the Forest and adjoining areas are perhaps especially valuable to researchers.
Bristol Archives (formerly Bristol Record Office)
Although technically Bristol was never part of the county of Gloucestershire, many Gloucestershire families have close ties with the historic city just to the south.
Bristol Archives is the archives centre for the city, county and diocese of Bristol.
The Bristol Record Office online catalogue will give full details of their holdings.
Of particular interest to family historians are the registers of Church of England parishes and Nonconformist churches in the area, as well as the Bishop's Transcripts of the parish registers. The handlist to these records will tell you what is available. The record office also holds wills that were proved in the Bristol Probate Court and a full index to these is available online.
Bristol and Avon Family History Society
The Bristol and Avon Family History Society has produced a range of publications of interest to family historians with connections to the Bristol area. See their online shop for details. They also have a number of free electronic publications available to download.
The Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society
The Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society (BGAS) has produced and continues to produce a range of publications that will appeal to those with an interest in Gloucestershire family or local history.
One particularly valuable resource now available online is a general index and list of contents pages for the Society's Journal Transactions, since 1876, with PDF copies available to download.
Also of use to those with ancestors from the Cheltenham area is the online gazetteer of Cheltenham, which is helpful in identifying addresses that no longer exist.
The Internet Archive is a non-profit organisation founded to build an Internet library. It provides free online access to digitised out-of-copyright material in a variety of formats. Its resources include a number of items of considerable interest to those with ancestors from Gloucestershire, including the following (PDF format, some large):
Gloucestershire parish registers. Marriages (Volume 4)
Gloucestershire parish registers. Marriages (Volume 16)
© 2018 Gloucestershire Ancestry (a trading name of Forefathers Ltd.)
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On Saturday, October 19, 2019 we will host our largest annual fundraiser, our 2019 USO-NW Five-Star Gala and VIP Reception. Join USO Northwest and more than 600 guests at the Hyatt Regency Lake Washington at Seattle's Southport as we gather to honor the six Military Members of the Year for the Northwest and USO's celebrated support for the men and women who protect our freedom.
For sponsor information, contact Tim Bogle at development@usonw.org or 206-719-5662.


Over half of the world's population now lives in cities, but how do we live, what kind of places are we creating, and how are these stories being told?
From travelling with the nomadic herdsmen of the Mongolian planes to exploring the floating villages of the Lagos lagoon, award-winning Guardian photographer David Levene has spent the last two decades documenting how people live and work around the world in vivid detail.
His new book, City, scans the globe in a 360- degree journey from Tokyo in the east to San Francisco in the west, providing a startling snapshot of the diverse forms of urbanity that exist across all five continents. Images from the book are on view in the Gallery at Foyles and copies of the book are available to purchase from Foyles.
David Levene will be joining us discussing his work, for more information click here.
The Gallery at Foyles is curated and managed by Futurecity.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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The password as a digital authenticator is under more strain than ever. But is the answer to memorizing multiple complex secure passwords to rely on proximity and a physical wristband for logging in to devices and websites? The U.S.-based makers of a device called Everykey believe so.
They're currently Kickstarting their wearable, looking to raise $100,000 to turn a prototype Bluetooth-powered authentication wristband into shipping product by March next year.
Everykey is following a similar wearable route to Nymi, with a basic wristband that has a single security-focused purpose, but is not bothering with any biometrics, which does mean you're putting your passwords in a single unsecured physical basket (i.e. a form that can be stolen and used by someone else to log into your stuff).
Why is it avoiding any biometric component? Everykey CEO Chris Wentz expresses scepticism about acquiring accurate electrocardiogram data — as Nymi aims to do — via a single wearable point, i.e. rather than having multiple electrodes on the body. Hence Everykey staying away from biometrics.
It's also aiming to undercut Nymi on price — given that there's less sensor kit required inside its wristband it can offer the wearable at a lower price point. The Everykey is up for pre-order via Kickstarter for $50, vs Nymi costing $79. It also offers better battery life, of up to a month.
What about the inherent insecurity of putting physical passwords in an easily stealable form? "You can disable your Everykey at any time just like a credit card by calling us or deactivating it through our website," was Wentz's response. So this is absolutely a trade off between convenience and security.
But, given how troublesome passwords are becoming, it may be a trade-off some people are willing to make. The problem of too simplistic passwords is huge and growing, with hackers data-mining leaked repositories of passwords to get better at guessing the words humans use to try to secure their digital stuff.
If a password is simple enough to be memorable, chances are it's hackable. But more complex passwords are also starting to be cracked as hackers train their systems on leaked password data to get better at brute forcing our 0p3n s3s4m3s.
Password manager software, such as LastPass or PasswordBox, is one answer to this growing password-generated security gap. Everykey's wearable device, which uses proximity and Bluetooth to work with a range of devices as well as websites, is another — although the wearable won't support authenticating mobile apps unless developers integrate Everykey's SDK. So it's not a case of one 'wrist-ring' to unlock them all.
The Everykey wearable does not store any passwords itself, acting purely as an authenticator, via an encrypted signal sent over Bluetooth 4.0 when the wristband is within a customisable range to the Bluetooth device you are using. Device passwords are stored on the devices themselves in keychains, while website passwords are encrypted and stored on Everykey's servers.
The use of Bluetooth 4.0 limits which devices it can unlock, unless you add a Bluetooth dongle to older hardware. While iOS unlocking will only work for jailbroken devices. For PC users, Everykey is also only compatible with Windows 8.1+; older versions of Windows aren't supported, so again that's a limit to its usefulness.
What about website compatibility? "Every website I've tried Everykey on has worked with Everykey. Our algorithm for identifying a login field is pretty well refined and while we can't guarantee that it will work with all websites, it's very reliable and works on all the top websites (Facebook, Gmail, Twitter, etc) as well as every other website we've tried it on," says Wentz.
"In terms of the devices themselves, Android, iOS, Windows, Mac OS, and Linux are all supported — keeping in mind that iOS requires a jailbreak for the device unlock itself," he adds.
There is apparently no limit on the number of close-by devices that can be authenticated via the wristband — a tech it has filed a patent on. However it's still working on ways to support logins to websites where a user has multiple accounts, so might want to specify which account to log in to. Managing multiple Everykeys owned and used in close proximity to each other also sounds like it will require some additional thought to avoid the wrong user being logged in.
To set up Everykey for unlocking supported devices entails downloading an Everykey app, then pairing it with the wristband (pushing a button on the device to activate pairing mode) — and then typing in a unique code printed on the back.
When logging into a website for the first time Everykey automatically encrypts and store your username and password for that website, via a browser extension (once you've installed its software). The companion software can also be used to generate a complex password, as other password manager software offerings do, if you don't want to come up with a tough enough string yourself.
Everykey looks to be — at best — a partial fix to a messy problem, and one that evidently prioritizes fashionable convenience over security.
Adding a two-factor authentication feature that loops in the proximity of the mobile user's phone to bolster security would be a welcome addition but isn't currently offered. "Two factor authentication is something we're interested in, it's not yet a feature but may become one if there's enough demand," says Everykey, responding to comments on its Kickstarter campaign.
With caveats like these it's clear Everykey won't be for everyone. But it's managed to pull in close to half its $100,000 funding goal thus far, still with almost two weeks left on the clock, so this wearable password manager may yet fly. If its makers get their prototype to market, how smoothly it flies and how far it travels remains to be seen.


Short version: Gabriel Cohen's debut novel Red Hook was nominated for the Edgar award for Best First Novel, and he is also the author of The Ninth Step, The Graving Dock, Boombox, Neptune Avenue, and the nonfiction book Storms Can't Hurt the Sky: A Buddhist Path Through Divorce. He has written for The New York Times, Poets & Writers, Gourmet.com, Shambhala Sun, the New York Post magazine, and Time Out New York. He teaches in the Writing Program at Pratt Institute; has taught writing at New York University; and lectures extensively.
Long version: Gabriel Cohen's debut novel Red Hook (2001) was nominated for the Edgar award for Best First Novel, and he is also the author of the novels The Ninth Step (2010), The Graving Dock (2007), Boombox (2007) and Neptune Avenue (2009). His nonfiction book Storms Can't Hurt the Sky: A Buddhist Path Through Divorce was published in 2008. He has written for such publications as The New York Times, Poets & Writers, Gourmet.com, Shambhala Sun, the New York Post magazine, and Time Out New York, and is included in the anthology Best Buddhist Writing 2009. He teaches in the Writing Program at Pratt Institute; has taught writing at New York University; worked as a staff writer for the New Haven Advocate newspaper; and lectures extensively. He founded and coordinated the Sundays at Sunny's reading series, has taught at the Omega Institute and the Kripalu Center for Yoga and Health, and was a guest lecturer aboard the Queen Mary 2 ocean liner. He lives in Brooklyn, New York.
Need a a photograph of Gabriel?
To download a high-resolution jpeg of the thumbnail images, click on it to get a larger version, then save the image from your browser. Or, right mouse click and select the "Save Targe As..." option. Mac users, click on the image to see a larger image. Hold the Control key down and click on the image to see menu options, and choose "Save Image to the Desktop."


text:
Global Hotel Alliance Empowers Members With MICROS Technology
Oracle Hospitality Food and Beverage Solutions
MICROS Systems, Inc., a leading provider of information technology solutions for the hospitality and retail industries, announced that Global Hotel Alliance (GHA), a newly established hotel alliance based in Geneva, Switzerland, has signed a technology service agreement with MICROS for product distribution and technology services.
'The concept of Global Hotel Alliance was inspired by the success of global airline alliances,' said Christopher Hartley, chief executive of GHA at the contract signing ceremony. 'Well established hotel brands have joined forces to provide the art of distinguished hospitality with local flavor, knowledge and cutting edge technology.'
Hartley said, 'Having a global sales and marketing network and call centers are not good enough in today's highly competitive environment. Real-time distribution of inventory combined with rate maximization and personalized customer care across all points of sale and service is part of the plan for GHA. Customer-centric deployment of technology that allows the hotelier to gain the right support in terms of decision-making information while being very cost effective is the goal.'
'In order to produce the best product one requires the best ingredients,' said Hartley. 'MICROS is the global market leader in hospitality automation with more than 20,000 hotels using its property management systems. MICROS is also the only vendor that can provide a truly integrated solution rather than an interfaced model based on multiple design and technology models. Being able to leverage current investments in MICROS technology combined with additional product and service offerings through GHA, is a very rewarding commercial and technical proposition for small- to medium-sized hotel chains around the world. GHA will initially offer its members the most advanced product distribution tools available today including connectivity to the MICROS Property Management Systems and/or central systems before deploying global customer care/loyalty programs and sales force automation.'
'We are honored that Global Hotel Alliance expressed such a vote of confidence for MICROS and we are very pleased to be able to support the concept of such an alliance with our products and services,' said Tom Giannopoulos, chairman and CEO of MICROS Systems Inc.
www.micros.com
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text:
HARFORD COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY RECEIVES INNOVATOR OF THE YEAR HONOR FOR SECOND YEAR
by harford | @ | October 1, 2014 6:50 pm
Harford County Public Library
The Daily Record has named Harford County Public Library an Innovator of the Year for the second year in a row. The library is being recognized for Little Leapers 3.5, a program launched earlier this year to help bridge the digital divide for children.
Last year, Harford County Public Library was honored with an Innovator of the Year Award for Little Leapers. Little Leapers are pre- and early-literacy kits focusing on STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) education for kids 5 years of age and younger. Little Leapers 3.5 is the next step, and the program offers its youngest patrons the opportunity to use 34 iPad minis located in the children's departments of the Edgewood, Aberdeen and Abingdon branches plus the Rolling Reader and Silver Reader.
The Daily Record began the Innovator of the Year awards in 2002 as a way to recognize Marylanders and Maryland-based companies for their innovative spirit – for creating new products, new programs, new services or new processes that have helped their companies, industries or communities.
For this year's honorees, their innovative achievements took place between January 2013 and July 2014.
Innovator of the Year nominees were asked to complete an application that explained their innovation and the impact it has made on Maryland. The nominations were judged on four basic criteria: originality, impact, challenge and value.
"This year's Innovators of the Year are on the cutting edge. They represent the best of Maryland in diverse fields such as technology, education, health care and community work," said Suzanne Fischer-Huettner, publisher of The Daily Record. "They make the extraordinary, ordinary and the impossible, possible. We applaud their innovative spirit and accomplishments."
Mary Hastler, director of the Harford County Public Library, said, "I am so honored and humbled that Harford County Public Library is being recognized by The Daily Record as an Innovator of the Year two years in a row. Little Leapers 3.5 is a program we developed to help children increase their digital literacy. The program is engaging young minds in science, technology, reading, engineering, arts and math, and the feedback from children and parents alike has been overwhelmingly positive. Receiving an award for this program recognizes the importance of digital literacy for the library's youngest patrons."
The 2014 Innovator of the Year awards will be presented Oct. 15 at a reception/dinner starting at 5:30 p.m. at the American Visionary Art Museum, 800 Key Highway in Baltimore. Winners will be profiled in a special magazine that will be inserted into the Oct. 17 issue of The Daily Record and available online at www.TheDailyRecord.com.
Sponsors of The Daily Record's 2014 Innovator of the Year awards include Presenting Sponsor Stevenson University and Visionary Sponsors Epsilon Registration and VPC, Inc.
For more information about sponsorships and tickets for The Daily Record's 2014 Innovator of the Year awards, visit www.TheDailyRecord.com. For more information about Harford County Public Library, visit www.hcplonline.org.
About The Daily Record
For more than 125 years, The Daily Record Company has provided trusted legal and business information to Maryland readers. In addition to the daily newspaper published five days a week, The Daily Record publishes its website, www.TheDailyRecord.com; five blogs, Business Buzz, Eye on Annapolis, Generation J.D., Ground Up and On the Record; seven e-newsletters, Insider, Afternoon Insider, Real Estate Weekly, Auction Notices, Best Practices, Maryland Family Law Update and Legal Jobs; and a variety of special publications on topics of interest to Maryland business and legal professionals.
The Daily Record also honors leading Marylanders through eight annual awards events: Maryland's Top 100 Women, Influential Marylanders, 20 in Their Twenties, VIP List, Most Admired CEOs, Innovator of the Year, Leadership in Law and Leading Women.
Filed under: Good Local News Tags: featured, Harford County, Harford County Public Library
← Darlington Apple Festival to Feature Local Entertainment Aberdeen City Council – September 29, 2014 →
Worry, Stress, Anxiety?
You probably experience worry, stress or anxiety at least once on any given day. Three out of four Americans reported feeling stressed in the last month. But in one of these moments, if asked which you were experiencing — worry, stress or anxiety — would you know the difference?


text:
Q: Flutter/FirebaseAuth : How can I autologin a user at app launch? I have the following methods to see if the user is already logged in, which in this case I did log in and the getCurrentUser() function works because in the console it does return "USER IS NOT NULL" but the home widget is still null giving me the "EXCEPTION CAUGHT BY WIDGETS LIBRARY" saying that the home can't be null and stuff.
userAPI.dart
Future<FirebaseUser> getCurrentUser() async {
FirebaseUser user = await FirebaseAuth.instance.currentUser();

if (user != null) {
  return user;
} else {
  return null;
}
}

main.dart
class App extends StatelessWidget {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
Widget home;

APIs().usersAPI.getCurrentUser().then((u) {
  if (u == null) {
    print('USER IS NULL');
    home = WelcomePage();
  } else {
    print('USER IS NOT NULL');
    home = FeedPage();
  }
});

return MaterialApp(
  title: "Jedi",
  debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
  home: home,
  routes: {
    '/login' : (context) => new LoginPage(),
    '/feed' : (context) => new FeedPage(),
  },
);
}
}

A: You need to make the App a StatefulWidget and call setState when setting the home page
setState(() {
   home = WelcomePage();
});

setState(() {
   home = FeedPage();
});

Plus you may need to set the home page to something other than null before the API returns.
What probably would be a better pattern is to use a FutureBuilder. This way you will be returning the correct Widget depending on the state you are in.
return MaterialApp(
  title: "Jedi",
  debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
  home: FutureBuilder<FirebaseUser>(
     future: APIs().usersAPI.getCurrentUser(),
     builder: (BuildContext context, AsyncSnapshot<FirebaseUser> snapshot) {

        switch (snapshot.connectionState) {
            case ConnectionState.none:
            case ConnectionState.waiting:
               return CircularProgressIndicator();
            default:
               if (snapshot.hasError)
                  return Text('Error: ${snapshot.error}');
               else
                 if(snapshot.data == null)
                    return WelcomePage();
                 else
                    return FeedPage();
        }

     }
  ),
  routes: {
    '/login' : (context) => new LoginPage(),
    '/feed' : (context) => new FeedPage(),
  },
);
}

A: Advancing the answer given by @aqwert, you need to check for the user is not null/is null after the connection status. See below working example - this assumes autologin if user is not null.
class LandingPage extends StatelessWidget {//call this class from the main.dart
 @override
 Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return StreamBuilder<FirebaseUser>(
  stream: FirebaseAuth.instance.onAuthStateChanged,
  builder: (context, snapshot) {
    if (snapshot.connectionState == ConnectionState.active) {
      FirebaseUser user = snapshot.data;//get the user status once the connection is established
      if (user == null) {
        //print("User is NULL::: " + user.toString());
        return LoginScreen();//
      }
      print("User is NOT NULL::: " + user.toString());
      return DefaultScreen();//home screen
    } else {
      return Scaffold(
        body: Center(
          child: CircularProgressIndicator(),//called in case all fails while waiting for connection status
        ),
      );
    }
  },
);

A: Here is my simple solution you can try this, First we need a stateful widget and override the function initState() inside initState() we can work something look like this-
class _MyAppState extends State<MyApp> {
  String initPage;
  final FirebaseAuth auth=FirebaseAuth.instance;
  User currentUser;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    try {
      currentUser = auth.currentUser;
      if(currentUser!=null){
        initPage=Chat.id;
 /*
      here id is static variable which declare as a page name.
       */
      }
      else{
        initPage=Home.id;
      }
    }
    catch(e){
      print(e);
      initPage=Home.id;
    }

  }
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MaterialApp(

      initialRoute: initPage,
      routes: {
        Home.id: (context) => Home(),
        Login.id: (context) => Login(),
        Registration.id: (context) => Registration(),
        Chat.id: (context) => Chat(),
      },
    );
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When I was training to ride my bike out of the back of a Skyvan with my bike at Eloy Dropzone in AZ I got to take some extra curricular jumps. Here's one with some of the master jumpers Orly King, TJ Landgren. We are head down pushing a 200 mph. fun.


text:
Tikalon Innovation Service Model •
Links •
Spiny Photovoltaics
Aside from optimizing the photovoltaic material, itself, it's important that photovoltaic cells take advantage of all the insolation provided to them. In the case of flat panels, this often involves a motorized stage to track the sun. Even then, the refractive index difference between air and the material will cause some of the light to be lost through reflection.
One method of mitigating reflection is through the use of an antireflection coating. Putting a layer of an intermediate refractive index between your material (n = 3.96 for silicon at visible wavelengths) and air (no = 1.00) will help. The optimum refractive index of this coating would be √(n ⋅ no), which is about 2.00 for the silicon/air interface; but this trick will work for just a narrow range of wavelengths, and sunlight is broadband. That's why there have been many schemes to "trap" light in topographic structures.
In a recent article (Solar Whispers, February 22, 2012), I reported on a light-trapping approach developed by a team of Stanford University engineers. This involved hollow microspheres of nanocrystalline-silicon on the surface of photovoltaic cells. These nanoshells support the optical whispering gallery resonant modes that trap light to increase efficiency. Other approaches involve regular arrays of silicon nanowires on flat substrates that increase the path length of incident light by as much as seventy-three times.[1]
A team of materials scientists from the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) and the Institut Européen des Membranes at the Université Montpellier (France) has just published details of a light-trapping architecture for zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire solar cells that's based on the spiny structure of the sea urchin.[2]
The green sea urchin (Strongheart droebachiensis).
(NOAA image))
This is a follow-up to these authors' previous research in this area. Their previously published results on ZnO nanowires, electrodeposited onto surface-activated polymer spheres, showed a twofold improvement of light absorption compared to simple nanowire arrays; but these nanostructures had limited mechanical stability.[2] In the present work, they hollowed-out the spheres and produced a photovoltaic structure by a low-cost and scalable process that allows a fine tuning of the optical absorptive properties.
Ordered arrays of polystyrene spheres with ZnO nanowires. The scale bars are 2 μm.
(Fig. 2(b) of ref. 3, via arXiv Preprint Server).[3)]
The process starts with an array of polystyrene spheres self-organized into an array on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate. These spheres are reduced in size by reactive ion etching, coated with ZnO using atomic layer deposition (ALD), and then overlaid with a forest of ZnO nanowires, as seen in the above figure. The detailed process steps are as follow:[3]
a) An ordered monolayer of polystyrene microspheres is deposited on an FTO covered glass substrate by dip coating.
b) The size of the spheres is reduced using reactive ion etching with an oxygen plasma. The final size of the spheres is controlled by the etching time.
c) A conformal layer of ZnO, about 20 nm, is deposited on the spheres using ALD.
d) n-type ZnO nanowires of controlled length and diameter are electrodeposited on the thin ZnO layer.
e) The polystyrene spheres are dissolved in toluene, leaving hollow ZnO spheres studded with nanowires.
f) The nanowires are coated by electrodeposition with an absorber film of cadmium selenide (CdSe).
g) The assemblage is covered with p-type CuSCN by chemical impregnation.
h) A final gold electrode is formed by physical vapor deposition.
Hollowed polystyrene spheres with ZnO nanowires. These spherical shells were uprooted from the substrate by scratching to reveal the underside. The scale bar is 2 μm in the leftmost micrograph.(Figs. 2(d) and 2(e) of ref. 3, via arXiv Preprint Server).[3)]
These sea urchin inspired photovoltaics had a uniform absorption of up to 90% in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm. Solar conversion efficiencies of about 1.33% were achieved, which is less than that for published results for standard process ZnO/CdSe/CuSCN solar-cells (about 2%). The authors note that the process has the potential for optimization and improvement, and it might be applied to other materials.
Support for this research was from the Swiss Federal Office for Energy, Solar Cell project, No. 103296.
Erik Garnett and Peidong Yang, "Light Trapping in Silicon Nanowire Solar Cells," Nano Letters, vol. 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2010), pp. 1082-1087; available as a PDF file, here.
Jamil Elias, Claude Lévy-Clément, Mikhael Bechelany, Johann Michler, Guillaume-Yangshu Wang, Zhao Wang and Laetitia Philippe, "Hollow Urchin-like ZnO thin Films by Electrochemical Deposition," Adv. Mater. vol. 22, no. 14 (April 12, 2010), pp. 1607-1612.
Jamil Elias, Mikhael Bechelany, Ivo Utke, Rolf Erni, Davood Hosseini, Johann Michler and Laetitia Philippe, "Urchin-inspired zinc oxide as building blocks for nanostructured solar cells," ArXiv Preprint Server, April 12, 2012).
Permanent Link to this article
Linked Keywords: Photovoltaic material; photovoltaic cells; insolation; solar tracker; refractive index; air; reflection; antireflection coating; silicon; visible light; wavelength; sunlight; electromagnetic spectrum; broadband; Stanford University; engineer; nanocrystalline-silicon; optical; whispering gallery; resonance; resonant mode; energy conversion efficiency; nanowire; materials scientist; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Institut Européen des Membranes; Université Montpellier (France); zinc oxide; sea urchin; green sea urchin; NOAA; electroplating; electrodeposition; polymer; sphere; light absorption; mechanical; arXiv Preprint Server; polystyrene; self-organized; fluorine; tin oxide; glass; reactive ion etching; atomic layer deposition; dip coating; oxygen; plasma; conformal layer; n-type; toluene; cadmium selenide; p-type; copper; Cu; thiocyanate; SCN; chemical impregnation; gold; electrode; physical vapor deposition; Swiss Federal Office for Energy.
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