Vice Mayor: PLACIDO P. EDUARTE, JR.
Historical records show that Tayum got its name after the indigo plants which was commonly known to the Ilocanos as Tayum-tayum. There was a time when indigo flourished in Tayum, then a source of wealth to the Ilocanos. In Barangay Deet, a half kilometer away from the town proper, there was a big vat (Pagtimbugan) used in decaying the plant into a blue black dye called "ngila". The dye was used to color yarns of cotton.
At the beginning of the century, however, a powder dye from the Anilino factories of Germany came into popular use among Ilocano weavers, causing the death of the indigo industry.
The earliest historical accounts of Tayum date back to 1626 when one daring and adventurous priest, Father Juan Pareja, organized Tayum, also known as Bukaw. Sometime in 1569, another equally daring and adventurous Augustinian priest, Father Gabriel Alvarez, constructed a temporary chapel in Tayum during the time of his expeditions to Lepanto. It was however, in 1725 when Tayum was formally organized as a political unit under the Spanish Regime. Don Vidal Banganan served as the first gobernadorcillo.
From a mere "visita" of Bangued, Tayum metamorphosed into an independent mission in the year 1807 with the construction of the solid brick walled church under the successive Augustinian missions. The church was dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria whose feastday is celebrated every 25th day of November.
In 1904, Tayum became a barrio of Bangued. This was due to the deterioration of its peace and order at the time. Tayum ended as a barrio on December 31, 1907 with the designation of Don Pio Balmaceda y Belmonte as Teniente del Barrio. Balmaceda organized his men in effectively curbing lawlessness, thus restoring the town's peacefulness. Shortly afterwards, it regained its town status with Don Manuel Brillantes as its first president.
The following became chief executives of the municipality from 1908: Manuel Brillantes (1908-1909), Isidro Flores (1910-1912), Francisco Molina (1912-1916), Eriberto Cariño (1916-1919), Luis Brillantes (1919-1922), Dalmacio Flores (1922-1925), Jose Cariño (1925-1928), Eriberto Leanza (1928-1931), Teodoro Brillantes (1931-1934), Nicolas Arias (1934-1937), Severo Brillantes II (1942-1944), Felix Tuanquin (1945), Eufrocino Lalin (1947), Felix Tuanquin (1948-1963), Juanito Molina (1963-1967), Ceferino Cariño (1967-1971), Martin Alagao (1971-1976), Ireneo Molina (1976-1986) and Martin Alagao (1986-1998). At present, the municipal mayor is Col. Rogelio Elveña.
Tayum which occupies a land area of 4,734 hectares or 1.07% of the total provincial land area, is situated 5 kilometers away north of the capital town of Bangued. It is bounded by the municipality of La Paz on the west, by Dolores and Lagangilang on the north, by the municipality of Peñarrubia on the south and by Bucay on the east.
Tayum has rich natural resources such as bamboo, bolo, kiling, bikal and timber. Its land is classified as: agricultural - 3,308.66 has., residential - 125.00 has., pastureland - 669.60 has., industrial land - 38.60 has., streams - 1.24 has and unclassified forest land - 230.90 has.
Tayum has a total population of 12,346, a total number of households of 2,152 with an average household size of 5.68 and a population growth rate of 2.11% covering the year 1990-1995. Among Tayum's barangays, Velasco has the most number of households with 218 while Bumagcat has the least with 122.
Of the total municipal land area of 4,374.00 has., 76% or 3,308.66 has. is classified as agricultural. Of the total agricultural land area, however, only 1,093.00 has. are being cultivated and planted with palay, the main crop. Other sources of livelihood include fisheries and other industries such as bamboocraft, blacksmith, loomweaving, stuffed toy making, garments, hollow block making, brick making and other related crafts such as shoe repair shops and wood carving.


text:
Clinicians' Obligations to Use Qualified Medical Interpreters When Caring for Patients with Limited English Proficiency
Gaurab Basu, MD, MPH, Vonessa Phillips Costa, and Priyank Jain, MD
AMA J Ethics. 2017;19(3):245-252. doi: 10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.3.ecas2-1703.
Access to language services is a required and foundational component of care for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). National standards for medical interpreting set by the US Department of Health and Human Services and by the National Council on Interpreting in Health Care establish the role of qualified medical interpreters in the provision of care in the United States. In the vignette, the attending physician infringes upon the patient's right to appropriate language services and renders unethical care. Clinicians are obliged to create systems and a culture that ensure quality care for patients with LEP.
Shiv is a fourth-year medical student hoping to match into dermatology. He knows what program he wants to rank as his top choice and is currently doing a month-long, hospital-based dermatology rotation. He is excited to get additional exposure to a field he genuinely enjoys, and naturally he also feels pressure to do well. One morning while Shiv is rotating with a couple of residents, the attending physician wants to demonstrate some skin findings on a patient, a Haitian woman with an immunologic condition who has limited English proficiency. The attending physician briefly explains, in English, to her and the residents what they will be looking for. As she is giving a hesitant nod to his request, he abruptly pulls down her hospital gown exposing her breasts. She seems to be acutely uncomfortable, her eyes widen, and her arms remain paralyzed at her sides. She doesn't say anything. Having spent a year working on tuberculosis (TB) in Haiti, Shiv happens to speak Haitian Creole and, sensing her discomfort, asks her in Creole if she is OK and explains that it is a teaching session. This seems to calm her somewhat. The attending physician chides Shiv for carrying on a conversation with the patient that the rest of the group can't understand and accuses him of detracting attention from his teaching time. Shiv wonders how to respond.
The Haitian patient in this case has a right to language services. In failing to communicate through a qualified interpreter, the attending physician probably exacerbates the patient's emotional distress from having her breasts abruptly exposed.
We will use a rights-based framework to explore the legal and ethical responsibilities that health care professionals have to their patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). We will then describe national standards for language services established by the United States government and the National Council on Interpreting in Health Care (NCIHC). Analysis of these standards will show that, in this case, a qualified interpreter was required to provide appropriate care to the patient. Shiv, the medical student in this case, is placed in a challenging circumstance and feels compelled to act as an ad hoc interpreter. We detail why use of Shiv as an ad hoc interpreter is inappropriate. Finally, we present systems-based solutions that can help mitigate harm to patients with LEP.
A rights-based framework. Access to health care services is a human right, as defined in numerous international health rights covenants [1-3]. The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' General Comment 14 states, "Health is a fundamental human right indispensable for the exercise of other human rights. Every human being is entitled to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health conducive to living a life in dignity" [4]. The right to health care should be an organizing principle in our health systems. The use of appropriate language services and the right of a patient with LEP to access health care are inextricably linked. For patients with LEP, the only way to meaningfully access health services is by clearly communicating with health care professionals using their preferred language of care.
In the United States, patients with LEP have a legal right to access health care in their preferred language. The foundation of this right is established in Title VI of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 [5], which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, and national origin in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. In health care, Title VI—as enforced by Executive Order 13166, entitled "Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency"—is a cornerstone for the provision of oral interpretation and written translation services to patients with LEP [6, 7].
Health care institutions can provide appropriate language services to their patients with LEP by hiring qualified bilingual staff [8]. However, since it is not always possible to hire qualified bilingual staff in all patients' preferred languages, it is essential to have systems for accessing professional language assistance services in place rather than relying on ad hoc interpreters such as Shiv. One solution is for hospitals to employ qualified medical interpreters in the major languages of their patient populations and contract with telephonic or videoconference services for access to additional languages on demand.
In this vignette, the Haitian patient's right to access language services was ignored, and the patient experienced unnecessary emotional distress. We believe that some of the patient's emotional distress could have been avoided by trying to more meaningfully and clearly communicate with her via use of a qualified medical interpreter.
Informed consent. The American Medical Association's (AMA's) Code of Medical Ethics states, "The process of informed consent occurs when communication between a patient and physician results in the patient's authorization or agreement to undergo a specific medical intervention" [9]. The concept of informed consent tends to be referenced mostly in cases of written consent for treatments or procedures. However, performing an invasive examination also requires consent, even if not by a formal written process [10]. In this case, the attending physician needs a qualified interpreter to obtain consent prior to conducting a skin evaluation of the breasts and should certainly be modeling this practice robustly for students (and probably the practice of more gently exposing a patient for examination and teaching purposes). In failing to do so, the attending physician undermines the patient's autonomy and informed decision making. Shiv tries to intervene, but even if he had been interpreting from the beginning of the encounter, the AMA Code of Medical Ethics statement on informed consent still would not have been upheld. We've argued here that good informed consent is impossible without the use of a qualified medical interpreter.
Medical Interpreting
Standards of practice for medical interpreting. A concern of clinical and ethical importance relates specifically to the risk of errors during a verbal consent process for a patient with LEP that does not involve a qualified medical interpreter [11]. In the United States, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) establishes competencies required of a "qualified interpreter" [12]. These competencies include the knowledge of specialized terminology and interpreter ethics and the skills to interpret accurately, effectively, and impartially. HHS requires that hospitals conduct an assessment of individuals claiming to have competencies prior to designating an individual as a qualified interpreter. HHS does not require that hospital staff serving as interpreters possess national certification, which is currently available in just a handful of spoken languages [13]. However, HHS clarifies that "the fact that an individual has above average familiarity with speaking or understanding a language other than English does not suffice to make that individual a qualified interpreter for an individual with limited English proficiency" [14].
The case does not indicate that Shiv has demonstrated the required competencies for a qualified interpreter, so we assume he is acting as an ad hoc interpreter. While current HHS guidelines do allow for the use of an ad hoc interpreter in situations involving an imminent threat to the safety or welfare of a patient with LEP when no qualified interpreter is immediately available [12], this case does not seem to represent urgent circumstances in which use of an ad hoc interpreter would be endorsed by HHS. Health care professionals should use extreme caution when using ad hoc interpreters. The use of ad hoc interpreters—a broad category that includes a patient's friends or family members and unqualified bilingual staff—can significantly increase medical errors [11]. Health care professionals face potential civil liability when they fail to provide qualified interpreters, if such failure leads to a tort cause of action, such as lack of informed consent, breach of duty to warn, or improper medical care [15]. In contrast, the use of professional interpreters while providing medical care for patients with LEP improves comprehension, service utilization, clinical outcomes, and patient satisfaction [16].
Conflict of interest. The National Council on Interpreting in Health Care has developed standards of practice for interpreters in health care [17]. The standards relevant to this vignette have to do with scope of practice as an interpreter (particularly if one has other roles in a clinical setting), one's obligation to be impartial, and one's potential role as an advocate for the patient with LEP. Specifically, an interpreter with an additional role in a clinical setting: (1) must adhere to all interpreting standards of practice while interpreting, (2) should disclose potential conflicts of interest that may hinder patient care and withdraw from assignments when necessary, and (3) may advocate on behalf of a party or group to correct mistreatment or abuse of a patient with LEP.
Shiv finds himself with a complicated conflict of interest due to his dual roles as a clinician-in-training and possible interpreter. He probably could have prevented some harm to the patient by asking his attending physician to use a qualified medical interpreter at the beginning of the encounter. He did not do this, presumably because such interference could have angered the attending physician, thereby negatively impacting his career ambitions.
It is important to highlight that this dynamic was a direct consequence of the failure of the attending physician as a medical educator. Medical educators have a responsibility to role model medical professionalism, to teach students about patient rights, and to create a healthy learning environment. The attending physician failed as a medical educator when he did not use a qualified medical interpreter—not to mention when he abruptly disrobed the patient—and then chided Shiv when he attempted to respond to her vulnerability. While Shiv could possibly have done more to intervene, including requesting a qualified medical interpreter, we believe the poor outcome of this encounter is squarely the attending physician's responsibility.
Traditionally, the locus of power in a medical team resides in the attending physician's capacity for good role modeling and demonstration of collaborative leadership, and we have examined how he used that authority without regard to legal or ethical standards. We shall now explore how systems-based solutions can check such abuses of power and help create safer environments for patients and students.
We believe that institutions providing health care and training should have processes to prevent transgressions such as those represented in this case. First, patients should be made aware of their rights, and this information should be accessible to patients who are most vulnerable, such patients with LEP. At our hospital, patients are informed of their rights through programs such as interpreter rounds, in which patients with LEP receive daily visits from an interpreter services representative to verify that the patient's communication needs are being met. Patients with LEP learn how to directly access language services on demand while getting care within our health system, and they are given permission to do so, even if a health care professional does not initiate a request for a qualified interpreter. Second, interpreter services should be easily accessible at all points of care via in-person, telephone, or videoconference technologies, and these services should be advertised to the clinicians and patients. HHS now requires hospitals to include multilingual nondiscrimination notices ("taglines") on significant patient documents and to include information on their websites indicating how patients can access language assistance services [12]. Third, teaching students and providing care to patients with LEP takes significant time and effort. Health care institutions should recognize this and provide employees, particularly clinicians, the resources and time needed to appropriately care for patients with LEP. Fourth, health care delivery systems and financing must reflect the legal and ethical responsibilities health care institutions have to patients with LEP.
The institution should also anticipate its response when the above processes fail. Does the patient have access to an advocate? Are students empowered to report unprofessional behaviors of their supervisors or instructors? Does the attending physician have access to remediation? In our institution, we have a patient advocate and medical students have access to an ombudsperson. Medical students are also given guidance during orientation about how to respond to instances in which patients' or students' rights are violated.
We have argued here that clinicians' responsibilities to patients with LEP extend beyond the walls of a health care institution. The professional societies for medical interpreters should advocate for expanding the access, utilization, and reimbursement for medical interpreters' services. Also, medical education and medical interpreter professional societies should promote interprofessional education that improves attitudes, skills, and collaboration as they relate to the care of patients with LEP. Lastly, we must recruit more underrepresented minorities and professionals who speak languages other than English to serve as clinical staff and faculty and provide them with training in how to request an interpreter or the resources needed to gain competency in interpreting.
Patients with LEP in the United States have a legal right to access language services, and clinicians have legal and ethical responsibilities to communicate through qualified interpreters when caring for these patients. This case highlights the importance of developing health care delivery and financing systems that honor the rights of patients with LEP and facilitate quality care.
Health professions education/Medical hierarchy,
Race, ethnicity and health care/Disparities,
Disparities in health and health care/Race and ethnicity,
Culturally-conscious care/Language barriers
World Health Organization. Constitution of the World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf?ua=1. Adopted July 22, 1946. Accessed October 18, 2016.
United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Adopted December 10, 1948. Accessed October 18, 2016.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Adopted December 16, 1966. Accessed October 18, 2016.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. CESCR General Comment No.14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12). Adopted August 11, 2000. Accessed October 18, 2016.
Title VI, 42 USC sec 2000d (2016).
Executive Order 13166. Improving access to services for persons with limited English proficiency. Fed Regist. 2000;65(159):50119-50122. . Accessed January 26, 2016.
Joint Commission. Language access and the law: Title VI of the US Civil Rights Act (1964). Accessed October 18, 2016.
Guidance to federal financial assistance recipients regarding Title VI prohibition against national origin discrimination affecting limited English proficient persons. Fed Regist. 2002;67(117): 4155-4172. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2002-06-18/pdf/02-15207.pdf. Accessed January 26, 2016.
American Medical Association. Opinion 2.1.1 Informed Consent. Code of Medical Ethics. https://www.ama-assn.org/sites/default/files/media-browser/code-of-medical-ethics-chapter-2.pdf. Published 2016:1. Accessed January 26, 2016.
Egan EA. Informed consent: when and why? . Virtual Mentor . 2008;10(8):492-495.
View Article PubMed
Gany FM, Gonzalez CJ, Basu G, et al. Reducing clinical errors in cancer education: interpreter training. J Cancer Educ. 2010;25(4):560-564.
Nondiscrimination in health programs and activities: final rule. Fed Regist. 2016;81(96):31375-31473. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-18/pdf/2016-11458.pdf. Accessed January 26, 2016.
National Board of Certification for Medical Interpreters website. Accessed January 10, 2-017.
Nondiscrimination in health programs and activities, 31390-31391.
DeCola A. Making language access to health care meaningful: the need for a federal health care interpreters' statute. J Law Health. 2010;58(151):151-182. Accessed January 26, 2016.
Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Ser Res . 2007;42(2):727-754.
National Council on Interpreting in Health Care. National standards of practice for interpreters in health care. Published September 2005. Accessed October 18, 2016.
AMA J Ethics. 2017;19(3):245-252.
10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.3.ecas2-1703.
The authors would like to thank Elizabeth Gaufberg, MD, MPH, for her guidance and support during the development of this work.
The people and events in this case are fictional. Resemblance to real events or to names of people, living or dead, is entirely coincidental. The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA.
Gaurab Basu, MD, MPH is an instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, a primary care physician at Cambridge Health Alliance, and a co-director of the Cambridge Health Alliance Internal Medicine Residency Program's health advocacy and social medicine curriculum. He has interests in human rights, health advocacy, and international health.
Vonessa Phillips Costa is manager of multicultural affairs and patient services at Cambridge Health Alliance in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is interim secretary of the Forum on the Coordination of Interpreter Services and former secretary of the International Medical Interpreters Association. She has interests in language access, social justice, and cultural-linguistic education.
Priyank Jain, MD is an instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, where he is also a hospitalist at Cambridge Health Alliance and the associate program director for the Cambridge Health Alliance Internal Medicine Residency Program. He has interests in global health equity and medical education.
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The Soundtrack of Our Lives
A Double Album in Prose
by Annie Christie
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Description: For anyone who has ever got lost in music!
Disc Two
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Long after the thrill of living is gone (John Cougar)
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No never, I'm never gonna stop
Falling in love with you (The Corrs)
The morning after the night before. After Grant had left, I realised I'd not caught up with Laura's life. I toyed with the idea of ringing her up, but I was busy at work and the reunion was only a month away after all so I didn't bother making direct contact.
Perhaps I should back the truck up slightly. There's something I haven't told you yet about 1998. A couple of months before Grant popped up out of the blue, I'd seen Mark again.
He was still the same. He invited me to a 'must see' concert at the Royal Albert Hall. It was part of the Talk on Corners tour by the Corrs. I don't even know why I went. I had no intention of getting back together again. But I guess, in the words of The Corrs first album (which I'd never heard of) it might be Forgiven, not forgotten.
Having consigned Mark firmly to the past and having convinced myself that I had done the same with Grant, something in me told me it was time to go for the full set.
'I don't wanna get over you' and 'two out of three ain't bad' should have been enough warning but of course it wasn't. I swithered back and forward; in the end it was Billy's birthday song that convinced me. I had deliberately not looked at the charts for years, but after Grant's visit, I cracked – in the spirit of trying to move on – and it didn't take long to discover All Saints Under the bridge. It felt horribly appropriate.
Sometimes I feel like I don't have a partner, Sometimes I feel like my only friend Is the city I live in the city of cities, Lonely as I am, together we cry we cry we cry
I drove up to Edinburgh in my ridiculously expensive Mercedes SL500 convertible – a car I rarely took out of the garage.
Obviously it had a great sound system, and as I drove I switched between all the old heart wrenching favourites from the seventies, mixed with the modern combination of Celine Dion, The Corrs, and because he was pretty unavoidable round then, a bit of Robbie Williams thrown in for good measure. I arrived in Edinburgh a total wreck. Girl power it was not. Music still had the power to take me places, though in reality it was less Roxy Music Love is the Drug and more The Verve The Drugs don't work that was coursing through me as I fronted up at the posh Edinburgh restaurant that had been chosen for this, our 20th reunion.
Why a restaurant? I suppose everyone had wanted to prove that we were 'over' school. In which case, though, why have a reunion at all? I was deeply regretting my decision before I'd even locked the car… when an all too familiar voice broke me out of my panic.
'Hey, cool car, Janie.'
It was Billy. I knew it before I turned round. I almost didn't want to turn round. I almost didn't want to see how he'd 'grown up'. I didn't know what to expect so for a brief moment I imagined him circa 1975 with his Rod Stewart haricut, not his Navy cut from the last time I saw him in 1988. Stupidly, what I didn't expect was to see him attached by the arm to a long, slender, blonde woman. Steph. I hated her on sight. Well, you'd expect that, wouldn't you? It wasn't her fault. Well, maybe.
Anyway, I tried to cover up my feelings with a simple, 'Hi, how're you?'
'Married,' he said. As if I really needed to know that. Straight in the guts.
I returned her vapid, plastic smile with the best one I could muster.
'So I see.' Trying not to make it sound like it was coming through gritted teeth.
I let them go in before me. And no, her bum didn't look big in her ridiculously skimpy outfit.
Could it get any worse? Of course it could. There was still Grant and Rachel to come. And Laura. To be precise, Laura and Chris. Seems there was a lot Grant hadn't told me. I should definitely have done my homework before this reunion, I told myself, too late.
So. To catch you up. Laura wasn't married. She was, however, newly pregnant With her third child. Chris, who I really didn't take to either, was some kind of art dealer. Or antiques dealer. Or something.
There were about twenty of us, most of whom I didn't recognise, seated at tables of six. Since I was single, and seemed to be the only one, ours was a table of seven. I was on the end, stuck close to the wall. How like old times? I was effectively between Steph and Laura. Next to Steph was Billy, and then it got a bit tasty, as the London traders would have said. Rachel was sat next to Billy. You couldn't make it up. She was across the table from Grant and he was sat next to Chris, who was right next to Laura.
It was all so terribly civilised. I mean, obviously I couldn't hear the conversation at the far end of the table but if you'd have asked me ten years earlier whether, if Billy and Rachel weren't married and Rachel and Grant were married, and to each other, they would all sit down at the same table together, frankly I'd have told you to take a jump. It just couldn't happen. But it did. I couldn't stop flashing back to the classroom in the days of Bohemian Rhapsody and wondered if Billy and Rachel still remembered holding hands under the desk as clearly as I did. You wouldn't have known it from their faces. Look at the class of 78/79. All grown up, eh? Forgiven not forgotten?
There was no music, of course, it being a posh restaurant, but somehow, with nothing else to talk about, the talk turned to music. Laura asked Steph what kind of music she liked. It was like she was doing it deliberately. I definitely detected a bitchy undertone. Steph seemed oblivious to it. Her tastes were, shall we say, suspect. Ten years younger than us, she was a child of the emerging hip hop, garage, dance culture. She happily admitted she liked Robbie Williams but disclosed that her first love was Prince. Or should I say the artist formerly known as Prince. I can't comment. I've never listened to a Prince track in my life. She told us proudly that Billy had just bought her the Crystal Ball triple album for her 30th birthday and I shuddered.
'And does he listen to it with you?' asked Laura.
Steph was oblivious to the jibe. I venture to say, Steph was pretty oblivious all round, really. The word bimbo springs to mind.
'He's away so much,' she said. It was the mother of all non sequiturs.
That night, I remember feeling grateful that at least there seemed to be no Scooby, Doobs or Stevie to contend with. None of them had shown. Busy living their real lives, I suppose. Anyway, as far as spectres of a misspent youth went, in my case Grant was enough. More than enough. Chris and he seemed to be the only ones enjoying the evening, and neither of them had any right to be there.
For me at least, the whole night was painful. It really was Life thru a Lens. Every time I looked at Steph I felt for Billy. She's taken me places I should never have been… these are strange days indeed.
Clearly he'd lost his mind. I tried to imagine him listening to The artist… no, I couldn't do it. How could he have..? Well, clearly it was an action directed at Rachel. They sat next to each other, like two adults who'd never exchanged more than Christmas cards. At the time even I was taken in by it. It must have been killing them. You can go your own way alright. The days of Stevie Nicks and Rod Stewart were long gone. I wondered if Grant had stolen their memories at the same time he stole Rachel from Billy. And not for the first time I wondered when it actually was that Grant had made his move. Before or after Jesse's girl? Was it Rick Springfield? Was it The Cars, My Best Friend's Girl or the Beat's Hands off she's mine? Or was it in the days of Fleetwood Mac? Just what song was it that created Jack and Diane, Rachel and Grant and Billy and Steph. And why was I nowhere in the picture?
I might be one of God's better people but I doubt it. Towards the end of the evening Laura, who really shouldn't have been drinking in her condition, was obviously the worse for wear and started singing Robbie Williams at me: It must hurt to see your favourite man, Lose himself again and again, And I know that you're my only friend, From way back when.
Laura could be really mean when she wanted to be. But I guess I asked for it – I'd just rocked up there without even making an attempt to rekindle our friendship first. Without even bothering to find out what had happened to her in the past decade. But then, it takes two. I knew we so needed to talk. But it was neither the time nor the place.
'Why did you act so weird at the 20th reunion,' I finally asked.
'Don't know what you mean,' she replied.
'I mean,' I said, 'that we'd not seen each other in years. You'd never told me you had kids, you didn't talk properly to me all night, you just seemed to be winding up Steph, being mean to me and…'
'She was a…'
'Whatever she was,' I said, 'there was no need for that.'
'Oh, I think there was,' she said. 'There so was. She was killing him as slowly as possible with her Robbie Williams/Prince fandom view of the world.'
'Have you been drinking?' I asked. I was on the phone so I couldn't tell.
'Who are you? My mother?' she said.
It was stupid of me. Of course she'd been drinking. Then, now, always. And if I'm honest, I totally knew why.
'She was a stupid, vapid…'
'And he should have married you?'
She put the phone down on me.
Then rang me up again. That was so Laura. Always needed to have the last word.
'Whatever songs we play at the reunion,' she said, 'If anyone puts on Angels I will commit cold-blooded murder.'
And that was that. Ah, Laura, as Robbie said later on, I've been expecting you.
So it was said. And unsaid. Neither confirm nor deny. But I knew, as you know, that Laura was every bit as in love with Billy as I was. Every bit as unsuccessful, but with more of a 'claim' over the years. Did he ever know the wave of carnage he left in his slipstream. I doubt it. In May 2013 I seriously wondered if we should cancel the reunion, in case he found out. Finally.
I knew what Laura meant about Angels, though. I hate it nearly as much as I hate the memory of Steph. Because fortunately, in 2013 she was just a memory. Not a good one. But a part of the past.
After Steph had given Laura and me the benefit of her opinion on what good music was, and the bill had been paid, the all too civilised event was over. No one suggested 'going on' to another venue. Looking back, I think everyone just wanted to get back to their own versions of real life and forget it had ever happened. Something really ended that night. Or so I thought.
But it wasn't over.
As we left, Billy came up to me and said, 'Hey, Janie, can I check out your car?'
'Sure,' I said.
Looking back, I realise it was a good way for him to avoid having to say goodbye to Rachel and Grant, but at the time I wasn't paying attention to anything other than the fact that he'd asked to get in my car.
'Do you want a lift somewhere?' I asked.
'Na,' he said, 'We've got our car round the corner. It's a Fiesta.' He pulled a face.
I should have found it in me to like Steph, I suppose, but I hated her. Perhaps I went a bit too far. Laura was last seen waddling up the road, drunkenly holding on to Chris, and the field was mine. I came out with the immortal line:
'Who's going to drive you home?'
Billy laughed. Steph didn't get it.
'The Cars' he said.
'What?' she said.
'Before your time, babe,' he said.
'Babe.' Oh, how I wanted to throw up. 'Babe.' Like something out of Take That. Come on, Billy, you're better than that, surely?
And then Steph said, 'Why not have a ride home in Jane's car if you like, I'll take Prince.'
She'd called the car after her pop idol. Even I was never that sad.
I looked at Billy, unable to say anything.
'Save me from the Crystal Ball,' he said. And I wasn't sure he was joking.
Should Steph have been worried? Of course not. She felt so safe with that wedding ring on her finger. She had seen off Rachel that night already and I was small fry compared to that. Billy belonged to her.
Off Steph toddled to renew her love affair with Prince and Billy headed for my passenger seat. I couldn't believe my luck.
'D'you wanna drive?' I asked him.
'You serious?' he said.
'Of course,' I replied trying not to feel like the kid with the drum-kit.
He got into the driver's seat. Put the roof down.
We were headed out of town as he said, 'Get some good tunes on, Janie.'
'Do you like the Corrs?' I asked. It was windy. Maybe he didn't hear me.
'Yeah,' he said, 'you know I do.'
So I put on Talk on Corners. And we blasted along.
We drove through Only When I Sleep and When He's Not Around and then on came the bonus track Dreams.
Mark had given me a copy of the special edition, before it was released, after the Albert Hall gig. It didn't get him entry to my flat that night. I held firm on that resolve at least. Seeing Mark, so unchanged, after all those years simply confirmed to me that, however sad I was I was not going back to that. When I said 'Goodbye' to him that night, I meant it. I wasn't going to look back in anger. I'd moved on, even if Oasis hadn't. He didn't take it too well, but I simply thought Take that look from off your face Cause you ain't ever gonna burn my heart out and waved him goodbye.
It was one of my proudest moments in a life with precious few of them. And then, to test me again, fate popped Grant into my path. I'd fended him off too. But Billy… Billy wasn't in the same league.
'That's not The Cars,' Billy said. And stopped the car.
'Corrs,' I said, not Cars.
He put the track on again. We sat there under a streetlight. I've never known four minutes and one second last so long.
'Wow,' he said. 'That's a great cover.'
'Bring back memories?' I asked.
'I'd say Happy Days,' he said, 'but…'
'Life goes on,' I added.
He started the car again. And off we sped to What Can I Do, followed by I Never Loved You Anyway, So Young and Don't Say you Love me. It was just about the most perfect album ever. It kind of said it all.
'There's more,' I said, as I rooted around in the glove box for Forgiven, not Forgotten. We'd got to Runaway as we pulled up at the semi-detached house in Rosyth that was home to Steph and Billy. He stopped the engine.
Say it's true, there's nothing like me and you
I'm not alone, tell me you feel it too
And I would run away I would run away, yeah..., yeah
I would run away I would run away with you.
'Great night, Janie,' he said.
The Fiesta was in the drive. There were no lights on downstairs but what I took to be the bedroom light was on upstairs.
'Want to come in for a coffee?' he asked.
I shook my head. 'No, it's okay.'
'Not a bad ride,' he said, 'Fancy a swap?'
There was a pause. I really didn't know what to say. I didn't want to think about where this might be going. I knew I was reading into the lyrics.
'Prince for the Merc,' he continued. Then I knew he was joking.
I took out the CD. Put it together with the other Corrs one.
'Have them,' I said.
'No, don't be daft,' he replied.
'Seriously,' I said, 'call it a late birthday present.'
'Thanks,' he said…
'What for?' I said
'For… you know… for Runaway… and…driving me home. '
'Any time,' I said. And I meant it.
I drove home switching between singing what can I do to make you love me and I'm never gonna stop Falling in love with you at the top of my voice. I didn't need the CDs. It may not have been that tuneful, but it was heartfelt.
I kind of hoped that every time he played The Corrs he'd think of me. And if not, then at least I could rest happy knowing the Steph would probably hate it. So I was probably not one of god's better people after all!
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Annie Christie is a pretty ordinary person, except that she was born Annie Christie and then married a man called Christie and so is still called Christie despite having taken on her husband's name. She sometimes wonders if she should have called herself Christie-Christie: but who would believe that?
Born near Drum of Wartle in Aberdeenshire, Annie moved as swiftly as possible to a place with a less bizarre name – Edinburgh – but the bizarreness chased her and she now lives with her husband Rab in rural Galloway, with a Kirkcudbrightshire postcode. (That's Cur coo bree shire to the uninitiated.) She is an active member of the Infinite Jigsaw Project.
The Soundtrack of Our Lives is Annie's fourth McSerial written for McStorytellers.


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text:
Q: Laravel Broadcasting does't write to redis but direct call to redis works I have tried sereval tuto to try to setup Laravel Redis NodeJs Socket.
And it'is not working.
So far :
- my broadcast fires as I can see it in Laravel log
- my redis server works (I have added a call to Redis in my homecontroller and I can see the value in the log and in redis-cli monitor - I have also installed Horizon and I can see its call in Redis-cli monitor)
But when my broadcast fires I don't see anything in redis-cli monitor
I have already tried the obvious things (cache/ config clear / reboot / ...)
Help will be very apreciated !
Redis call in my homecontroller : working
Redis::set("foo","bar");
$value = Redis::get("foo");
Log::debug('Redis value :'.$value);

.Env
LOG_CHANNEL=stack

DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=siview
DB_USERNAME=root
DB_PASSWORD=

QUEUE_DRIVER=sync
QUEUE_CONNECTION=sync

CACHE_DRIVER=file

SESSION_DRIVER=file
SESSION_LIFETIME=120

BROADCAST_DRIVER=redis
REDIS_HOST=127.0.0.1
REDIS_PASSWORD=null
REDIS_PORT=6379

MAIL_DRIVER=smtp
MAIL_HOST=smtp.mailtrap.io
MAIL_PORT=2525
MAIL_USERNAME=null
MAIL_PASSWORD=null
MAIL_ENCRYPTION=null

PUSHER_APP_ID=
PUSHER_APP_KEY=
PUSHER_APP_SECRET=
PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER=mt1

MIX_PUSHER_APP_KEY="${PUSHER_APP_KEY}"
MIX_PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER="${PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER}"

Database.php
 'redis' => [
        'client' => 'predis',

        'default' => [
            'host' => env('REDIS_HOST', 'localhost'),
            'password' => env('REDIS_PASSWORD', null),
            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', 6379),
            'database' => 0,
            'read_write_timeout' => 60,
        ],

        'cache' => [
            'host' => env('REDIS_HOST', '127.0.0.1'),
            'password' => env('REDIS_PASSWORD', null),
            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', 6379),
            'database' => env('REDIS_CACHE_DB', 1),
        ],

         'pubsub' => [
            'host' => env('REDIS_HOST', 'localhost'),
            'password' => env('REDIS_PASSWORD', null),
            'port' => env('REDIS_PORT', 6379),
            'database' => 2,
        ],

    ],

Boadcasting.php
<?php

return [

    /*
    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Default Broadcaster
    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    |
    | This option controls the default broadcaster that will be used by the
    | framework when an event needs to be broadcast. You may set this to
    | any of the connections defined in the "connections" array below.
    |
    | Supported: "pusher", "redis", "log", "null"
    |
    */

    'default' => env('BROADCAST_DRIVER', 'redis'),

    /*
    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    | Broadcast Connections
    |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
    |
    | Here you may define all of the broadcast connections that will be used
    | to broadcast events to other systems or over websockets. Samples of
    | each available type of connection are provided inside this array.
    |
    */

    'connections' => [

        'pusher' => [
            'driver' => 'pusher',
            'key' => env('PUSHER_APP_KEY'),
            'secret' => env('PUSHER_APP_SECRET'),
            'app_id' => env('PUSHER_APP_ID'),
            'options' => [
                'cluster' => env('PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER'),
                'encrypted' => true,
            ],
        ],

        'redis' => [
            'driver' => 'redis',
            'connection' => 'pubsub',
        ],

        'log' => [
            'driver' => 'log',
        ],

        'null' => [
            'driver' => 'null',
        ],

    ],

];

Event
<?php

namespace App\Events;

use Illuminate\Broadcasting\Channel;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\PrivateChannel;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\PresenceChannel;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Events\Dispatchable;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\InteractsWithSockets;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\ShouldBroadcast;
use App\User;

class SendMessageEvent  implements ShouldBroadcast
{
    use Dispatchable, InteractsWithSockets, SerializesModels;

    private $user;

    /**
     * Create a new event instance.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function __construct(User $user)
    {
        $this->user = $user;
    }

    /**
     * Get the channels the event should broadcast on.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Broadcasting\Channel|array
     */
    public function broadcastOn()
    {
        return new PrivateChannel('App.User.' . $this->user->id);
    }

    public function broadcastWith()
    {
        return ['message' => 'Salut ' . $this->user->name];
    }
}

Route Channel
<?php

/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Broadcast Channels
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here you may register all of the event broadcasting channels that your
| application supports. The given channel authorization callbacks are
| used to check if an authenticated user can listen to the channel.
|
*/

Broadcast::channel('App.User.{id}', function ($user, $id) {
    return true;//(int) $user->id === (int) $id;
});

Route web
<?php

/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/

Auth::routes();

    Route::get('/send/{user}', function(\App\User $user){

    event(new \App\Events\SendMessageEvent($user));

    });

    Route::get('/home', 'HomeController@index')->name('home');

Laravel.log showing my broascast
    [2018-11-04 09:39:42] local.INFO: Broadcasting [App\Events\SendMessageEvent] on channels [private-App.User.1] with payload:
    {
        "message": "Salut nathalie",
        "socket": null
    }

redis-cli monitor showing my homecontroller test
1541324518.159040 [0 127.0.0.1:59334] "SELECT" "0"
1541324518.159776 [0 127.0.0.1:59334] "SET" "foo" "bar"
1541324518.160360 [0 127.0.0.1:59334] "GET" "foo"

A: I have found and it's a bit strange :
I am working on windows with wamp.
The wamp server was started by not the Laravel server.
Strangly everything seemed to work well (no errors, pages rendered, auth was working...)
I just started laravel with : php artisan serve
and now I can see in Redis-cli monitor :
1541328214.873429 [0 127.0.0.1:52962] "SELECT" "2"
1541328214.874260 [2 127.0.0.1:52962] "PUBLISH" "private-App.User.1" "{\"event\":\"App\\\\Events\\\\SendMessageEvent\",\"data\":{\"message\":\"Salut nathalie\",\"socket\":null},\"socket\":null}"
1541328661.366923 [0 127.0.0.1:53078] "SELECT" "2"
1541328661.367643 [2 127.0.0.1:53078] "PUBLISH" "private-App.User.1" "{\"event\":\"App\\\\Events\\\\SendMessageEvent\",\"data\":{\"message\":\"Salut nathalie\",\"socket\":null},\"socket\":null}"
1541328679.554077 [0 127.0.0.1:53083] "SELECT" "2"
1541328679.555197 [2 127.0.0.1:53083] "PUBLISH" "private-App.User.1" "{\"event\":\"App\\\\Events\\\\SendMessageEvent\",\"data\":{\"message\":\"Salut nathalie\",\"socket\":null},\"socket\":null}"

A: Make sure you have latest version of redis serve.
Laravel uses commands like eval that supported in latest version on redis server.
I used Redis 3.2.100 and issue was solved.

A: I found that same problem and after a lot of useless research it was as simple to update de redis server.
Download here:
https://redis.io/download
Or here for windows:
https://redislabs.com/ebook/appendix-a/a-3-installing-on-windows/a-3-2-installing-redis-on-window/

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