 What does the title BBB refer to?
Shifting from ink on paper to digital text suddenly allows us to make perfect copies of our work. Shifting from isolated computers to a globe-spanning network of connected computers suddenly allows us to share perfect copies of our work with a worldwide audience at essentially no cost. About thirty years ago this kind of free global sharing became something new under the sun. Digital technologies have created more than one revolution. I mean a group of authors defined by their topics, genres, purposes, incentives, and institutional circumstances, not by their wealth. For now, it doesn’t matter who these authors are, how rare they are, what they write, or why they follow this peculiar custom. It’s enough to know that their employers pay them salaries, freeing them to give away their work, that they write for impact rather than money, and that they score career points when they make the kind of impact they hoped to make. In any case, we can be more specific about which access barriers OA removes. A price tag is a significant access barrier. OA removes price barriers. Copyright can also be a significant access barrier. As a result, users may be hampered in their research by barriers erected to serve intermediaries rather than authors. OA removes these permission barriers. These purposes include reading and searching, but also redistributing, translating, text mining, migrating to new media, long-term archiving, and innumerable new forms of research, analysis, and processing we haven’t yet imagined. OA makes work more useful in both ways, by making it available to more people who can put it to use, and by freeing those people to use and reuse it. In the jargon, OA delivered by journals is called gold OA , and OA delivered by repositories is called green OA . Work that is not open access, or that is available only for a price, is called toll access (TA). While every kind of OA removes price barriers, there are many different permission barriers we could remove if we wanted to. OA was defined in three influential public statements: the Budapest Open Access Initiative (February 2002), the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing (June 2003), and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (October 2003). I sometimes refer to their overlap or common ground as the BBB definition of OA. My definition here is the BBB definition reduced to its essential elements and refined with some post-BBB terminology (green, gold, gratis, libre) for speaking precisely about subspecies of OA.
 The cities where most of the early meetings were held
 The type of certification a journal needs to be an OA venue  The Bureau in charge of decisions about OA  The cities where most of the early meetings were held  An organization beting developed to gather public opinion about OA