 Which of these is the most valid critique of the Shanghai study?
A recent paper, published by Xiaolin Wu and Xi Zhang of Shanghai's Jiao Tong University, claims to be the first to use machine learning and neural networks to attempt a fully automated inference of criminality from facial images, removing prejudice from the equation and testing the validity of our gut feelings. Through a study of 1,856 images ("controlled for race, gender, age and facial expression") they claim to have established the validity of "automated, face-induced inference on criminality, despite the historical controversy surrounding this line of enquiry." Physiognomy ultimately stems from what Alexander Todorov, professor of psychology at Princeton University, calls an 'overgeneralisation hypothesis'.
 Very different conclusions can be drawn from different images of the same person
 This type of task is good at identifying petty criminals but not more dangerous ones like murderers  If you only study men in these examples we cannot know how to locate females who may be a danger to those around them  They did not study enough types of facial expressions  Very different conclusions can be drawn from different images of the same person