Kuinka paljon lapsikuolleisuus on vähentynyt 1800-luvun alusta?
Congenital malformations are birth defects that babies are born with, such as cleft lip and palate, Down syndrome, and heart defects. Oftentimes, this occurs when the mother consumes alcohol, but it can also be a cause of genetics or have an unknown cause. 
congenital malformations have had a significant impact on infant mortality. Malnutrition and infectious diseases were the main cause of death in more undeveloped countries. In the Caribbean and Latin America, congenital malformations only accounted for 5% of the infant deaths in these countries while malnutrition and infectious diseases took 7% to 27% of infants in the 1980s. In more developed countries such as the United States, there was a rise in infant deaths due to congenital malformations. These birth defects mostly had to do with heart and central nervous system. In the 19th century, there was a decrease in the number of infant deaths from heart diseases. From 1979 to 1997, there was a 39% decline in infant mortality due to heart problems.
39%