هل كان ديكارت من أنصار نظرية أنه ليس للحيوانات أرواح؟
His mechanistic approach was extended to the issue of animal consciousness. Mind, for Descartes, was a thing apart from the physical universe, a separate substance, linking human beings to the mind of God. The nonhuman, on the other hand, were for Descartes nothing but complex automata, with no souls, minds, or reason.
The nonhuman, on the other hand, were for Descartes nothing but complex automata, with no souls, minds, or reason