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Quantum cryptography attributes its beginning by the work of Stephen Wiesner and Gilles Brassard. Wiesner, then at Columbia University in New York, who, in the early 1970s, introduced the concept of quantum conjugate coding. His seminal paper titled "Conjugate Coding" was rejected by the IEEE Information Theory Society, but was eventually published in 1983 in "SIGACT News". In this paper he showed how to store or transmit two messages by encoding them in two "conjugate observables", such as linear and circular polarization of photons, so that either, but not both, of which may be received and decoded. It wasn’t until Charles H. Bennett, of the IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center and Gilles Brassard met at the 20th IEEE Symposium held in Puerto Rico that they discovered how to incorporate the findings of Weisner. "The main breakthrough came when we realized that photons were never meant to store information, but rather to transmit it" In 1984, building upon this work Bennett and Brassard proposed a method for secure communication, which is now called BB84. In 1991 Artur Ekert developed a different approach to quantum key distribution based on peculiar quantum correlations known as quantum entanglement.
Stephen Wiesner and Gilles Brassard