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Wiktionary talk:About Hebrew/archives/2010

 and
I've just created and. I think a verb can have up to 52 present participle forms (2 genders × 2 numbers × 3 states + 2 genders × 2 numbers × 1 construct state × 10 pronominal suffixes), maybe even more than that if you count pausal forms, but these templates just support the 4 main ones (2 genders × 2 numbers × 1 indefinite state), since it's fairly clear how to handle those.

Please take a look, try them out, and let me know what you think. If these look good to y'all, I'll move on to templates for other moods and tenses.

Thanks in advance!

—Ruakh TALK 19:59, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I like these templates; thanks for creating them. I even like the  parameter, although it will be hard to remember (as   is usual, with a different default).—msh210  ℠  19:37, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm glad to hear it. :-)  (BTW, I'm waiting for RU's feedback on some things before moving on to other similar templates, since in the past he's expressed strong opinions about these kinds of formatting parameters. If I don't hear back from him soon, I guess I'll plow ahead without it.) —Ruakh TALK 13:29, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

unusual forms
I frequently see peculiar forms in translations of words, like people who seem to insist that there must be a female translation as well. the word "person" had not just בן אדם and בת אדם as translations, but also בת חוה. I've never seen this used before. whats the policy on these type of things? Fdskjs 11:53, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * For adjectives, we can just give the masculine singular indefinite; we don't need to give any other forms. People translating to Hebrew know that adjectives have eight forms, and obviously we can't include all of them in every translation table.
 * For nouns, if an English noun is gender-neutral, but Hebrew has separate nouns for men and women, then I think both nouns should be given — but just the singular indefinite form of each. This is because, well, they're separate nouns, which means they're separate translations. I don't think it's a big deal if we give just the male translation when the female one is derived from it by adding just ־ה or ־ת, but personally I'd prefer that we give the female translation in all cases — and certainly in a case like you describe, where the female translations are not trivially derived from the male ones.
 * By the way, is more traditional than, and is definitely well attested.
 * —Ruakh TALK 13:26, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

roots
I just noticed that Arabic roots are included, titled with spaces between the letters. I don't know of any Hebrew-root entries (does anyone?), but most of the (hence red)links I've seen to such had hyphens or Hebrew hyphens between the letters. Shall we be consistent with our cousins?—msh210 ℠  23:34, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Psst, Category:Hebrew roots. —Ruakh TALK 00:18, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks! Yeah, I didn't know about that. Still and all: Shall we be consistent with our cousins? Or is that mere uniformity for the sake of uniformity?—msh210 ℠  15:39, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm generally pro-uniformity, but I don't think ס פ ר looks right. —Ruakh TALK 16:30, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Hm, no, it doesn't.—msh210 ℠  16:53, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Rhymes
Some time ago I mentioned here that (old) piyutim seem (to me) to rhyme as follows:
 * They (usually) rhyme based on last syllable (without paying attention to stress), but
 * they (always) start the rhyme with the consonant preceding the last vowel (except in case of a patach g'nuva, where there is no such consonant) rather than with the last vowel itself.

I've recently examined the rhymes in some (modern) books for kids, and they seem (to me) to rhyme as follows, usually: Thus, they rhyme the same way English does unless the last syllable is open and stressed.
 * They rhyme based on the last stressed syllable.
 * They start the rhyme with the vowel of the last stressed syllable if that syllable is closed or it's not the last syllable (or both);
 * if the last stressed syllable is open and is the last syllable, they start the rhyme with the consonant preceding the vowel.

Questions:
 * Are my impressions correct?
 * Do we want to use one of these systems as our rhyming standard here on English Wiktionary?
 * Which?

I myself like the system I attribute to modern kids' books.—msh210 ℠  16:37, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

 * חריזה has some decent coverage of Hebrew rhyme, past and present. By my reading:
 * In Classical Antiquity, there was no Hebrew rhyme.
 * In the "Middle Ages" (by which the article seems to mean everything from Late Antiquity until well after the Renaissance), rhyming ignored stress (to the extent that a mil'el word could rhyme with a milra' word), and Medieval rhyming is generally classified by the number of consonants that matched (together with following vowels): bi-consonantal rhyme was typical, with uni-consonantal and tri-consonantal rhymes existing as well. If we want to include Medieval rhyming, I think bi-consonantal is the way to go. (But this might require some knowledge of Medieval phonology; I think there were some sound distinctions back then that we don't maintain in Modern Hebrew, but I don't think that all the sound distinctions of Classical Hebrew were still in effect.)
 * In Modern Hebrew rhymes (Enlightenment onward), the (last) stress positions must match, the entire last syllables (CV or CVC) must match, and everything from the (last) stressed vowels onwards must match. This one would not be so hard to do, if we want.
 * (Note: Even in Modern Hebrew, there's variation, with some rhymes being "poorer" than the above rule, and some being "richer". What I've described is what the article seems to consider the most normal kind of rhyme.)
 * All told, I'm not really interested in the rhymes project, so however you want to do it is fine by me.
 * —Ruakh TALK 02:43, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Patterns.
Hi all,

I've been thinking about how to handle patterns (the binyanim — pa`ál, pi`él, etc. — and mishqalim — qéTel, qaTTéleth, etc.).

Background: In principle, patterns are not too different from roots: a root is a word-part, and a pattern is a word-part. (Of course, they contribute different sorts of things to the final word, but the same is true of, , and .) In practice, however, in the Hebrew writing system, roots consist of letters (albeit sometimes inferred letters, as in from ), whereas patterns consist largely of diacritics, which is a huge difference for our purposes, since we have to name our entries somehow, and with all due respect to the diacritic, floating dots do not constitute entry names. In Hebrew tradition, verb patterns are usually written by using the root ; for example, the verb is said to use the פָּעַל pattern. Similarly, noun patterns are usually written by using the root ; for example, the noun is said to use the קֶטֶל pattern.

Proposal: I can't think of a good way to fit patterns into the main namespace; for example, I don't think it's a good idea for [[קטל]] to have a section on the קֶטֶל pattern, and I don't think it's a good idea to have a separate [[קֶטֶל]] entry, since we don't include niqqud in normal entry titles. Rather, I think we should have the entry as an appendix, at [[Appendix:Hebrew pattern קֶטֶל]], and that this appendix should belong to [[:Category:Hebrew patterns]]. I think these appendices should be structured basically like normal entries, with etymology (if known), one or more non-gloss definitions (to the extent possible), gender information (if applicable), inflection information (with usage notes to cover inflections of hollow, broken, and guttural roots), and a partial list of derived terms (i.e., words using the pattern).

Does that seem like a good approach to y'all?

—Ruakh TALK 15:18, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * One suggestion: Use a slash between the base name for the appendix and the specific pattern name. That way, the software will generate an automatic link back to the main page on Hebrew patterns. --EncycloPetey 15:35, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I wasn't planning to have any main page on Hebrew patterns, but that might be a good idea. —Ruakh TALK 16:00, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * You, Ruakh, seem to be starting with the assumption that a mishkal or binyan is a good thing to have an entry on — alas, we cannot, so let's appendicize it. I don't see why it's a good thing to have an entry on in the first place. Even though, yes, it's "part" of a word in some sense, that sense is no stronger than the corresponding sense of some other "parts" of words we have no entries for, such as the "noun noun" "part" of the word chocolate chip (whose other parts are "chocolate" and "chip") and the "noun adjective" "part" of מצה שרויה. So, no, I don't think this is entry-worthy; rather, it's general grammatical info about the language that belongs, if anywhere, in an appendix. That said, I do think we should have it (i.e., in my opinion we can drop the "if anywhere" from the preceding sentence); perhaps all such grammatical appendices should be at Appendix:Hebrew grammar/foo?—msh210 ℠  19:03, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Why "a partial list of derived terms" (emph. added)? Why not either include all or none? I think all would be unwieldy; I suggest that categorizing is the way to go for these. Category:Hebrew verbs in piel construction, e.g., and category:Hebrew segolate nouns.—msh210 ℠  19:03, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Re: "noun noun" as an entry: Hmm, that's tricky. I do see what you're saying, and I don't think you're wrong, but I see it a bit differently. I view the patterns as more nearly analogous to English affixes and combining forms. I say this firstly because many patterns have fairly specific meanings (קַטֶּלֶת words, for example, usually denote infections or disorders), and secondly because the pattern itself contributes phonemes (usually a prefix and/or suffix, and always at least one internal vowel) to the resulting word. English noun-noun compounding doesn't warrant an entry, but interfixes such as and  do.

 * Re: grammar-appendix subpages: I'd be down with that. What are you envisioning them to look like? I take it you're not picturing normal entry structure?

 * Re: "partial list": Well, because all would be unwieldy, and none would be unhelpful. Compare [[-hood]]. But, I'd also be down with an approach like at [[-ly]], where we list some examples right under the sense line, rather than as a separate section. (And the category idea is a good one. We do the same thing sometimes with English affixes, by using and, though admittedly we're not very consistent about it.) —Ruakh TALK 19:49, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * No, not picturing normal entry structure. I'm thinking it would be all running text (except perhaps a list of "derived" words), with, as length demands, sections for etymology, pronunciations, etc. E.g.:
 * The form קַטֶּלֶת (with ק, ט, and ל replaced by other root letters) is the form of a noun. The noun typically refers to some disease; examples of this date back at least to Biblical times, where words such as יַלֶּפֶת appear, but more recent coinages are also of this form, such as סַכֶּרֶת....
 * If we do have such a category, then I think even a (large) partial list is unnecessary: just an example or two is sufficient, à la [ -ly] .—msh210 ℠  20:03, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Having thought about it some more, I don't think that the pagenames should have the letters קטל or פעל in them. I'll illustrate why not by means of an example, but note that other examples of the same sort exist. The word יעשו, "(they) will make/do", is of the form יפעו. The word יתנו "(they) will give", is of the form יעלו. And the Biblical spelling יבאו, "(they) will come", is of the form יפלו. These three forms should all, imo, be on one page, since that's where people will look who don't know which form a word they're looking at is of. So what to list them under if we're not using root letters? Well, any direction-neutral (or right-to-left) character that looks like a placeholder, I suppose. I suggest ~ (U+007e, the standard tilde), but would like to hear other suggestions. (‑ (U+2011, the non-breaking hyphen)? U+fffd is not allowed in pagenames, apparently.) A right-to-left character would be much better than a direction-neutral ones, so that it appears in the <h1> on the page correctly. ٭ (U+066d, Arabic star) seems like the only character that fits that bill.   —msh210  ℠  00:04, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I've made Appendix:Hebrew patterns/٭٭י٭ as a first example. Obviously, modify ad lib.   —msh210  ℠  00:24, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Hmm. I kind of thought that ya'asú, yitnú, and yavó'u were all of the pattern יִפְעֲלוּ\יִקְטְלוּ. Did I misunderstand the system for naming patterns? Either way, your point is a good one … one that raises further issues: how would the people you mention know that there are two words, one being the root ת־ב־ל־ט with the pattern , the other being the root ב־ל־ט with the pattern ?
 * To be honest, I wasn't really expecting people to look up patterns on their own; my thought was that they could either browse through the pattern-list, or follow links to entries for specific patterns (mostly from etymologies and from entries for other patterns, but potentially also from conjugation appendices, other appendices, Wikipedia articles …). But if we can make it feasible for readers to find specific patterns they might be looking for, that would of course be even better.
 * —Ruakh TALK 01:00, 15 June 2009 (UTC) תבלטו example updated 00:58, 17 June 2009 (UTC) for no real reason, I just think this way's cooler.

 * Maybe they are of the form יִפְעֲלוּ. I still like stars better than letters: they are more indicative of "these are placeholders", especially for people who don't know already that Hebrew grammars use the letters פעל or קטל as placeholders. I think that they are the way to go.
 * The question about tivl'tu is a good one, and one that applies more generally. Perhaps would be helpful? I'm really not sure.
 * I don't think that people will look up patterns on their own (without browsing through a list, say), and, if they would, the Arabic star won't help (since no one will think of typing that character). Still, the Arabic star is helpful for <h1>s.
 * I suppose an alternative would be to use פעל and קטל in pagenames, and to use stars on the list that links to all the pattern pages.   —msh210  ℠  22:57, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

I've created Appendix:Hebrew patterns/קַטֶּלֶת as a second example. (Obviously, either it or Appendix:Hebrew patterns/٭٭י٭,and maybe both, will have to be moved, and likely reformatted.)   —msh210  ℠  23:02, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I do like the star-placeholders as an idea, but in practice they don't seem to work well with niqqud, which for me is a deal-breaker. Maybe we can have some sort of template on these pages that explain what they are and how to interpret them? —Ruakh TALK 00:58, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * If the stars are to be used only in pagenames, and the vowels are not, then no problem, right? (Or, in fact, if there's some way I can't think of that stars and vowels are to be used in disjoint circumstances.) That's what I did at [[Appendix:Hebrew patterns/٭٭י٭]], q.v.   —msh210  ℠  17:16, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Re: "If the stars are to be used only in pagenames, and the vowels are not, then no problem, right?": Not using vowels in pagenames is itself a problem. Entries for specific words don't use vowels in their pagenames because words are usually written without vowels; but that approach doesn't make sense for patterns. Just think of the long list of patterns we'd document at [[Appendix:Hebrew patterns/٭٭٭]] … —Ruakh TALK 17:29, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Bother. That's true. I'm still not happy with the letters. I searched for right-to-left characters that might work, and found none but the Arabic star, but would you mind looking, Ruakh, in case I missed something?   —msh210  ℠  17:42, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Entries for inflected forms of prepositions.
Hi all,

Another thing I've been thinking about is how to handle sense lines for inflected forms of prepositions.

Usually, for form-of entries, our sense line takes the form " [Description-of-form] of [word] . " The problem is, what's the appropriate description-of-form for something like ? Well, last October I went with: which, I think you'll agree, is horrid. If anyone has a better description for it, I'm all ears; but if not, I was thinking maybe we should take a different approach: Admittedly, that exact wording isn't very good, either — and I welcome y'all's suggestions for improvements — but I think it's already better than the current one, and offers much greater possibilities for further improvement than a rigid description-then-lemma approach.
 * 1) Form of אצל (etzel) including second-person masculine singular personal pronoun (as object).

The other issue is what to name the template that generates these sense lines. I was thinking maybe ? It's not very mnemonic, in that the word "preposition" doesn't actually appear anywhere in my proposed wording, but then, I can't think of any sort of name that's clearly preposition-specific and yet doesn't include anything like "prep" or "preposition".

Any thoughts?

—Ruakh TALK 18:38, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I like the format and am okay with the template name (though am unused to the capitalization in the latter). Perhaps drop the parentheses in the former?—msh210 ℠  19:06, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Re: capitalization: Well, I was thinking to stick with the approach I started for and, where capitalization begets capitalization (so that if we want to precede the template-text with a gloss, we just use  instead). Are you not liking that approach?

 * Re: parentheses: O.K., consider them dropped. :-)  Thanks!

 * —Ruakh TALK 19:53, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Re "Are you not liking", no, it's good.—msh210 ℠  20:06, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

<tt></tt>
Opiaterein has created a. Documentation and discussion at Template talk:he-verb. —Ruakh TALK 15:46, 23 May 2009 (UTC)
 * For those watching but not that page, please see the addition of the  parameter (documented at the talk page), and modify (or comment) prn.    —msh210  ℠  22:21, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

<tt></tt> and <tt></tt>
Per 's suggestion at Grease pit, I think we should create and. This would allow words and names taken from Classical Hebrew to be labeled and categorized differently from words and names taken from Modern Israeli Hebrew. Do y'all agree?

If so, there are three questions for each of these: (1) what text should be displayed; (2) what Wikipedia article should be linked to; and (3) what name should be used in the categories. My preference is (1) "Classical Hebrew" and "Modern Israeli Hebrew"; (2) use the same as the title for the 'pedia-link, and let Wikipedia handle any redirection it wants to pull; and (3) use the same as the category name. and would then contain simply <tt>Classical Hebrew</tt> and <tt>Modern Israeli Hebrew</tt>, respectively (not counting <noinclude>d stuff.)

Thoughts?

—Ruakh TALK 13:57, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Fine by me (fwiw).   —msh210  ℠  17:08, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Not that I do anything with Hebrew, but yeah — it sounds good to me. †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 00:20, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

links to he:wikt root categories
[#External_links An idea.]   —msh210  ℠  21:04, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Looks good. Another possibility is :
 * . Either way, we might want to wrap it in a specialized template.
 * —Ruakh TALK 18:14, 23 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, I didn't know projectlink can be used for Wiktionaries. Yes, that's good. I don't see the need for a specialized template, though template:new he root (à la special:prefixindex/template:new) might be useful.   —msh210  ℠  18:29, 23 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, I didn't know projectlink can be used for Wiktionaries. Yes, that's good. I don't see the need for a specialized template, though template:new he root (à la special:prefixindex/template:new) might be useful.   —msh210  ℠  18:29, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

he-adj(ective)
Why do we have both template:he-adj (which has no documentation) and template:he-adjective? They seem to be both used for the same thing: masculine singular adjectives. Can we merge them and delete one? — msh210  ℠  17:48, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I assume we have both because the creator of the former was unaware of the latter. I support merging them, preferably at the name (to match ). There are a lot differences between them, including the following:
 * lists the feminine plural indefinite form, which does not. I don't really have a preference on this.
 * has vestigial support for being used at feminine singular indefinite forms, which does not. I prefer  in this regard.
 * requires plural forms to exist, and if they're not provided, it forges ahead with its best guess what they might be, whereas supports the notion of singular-only adjectives, and categorizes for cleanup any entries that neither specify plural forms nor specify that they don't have any. I don't like the guessing — I can't put my finger on why, and I realize it's what  does, but for some reason I just don't like it for this — but aside from that, I don't have much of a preference on how to handle missing parameters. (Does Hebrew even have singular-only adjectives? There are words like כיף and אפשר that seem to be adjectives but don't seem to inflect, but I'm not sure they fit at all into this sort of template structure.)
 * —Ruakh TALK 23:30, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Someone has since requested deletion of template:he-adjective at RFDO, and this discussion should I suppose be considered continued there. —msh210℠ (talk) 16:25, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Hebrew verbs' definition lines
I and Ruakh seem to be editing at cross-purposes. In [[האיר]], he reverted my change from "to illuminate" to "(he/it) illuminated". Yet I keep adding senses in the latter form, and even changing definition lines to read "(he/it) ...". (I don't know of a specific example where I reverted a change from "(he/it) ...", but there probably exist such.) We (community, not the two of us, although in this case that may possibly coincide) should decide on something lest the two of us continue to revert each other.

(I know that there was discussion about this issue. (If I recall correctly it was brief discussion.) It's not on this page, and I don't know where it is.)

My reasoning for the "he/it" translation is that, well, that's the translation. We have decided on the past tense masculine singular third-person form's being the lemma, fine, but it still is not translatable as "to illuminate" anywhere it appears. It's just plain incorrect. The only reason I can think of for putting "to" in the definition line is to inform people that the form in question is the lemma. But (a) they don't need informing (why should they care?), (b) it's still wrong (a wrong translation), and (c) adding a conjugation table is a better way to so inform them. In my opinion, having an incorrect translation in every verb's definition line is unconscionable. — msh210  ℠  18:09, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know of a single Hebrew–English dictionary but that translates entire Hebrew verbs to entire English verbs, rather than trying to translate specific Hebrew verb-forms to specific English verb-forms. If we want to do the latter — and I, for one, don't — then "(he/it) illuminated" is very incomplete, because there are actually a lot of different verb forms that האיר can translate to — certainly at least "illuminated", "did illuminate", "has illuminated", "had illuminated", "was illuminating", and "had been illuminating", and probably many others as well.
 * The only reason I think can think of for putting "(he/it)" in the definition line is to remind people that Hebrew verbs are identifies by their masculine singular past-tense forms; but if they've successfully found the entry, then they presumably know that; and anyway, adding a conjugation table is a better way to so remind them.
 * (BTW, per our previous discussion, I don't go around changing your entries to dictionary style; but when I'm adding translations, I'm not willing to add them in the "(he/it)" form, so I dictionarize any adjacent translations.)
 * —Ruakh TALK 20:38, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, I've been using the infinitive forms (to attack) but for languages like Latin, Greek and Albanian, which also use non-infinitive forms for lemma, they use "I attack". I think it might be misleading to say "to attack" instead of "he attacked" in a Hebrew entry, and I've never really been one to cater to the less-serious crowd... if someone sees the main form is a past tense, they should wonder why and figure it out. I don't like wrapping he/it in parantheses, though. — [ R·I·C ] opiaterein — 20:45, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * To answer the last point, about the parentheses, I did that because the verb means both "illuminated" (when it follows a noun or pronoun) and "he illuminated". —  msh210  ℠  20:55, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Re: Latin, Greek, Albanian: Yes, I believe EncycloPetey is a firm partisan of the approach you describe. But on the other hand, the most relevant analogue would seem to be Arabic, which as far I've seen is very consistent in doing things the way I describe.
 * Re: "I've never really been one to cater to the less-serious crowd": I'm confused; it seems like the main reason for the "(he/it)" approach is, in fact, to try to give some extra assistance to readers who don't know anything about Hebrew.
 * —Ruakh TALK 21:36, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * My main reason for the "he approached" approach is to not give the definition of the infinitive form in the past tense entry. Since liknot means 'to buy', where kana means '(he) bought', I think it's slightly odd to list 'to buy' as the definition for the latter. If Hebrew had no infinitive, it would make more sense to me. — [ R·I·C ] opiaterein — 12:38, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * How are Latin, et al., less analogous to Hebrew than Arabic is (in a way that affects this discussion)? —  msh210  ℠  21:41, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Good question. As far as I understand, Latin and Greek (dunno about Albanian) have a weird tradition of "principal parts", where a word sort of has multiple lemmata, with Wiktionary using the "first principal part" as its lemma. (?) I guess I'm not sure quite how it works, to be honest. Arabic seems perfectly analogous, since it (not coincidentally) has the same root system, and a cognate choice of lemma form; but I guess I'm not sure if Latin etc. are actually less perfectly analogous, or if they're merely less obviously so to me (because I don't know enough about them). also seems to prefer for Latin and Greek (as well as Sanskrit) a system like what I describe, suggesting that the difference may be between {EP,you,…} and {Ivan,me,…} rather than between {Latin,Greek,…} and {Hebrew,Arabic,…} —Ruakh TALK 22:08, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Most dictionaries don't translate every form of a verb; arguably, any that would do so would presumably translate the lemma form also. Now, whether we translate every form is a matter of taste, or something: some include (or similar) and a gloss and others just the former, and this is a cross-language issue. I'm in the first camp usually (though it depends on the verb).  —  msh210  ℠  20:55, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Not coincidentally, my attitude and approach toward non-lemma translations are exactly the same as toward "(he/it)"-style translations: I don't like them, and refuse to use them, but I'm not going to revert other people's using them (and as a courtesy to you, since I know you do like them, I made sure the Hebrew form-of templates supported them smoothly). —Ruakh TALK 21:36, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * And I thank you. —  msh210  ℠  21:41, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Re "The only reason I think can think of for putting "(he/it)" in the definition line is to remind people that Hebrew verbs are identifie[d] by their masculine singular past-tense forms": That's assuming that we don't provide glosses for conjugated forms. Otherwise, my "that's the accurate gloss!" reason holds. If we do provide glosses for conjugated forms, but translate the lemma form as "to...", then the past-tense 3-m-s is a second-class citizen: it's the only one without a form-of line. We'd need "# To illuminate. # Past 3-m-s of..." for heir. I do recognize, though, that you, Ruakh, do not like glosses on form-of foreign entries. Fine: we cna agree to disagree, and I'll try not to revert you modify existing entries except as necessary to keep consistency with later-added senses .—msh210℠ on a public computer 02:38, 7 July 2009 (UTC)  15:51, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

 * What do most of the Hebrew-English dictionary do? If they translate as English infinitives, so should we.. I'm of opinion that we should translate FL verbal lemma (whatever tense/mood/person it may be, be it root or whatever) as an English verbal lemma, i.e. the infinitive. Anyone who uses Wiktionary as a dictionary to look up FL verbs should already be familiar with the common lemmatization scheme used, it being nothing but a lexicographical convention, and not a direct translation. So far we have had both schemes used for Ancient Greek and Latin (which lemmatize verbs in the 1st person singular PAI), and I for Sanskrit prefer the infinitives (Sanskrit verbs are lemmatized either as roots, or as 3rd person singular PAI - I prefer the latter approach as it is much more suitable for a Wiktionary, plus there is less problem with CFI [roots are imaginary constructions and not actually used attestations]). There has been some recent activitiy by Bulgarian and Macedonian language contributors - the former lemmatizes verbs in first-person, and the latter in 3rd-person singular present, yet all of their contributors seem to translate their respective lemmata as English infinitives in the definition lines (both languages lost the infinitive as a category under the influence of Balkan sprachbund). Perhaps this is a more general topic that should be raised in BP? -- ⰉⰂⰀⰐ ⰞⰕⰀⰏⰁⰖⰍ 14:22, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I disagree strongly with "Anyone who uses Wiktionary as a dictionary to look up FL verbs should already be familiar with the common lemmatization scheme used": I have on numerous occasions used English Wiktionary and its FL counterparts to look up words whose lemmata I did not know: I had found the words in running text. I suspect that that is a common use of Wiktionary. Indeed, if that were not a common use — if people looked up only words whose lemmata they knew — we wouldn't need form-of entries at all. But when I went to look up soit, for example, it would have been terrible to find that it meant "to be". (That's analogous to looking up heir and finding it means "to illuminate".) —  msh210  ℠  15:51, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

A BP discussion may be a good idea. —Ruakh TALK 15:54, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Adult-oriented Hebrew-English print dictionaries translate Hebrew 3rd-masc-sing-past to English infinitives (usually bare infinitives, sometimes full ones). Child-oriented dictionaries and online dictionaries vary somewhat; some take the same tack as print dictionaries, others translate Hebrew full infinitives to English infinitives, and yet others are inconsistent. (The Hebrew Wiktionary does as print dictionaries do.) I don't know of any dictionary, be it online or in print, that translates Hebrew 3rd-masc-sing-past to English preterite.

It always made me wonder why Latin and Ancient Greek dictionaries chose specifically first person singular present tense as a lemma. Why not the infinitive? That would have been neutral and symmetric. Does anyone know? Concerning the discussion, a case in point: Old Armenian dictionaries too use 1st person singular as the lemma, but have infinitives in translation. This especially makes sense for verbs like "to snow" or "to bud" (I snow?, I bud?). --Vahagn Petrosyan 16:48, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

New, less ambiguous romanization scheme?
I had thought of this, but I figured I'd ask, to see if this might be desirable, before I try to construct a new transliteration system. My goal is to disambiguate letters with the same pronunciation while remaining neutral on the issue of pronunciation. I'd also like to use only one Roman letter for the transliteration of each for Hebrew (ś/š/ş/whatever for ש). This, of course, would mean that שׁ, שׂ and ס would all be transliterated differently, which could be potentially confusing, but I guess the new system would be optional. If this is something we might like, I could start working on this today or tomorrow. — [ R·I·C ] opiaterein — 21:02, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Don't like it. We've discussed this before, though I don't see the extent of discussion on this page that I recall. But see the top section at Wiktionary talk:About Hebrew/archives/2007. —  msh210  ℠  21:19, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

 * No, don't. In the event that we decide to adopt an unambiguous, digraphless transliteration scheme, we'd be best served with one like what describes at Wiktionary talk:About Hebrew/archives/2008 — that is, a well-known scholarly scheme that was designed with an eye toward common Semitic norms, with emphasis on the Masoretic and Tiberian traditions. —Ruakh TALK 21:25, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

font size with vowels
The larger font size used for the headword in all the inflection templates (and, via {Hebr}, in {infl} itself) is nice: it allows the viewer to see the vowels more easily. I propose that the larger size be used for the forms listed on the inflection line also, for the same reason. (I further propose that someone else do this. ) Thoughts? — msh210  ℠  21:13, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It looks like and  were the only ones using it for the headword without also using it for the other forms. The former I've fixed; the latter I don't feel comfortable messing with, as it's Robert's thing. —Ruakh TALK 02:00, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll request it in the GP. —  msh210  ℠  18:49, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

anagrams
Now that CI is bot-adding anagrams, I want to request of him that he use a specific scheme for Hebrew, but want to run it by interested parties here first. Any objection to the following? — msh210 ℠ 17:59, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Treat כ and ך as identical, and same for the other four pairs.
 * Drop space and punctuation from consideration, including shin/sin dot (which shouldn't exist anyway), geresh, gershayim, makaf.
 * Ignore entries with alef-lamed ligature (since they should all be redirects except the ligature's "character entry", which doesn't need an anagram section).
 * Ignore redirects.

 * Sounds good. I'd also suggest ignoring entries whose first or second character is a maqaf, as these will generally be prefixes, suffixes, and roots. (I'm assuming that for English it ignores prefixes and suffixes?) —Ruakh TALK 20:54, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * All right: if it's good enough for Ruakh, it's good enough for me. If it does ignore them for English, I don't know why. I'll mention that, too. (My request will follow close behind this post (chronologically) and will be at CI's talkpage, FYI.) — msh210 ℠ 15:45, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

new template
Template:new he root. Tweaks welcome, natch. — msh210 ℠ 18:17, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

ותמת איז געשטאָרבען
(The section title is in Yiddish and a reference to a good joke: . In any event, it means "ותמת has died", which is sorta the subject of this section.)

We have (IMO unfortunately) agreed to exclude prefixed pagetitles, such as those with a prefixed ו־ like. Now, ע״ו verbs in קל in ו׳ ההיפוך-induced past tense, third person singular (or second person singular masculine) drop their ע׳ הפועל: but, not *ותמות (except of course in future tense), nor *תמת. So should we have the entry תמת, despite the nonexistence of that word, noting in the entry that it's used exclusively with the ו׳ ההיפוך, or should we have the entry ותמת? — msh210 ℠ 16:47, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Personally, my main reason for wanting to reject entries for sequences of clitic(s) plus non-clitic, except for set phrases, was that it's endless: the link between the words is only phonological and orthographic, not syntactic or semantic, and long sequences are possible (including sequences with the same clitic appearing multiple times). Since none of those reasons seems to apply here — vav-hahippúkh attaches only to verbs, not (say) to other clitics, and it interacts in a very complicated, more-than-phonological way with the morphologies of those verbs ("flipping" them from prefix to suffix conjugation or vice versa, plus shifting their stress and otherwise changing the result) — I'd be O.K. with having entries for vav-hahippúkh + verb. I mean, I'd never add them, but if you wanted to, I'd be O.K. with your doing so. —Ruakh TALK 20:01, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

romanization of ע
In my opinion, an apostrophe (') should always be used to represent ע. As opposed to the Yiddish language in which ע is used as a vowel, in Hebrew (as well as Aramaic) ע is exclusively a consonant. The fact that unfortunately, most modern-day Hebrew-speakers (myself included) do not know how to pronounce this consonant should not imply that the letter should be ignored. --Sije 23:45, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

 * In some forms of Hebrew, ayin is a consonant; in other forms, it's silent. —Ruakh TALK 01:03, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

 * No form of Hebrew maintains that ע is meant to be silent. It's just that the pronounciation has been forgotten by most Europeans. I don't think anyone argues against this fact. --Sije 19:49, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I argue against that opinion. Wiktionary is descriptivist, meaning that we don't express opinions about how a language "is meant to be"; we only discuss the facts about how a language actually is — and in some forms of Hebrew, including those spoken by most of the world's Hebrew speakers today, the ayin is silent. (There are also many forms where the ayin is not silent, including both many ancient forms and many modern forms; but no form is any better or worse, for our purposes, than any other forms. The existence of forms with consonantal ayin doesn't negate the existence, prevalence, and validity of forms with silent ayin.) —Ruakh TALK 21:09, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * An apostrophe representing ע would be beneficial for those who do pronounce the consonantal ע, while it would not at all interfere with those who do not.
 * (!זה נהנה וזה לא חסר – Is there an identical phrase in English?) --Sije 22:42, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think an apostrophe would be beneficial for anyone who pronounces the ayin, since people who pronounce the ayin already know the Hebrew alphabet, and don't need the romanization. (By the way, out of curiosity: how come you write ayin rather than 'ayin?) —Ruakh TALK 01:07, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * (Sorry, but I didn't write ayin). --Sije 21:54, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * (Oops, I'm an idiot!) —Ruakh TALK 23:11, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

doubling the letters שּׁ and צּ
In my opinion, "shsh" and "TSTS" might look confusing. "TSTS" would be even more confusing to Sephardi and Yemenite Jews who don't pronounce the צ as "TS" at all. --Sije 23:45, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

 * So, what do you suggest instead? —Ruakh TALK 01:04, 7 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I see the proposed transliteration scheme on the About page says "Dagesh khazak is optionally (as described above) indicated by doubling the letter. In the case of שּׁ and צּ, this produces shsh and TSTS" (though I'm not sure what the parenthetical remark refers to), but I for one don't double d'gushot. Do the other regular Hebrew editors? I haven't noticed as much, though I have from irregular editors. —msh210℠ 16:13, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

 * "Optionally" refers to the previous note, i.e., "when it is particularly important to represent a form of Hebrew in which the sound is distinguished". (I think it made more sense in an older version of the page.) I never indicate gemination; a few years ago, there was a period of a few weeks when I tried to transliterate Tanakhic quotes in a way that represented Ancient Hebrew pronunciations, but I gave it up as (1) too much work and (2) too speculative. I do transliterate ק as q (and so on) when I'm transliterating a root, but the traditional understanding of roots doesn't use geminates, so that's not relevant to this. —Ruakh TALK 17:00, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

sentence-final, phrase-final, and pre-makaf forms
In Biblical Hebrew, a vowel in a word often changes at the end of a sentence or phrase or before a makaf. Such examples abound throughout the Bible. Here a few:
 * Psalms 1:1 וּבְמוֹשַׁב לֵצִים לֹא יָשָׁב's yashav has a kamatz under the shin instead of the usual patach, as it's sentence-final.
 * In Numbers 18, compare אִתָּךְ in verses 1–2, where the cantillation on it marks the end of a phrase, to אִתְּךָ in verse 7, whose cantillation, though disjunctive, is not a strong enough disjunction to change the vowels.
 * In 2 Samuel 13:26's יֵלֶךְ־נָא, the lamed has a segol instead of a tzere because of the makaf.
 * Daniel 9:16 has יָשָׁב־נָא, a form of יָשׁוּב.

I suggest putting these on the inflection line where attested. Thoughts?
 * This will supplant the creation of (and effect the deletion, where existing, of) a whole other section for such forms (see e.g. ישב, which currently has three such sections), be by combining them into sections for standard forms of the same spelling.
 * This can, if desired, be done only when the odd form matches the main form in spelling (modulo vowels) (as in the first three of the above four examples). (In other cases, the benefit mentioned in the preceding bullet point is absent.)
 * This would then be made a part of the he- inflection-line templates. (If only same-spelling forms are to be added, per the preceding bullet point, then only the ...wv parameters need exist.)

Also: what are these forms usually called in English? If they're to be added to inflection lines, we'll have to refer to them somehow, and should do so using standard names. (Once this is decided, the parameters can be named appropriately.) —msh210℠ 17:08, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Anyway, I'm O.K. with your including them in inflection lines, though for reasons of profound and incurable laziness, I don't expect ever to do so myself. —Ruakh TALK 22:26, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Are sentence-final forms different from phrase-final forms? I thought that they were the same, and that they were called pausal forms. If they're different, then I'm pretty sure the sentence-final group is the "pausal" one, unless both groups are. Also, the pre-makaf form is basically the non-noun version of the construct form, right?
 * Sentence-final and phrase-final forms are not the same. יָשָׁב will replace יָשַׁב (in the Bible) only when the cantillation on the word is sof-pasuk/ s'lik siluk  or etnachta/etnach, whereas אִתָּךְ will replace אִתְּךָ even when the cantillation is more weakly disjunctive (to an extent). And yes, the pre-makaf form is kinda like the construct form, but I have no idea whether it's called "construct". (I am basing all this on what I've picked up over the years from reading Hebrew, not on any grammar or other secondary source.) I will search online for more info about this, especially to find out the English names of these forms, without which knowledge I do not feel comfortable adding the info to the inflection lines. —msh210℠ 18:35, 15 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, though sentence-final and phrase-final forms are for different words (as I stated, yashav will change only sentence-finally whereas it'cha will change phrase-finally), both seem to be called "pausal" (as you stated, Ruakh, thanks) and I don't think there can be both forms (distinct) for the same word, so I suppose just calling it "pausal" in the inflection line will do. I suppose I can start effecting that. I haven't found any info on the construct-like form. —msh210℠ 19:48, 15 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've created to house the wording, so it can be changed centrally if desired. I've added pausal support to  and : see use at [[פסח]] and [[ישב]], respectively. (If I messed anything up, of course revert (or better yet fix  ) it, but I don't think I did. —msh210℠ (talk) 17:13, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * To continue documenting what I'm doing: I've added it to template:he-infl-adj-form, which is currently used nowhere. I've also added it to template:he-proper noun, but consolidating the transliterations if they match: see [[בית לחם]] and [[מצרים]]. —msh210℠ (talk) 18:08, 24 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Added to template:he-adv and template:he-interj. —msh210℠ (talk) 17:30, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * ...and template:he-plural-noun. —msh210℠ (talk) 05:03, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
 * ...and he-pron. I'm leaving he-prep alone, as I can't picture a bare preposition being used phrase-finally, and can't think of a pausal form for any of them. I'm leaving he-adj alone for now, as it needs a rewrite anyway (per discussion at RFDO and the template's talkpage) and this can be added then or thereafter. I think that that covers all the inflection-line templates. —msh210℠ (talk) 17:18, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Template:RQ:Tanach
I've created this for use in citing Tanach. Please tweak as needed! One thing worth adding IMO (and easy to add) is years of the books, where known (or //). —msh210℠ (talk) 16:56, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

present-tense verbs as nouns and as adjectives
We have a page of tests for English adjectives, so people writing entries can determine whether the word they've found is a true adjective. Is there any similar test for a Hebrew present-tense verb to determine whether it is also a noun? Is being preceded by (but not modifying another noun as in ) sufficient? Is being used as a substantive? Or what? (Or, perhaps nothing — maybe we never want to count these as nouns.) —msh210℠ (talk) 19:34, 2 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps having a construct (לומדי) is enough to count it as a noun? —msh210℠ (talk) 18:01, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

And what about a test for whether a Hebrew present-tense verb is also an adjective? Many verbs are used primarily in ways that (I strongly suspect) natives would consider adjectives, like (but ) — but does this mean that they are adjectives? Or are they always just verbs? Or perhaps some criterion decides. Perhaps a sufficient test for a verb meaning "is [sensory]" is that affect degree of the sensation and not the amount of the "is" (so that רעב מאד, which means "is very hungry" and not "is hungry a lot of time", differs from עומד מאד, which means "stands a lot of time" if it means anything)? — or perhaps that's nonsense. Thoughts? —msh210℠ (talk) 19:34, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

 * For participle vs. adjective, the test that I generally use is, would I use as a normal past (not just as a conditional)? And in that case, the answer is yes, which I think is the right answer if there is one; but in the general case, I don't know how valid a test that is. I don't know about that m'od test; I see nothing wrong with, say,  meaning "I loved it/him a lot." —Ruakh TALK 19:04, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Re מְאֹד, okay, good point. But I don't understand all of what you wrote about your test for being an adjective. If you'd use a form of היה plus the adjective as the past then you'd count the word as an adjective, which (counting) is right if there is a [___]. OTOH, if there is no known [___], then you don't know if the היה test is valid. —msh210℠ (talk) 19:36, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I mean that in the specific case of רעב, if there is a right answer to the question, "is רעב an adjective?", then I think the right answer is "yes". —Ruakh TALK 20:30, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Someone (whom I thank but who will remain nameless unless he names himself, so as to avoid copyright-violation culpability) e-mailed me scans of The Grammar of Modern Hebrew, by Lewis Glinert ISBN 0521611881, and I'll summarize that part of what Glinert says that I understand well. Note though that he applies it only to modern Hebrew: He concludes that, based on his criteria, a word in the form of a present-tense of the pual construction is actually an adjective, though many will be verbs also (and some will be nouns also). —msh210℠ (talk) 17:19, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
 * If it can be used with היה, יהיה, להיות, and all other forms of היה, then it's an adjective or noun; otherwise, it's a verb. Examples he gives are מוכרח (adj.) and צריך (verb).
 * If it's used as a predicate, joined to the subject by הוא, then it's an adjective or noun, not a verb. Examples he gives are, חתולים הם כשרים and *חתולים הם מגרגרים. If the הוא is absent, it's an adjective or a verb.
 * If it takes a possessive suffix, it's a noun. An example he gives is זְקֵנינו.
 * If it is followed by על־ידי and a NP, then it's probably a verb rather than an adjective. Examples he gives are זה נשבר על־ידי הילד and *זה שבור על־ידי הילד.

 * Seeing as the book is on Amazon with the "search inside" feature, I don't feel very culpable for scanning less than 2½ pages, out of several hundred, and e-mailing them to a single recipient; but thanks. :-)  —Ruakh TALK 18:24, 17 August 2010 (UTC)


text: Albaania

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Albaania


text:
Šotimaa

Proper noun

 * 1) Scotland

title: Šotimaa


text: Alžeeria

title: Alžeeria


text: Antigua ja Barbuda

title: Antigua ja Barbuda


text:
Armeenia

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

title: Armeenia


text: Austraalia

title: Austraalia


text:
Aserbaidžaan

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: Aserbaidžaan


text:
Bahama

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to the Bahamas.

Noun

 * 1) Any of the islands that constitute the Bahamas.

Etymology
From.

Declension
Internal locative cases (Bahamassa) are also accepted.

title: Bahama


text:
Valgevene

Etymology
From.

title: Valgevene


text: Boliivia

title: Boliivia


text:
Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina

Proper noun
(illative )

Inflection
Bosnia: Hertsegoviina:

title: Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina


text:
sèid

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) blowing, puff

Verb

 * 1) blow, breathe in, breathe out
 * 2) bloat, inflate
 * 3) swell, puff up
 * 4) pant, puff
 * 5)  instigate
 * 1)  instigate

title: sèid


text:
coigreach

Noun

 * 1) stranger
 * 2) foreigner, alien
 * 3) incomer

title: coigreach


text: Brasiilia

title: Brasiilia


text:
sùith

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) soot

Verb

 * 1) soot cover with soot
 * 2) season or dry in smoke

title: sùith


text:
spùt

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) spout
 * 2)  diarrhea

title: spùt


text:
Suurbritannia

Etymology
From.

Usage notes

 * Suurbritannia is the commonly used name of the country in Estonian texts, although it is not exact (it leaves out Northern Ireland). In official contexts, the full name of the country, Suurbritannia ja Põhja-Iiri Ühendkuningriik (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), or its short equivalent, Ühendkuningriik (ÜK), should be preferred. The use of the name Inglismaa is conceivable in a historical or informal context.

title: Suurbritannia


text:
Bulgaaria

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Usage notes

 * The plural can be formed but does not normally occur

title: Bulgaaria


text:
探索

Verb

 * 1) to explore; to probe
 * 2)  to search; to raid
 * 1)  to search; to raid
 * 1)  to search; to raid
 * 1)  to search; to raid

Noun

 * 1) search, lookup, exploration, hunt
 * 2)  search

Verb

 * 1) search, look up

title: 探索


text: Roheneemesaared

title: Roheneemesaared


text: Tšaad

title: Tšaad


text:
mòna

Noun

 * 1)  (peat)

title: mòna


text: Tšiili

title: Tšiili


text:
Hiina

Etymology
Most likely from, ultimately from

title: Hiina


text:
Hiina Rahvavabariik

Proper noun

 * 1) The People's Republic of China

title: Hiina Rahvavabariik


text:
cagailt

Noun

 * 1) hearth

title: cagailt


text: thog

title: thog


text:
Sõltumatute Riikide Ühendus

Proper noun

 * 1) Commonwealth of Independent States

title: Sõltumatute Riikide Ühendus


text:
情報科学

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) information science

title: 情報科学


text: shéid

title: shéid


text: Komoorid

title: Komoorid


text: Horvaatia

title: Horvaatia


text:
Category:Erzya conjunctions

ko:분류:접속사(에르자어) nl:Categorie:Voegwoord in het Erzja ru:Категория:Эрзянские союзы fi:Luokka:Ersän kielen konjunktiot

title: Category:Erzya conjunctions


text:
coire

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) cauldron, boiler, vat
 * 2) dell, corrie
 * 3) whirlpool
 * 4) crater, pit

Etymology
From, ; from.

Noun

 * 1) cauldron

Declension

 * Accusative singular:
 * Dative singular:
 * Nominative plural: ,

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) copper

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cauldron

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) kettle
 * 2) cauldron, boiler, vat
 * 3)  dell, corrie
 * 4) whirlpool
 * 1)  dell, corrie
 * 2) whirlpool

Etymology 2
From, from (compare 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) fault, offense, wrong, trespass, sin
 * 2) blame, complaint
 * 3) harm, damage
 * 1) blame, complaint
 * 2) harm, damage

title: coire


text:
monoprint

Noun

 * 1) A form of printing on paper from a glass sheet to which oil paint has been applied; monotype.

Verb

 * 1) To print using this technique.

title: monoprint


text:
abstol

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  apostle

title: abstol


text:
Talk:liver

Etymology
Do the word liver have anything to do with the verb "to live"? 80.178.17.103 21:16, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Of course, it has, but only in the sense "one who lives" - look the citaions page. English poetry discloses treasures of vocabulary which are under usual circumstances disregarded or hardly used by colloquial language. And the first etymology (the organ, not yet added) discloses striking similarities to Old Norse lifr, to German Leber (same organ) and according to most linguists, the word must have been the same in Gothic, but the places of the Old Testament (of Ulfila, you know) are lost, but the word is at any rate much the same. Greetings Bogorm 16:03, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Liver is not the Largest Gland.
Skin is. So I accordingly recaptioned the image. Compare The differences

title: Talk:liver


text:
brachiosaurus

Etymology
From + ; literally “arm lizard”, relating to the great length of its forelegs compared to its hindlegs.

Noun

 * 1) A large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur,, which lived during the Jurassic period.

Translations

 * Finnish: brachiosaurus
 * French:
 * German:
 * Italian: brachiosauro
 * Korean: 브라키오사우루스
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: braquiossauro
 * Russian:
 * Turkish: brakiyozor

title: brachiosaurus


text: brachiosauruses

title: brachiosauruses


text: gob stopper

title: gob stopper


text:
moreso

Usage notes
Though it is frequent in informal writing, some arbiters of English usage  consider “moreso” an incorrect form of “more so”, sometimes citing the fact that in many cases the "so" is included tautologically, and the word “more” is all that is needed.

title: moreso


text:
поздно

Adverb

 * 1) late

title: поздно


text:
орудие

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) tool
 * 2)   gun, cannon, artillery piece

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) tool, instrument, implement
 * 2)  pawn, puppet a person acting under another's control
 * 3)   gun, cannon, artillery piece
 * 1)   gun, cannon, artillery piece

title: орудие


text: bailiwicks

title: bailiwicks


text: formants

title: formants


text: monoprints

title: monoprints


text:
データ構造

Etymology
From and.

Noun

 * 1)  data structure

title: データ構造


text:
コンピュータサイエンス

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) computer science

title: コンピュータサイエンス


text:
diploidy

Noun

 * 1)  The state of being diploid, having two sets of chromosomes.
 * 2)  An instance of being diploid.

Translations

 * Catalan: diploïdia
 * French:
 * German: Diploidie
 * Hungarian: diploidia
 * Romanian:
 * Spanish:

title: diploidy


text:
haploidy

Noun

 * 1)  The state of being haploid

Translations

 * Catalan: haploïdia
 * Finnish: haploidia
 * German: Haploidie
 * Hungarian: haploidia
 * Romanian:
 * Spanish:

title: haploidy


text:
heteroploidy

Noun

 * 1)  The state of being heteroploid.

Translations

 * Icelandic: mislitnun

title: heteroploidy


text:
mixoploidy

Noun

 * 1)  The state of being mixoploid.

title: mixoploidy


text:
mixoploid

Adjective

 * 1)  Having cells with different numbers of chromosomes. The genetically different cell populations usually arise from the same zygote (mosaicism) or, more rarely, they originate from different zygotes (chimerism).

Noun

 * 1) An organism with such cells.

title: mixoploid


text:
monoploidy

Noun

 * 1)  The state of being monoploid, having one set of chromosomes.
 * 2)  An instance of being monoploid.

Translations

 * Finnish: monoploidia
 * German: Monoploidie
 * Romanian: monoploidie
 * Spanish: monoploidía

title: monoploidy


text:
monoploid

Adjective

 * 1)  Having a single set of chromosomes.

Translations

 * Catalan: monoploide
 * Finnish: monoploidi
 * German: monoploid
 * Romanian:
 * Spanish: monoploide

Noun

 * 1) A monoploid cell.
 * 2) A monoploid organism.

Etymology
.

title: monoploid


text:
triploidy

Noun

 * 1)  The state of being triploid, having three sets of chromosomes.
 * 2)  An instance of being triploid.

Translations

 * German: Triploidie
 * Romanian: triploidie

title: triploidy


text:
Picasso

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  (1881–1973), Spanish painter, best known as a founder of the Cubist movement.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Japanese: ピカソ
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: Picasso

Etymology
.

Proper noun

 * 1) Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist

Etymology
From or, in which case it was likely originally a nickname for a gossipy or wordy person.

Noun

 * 1)  work of art by Pablo Picasso

Proper noun

 * 1) Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist
 * 1) Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist

title: Picasso


text:
du jour

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Adjective

 * 1) Of the day; prepared for the day in question
 * 2)  Currently stylish; en vogue; trendy; favoured now but likely temporary; latest.
 * 1)  Currently stylish; en vogue; trendy; favoured now but likely temporary; latest.

title: du jour


text:
unquiet

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Uneasy and restless; unable to settle.
 * 2) Causing or associated with unease or restlessness.
 * 1) Causing or associated with unease or restlessness.
 * 1) Causing or associated with unease or restlessness.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:

Verb

 * 1)  To disturb, disquiet.

title: unquiet


text:
digestibility

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) The degree to which something is digestible.

Translations

 * Catalan: digestibilitat
 * Danish: fordøjelighed
 * German:
 * Italian:
 * Macedonian: сварливост
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: fordøyelighet
 * Portuguese: digestibilidade
 * Spanish: digestibilidad
 * Volapük:

title: digestibility


text:
indigestibility

Noun

 * 1) The state of being indigestible.

title: indigestibility


text:
探す

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) search

title: 探す


text:
indigestible

Adjective

 * 1) Difficult or impossible to digest.
 * 2)  Difficult to accept; unpalatable.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: трудно смилаем
 * Catalan:, indigerible
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:, vaikea sulattaa, vaikeasti sulatettava
 * French:
 * Galician: indixesto, ,
 * German:
 * Latin: indigestibilis
 * Ottoman Turkish: آغر
 * Polish: ,
 * Spanish: ,

Noun

 * 1) Anything that is difficult to digest.

title: indigestible


text:
rock climbing

Noun

 * 1) The sport of scaling rock faces, either with or without ropes and other equipment.

Translations

 * Belarusian: скалала́жанне
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 攀石
 * Mandarin: 攀岩
 * Dutch: rotsklimmen
 * Estonian: kaljuronimine
 * Finnish: kalliokiipeily
 * French:
 * German: Felsklettern
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: ailleadóireacht, speancaireacht
 * Japanese:, 岩登り
 * Kazakh: жартасқа өрмелеу
 * Korean: 록 클라이밍, 암벽 등반(岩壁登攀)
 * Latvian: klinšu kāpšana
 * Polish: wspinaczka skałkowa
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: klippklättring
 * Turkish: kaya tırmanışı
 * Ukrainian: скелела́зіння

title: rock climbing


text:
free climbing

Alternative forms

 * free-climbing
 * freeclimbing

Noun

 * 1)  Rock climbing without the aid of ropes or other equipment, sometimes in an urban environment

Related terms

 * free climber

Translations

 * French: escalade libre
 * German: Freiklettern,

title: free climbing


text:
debounce

Verb

 * 1)  To remove the small ripple of current that forms when a mechanical switch is pushed in an electrical circuit and makes a series of short contacts.
 * 2)  To discard events or signals that should not be processed because they occurred too close together.

Translations

 * German: entprellen

title: debounce


text:
millenarian

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Pertaining to the belief in an impending period of one thousand years of peace and righteousness associated with the Second Coming of Christ and his reign on earth.
 * 2) Pertaining to any of various religious or social movements which believe in a coming radical change to existing world order.
 * 3) Lasting or expected to last a thousand years.
 * 1) Pertaining to any of various religious or social movements which believe in a coming radical change to existing world order.
 * 2) Lasting or expected to last a thousand years.
 * 1) Lasting or expected to last a thousand years.
 * 1) Lasting or expected to last a thousand years.
 * 1) Lasting or expected to last a thousand years.

Translations

 * Indonesian: milenial
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Russian:
 * Volapük:

Noun

 * 1) A person who believes in an apocalyptic millennium.

title: millenarian


text: powerbroker

title: powerbroker


text:
coattail

Noun

 * 1) The flap at the back of a coat that hangs down, sometimes below the waist.
 * 2)  Success of a figure, organization or movement that transfers to those who associate with it.
 * 1)  Success of a figure, organization or movement that transfers to those who associate with it.

Translations

 * Danish: frakkeskøde
 * German:, Frackschoß
 * Irish: triopall casóige

 * Danish: slipstrøm

 * Russian: ,

Verb

 * 1)  To ride the coattails of.

title: coattail


text:
deictic

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Of or pertaining to deixis; to a word whose meaning is dependent on context.
 * 2) Directly pointing out; specifying.

Translations

 * Esperanto:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Polish: deiktyczny
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

Noun

 * 1)  Such a word (such as I or here).

Etymology
.

title: deictic


text:
search term

Noun

 * 1)  The word or phrase that a user searches for, e.g. in a search engine.

Translations

 * Finnish: hakutermi
 * Georgian: საძიებო სიტყვა, საძიებო ტერმინი, საძიებო ფრაზა
 * German:
 * Russian:

title: search term


text:
midsommarstång

Etymology
🇰🇲

Noun

 * 1) midsummer pole

title: midsommarstång


text:
lifeworld

Etymology
, coined by German philosopher.

Noun

 * 1)  The world "as lived" prior to reflective representation or analysis.

title: lifeworld


text: Category:User fa

title: Category:User fa


text:
McMahon

Etymology
Anglicized form of, earlier spelling , from and.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, McMahon is the 883rd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 39411 individuals. McMahon is most common among White (93.22%) individuals.

title: McMahon


text:
認識

Verb

 * 1)  to know (somebody); to be acquainted with
 * 2) to recognize (somebody or something)
 * 3) to know; to understand; to be familiar with
 * 4) to be aware of; to appreciate
 * 1) to know; to understand; to be familiar with
 * 2) to be aware of; to appreciate
 * 1) to be aware of; to appreciate
 * 1) to be aware of; to appreciate
 * 1) to be aware of; to appreciate

Usage notes
The sense "to be aware of; to appreciate" is often followed by the verb.

Synonyms

Noun

 * 1) knowledge; understanding; cognition

Etymology
From compound. Compare modern 🇨🇬 rènshi, 🇨🇬 nêng-sék.

Noun

 * 1) recognition, awareness
 * 2) understanding
 * 3)  recognition
 * 1)  recognition

Verb

 * 1) to recognize something, to be aware of something
 * 2) to understand something
 * 3)  to recognize something

title: 認識


text:
technoscience

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) The long-standing global human activity of technology combined with the scientific method that occurred primarily in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.
 * 2)  The study of the technological and social context of science.

title: technoscience


text: Category:User fa-1

title: Category:User fa-1


text: Template:User fa-1

title: Template:User fa-1


text:
Template:User fa

es:Plantilla:·Usuarios por idioma (fa)

title: Template:User fa


text: Category:User fa-N

title: Category:User fa-N


text: coattails

title: coattails


text: Category:User sr-4

title: Category:User sr-4


text:
leveys

Noun

 * 1) width or breadth of an object
 * 2) beam maximum width of a ship
 * 3) latitude angular distance north or south of the equator; used in combination with or

title: leveys


text: deictics

title: deictics


text: Picassos

title: Picassos


text: debounces

title: debounces


text: debouncing

title: debouncing


text: debounced

title: debounced


text: search terms

title: search terms


text:
луг

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) meadow

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) meadow

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) small forest, grove

Etymology 2
, from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) lye

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) meadow
 * 2)  foresty lowland

Etymology 2
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) lye

title: луг


text: powerbrokers

title: powerbrokers


text: millenarians

title: millenarians


text: monoploids

title: monoploids


text: mixoploids

title: mixoploids


text:
ехать

Etymology
.

Verb
(concrete)

 * 1) to go (by horse or vehicle), to ride, to drive
 * 2) to travel
 * 3) to move from a place, to slide off

Usage notes

 * Ехать and are concrete verbs. Their counterpart,, is an abstract verb.
 * The imperative forms /  and  /  (including derivatives with prefixes) are used but are considered illiterate and are not recommended for use. The recommended imperative forms are suppletive forms  /  but  /  are also acceptable. The derivatives (приезжать, заезжать, выезжать, etc.) use prefix +  / prefix + . For negative imperative, use.
 * The present adverbial form is dated. Occasionally, in colloquial speech, other forms are encountered, such as,  or , but these are proscribed.

Derived terms

 * See for derived verbs.

title: ехать


text:
волан

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) steering wheel

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) steering wheel

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) flounce
 * 2) shuttlecock (a lightweight object used in badminton.)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) steering wheel

title: волан


text:
volan

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) flying fish

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) steering wheel

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) steering wheel
 * za volanom - behind the wheel
 * za volanom - behind the wheel

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) steering wheel

title: volan


text:
User:Etymological Lexicogropher

If you can say my name, then you deserve a medal. I am Etymological Lexicogropher, which, in essence means nothing. I love to learn new words, and enjoy finding the meanings of words in the dictionary. I am also a member of wikipedia, wikitionaries sister project, and am under the name Anonymous Dissident. That's about it.

title: User:Etymological Lexicogropher


text:
終る

Verb

 * 1) * 1985 Murakami Haruki - Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World 下 p199
 * 1) * 1985 Murakami Haruki - Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World 下 p199

title: 終る


text:
category theory

Noun

 * 1)  A branch of mathematics which deals with spaces and maps between them in abstraction, taking similar theorems from various disparate more concrete branches of mathematics and unifying them.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: teorie kategorií
 * Finnish: kategoriateoria
 * French:
 * German: Kategorientheorie
 * Icelandic: ríkjafræði
 * Malay: teori kategori
 * Romanian: teoria categoriei
 * Russian: теория категорий
 * Spanish: teoría de categorías
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: kategori teorisi, ulam kuramı

title: category theory


text:
abstract algebra

Etymology
From 1860, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of mathematics concerned with algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, and fields.

Translations

 * Armenian: աբստրակտ հանրահաշիվ
 * Catalan: àlgebra abstracta
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 抽象代數學,
 * Danish: abstrakt algebra
 * Dutch: abstracte algebra
 * Finnish:
 * French: algèbre abstraite
 * German: abstrakte Algebra
 * Greek: αφηρημένη άλγεβρα
 * Icelandic: hrein algebra
 * Indonesian: aljabar abstrak
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Polish: algebra abstrakcyjna
 * Portuguese: álgebra abstrata, álgebra abstracta
 * Russian: абстра́ктная а́лгебра
 * Serbo-Croatian: apstraktna algebra, апстрактна алгебра
 * Spanish: álgebra abstracta
 * Swedish:

title: abstract algebra


text:
real analysis

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of mathematics dealing with the real numbers and related structures.

Translations

 * Armenian: իրական անալիզ
 * Catalan: anàlisi real
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: reaalianalyysi
 * French: analyse réelle
 * Hungarian: valós analízis
 * Icelandic: raunfallagreining, raungreining
 * Japanese:
 * Portuguese: análise real
 * Spanish: análisis real

title: real analysis


text:
discrete mathematics

Noun

 * 1)  Collectively, most discrete or computer science-related branches of mathematics, such as graph theory and combinatorics.

Translations

 * Armenian: դիսկրետ մաթեմատիկա
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: diskreetti matematiikka
 * French: mathématiques discrètes
 * Greek:
 * Icelandic: strjál stærðfræði
 * Japanese:
 * Lithuanian: diskrečioji matematika
 * Portuguese: matemática discreta
 * Russian: дискре́тная матема́тика
 * Serbo-Croatian: diskretna matematika
 * Vietnamese: toán rời rạc, toán học rời rạc

title: discrete mathematics


text:
gaoisid

Noun

 * 1) a hair
 * 2) a hair of an animal
 * 3) a pubic hair

title: gaoisid


text:
discrete math

Noun

 * 1)  Discrete mathematics.

title: discrete math


text:
ring theory

Noun

 * 1) The branch of mathematics dealing with the algebraic structure of rings.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * French: théorie des anneaux
 * German: Ringtheorie
 * Italian: teoria degli anelli
 * Japanese: 環論
 * Kazakh: сақиналар теориясы
 * Polish: teoria pierścieni
 * Romanian: teoria inelului
 * Spanish: teoría de anillos

title: ring theory


text:
field theory

Noun

 * 1) The branch of mathematics dealing with the algebraic structure of fields.
 * 2)  A theory which examines patterns of interaction between individuals and their environment.
 * 3)  A theory concerning the relationship between social actors and local social orders.

title: field theory


text:
Galois theory

Etymology
Standardly constructed calque of (which was used as a section heading in 1870,, Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques). First appeared in print in 1893,.

Ultimately, named after French mathematician (1811-1832), who first developed the theory to explore how the roots of a given polynomial equation relate to each other.

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of mathematics dealing with Galois groups, Galois fields, and polynomial equations. It provides a link between field theory and group theory: it permits certain problems in the former to be reduced to the latter, which in some respects is simpler and better understood.
 * 2) * 1992, Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis, Volume 27, Allerton Press, page 4,
 * Though often our results are prompted by the classical or parallel Galois theories, their proofs are completely different and are based on the set-theoretical approach.
 * 1) * 1992, Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis, Volume 27, Allerton Press, page 4,
 * Though often our results are prompted by the classical or parallel Galois theories, their proofs are completely different and are based on the set-theoretical approach.

Translations

 * French:
 * Italian: teoria di Galois

title: Galois theory


text:
character theory

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of abstract algebra dealing with group characters.

Translations

 * Portuguese: teoria de caracteres

title: character theory


text:
universal algebra

Noun

 * 1)  A branch of mathematics dealing with equational classes of algebras, where similar theorems from disparate branches of algebra are unified.
 * 2)  An algebraic structure studied therein.

Translations

 * Finnish: universaalialgebra
 * Icelandic: allsherjaralgebra

 * Finnish: universaalialgebra
 * Icelandic: allsherjaralgebra

title: universal algebra


text:
computability theory

Noun

 * 1)  Recursion theory.
 * 2)  The branch of the theory of computation that studies which problems are computationally solvable using different models.

title: computability theory


text:
recursion theory

Noun

 * 1)  A branch of mathematical logic studying computable functions and Turing degrees, concerned with questions such as "What does it mean for a function on the natural numbers to be computable?" and "Can noncomputable functions be classified into a hierarchy based on their level of noncomputability?".

title: recursion theory


text:
coding theory

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of mathematics dealing with the art of transmitting messages reliably over a noisy channel by adding redundancy to the message.

Translations

 * Esperanto: kodteorio
 * Finnish: koodausteoria
 * German: Kodierungstheorie
 * Polish: teoria kodowania

title: coding theory


text: defrags

title: defrags


text:
Ramsey theory

Etymology
Named after British mathematician and philosopher.

Noun

 * 1)  A branch of mathematics which deals with patterns that inevitably arise in sufficiently large sets (i.e., subsets of some structure).
 * 2) * 1999, Randall McCutcheon, Elemental Methods in Ergodic Ramsey Theory, Springer, Lecture Notes in Mathematics: 1722, page 8,
 * We are now ready to offer a loose definition of Ramsey theory.
 * Ramsey theory is a collection of results which, given a finite coloring of some structure, guarantee the existence of certain monochromatic configurations or substructures.
 * Ramsey theory is a collection of results which, given a finite coloring of some structure, guarantee the existence of certain monochromatic configurations or substructures.

title: Ramsey theory


text:
functional analysis

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of mathematics dealing with infinite-dimensional vector spaces, whose elements are actually functions, as well as generalizations such as Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces.

Translations

 * Czech: funkcionální analýza
 * Finnish: funktioanalyysi
 * French:
 * German: Funktionalanalysis
 * Icelandic: fellagreining
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 関数解析, 函数解析
 * Polish: analiza funkcjonalna
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: функциональный анализ

title: functional analysis


text:
bifurcation theory

Noun

 * 1)  A branch of mathematics concerned with dynamical systems which suffer sudden qualitative changes from an infinitesimal change in a parameter.

Translations

 * Hungarian:

title: bifurcation theory


text:
catastrophe theory

Noun

 * 1)  The branch of mathematics dealing with dynamical systems which can undergo abrupt irreversible qualitative changes due to a tiny change in parameters.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, 突變論
 * Danish: katastrofeteori
 * Finnish: katastrofiteoria
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: teoiric na catastróife
 * Romanian: teoria catastrofei
 * Swedish:

title: catastrophe theory


text:
Punnett square

Etymology
For Reginald Punnett, British geneticist.

Noun

 * 1)  A graphical representation used to determine the probability of an offspring expressing a particular genotype.

title: Punnett square


text:
alienage

Noun

 * 1) The status of being an alien; origin from elsewhere.

title: alienage


text:
refugeehood

Noun

 * 1) The state of being a refugee.

title: refugeehood


text:
brachialis

Etymology
Borrowed from,. .

Noun

 * 1)  A muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint, in conjunction with the biceps brachii.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Portuguese:

title: brachialis


text:
снова

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to shuttle, to move to and fro
 * 2)  to warp (yarn, thread)
 * 3)  to screw around
 * 1)  to screw around

Adverb

 * 1) again, anew

title: снова


text:
труп

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) body, torso
 * 2) corpse
 * 3) trunk base of a tree

Usage notes
'труп' is able to mean either "trunk" or "body", which are indistinguishable in the singular. However, in the plural, the "trunk" sense takes on the alternative form тру́пи, whilst the other senses use тру́пове.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) trunk (of a tree)
 * 2) torso
 * 3) corpse
 * 4)  an ignorant or unskilled person

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) corpse, dead body

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) torso, trunk, body

Etymology 1
, with this meaning still present in Czech and Polish, from. Perhaps related to Lithuanian, Greek. Compare, , , all with the same meaning.

Noun

 * 1) corpse

title: труп


text: чудеса

title: чудеса


text:
대두어

Etymology
. Literally "big-headed fish." From +.

Noun

 * 1) The bighead carp,.
 * 2) The cod (more commonly 대구).

title: 대두어


text:
charter school

Noun

 * 1) A school that receives government funding but operates independently of the established state school system in which it is located, and in some cases is privately owned.

title: charter school


text:
연준모치

Etymology
Shares the root with  and.

Noun

 * 1) The common minnow,.

title: 연준모치


text:
bad check

Noun

 * 1) A check/cheque written against a bank account with insufficient funds to pay the bearer the amount of the check.

title: bad check


text:
Talk:Punnett square

I think this belongs at Punnett square. Kappa 03:46, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Punnett square


text:
blank check

Noun

 * 1)  A signed check of the type used to draw money from a bank account, containing no information as to the amount to be paid with it, so that any amount can be filled in.
 * 2)  A grant of complete authority to spend an unlimited amount of money, or to take other actions without restraint.

Translations

 * Catalan: xec en blanc
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 空白支票
 * Danish: blankocheck
 * Finnish: blankosekki
 * French:
 * Galician: cheque en branco
 * German:
 * Italian: assegno in bianco
 * Portuguese: cheque em branco
 * Romanian: cec în alb
 * Russian: чек на предъяви́теля, незапо́лненный чек
 * Spanish: cheque en blanco
 * Turkish:

 * Bengali: আলিহুকুম
 * Danish: blankocheck, carte blanche
 * Finnish: avoin shekki, avoin valtakirja
 * French: ,
 * Galician: cheque en branco
 * German:
 * Italian: carta bianca
 * Portuguese: cheque em branco
 * Romanian: cec în alb
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: cheque en blanco
 * Turkish:

title: blank check


text: bad checks

title: bad checks


text: blank checks

title: blank checks


text:
common minnow

Noun

 * 1) A species of minnow widespread in the fresh waters of northern Eurasia,.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Korean: 연준모치
 * Norwegian:
 * Russian:
 * Turkish: golyan balığı

title: common minnow


text:
侮辱

Verb

 * 1) to insult; to humiliate
 * 2)  to behave indecently towards a woman; to molest
 * 1)  to behave indecently towards a woman; to molest

Noun

 * 1) an insult

Verb

 * 1) to insult
 * 2) to treat with contempt

title: 侮辱


text:
버들가지

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) A willow twig
 * 2) Phoxinus semotilus, a species of freshwater minnow found in eastern Asia

title: 버들가지


text:
눈불개

Etymology
Literally "fire-eyed fish," from 🇰🇲. Contains the suffix, often found in fish names.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 눈불개


text:
금강모치

Etymology
From, part of the name of Geumgangsan, the mountain region where it is found.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 금강모치


text:
치리

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 치리


text:
대륙종개

Etymology
Translation of the English name. From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 대륙종개


text:
쌀미꾸리

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 쌀미꾸리


text:
미꾸리

Etymology
The noun is derived from the ideophonic root "slippery" not directly attested in Middle Korean itself, whence Modern Korean  and, and the Middle Korean derived adjective  > Modern. Hence literally "slippery one".

The word meant "loach" in general until around 1900, and still partially retains the wider meaning in taxonomy. See also.

Noun

 * 1) The.

title: 미꾸리


text:
얼룩새코미꾸리

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 얼룩새코미꾸리


text:
참종개

Etymology
Literally "true loach." From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 참종개


text:
부안종개

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A.

title: 부안종개


text:
loach

Etymology 1

From, from , further origin , possibly from , which could be from , also attested as the feminine name , from , a reference to slugs' bright appearance, the fish later being associated due to similarities to the slug.

Noun

 * 1) A bottom-feeding freshwater fish in the superfamily or suborder.
 * 2) Any, of the family.
 * 3) A similar fish in one of three other families of :, , and.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: щипок
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 鯉形目
 * Chukchi: ԓыгиннээн, ԓыгинныт
 * Czech:
 * Finnish: piikkinuoliainen,
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Luxembourgish: Grondel
 * Manx: caillagh ruy, carroo ruy
 * Norman: louoche
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: cadozete
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: pĺž, pĺžik
 * Slovene: činklja
 * Spanish:

Etymology 2
From the pronunciation of the acronym.

Noun

 * 1)   light observation helicopter

title: loach


text:
tacaño

Etymology
, probably from Hebrew, whence also Yiddish.

Adjective

 * 1) stingy, miserly, cheap, tight-fisted, niggardly, mean, penny-pinching

Noun

 * 1) miser, cheapskate, tightwad, skinflint, penny pincher, niggard someone avoiding to spend money

title: tacaño


text:
Appendix talk:Australian English terms for people

Hi where does the term bombthrower come from? It's unknown in South Australia? 60.226.238.242 04:48, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It's an old word, not used much now, from the 1800's RooZ 06:25, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Back foot (?)
From "bomb thrower": "...especially if the bloke is on the back foot with them."

This term is not covered in the list. I can relate it to gridiron football and boxing, and WAG it being "on the outs" just from context, but that is all OR. What is the meaning of the phrase, and maybe how it originated? 71.234.215.133 10:46, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

What is the point of this appendix?
Many of these terms are not terms for people at all (arvo, blue, root, etc.).

Many of the "General terms", a few of the "Work related terms", and many of the "Terms or nicknames for ethnicities", are not particularly Australian, but rather slang words used in exactly the same way everywhere else in the English-speaking world.

Also, some of the "General" terms appear again in other sections (Curry, wog) or should (jack). And in some cases (pom) the multiple entries contradict each other.

Almost all of the descriptions that are more than a single line are at least slightly ridiculous. For example, "mate" goes on for a while about all the ways it can be used—none of which are specific to Australia, or even to the word "mate" ("friend" can be used in all of the same ways), and all of which are nouns, and then it says "Also used as a noun".

Anyway, I can't tell from the article what the point of having this list in an encyclopedia is supposed to be, so I have no idea how to go about improving it. --70.36.140.233 18:48, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * You mean you "can't tell from the appendix what the point of having this list in a dictionary is supposed to be". This is an appendix to a dictionary, not an article in an encyclopedia. But — yeah, it's a total mess. —Ruakh TALK 19:32, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

RFM discussion: March 2017–November 2022

 * See


text:
미호종개

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 미호종개


text: tienes

title: tienes


text:
왕종개

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 왕종개


text:
동방종개

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 동방종개


text:
종개

Etymology
Contains the suffix, often found in fish names.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 종개


text:
기름종개

Etymology
Literally "oil loach." From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 기름종개


text:
줄종개

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 줄종개


text:
북방종개

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 북방종개


text:
occasione

Etymology
, whence also Italian (an inherited doublet).

Noun

 * 1) opportunity, chance, occasion, scope
 * 2) circumstance, occasion
 * 3) bargain, special offer (in a shop window advertisement)
 * 1) bargain, special offer (in a shop window advertisement)
 * 1) bargain, special offer (in a shop window advertisement)

title: occasione


text: common minnows

title: common minnows


text: charter schools

title: charter schools


text: Punnett squares

title: Punnett squares


text:
obbligo

Noun

 * 1) obligation, duty
 * 2) condition

title: obbligo


text:
calipash

Etymology
From, ; further etymology. .

Noun

 * 1) The edible greenish material found underneath the upper half of a turtle's carapace (shell).

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: kilpikonnahyytelö

title: calipash


text: obblighi

title: obblighi


text:
calipee

Noun

 * 1) A food of the yellowish material found inside the lower half of a turtle's carapace (shell).

title: calipee


text:
기름

Noun

 * 1) oil
 * 2) oil, petroleum
 * 3) gasoline, petrol
 * 1) gasoline, petrol

Noun

 * : "raising" or "cultivation" of a crop

Noun

 * 1) oil

title: 기름


text:
obbligare

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to oblige, to obligate

title: obbligare


text:
string theory

Noun

 * 1)  A candidate unified theory of all physical forces and particles; a theory which suggests that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings rather than zero-dimensional points. It also suggests that space-time can have up to nine dimensions, plus the dimension of time.
 * String theory denies the existence of a hypothetical eleventh dimension.

Derived terms

 * superstring theory

Translations

 * Afrikaans: snaarteorie
 * Arabic: نَظَرِيَّة الأَوْتَار
 * Armenian: լարերի տեսություն
 * Asturian: teoría de cuerdes
 * Azerbaijani: sim nəzəriyyəsi
 * Basque: korden teoria
 * Belarusian: тэорыя струн
 * Bengali: স্ট্রিং তত্ত্ব
 * Catalan: teoria de cordes
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: teorie strun
 * Danish: strengteori
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: kordoteorio
 * Estonian: stringiteooria
 * Finnish: säieteoria
 * French:
 * Galician: teoría das cordas
 * Georgian: სიმების თეორია
 * German: ,
 * Greek: θεωρία χορδών
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: स्ट्रिंग सिद्धांत
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian: teori dawai
 * Interlingua: theoria de chordas
 * Irish: teoiric na dteaghrán
 * Italian: teoria delle stringhe
 * Japanese: 弦理論, ひも理論
 * Kazakh: струна теориясы
 * Korean: 끈 이론
 * Lithuanian: stygų teorija
 * Mongolian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: strengteori
 * Nynorsk: strengeteori
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: teoria das cordas
 * Punjabi: ਸਟਰਿੰਗ ਥਿਊਰੀ
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: teorija struna, теорија струна
 * Slovak: teória strún
 * Spanish: teoría de cuerdas
 * Swedish: strängteori
 * Thai: ทฤษฎีสตริง
 * Turkish: sicim teorisi
 * Ukrainian: теорія струн
 * Urdu: سٹرنگ تھیوری

title: string theory


text: carapaces

title: carapaces


text:
미꾸라지

Etymology
First attested in the Gukhan hoehwa (國韓會話 / 국한회화), 1895, as, equivalent to ; see for more.

now means "pond loach" only, but in Middle and Early Modern Korean referred to both pond loaches and.

Noun

 * 1) The, , a common fish in Korean lakes and rivers
 * 2)  a cunning, slippery person

title: 미꾸라지


text: gob stoppers

title: gob stoppers


text:
새코미꾸리

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 새코미꾸리


text:
점줄종개

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 점줄종개


text: spare rib

title: spare rib


text: spare ribs

title: spare ribs


text: aneuploids

title: aneuploids


text:
남방종개

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 남방종개


text: cheese crisps

title: cheese crisps


text:
살치

Etymology
Contains the suffix, often found in fish names.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 살치


text: proteasomes

title: proteasomes


text:
obbligatorio

Adjective

 * 1) compulsory, obligatory, incumbent

title: obbligatorio


text:
neo soul

Noun

 * 1)  A subgenre of rhythm and blues that combines the elements of contemporary rhythm and blues, 1970s-style soul music, hip hop, rap, jazz, funk, and classical music.

Translations

 * Russian: неосоул

title: neo soul


text:
opinione

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) opinion, mind, view, attitude

title: opinione


text: opinioni

title: opinioni


text:
Gearmailt

Usage notes
Always preceded by the definite article.

title: Gearmailt


text: Èireann

title: Èireann


text: Category:gd:Countries

title: Category:gd:Countries


text: Category:gd:Geography

title: Category:gd:Geography


text:
Spàinn

Etymology
From, from.

Usage notes
Always preceded by the article.

title: Spàinn


text:
opportuno

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) opportune, timely, suitable, fit, appropriate, right

title: opportuno


text:
Suain

Proper noun

 * 1) Sweden

Usage notes

 * Always preceded by the definite article.

title: Suain


text:
Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath

Proper noun

 * 1) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Usage notes
Always preceded by the article.


text:
Rìoghachd Aonaichte

Proper noun

 * 1) The United Kingdom

Usage notes
Always preceded by the article.

title: Rìoghachd Aonaichte


text:
Cuimrigh

Etymology
From.

Usage notes

 * Always preceded by the article.

title: Cuimrigh


text:
opportunità

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) expediency, advisability, opportunity, timeliness
 * 2) opportunity, chance, occasion, scope
 * 1) opportunity, chance, occasion, scope

Synonyms

 * (2)

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) opportunity

title: opportunità


text:
synthpop

Noun

 * 1)  A style of pop music in which the synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument.

Translations

 * Georgian: სინთპოპი
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: синтіпоп

title: synthpop


text:
Stàitean Aonaichte

Proper noun

 * 1) The United States

Usage notes
Always preceded by the article.

title: Stàitean Aonaichte


text:
Stàitean Aonaichte na h-Aimeireaga

Usage notes
Always preceded by the article.

title: Stàitean Aonaichte na h-Aimeireaga


text:
orario

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1)  time
 * 2) hourly, per hour

Derived terms

 * clockwise
 * clockwise

Noun

 * 1) timetable, schedule
 * 2) time, hours

title: orario


text:
User talk:Coelacan~enwiktionary

I don't check this page often, so if you need to contact me, it's probably best to just leave a note at Wikipedia:User talk:Coelacan.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Coelacan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Coelacan~enwiktionary that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 06:59, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coelacan~enwiktionary


text:
Lochlann

Etymology
From, an alteration by (equivalent to ) of , a name with disputed origins.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Viking countries
 * 2)  Scandinavia

Etymology
From, a folk etymology (equivalent to ) of , a name with disputed origins.

Proper noun

 * 1) Scandinavia
 * 2)  Norway

title: Lochlann


text:
User:Coelacan~enwiktionary

Wikipedia:User:Coelacan

title: User:Coelacan~enwiktionary


text:
Fraing

Etymology
From, from.

Usage notes
Always preceded by the article.

title: Fraing


text:
in orario

Adverb

 * 1) on time

title: in orario


text:
Eurodance

Noun

 * 1) A type of European synthesizer-driven dance music which became popular worldwide in the early- to mid-1990s and continuing up until today.

Translations

 * Japanese: ユーロダンス
 * Marathi: यूरोडान्स
 * Polish: eurodance
 * Russian: Евродэнс
 * Swedish:, eurodisco

title: Eurodance


text:
Suòmaidh

Proper noun

 * 1) Finland

Synonyms

 * an Fhionnlainn

title: Suòmaidh


text:
scat singing

Noun

 * 1)  The act of vocalizing, using nonsense syllables or sounds (e.g. "dool-yuh doot-n dwee-dah") to create an improvised melodic solo, often imitative of other musical instruments.

title: scat singing


text:
予防接種

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) immunization

title: 予防接種


text:
Talk:riff

Is the musical sense really limited to guitars?? [w:Eurodance] talks about synthesizer riffs

sense 2. riffle.
Citations: Lee Child novels. Listed as synonym for paged on thesaurus.com. google for riff pages or riff.cards.
 * Could you look up the citation on Google Books so we can all see it? Which sense of riffle, we have 7 verb senses. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:14, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

Perhaps a clipping of riffle
What meaning of riffle is referred to? --Backinstadiums (talk) 12:15, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Grips & Bird
I remember very clearly that Joe Pass stated that jazz guitar players referred to specific voicings (of chords, on the guitar) as "grips". I realize that it is a long-shot, but as I am not surprised by the uncertain origin of the word, I thought I might add it: "riff" COULD be a corruption of "grip".

Of course, this is WRONG. Charlie Parker's 1949 recording "Anthropology" also goes by the name "Thriving from/on a Riff". From this usage, we can divine that "riff" clearly comes from "refrain". Mousebelt (talk) 00:23, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:riff


text:
予防

Noun

 * 1) prevention or protection, especially from disease or natural disasters

Verb

 * 1) prevent disease or suffering due to natural disasters

title: 予防


text:
免疫

Noun

 * 1) immunity (from disease); immunization

Noun

 * 1)  immunity
 * 2) habituation
 * 1) habituation
 * 1) habituation
 * 1) habituation

title: 免疫


text:
Sasainn

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1) England

title: Sasainn


text:
Grèig

Proper noun

 * 1) Greece

Usage notes
Always preceded by the article.

title: Grèig


text:
Eadailt

Etymology
From (whence also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬), from.

Usage notes
Always preceded by the definite article.

title: Eadailt


text:
Innis Tìle

Etymology
From, from , referring to the legendary northernmost island mentioned in Ancient Greek and Roman sources.

title: Innis Tìle


text: Category:gd:Islands

title: Category:gd:Islands


text:
控除

Noun

 * 1) that which is deducted; deduction

Verb

 * 1) to deduct, to cut off

title: 控除


text:
Breatainn Mhòr

Proper noun

 * 1) Great Britain

title: Breatainn Mhòr


text:
ognuno

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) each one, all
 * 2)  everyone, everybody
 * 1)  everyone, everybody

title: ognuno


text: Eilean Mhanainn

title: Eilean Mhanainn


text:
orgoglio

Etymology
From, borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) pride

title: orgoglio


text:
eilean

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) island

title: eilean