text:
woolen

Etymology
From, , from , from , equivalent to. Cognate with 🇨🇬,, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) Made of wool.
 * 2) Of or relating to wool or woolen cloths.
 * 1) Of or relating to wool or woolen cloths.

Translations

 * Arabic: صُوفِيّ
 * Bulgarian:
 * Danish: ulden
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: villa- ,
 * French: en laine
 * Galician: de la
 * Georgian:
 * German:, Woll-
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: ullar-
 * Ido:
 * Ingrian: lankain
 * Italian: di lana, in lana
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Latin:
 * Macedonian: во́лнен
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: ullen
 * Old English: wyllen
 * Portuguese: de lã
 * Romanian: de lână
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: de lana
 * Telugu:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: вовняний, шерстяний
 * Yiddish: וואָלן

Noun

 * 1)  An item of clothing made from wool

Translations

 * Bulgarian: вълнена дреха
 * French:
 * German:
 * Korean:
 * Swedish:

title: woolen


text:
協議

Verb

 * 1) to agree on; to negotiate

Noun

 * 1) agreement; accord; bargain; settlement
 * 2)  protocol
 * 1)  protocol
 * 1)  protocol
 * 1)  protocol
 * 1)  protocol
 * 1)  protocol
 * 1)  protocol
 * 1)  protocol

Synonyms

Noun

 * 1) consultation, conference, deliberation, discussion, negotiation

Verb

 * 1) to confer, to discuss

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 協議


text:
braize

Etymology 1

. Perhaps akin to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) A European marine fish,, allied to the American scup; the becker. The name is sometimes applied to the related species.

Noun

 * 1)  meat cooked by braising
 * 2)  small charcoal for melting ore

Verb

 * braizing meat
 * braizing meat

title: braize


text:
cockerel

Etymology
From, equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) A young male chicken.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:, , (quan encara no té plomes)
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 小公雞
 * Czech:
 * Dalmatian: poluastro
 * Danish: hanekylling
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: kukepoeg
 * Finnish: kukonpoika
 * French:
 * Georgian: ყვინჩილა
 * German:, Junghahn, junger Hahn
 * Greek: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:, ,
 * Latvian: gailēns
 * Macedonian: петле
 * Manx: eean kellee
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi:
 * Shahmukhi: کُکَڑ
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: kohútik
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swahili:
 * Tagalog: tatandangin
 * Talysh: سوک
 * Volapük: higokül
 * Yakut: бөтүүкчээн

title: cockerel


text:
belerang

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) sulfur element

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) sulfur element

title: belerang


text:
ручка

Noun

 * 1) pen

Noun

 * : small hand
 * 1) handle, crank
 * 2) knob
 * 3) grip
 * 4) chair arm
 * 5) lever
 * 6)  pen
 * 7) pen holder

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) handle, helve, haft

Noun

 * 1) pen
 * 2) handle
 * 3) hilt

title: ручка


text:
coppice

Etymology
From, from , from presumed , from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes, typically managed to promote growth and ensure a reliable supply of timber. See copse.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 萌芽更新
 * Czech: mlází, houština,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * German: Stockausschlag
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 萌芽更新
 * Macedonian: ко́парок
 * Ottoman Turkish: بالطه‌لق
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: mata de talhadia
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: preasarlach
 * Serbo-Croatian: šibik,, ,
 * Spanish: bosquecillo
 * Swedish: skottskog

Verb

 * 1)  To manage (a wooded area) sustainably, as a coppice, by periodically cutting back woody plants to promote new growth.
 * Her plan to coppice the woods should keep her self-sufficient in fuel indefinitely.
 * 1)  To sprout from the stump.
 * Few conifer species can coppice.

Translations

 * Czech: prořezat, prořezávat
 * Scottish Gaelic: dèan preasarlach

 * French:

title: coppice


text:
standel

Noun

 * 1) a young tree, especially one reserved when others are cut.

title: standel


text:
storer

Noun

 * 1) One who lays up or forms a store.

Noun

 * 1) A young tree, especially one reserved when others are cut; a standel.

title: storer


text:
collier

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) A person in the business or occupation of producing (digging or mining) coal or making charcoal or in its transporting or commerce.
 * 2)  A vessel carrying a bulk cargo of coal.
 * 3)  A sailor on such a vessel.
 * 4)  A non-traveller.
 * 1)  A sailor on such a vessel.
 * 2)  A non-traveller.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: въглекопач
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 煤船員
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:, koempel
 * French: ,
 * German:, ,
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Irish: gualadóir, mianadóir guail
 * Latin: carbōnārius
 * Polish:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

 * Bulgarian: въглевоз
 * Dutch:, koolschip
 * French:
 * Greek: ,
 * Irish: bád guail, pota guail, soitheach guail
 * Italian: carboniera
 * Polish:
 * Russian:

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) a necklace, string-shaped jewel worn around the neck
 * 2) collar (e.g. of a dog)
 * 3) collar on animals, colored fur around the neck

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a necklace, string-shaped jewel worn around the neck

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) a choker

title: collier


text:
second cousin once removed

Noun

 * 1) A child of a second cousin.
 * 2) A second cousin of a parent.
 * 1) A second cousin of a parent.

Translations

 * Russian: трою́родный племя́нник, трою́родная племя́нница
 * Swedish: sysslingbarn

 * Russian: трою́родный дя́дя, трою́родная тётя

title: second cousin once removed


text:
first cousin once removed

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A first cousin's child.
 * 2) A parent's first cousin.
 * 1) A parent's first cousin.

Translations

 * Danish: grandfætter, grandkusine
 * Esperanto: prakuzo, prakuzino
 * Faroese: annar og triðji
 * Finnish: serkun lapsi
 * French: ,
 * German: Großcousin, Großcousine
 * Hungarian: dédunokatestvér
 * Japanese: 従兄弟違い, 従甥, 従姪
 * Korean: ,
 * Malay: anak sepupu pertama
 * Russian: ,
 * Seri: aac
 * Southern Altai: шаны
 * Spanish: sobrino segundo
 * Swedish: kusinbarn
 * Ukrainian: двою́рідний племі́нник, двою́рідна племі́нниця

 * Danish: grandfætter, grandkusine
 * Faroese: triðji og annar
 * Finnish:
 * German: Großcousin, Großcousine
 * Hungarian: dédnagybácsi, dédnagynéni
 * Japanese: 従兄弟違い, 従伯父, 従叔父 , 従伯母 , 従叔母
 * Korean:, , ,
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: filleonkel, filletante
 * Russian:, двоюродная тётя ,  , двоюродная тётя
 * Spanish: tío segundo, tía segunda
 * Swedish: fars kusin, pappas kusin, mors kusin, mammas kusin , förälders kusin
 * Ukrainian: двою́рідний дя́дько, двою́рідна ті́тка

title: first cousin once removed


text:
matar

Etymology
Most likely from (through a  root ). Alternatively, possibly from Vulgar Latin *, from Late Latin, related to.

Verb

 * 1)  to kill

Etymology
Most likely from, present active infinitive of (through a  root ). Alternatively, possibly from Vulgar Latin *, from Late Latin, related to.

Verb

 * 1) to

Etymology
Most likely from (through a  root ). Alternatively, possibly from, from , related to.

Verb

 * 1) to kill
 * 2) to extinguish
 * 1) to extinguish

Conjugation
The past participle can optionally be mort.

Etymology
From, most likely from , present active infinitive of (through a  root ). Alternatively, possibly from Vulgar Latin *, from Late Latin, related to.

Verb

 * 1)  to kill
 * 2)  to accidentally kill oneself
 * 3)  to commit suicide
 * 4)  to kill oneself
 * 5)  to extinguish, turn off, quench
 * 1)  to extinguish, turn off, quench
 * 1)  to extinguish, turn off, quench

Verb

 * 1) to kill

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to kill
 * 2)  to harm
 * 3)  to commit suicide

Etymology
From, probably from (through ). The development of -ct- would be irregular, however. Hence possibly derived from or influenced by Late Latin, related to. Another possibility is an influence by.

The short past participle is derived from, an unrelated verb that means "to die."

Verb

 * 1)  to kill to cause to die
 * 2)   to kill; to eradicate; to destroy
 * 3)   to kill to cause extreme pain, distress or exhaustion in
 * 4)   to kill to write a story that conveys the death of
 * 5)   to satisfy, to satiate, to quench to fulfil an emotional or physiological need
 * 6)   to break one's back to make a great effort
 * 7)   to spend [a period of time] doing unimportant things
 * 8)   to skip not to be present in a class
 * 9)   to solve to find the solution to a mystery
 * 10)   to consume something entirely (especially an alcoholic drink); to knock down
 * 11)   to stop a moving ball
 * 12)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table
 * 1)   to kill to write a story that conveys the death of
 * 2)   to satisfy, to satiate, to quench to fulfil an emotional or physiological need
 * 3)   to break one's back to make a great effort
 * 4)   to spend [a period of time] doing unimportant things
 * 5)   to skip not to be present in a class
 * 6)   to solve to find the solution to a mystery
 * 7)   to consume something entirely (especially an alcoholic drink); to knock down
 * 8)   to stop a moving ball
 * 9)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table
 * 1)   to skip not to be present in a class
 * 2)   to solve to find the solution to a mystery
 * 3)   to consume something entirely (especially an alcoholic drink); to knock down
 * 4)   to stop a moving ball
 * 5)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table
 * 1)   to solve to find the solution to a mystery
 * 2)   to consume something entirely (especially an alcoholic drink); to knock down
 * 3)   to stop a moving ball
 * 4)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table
 * 1)   to stop a moving ball
 * 2)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table
 * 1)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table
 * 1)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table
 * 1)   to pocket to cause a ball to go into one of the pockets of the table

Etymology
Several possibilities:
 * From (through a ). Thus, a potential cognate with 🇨🇬.
 * From, from , related to . Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, archaic 🇨🇬.
 * From, in turn from ; compare 🇨🇬.
 * From, compare , the probable source of the second part of 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to kill, slay
 * 2) to put out, extinguish
 * 3) to butcher
 * 4) to injure, damage
 * 5) to fatigue, exhaust, tire out
 * 6) to dull
 * 7) to round off
 * 8) to ruin
 * 9)  to kill
 * 10)  to kill
 * 11)  to kill
 * 12)  to beat
 * 13) to postmark
 * 14)  to kill oneself, to commit suicide
 * 15)  to be killed, to meet one’s death
 * 16)  to become galled, to become chafed, to get sores (said of horses)
 * 17)  to wear oneself out
 * 1)  to beat
 * 2) to postmark
 * 3)  to kill oneself, to commit suicide
 * 4)  to be killed, to meet one’s death
 * 5)  to become galled, to become chafed, to get sores (said of horses)
 * 6)  to wear oneself out
 * 1)  to become galled, to become chafed, to get sores (said of horses)
 * 2)  to wear oneself out

title: matar


text:
tuyere

Etymology
From, from , from , from , , , from , from , from , from ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Pronunciation

 * or
 * or
 * or
 * or

Noun

 * 1) A nozzle or similar fixture through which the blast is delivered to the interior of a blast furnace, or to the fire of a forge

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, 風咀
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: Blasdüse
 * Korean: 투이어, 송풍구
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: duvnica

title: tuyere


text:
bloom

Etymology 1
From, from , from. of bloom (“spongy mass of metal”); see there for more.

Noun

 * 1) A blossom; the flower of a plant; an expanded bud.
 * 2)  Flowers.
 * 3)  The opening of flowers in general; the state of blossoming or of having the flowers open.
 * 4)  A state or time of beauty, freshness, and vigor; an opening to higher perfection, analogous to that of buds into blossoms.
 * 5) Rosy colour; the flush or glow on a person's cheek.
 * 6) The delicate, powdery coating upon certain growing or newly-gathered fruits or leaves, as on grapes, plums, etc.
 * 7) Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness.
 * 8)  An algal bloom.
 * 9) The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture.
 * 10) A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well-tanned leather.
 * 11)  A bright-hued variety of some minerals.
 * 12)  A white area of cocoa butter that forms on the surface of chocolate when warmed and cooled.
 * 13)  An undesirable halo effect that may occur when a very bright region is displayed next to a very dark region of the screen.
 * 14)  The increase in bullet spread over time as a gun's trigger is kept held.
 * 1) Anything giving an appearance of attractive freshness.
 * 2)  An algal bloom.
 * 3) The clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture.
 * 4) A yellowish deposit or powdery coating which appears on well-tanned leather.
 * 5)  A bright-hued variety of some minerals.
 * 6)  A white area of cocoa butter that forms on the surface of chocolate when warmed and cooled.
 * 7)  An undesirable halo effect that may occur when a very bright region is displayed next to a very dark region of the screen.
 * 8)  The increase in bullet spread over time as a gun's trigger is kept held.
 * 1)  A white area of cocoa butter that forms on the surface of chocolate when warmed and cooled.
 * 2)  An undesirable halo effect that may occur when a very bright region is displayed next to a very dark region of the screen.
 * 3)  The increase in bullet spread over time as a gun's trigger is kept held.

Synonyms

 * blossom, flower
 * blossom, flower
 * flush, glow

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Czech:
 * Finnish:
 * French:, en fleurs,
 * Italian:
 * Northern Sami: lieđđun
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, ,
 * Urdu: کھلنا

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * French:
 * Maori: ngarurutanga
 * Russian: ,

 * Bulgarian: пух
 * Catalan: pruïna
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:, ,
 * German: Reifbelag
 * Italian:
 * Maori: hanamā
 * Romanian:
 * Spanish:

 * Finnish:
 * French:

 * Finnish:
 * French:

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1)  To cause to blossom; to make flourish.
 * 2)  To bestow a bloom upon; to make blooming or radiant.
 * 3)  Of a plant, to produce blooms; to open its blooms.
 * 4)  To spread; to slowly expand like a field of flowers that blossom in fits and spurts.
 * Shadows bloomed over the yard.
 * Anger bloomed up from his throat.
 * 1)  Of a person, business, etc, to flourish; to be in a state of healthful, growing youth and vigour; to show beauty and freshness.
 * 2)  To bring out the flavor of a spice by cooking it in oil.
 * 3)  To develop a layer of bloom (white, spotty areas of cocoa butter) due to repeated warming and cooling.
 * 4)  To let carbon dioxide to escape from coffee in order to improve the taste.
 * 5)  To hydrate gelatin before using it.
 * 1)  To bring out the flavor of a spice by cooking it in oil.
 * 2)  To develop a layer of bloom (white, spotty areas of cocoa butter) due to repeated warming and cooling.
 * 3)  To let carbon dioxide to escape from coffee in order to improve the taste.
 * 4)  To hydrate gelatin before using it.
 * 1)  To develop a layer of bloom (white, spotty areas of cocoa butter) due to repeated warming and cooling.
 * 2)  To let carbon dioxide to escape from coffee in order to improve the taste.
 * 3)  To hydrate gelatin before using it.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: разцъфвам
 * Finnish: saada kukkimaan
 * Latin: vernō
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

 * Bulgarian: разцъфвам
 * Esperanto: flori
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Northern Sami: lieđđut
 * Spanish:
 * Ukrainian:

 * Finnish:

Etymology 3
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Related to, , ; also related to flower, foil, and belladonna.

Noun

 * 1) The spongy mass of metal formed in a furnace by the smelting process.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: блума,
 * Danish: luppe
 * French:
 * Manx: bloom
 * Portuguese:

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) broom

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  bloom

title: bloom


text:
fantasma

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) ghost, phantom

Etymology
, or.

Noun

 * 1) ghost, spectre
 * 2) illusion
 * 1) illusion

Etymology
, from, from. .

Noun

 * 1) ghost (spirit appearing after death)

Usage notes
The gender of fantasma varies from person to person:
 * some use it as a masculine when referring to the ghost of a man and feminine when referring to the ghost of a woman;
 * some use it as a masculine always, irrespective of the ghost’s sex;
 * in the past, it was also used as a feminine noun always.

Etymology
, from, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ghost, phantom, wraith
 * 2)  show-off
 * 1)  show-off

title: fantasma


text:
gad

Etymology 1
Euphemistic alteration of.

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1)  To move from one location to another in an apparently random and frivolous manner.
 * 2) * 1903, Howard Pyle, The Story of King Arthur and His Knights, Part III, Chapter Fourth, page 123
 * So when he saw King Arthur he said: "Thou knave! Wherefore didst thou quit thy work to go a-gadding?"
 * 1)  To run with the tail in the air, bent over the back, usually in an attempt to escape the warble fly.
 * So when he saw King Arthur he said: "Thou knave! Wherefore didst thou quit thy work to go a-gadding?"
 * 1)  To run with the tail in the air, bent over the back, usually in an attempt to escape the warble fly.
 * 1)  To run with the tail in the air, bent over the back, usually in an attempt to escape the warble fly.
 * 1)  To run with the tail in the air, bent over the back, usually in an attempt to escape the warble fly.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: скитам се, шляя се
 * Czech: toulat se, chodit za zábavou, vyrážet za zábavou
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:, წანწალი
 * Maori: kaihanu, tihoi
 * Russian: ,
 * Ukrainian: вештатися, тинятися, шлятися, швендяти

Noun

 * 1) One who roams about idly; a gadabout.

Etymology 3
From, from , from , from , , related to. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. See also.

Noun

 * 1)  A greedy and/or stupid person.

Etymology 4
From, , borrowed from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  A goad, a sharp-pointed rod for driving cattle, horses, etc, or one with a whip or thong on the end for the same purpose.
 * 2) * 1684, Meriton, Praise Ale, l. 100, in 1851, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, The Yorkshire Anthology: A Collection of Ancient and Modern Ballads, Poems and Songs, Relating to the County of Yorkshire, page 71:
 * Ist yoakes and bowes and gad and yoaksticks there?
 * 1)  A rod or stick, such as a fishing rod or a measuring rod.
 * 2)  A pointed metal tool for breaking or chiselling rock.
 * 3)  A metal bar.
 * 4)  An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.
 * 5) A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.
 * 1)  A rod or stick, such as a fishing rod or a measuring rod.
 * 2)  A pointed metal tool for breaking or chiselling rock.
 * 3)  A metal bar.
 * 4)  An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.
 * 5) A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.
 * 1)  A pointed metal tool for breaking or chiselling rock.
 * 2)  A metal bar.
 * 3)  An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.
 * 4) A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.
 * 1)  An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.
 * 2) A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.
 * 1)  An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.
 * 2) A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.
 * 1) A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.
 * 1) A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,

Noun

 * 1) song
 * 2) sung poetry

Etymology 1
From, from , from late , a root also connected to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) withe
 * 2) string, rope, band

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1)  take away, remove; snatch, carry off

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  venomous snake, viper, adder

Noun

 * 1) poison, venom

Noun

 * 1) juniper, cedar (especially )

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) reptile

Noun

 * 1) scoundrel

Etymology 1
. Possibly from. Alternatively, compare 🇨🇬. Attested from the 19th century.

Noun

 * 1) a mass of ice

Etymology 2
. Attested from the 20th century. Compare,. Compare also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a ball of wood or cork used to play shinty

Pronoun

 * 1) you

Usage notes

 * Lenites the following word.

Etymology 2
From, from , from late or , a root also connected to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) withy, withe

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a repulsive person
 * 2) scoundrel
 * 3) cad
 * 4) asshole
 * 5) snake; lizard

Verb

 * 1) to buy

Noun

 * 1)  an immature coconut

Usage notes
Gad or is the third stage of coconut growth. It is preceded by  or , and followed by.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) snake

Noun

 * 1) garden

Noun

 * 1) cedar or juniper tree, especially.

title: gad


text:
finery

Noun

 * 1)  Fineness; beauty.
 * 2)  Ornament; decoration; especially, excessive decoration; showy clothes; jewels.
 * 3) fine point; minute characteristic
 * 4)  A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling.
 * 1)  A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling.
 * 1)  A charcoal hearth or furnace for the conversion of cast iron into wrought iron, or into iron suitable for puddling.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Finnish: kruusaus, ,
 * Maori: whakapaipai
 * Russian:

 * Bulgarian: пещ за рафиниране

title: finery


text:
chafery

Noun

 * 1) An open furnace or forge, in which blooms are heated before being wrought into bars.

title: chafery


text:
debilis

Etymology

 * From . See the same contraction in.
 * Others suggest from + . Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) weak, frail, feeble
 * 2) lame, disabled, crippled, infirm, debilitated
 * 1) lame, disabled, crippled, infirm, debilitated
 * 1) lame, disabled, crippled, infirm, debilitated
 * 1) lame, disabled, crippled, infirm, debilitated

Descendants

 * Italo-Dalmatian
 * Eastern Romance
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * West Iberian
 * Eastern Romance
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * West Iberian
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * West Iberian
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * West Iberian
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * West Iberian
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * West Iberian
 * Rhaeto-Romance
 * West Iberian
 * West Iberian
 * West Iberian
 * West Iberian
 * West Iberian
 * West Iberian

title: debilis


text: woollen

title: woollen


text:
woolly

Etymology 1
From, equivalent to. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) Made of wool.
 * 2) Having a thick, soft texture, as if made of wool.
 * 3)  Unclear, fuzzy, hazy, cloudy.
 * 4)  Clothed in wool.
 * 5)  Cross; irritable.
 * 1)  Unclear, fuzzy, hazy, cloudy.
 * 2)  Clothed in wool.
 * 3)  Cross; irritable.
 * 1)  Clothed in wool.
 * 2)  Cross; irritable.
 * 1)  Clothed in wool.
 * 2)  Cross; irritable.
 * 1)  Cross; irritable.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: llanós
 * Dutch:
 * French:
 * Friulian: lanôs
 * German:, Woll-
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Hunsrik: wollich
 * Irish: olla, olanda
 * Italian: lanoso
 * Macedonian: во́лнен
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Turkish:
 * Welsh:

 * German: wollartig,, zottig, ,
 * Macedonian: ру́нтав, вла́кнест
 * Swedish:

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * German:, , , , , , , unkonkret
 * Macedonian: не́јасен

Noun

 * 1)  A sweater or similar garment made of wool.
 * 2)  A sheep not yet shorn.
 * 3) A piece of woolwork.
 * 1)  A sheep not yet shorn.
 * 2) A piece of woolwork.

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A woolly back; someone from the area around Liverpool, not from Liverpool itself.

title: woolly


text:
wooly

Etymology
From, equivalent to.

Adjective

 * Put on a wooly jumper and turn down the thermostat.
 * wooly hair
 * That's the sort of wooly thinking that causes wars to start.
 * That's the sort of wooly thinking that causes wars to start.

title: wooly


text:
User:Ambi~enwiktionary

Thought I'd drop in over here and see what I can do. The names project sounds interesting, anyway.

title: User:Ambi~enwiktionary


text: うつ

title: うつ


text:
daddy

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  Father.
 * 2)  A perfect example, a role model.
 * 3)  A male lover.
 * 4)  A dominant male partner,.
 * 5)  A male juvenile delinquent in a reformatory who dominates the other inmates through threats and violence.
 * 6)  A stage manager.
 * 7)  The person who gives away the bride at a wedding, in the absence of her actual father.
 * 8)  An accomplice selected to win the prize in a fraudulent raffle or lottery.
 * 9)  The man in charge of a casual ward, generally an elderly pauper.
 * 1)  A dominant male partner,.
 * 2)  A male juvenile delinquent in a reformatory who dominates the other inmates through threats and violence.
 * 3)  A stage manager.
 * 4)  The person who gives away the bride at a wedding, in the absence of her actual father.
 * 5)  An accomplice selected to win the prize in a fraudulent raffle or lottery.
 * 6)  The man in charge of a casual ward, generally an elderly pauper.
 * 1)  A stage manager.
 * 2)  The person who gives away the bride at a wedding, in the absence of her actual father.
 * 3)  An accomplice selected to win the prize in a fraudulent raffle or lottery.
 * 4)  The man in charge of a casual ward, generally an elderly pauper.
 * 1)  The man in charge of a casual ward, generally an elderly pauper.

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: بَابَا, (my father)
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani: dədə
 * Belarusian: та́та, ба́ця
 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Hokkien:, ,
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish: farmand
 * Dutch:, , , vake
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: ,
 * Finnish:, , ,
 * French:
 * Georgian: მამიკო, მამა
 * German:, ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:, , , पिताजी
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: daidí, deaide
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish:, باوکە
 * Latin: tata
 * Latvian: tētis
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: тато, тате,
 * Marathi: बाबा
 * Navajo: azhéʼé
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Persian:
 * Iranian Persian:
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Sanskrit:
 * Scottish Gaelic: boban, dadaidh
 * Slovak:, tatík, otecko, , apko, apík
 * Slovene: očka
 * Spanish:, , papaíto
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:, papa, itay
 * Tajik: дада, дадо
 * Taos: tǫ̂mʼȕ
 * Thai: คุณพ่อ,, ป๊า,
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: та́то, тату́сь
 * Urdu: بابا,, باپ, دادا
 * Vietnamese:, , , ,
 * Volapük:
 * Yoruba: baba

 * Latvian: papucītis
 * Navajo: azhéʼé
 * Spanish: ,

Verb

 * 1)  To father; to sire.

Adjective

 * 1)  Resembling or characteristic of a dad.

title: daddy


text:
MPEG

Proper noun

 * 1) Moving Pictures Experts Group

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a group of computer file formats for the compression and storage of digital video and audio data.
 * 2)  A computer file (as of a movie) in an MPEG format.

title: MPEG


text:
screenshot

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  An image of computer or smartphone screen output at a given moment in time.

Translations

 * Amharic: ቅጽበታዊ ገጽ እይታ
 * Catalan: captura de pantalla
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: snímek obrazovky
 * Danish:
 * Dutch: schermafbeelding, schermafdruk,
 * Esperanto: ekrankopio, ekranprintaĵo
 * Finnish:, ruudunkaappaus,
 * French:
 * Galician: captura de pantalla
 * German:, , , Hardcopy
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian: képernyőkép, képernyőfotó, képernyőmentés
 * Indonesian: cuplikan layar
 * Italian:, ,
 * Japanese: ,
 * Malay:
 * Maori: kapomata
 * Moroccan Amazigh: ⵉⵎⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: skjermbilde, skjermdump
 * Nynorsk: skjermbilete, skjermbilde
 * Polish: zrzut ekranu
 * Portuguese: captura de ecrã, captura de tela , ,
 * Romanian: captură de ecran
 * Russian:, , сни́мок экра́на
 * Serbo-Croatian: snimak zaslona, снимак заслона
 * Spanish: captura de pantalla,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Thai: ,
 * Tigrinya: ቅጽበታዊ ገጽ ትርኢት, ቅጽበታዊ ምስሊ
 * Turkish: ekran görüntüsü, ekran yakalama görüntüsü
 * Ukrainian: зня́ток
 * Vietnamese: ảnh chụp màn hình, hình chụp màn hình
 * Welsh: sgrînlun

Verb

 * 1)  To take a screenshot of something.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Esperanto: ekrankopii
 * Finnish: ottaa kuvakaappaus
 * German: ein Bildschirmfoto machen
 * Hungarian: képernyőképet/képernyőfotót/képernyőmentést készít
 * Maori: kapomata
 * Moroccan Amazigh: ⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ
 * Portuguese: capturar ecrã,  tirar uma captura de ecrã,  capturar tela,  tirar uma captura de tela
 * Russian:, , , , , , де́лать скриншо́т, сде́лать скриншо́т, де́лать сни́мок экра́на, сде́лать сни́мок экра́на
 * Swedish: ta skärmbild, ta skärmdump
 * Vietnamese: chụp màn hình

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)   image of computer screen output

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)   image of computer screen output

title: screenshot


text:
set on fire

Verb

 * 1)  To cause to begin to burn.
 * 2)  To arouse passionate feelings in.
 * 1)  To arouse passionate feelings in.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Armenian:, ,
 * Azerbaijani: odlamaq, od vurmaq,, alışdırmaq
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 焚燒
 * Hokkien:, 放火燒
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: in brand steken,
 * Esperanto: ekbruligi
 * Finnish:
 * French:, ,
 * Galician:, , pregar
 * Georgian: წვავს, დაწვავს
 * German: ,
 * Greek: βάζω φωτιά
 * Hebrew: הצית, הדליק
 * Hindi: ,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: virittää, syttää, sytyttää
 * Italian:, dare fuoco a
 * Japanese: 火を付ける,, ,
 * Kashmiri:
 * Devanagari: ज़ालुन
 * Perso-Arabic: زالُن
 * Kazakh: жағу, өртеу
 * Khmer:
 * Korean: 불-을 지르다, 점화(點火)하다,
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: سووتاندن, ئاگرکردن
 * Latin: incendō,, , flammō
 * Latvian: aizdedzināt
 * Lithuanian: padegti
 * Malay:
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Romanian: da foc
 * Russian:, ,
 * Samoan: tutu
 * Slovak: zapáliť, podpáliť
 * Spanish: pegar fuego, prender fuego,, ,
 * Swedish: sätta eld,, sätta i brand, sätta fyr på
 * Telugu:, మంటబెట్టు
 * Tetum:
 * Thai:, จุดไฟ
 * Tongan: tutu
 * Ukrainian: підпа́лювати, підпали́ти
 * Vietnamese: ,

 * Azerbaijani: coşdurmaq, qızışdırmaq
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Hebrew: הצית
 * Hungarian: lángra gyújt,
 * Lithuanian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish: sätta i brand

title: set on fire


text:
firefly

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  Any beetle of the family, which exhibit bioluminescence during twilight.
 * 2) * 2000, Exploring Life Science, 2: Bats—Cave Life, Marshall Cavendish, page 96,
 * Fireflies are the best-known insects that produce light.Many fireflies use their light to communicate, particularly at mating time when males and females have to get together.

Derived terms

 * femme fatale firefly

Translations

 * Adyghe: мэшӏуахь
 * Afrikaans: glimwurm, vuurvlieg
 * Aklanon: aninipot
 * Alabama: hakchòmmapala
 * Albanian:
 * Amis: 'alopaynay
 * Antillean Creole: bètafé, klendendeng, klendenden, labèl, bowè
 * Arabic: يَرَاعَة
 * Armenian:, ,
 * Assamese: জোনাকী
 * Azerbaijani: işıldaböcək
 * Bashkir: баҙлауыҡ
 * Basque: euli ipurtargi
 * Belarusian: святля́к, сьвятля́к, светлячо́к
 * Bengali:, জুনি, , , , ,
 * Bikol Central:
 * Breton: preñv-lugern, c'hwibu-luc'h
 * Brooke's Point Palawano: keninipet
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:, cuca de llum
 * Cebuano: aninipot
 * Chamicuro: puulo
 * Cherokee: ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩ
 * Cheyenne: vó'ho'kâsénoma'ne
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 螢火蟲
 * Eastern Min: 藍尾星
 * Hakka: 火焰蟲
 * Hokkien:, 火焰蛄 , 火螢
 * Mandarin:
 * Cree: ᑵᑵᑯᒌᐢ
 * Czech:
 * Danish: ildflue
 * Dupaningan Agta: lipat-lipat
 * Dutch: ,
 * Eastern Mari: тулшукш
 * Esperanto: fulgoro
 * Estonian: jaanimardikas
 * Faroese: eldfluga
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:, , moiselle ,
 * Galician:, , , , lurcucú, lucerga, voilus
 * Georgian: ციცინათელა
 * German:, , Johanniswürmchen
 * Pennsylvania German: Feiervoggel
 * Greek: ,
 * Guaraní: muã
 * Guhu-Samane: qaata
 * Gujarati: આગિયો
 * Hadza: cinambo
 * Haitian Creole: koukouy
 * Hawaiian: nalo ʻuiʻuiki
 * Hebrew:
 * Hiligaynon: aninípot
 * Hindi:, ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:, , glætufluga, glóbjalla, ,
 * Ido:
 * Ilocano: kulalanti
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: lampróg, tinechuileog
 * Italian:
 * Jamaican Creole: peenie wallie
 * Japanese: ,
 * Javanese: ꦏꦺꦴꦤꦁ
 * Kapampangan: alipatpat
 * Karamojong: ŋamion
 * Kavalan: klamlamu
 * Kazakh: жарық қоңыз
 * Khmer:
 * Kikuyu: njeneni
 * Korean:, ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Lakota: waŋyéča, uŋzéblinkblink
 * Latin: cicindela
 * Latvian: jāņtārpiņš
 * Ligurian: ciæbèlla
 * Lingala: epela-mwinda, tɛ́nitɛ́ni
 * Lithuanian:, žibukas
 * Macedonian: светулка
 * Madurese: ꦉꦤ꧀ꦤ
 * Malagasy:
 * Malay: kelip-kelip, kunang-kunang
 * Malayalam:, ,
 * Malecite-Passamaquoddy: possaqhessoss
 * Maori: titiwai
 * Marathi: काजवा
 * Miyako: ヤーンブ
 * Mongolian: гэрэлтдэг цох, ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦᠳᠡᠭ ᠴᠣᠬᠤ
 * Nahuatl:, copitl, xoxotla
 * Navajo: chʼosh bikǫʼí
 * Neapolitan: luceluce
 * Northern Catanduanes Bicolano: aninipot
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: lysbille,
 * Nynorsk: lysbille
 * Occitan: lucèrna, luciòla, luscambra,
 * Okinawan: じーなー, じんじん
 * Okinoerabu: かんこ
 * Oroqen: budunə
 * Ottoman Turkish: آتش بوجكی, یلدز بوجكی
 * Persian: کرم شب‌تاب
 * Piedmontese: lusentela, lusariòla
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Punjabi: ਜੁਗਨੂਂ
 * Quechua: ninakuru, nina-nina, inchipala
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Samogitian: švėtvombuolė, švėtravombuolė
 * Sanskrit: ,
 * Saterland Frisian: Fjuurfljooge
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: кресница, кријесница
 * Roman: ,
 * Shan:
 * Slovak: svetluška
 * Slovene:
 * Southern East Cree: ᐙᔥᑐᐌᔒᔥ
 * Spanish:
 * Sranan Tongo: fayaworon
 * Sundanese: ᮎᮤᮊ-ᮎᮤᮊ
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Tajik:
 * Tamil:
 * Tày: hinh hỏi
 * Telugu:
 * Tetum: pirilampu
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Udmurt: ӝуасьнумыр
 * Ukrainian: світля́к, світлячо́к
 * Unami: sasapis
 * Urdu: جگنو
 * Vietnamese: ,
 * Waray-Waray: aninipot, bukatkat
 * Wastek: pil
 * Welsh: pryf tân, magïen
 * Western Panjabi: ٹٹیانا
 * Yiddish: גליװאָרעם
 * Yucatec Maya: cocay
 * Zhuang: ronghrib
 * Zulu: ukhanyikhanyi

title: firefly


text:
lightning bug

Noun

 * 1) A firefly.

title: lightning bug


text:
shite

Etymology 1
From the, , , cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬,, , from 🇨🇬. More at. .

Noun

 * 1)  Shit; trash; rubbish; nonsense
 * That’s a load of shite.
 * Look at all this shite.
 * 1)  A foolish or deceitful person.
 * He's a useless shite.

Translations

 * French:
 * German:

 * French:
 * German:
 * Korean: 개털

Adjective

 * 1)  Bad; awful; shit.
 * The film was utter shite.

Translations

 * French:
 * German:
 * Korean: 개털

Interjection

 * Shite! I left my wallet at home.
 * Shite! I left my wallet at home.

Translations

 * French:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Russian:

Etymology 2
From, from , from , from , from ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  To defecate.

Synonyms

 * See Thesaurus:defecate

title: shite


text:
vittu

Usage notes
The word is considered a bit more vulgar than fuck.

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) cunt, pussy
 * 2) ; fuck, hell.
 * 1) ; fuck, hell.
 * 1) ; fuck, hell.
 * 1) ; fuck, hell.
 * 1) ; fuck, hell.

Usage notes

 * Considered as vulgar as, if not more than, in English.
 * As the words, and  rhyme with , they may be used as a replacement for  and its derivatives to make the language more decent:

Interjection

 * 1) fuck

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  vulva, pussy

title: vittu


text:
Talk:copacetic

I, too, assumed copacetic derived from com (with) and pac (peace). I’m shocked to find no real discussion of this. I’m curious to know why that possibility isn’t considered. What about the word has canceled this possibility off the list of it’s possible origins. Would love to know more.

Misc
It is supposed to have come into English through black children hearing the Yiddish expression used by Jewish storekeepers in the South.

The main article rejects the idea that the origin was the Hebrew phrase "HaKol B'Seder" (all is in order), attributing it to Irving Bascheller. It should be noted that Mr Bascheller was likely Jewish. If this is the case, then he may well have based it on "HaKol B'Seder" or its Yiddish variation.

 * Copacetic is an unusual English language word in that it is one of the few words of unknown origin that is not considered slang in contemporary usage. Its use is found almost exclusively in North America.  Its most likely origin comes from African American slang in the late 19th century. The earliest known usage given in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1919:

 * 1919 I. BACHELLER Man for Ages iv. 69 ‘As to looks I'd call him, as ye might say, real copasetic.’ Mrs. Lukins expressed this opinion solemnly... Its last word stood for nothing more than an indefinite depth of meaning.

Alternatively, copacetic may have originated from Chinook Jargon, a trade language used in the Pacific Northwest to communicate between tribes, and European traders. The preposition "kopa" is very common in the language, and "Kopasetty" may have been used to mean "doing just fine". This theory is mentioned in an online Chinook Dictionary.

Another theory is that it comes from Hebrew via Yiddish and into English phrases, originally from hakol b’seder, “all is in order”, or kol b’tzedek, “all's with justice”.

 * Nobody says kol b’tzedek in either Hebrew or Yiddish, in this kind of situation.

 * As far as meaning goes, to me it always meant that if some thing, or some situation, is "copacetic" then that means, it's harmonious and "fits in" or works as it should.

Americanism
This is blatantly an Americanism, and should be labelled appropriately as such or at least as specifically US.

 * This may very well be from an American dialect, but would better be described as simply obscure rather than "Americanism." (The only ones I've known to use it are Velocity Girl as an album title -- I am American and I had to look this up, thought it might be archaic or something, and  guessed / imagined it to be related in some way to "copious"). --69.254.97.36 17:59, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It was much more common back in the 1960’s and 1970’s. I haven’t heard it much since then. —Stephen 02:31, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I still hear the word used now in Georgia (USA), but this is a word I heard more during the 1970s and 1980s, especially at parties. We would go to a party and when we said, "how are you doing?" certain people would grin or smile and say "it's copasetic, man." No one ever defined the word for me, but based on how it was used (you mostly heard it at parties where there was an extremely casual, pleasant atmosphere, although circumstances were not always "good," i.e. there were no fancy drinks or food because everyone was flat broke), my guess would have been that the word meant, "for a short time, here at this party, nothing matters at all... it's all good!" Fallendarlin (talk) 16:31, 7 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Nard Jones in Seattle (1972) mentions copacete as Chinook Jargon. He was from Seattle and rather old by then, and seems to have had more than a smattering of Chinook Jargon. He discusses at some length people roughly a generation older than him who were fluent. I myself moved to Seattle in 1977 and I would say that "copacetic" was and remains pretty current here. Pretty sure I'd rarely, if ever, heard it before coming here (though I'm pretty sure Gary Trudeau's Doonsebury has used it, and I might have seen it there before moving here). So, whatever its origins, it may be mostly a regionalism. - Jmabel 03:44, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

The writer of The Disco Blog uses it annoyingly frequently and she appears to be American software developer. |The Disco Blog

It is mentioned in the song Dirty Frank by Pearl Jam, from their first album Ten. The song tells the story, in a humorous way, of a bus driver that is a cannibal. It is mentioned in this verse: Keeps it clean, keeps it copaseptic// The little boys and girls, their heads are all collected. The way it is used here implies a meaning similar to copiously clean, aseptic or antiseptic.

It is used in the Grateful Dead song "West LA Fadeaway" ca. 1982, in a phrase discussing the narrator's job fencing stolen goods for the mob: "the pay was pathetic/it's a shame those boys couldn't be more copacetic."

The "best known and most highly paid African-American entertainer in the first half of the twentieth century" (active from 1900-1943) is mentioned as having disseminated or popularized the word, "via his repeated use of it in vaudeville and radio appearances" as mentioned in the Bill Robinson Wikipedia page. Qidsquid (talk) 00:36, 21 October 2017 (UTC)

Medicalism.

I used to hear this term frequently in my youth in the 1960's, always from someone in the medical profession. It was especially prevalent among young doctors and nurses of my acquaintance; they seemed to be exercising a recently learned slang term of their profession. I haven't heard it recently, though, so maybe it has died out there.

——— Person immediately above didn’t sign their comment———

The blues/jazz/swing musician, Cab Calloway, included it (spelled ”kopasetic”) in the 1944 edition of his HIPSTER’S DICTIONARY (subtitled LANGUAGE OF JIVE). He defines it as “absolutely okay, the tops.” I heard it often while growing up white middle class suburban in Alabama in the 1950s and 1960s. Valerie voigt (talk) 20:45, 16 April 2018 (UTC)Valerie Voigt

 * I heard it a fair bit in the 1960s, and never from doctors.

50s?
My grandfather was an immigrant from the Azores, became a successful Insurance Broker. This was one of his favorite words. To him, it did not mean "Everything is OK or fine." He said it meant literally "Everything is as it should be." Sometimes things are fine. Other times, things are all messed up, but there is a reason. But things are always, "As they should be, for whatever reason." When someone asks "How are things?" And you answer, "Copacetic." What they likely hear is that everything is fine. But in the event that things are all screwed up and for a reason, you don't have to explain and just suffice with the answer "Copacetic. (Things are as they should be)" 68.186.57.182 20:30, 10 May 2016 (UTC) My recollection is that the term was (re)popularized in the 50s (or perhaps the late 40s) by the beatnik/jazz community, and was becoming probably a bit passe by the early 60s (which is when you started hearing it on TV shows parodying the beatnik era).Danhicks 15:54, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It is hard to track fashion trends in words in the various groups that may use the term and still keep an entry usable. At present I don't think we can define a term as dated because "hip" or trendy people somewhere don't use it anymore. DCDuring TALK 18:08, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

I hear it all the time. I'm a doctor and it's 2009. Live in NE US.

My wife and I were discussing the word. It is 2009, I am 73 and grew up with the word in Georgia. My wife's father used the word as she was growing up in New England. She feels he used it when he was a submarine sailor during WW II. In both cases we feel the meaning was " all is O.K."

FWIW I haven't heard the word at all in all my 25 years in Houston, TX, but my wife is from Minnesota and they use it up there, not "all the time", but enough that everyone in Minneapolis seemed to know it (I had never heard it before I met her, and I didn't even believe it was a word, so she made a point by using it excessively with locals who not one of them said "huh?" like a Texan would if you used that word. 70.252.164.248 20:43, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

The Thriller writer James Lee Burke uses it in many of this books, particularly the character Detective Dave Robicheaux and his ex-partner Clete Purcel.eg. Swan Peak. The novels are often based around the New Orleans area and other parts of the Deep South. According to the book blurb the author lives in Montana and Louisiana. BookwormUK, 22.1.10

My "muddah" grew up in Brooklyn in the 1930s & 40s. She used this word frequently when I was growing up back in the 50s & 60s. I always had a feeling it came from the Jewish people in Brooklyn, but that was based on nothing but intuition and a belief that many of my mother's favorite words came from Yiddish.

Hello, the "Webster's IIIrd Int. Dic." says
(3/3, p. 502) : "origin unknown (slang) : very satisfactory, fine and dandy . ex: "his smile told him that everything was ~" (Robert Bloch) ". In french, we have an equivalent (used mainly in cars, tanks, planes and boats) : "ça baigne dans l'huile" or shorter "ça baigne" = (it runs smoothly, as if it were) soaked with oil. T.y. Arapaima 07:39, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * We have also "au poil" ("to the bristle"), whose origin I do not see clearly, but of very frequent (if not very elegant) use (not to be mistaken for "à poil" = stark nude) - and "aux petits oignons" ("with small onions") ...T.y. Arapaima 08:02, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

military
hear it in the US military frequently. In a Joe Cool, discussion sense. Not official chatter.

Co + Peace
I always assumed it derived from co + pace, some variant of the root word for "peace" and pacific. Rather shocked to find that is not known to be the case.

Cajun French
Google Translate from (Parisian) French gives "coup esètique" --> "esÃƒÂ¨tique shot", which gives "aesthetic blow" if we change e-grave to e, with a note "Showing translation for coup esthetique". In context, we can then read something similar to "final cut", say "top shelf!". I'm happy with the purported Cajun origin, though I challenge the translation "capable of being coped with successfully; able to cope with anything and everything": this is simply not there IMHO, unless as an expansion of "best you can get". 220.253.237.113 07:57, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

 * There is no such phrase in French or Creole - this is misinformation. Trying to tie this to the word "copacetic" is a real stretch! 173.178.172.161 13:51, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

meaning?
I don't really care about the etymology as much as the meaning! This should be first in the article, and be elaborated on. (i.e. I looked this up for its meaning firstmost) --CatCat (talk) 22:40, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

In conjunction, I quote from an edit above;

"Its last word stood 'for nothing more than an indefinite depth of meaning'."

Just let that depth sink in

Dutch
The Dutch word "gezellig" is very close in meaning to what I know as the English word "copacetic." I know it is not spelled like "copacetic" but when a Dutch person says this word, depending on where they are from (and how fast they say it), it can be quite mis-heard as "asetic" or "fasetic" by an untrained ear. So I offer this only as an alternative route of thought, and pose this question: Do any of you Nederlanders know of a Dutch two-word phrase that begins with a word sounding like "co", and ends with "gezellig"? The closest I can think of would be "kop" (cup), which, if paired with gezellig (kop gezellig), could potentially sound a lot like "cop-acetic," and it would seem very Dutch to me, to refer to a nice kop of koffie with friends as being a "kop gezellig" but I may be completely wrong. Still, while we are discussing and debating the origins of this word "copacetic", it seemed important to mention. Thanks for all the good talk about this word. Fallendarlin (talk) 00:13, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:copacetic


text:
Talk:supersede

How is it that this is the only word in English (that I know of) ending in sede? Most of the time this syllable is spelled "ceed". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.113.253.220 (talk • contribs) 14:45, 6 September 2004 (UTC)

Or "cede", which I thought was more likely related. Apparently supersede comes from root words with both the "cede" and "sede" spellings. The "sede" is Latin. I assume that it took "sede" instead of "cede" by essentially random chance... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.124.207.223 (talk • contribs) 06:29, 29 October 2004 (UTC)

 * The word is NOT spelt "cede" - It does not derive from "yielding". This cede is not a less common spelling - it is wrong. -- SGBailey 10:58, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Here's the link I mentioned elsewhere, which is supported by prevalence in Google: supersede is less than 4 times as common as supercede, as opposed to superceed, which is two orders of magnitude less common than either. Given that the "cede" spelling goes back to Middle English, there seems to be ample precedent.  Etymology is important in English orthography, but it's not paramount. -dmh 14:45, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

An interesting thing about the English language is that it can change. While supercede was perhaps once considered an incorrect spelling, this is utterly irrelevant. It IS found in popular dictionaries (e.g. Merriam-Webster). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.113.137.111 (talk • contribs) 04:39, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Displace in favour of another? In favour of self, surely.
if I displaced something in favour of another, I would not say "I superseded the X", I would say "I replaced the X with Y". To supersede is surely an active verb in which the actor replaces something with itself. Is there a good way of phrasing "To displace in favour of the active party"? I am not an experienced lexicographer. PhilHibbs (talk) 10:28, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Better now? I also changed the "nobody could supersede his sister" example: it sounded unrealistic. Equinox ◑ 17:36, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:supersede


text:
shit oneself

Verb

 * 1)  To soil oneself.
 * 2)  To be very frightened or astonished (to the extent that one might lose control of one's bowels).

Synonyms

 * (standard terms): fill one's pants, soil oneself, soil one's pants
 * (vulgar slang terms) shit one's pants, crap one's pants
 * (non-vulgar slang terms): fill one's pants, be petrified, be terrified, wet oneself
 * (vulgar slang terms): piss oneself, shit one's pants, shit bricks
 * (non-vulgar slang terms): fill one's pants, be petrified, be terrified, wet oneself
 * (vulgar slang terms): piss oneself, shit one's pants, shit bricks

Translations

 * Azerbaijani: tumanına sıçmaq
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:, , , sich die Hosen vollscheißen
 * Greek:
 * Italian: farsela addosso dalla paura
 * Macedonian: се посерува
 * Polish:, posrać się
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish: skita på sig
 * Turkish: altına sıçmak
 * Urdu: پاد گرم ہونا, گانڈ پھٹنا

title: shit oneself


text:
eff

Etymology 1
A spelling of the letter f (also spelled ef), the initial letter of the vulgar term fuck. Compare pee.

Verb

 * 1)  Fuck

Verb

 * 1) To put into words; to express.

Usage notes
This verb is unlikely to be understood without priming the listener by using the word in the same paragraph.

title: eff


text:
Talk:fiend

Needs a definition. — Paul G 16:41, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:fiend


text:
Talk:rangeomorph

New article in 'Science' magazine states several places 'they must indeed have been animals'.... RSvK 16:54, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:rangeomorph


text:
Talk:parentheses

Hello. I'm a complete newbie to Wiktionary, so I thought I'd ask this to make sure it really is a mistake. Is "parantheses" supposed to be spelled with an a rather than an e like that? I'm not sure if it's supposed to mean that the modern "parentheses" is supposed to be derived from "parantheses" or what. Any help would be appriciated. --Pie4all88 17:52, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right--it was misspelled. Should be 'parentheses'.  I fixed it.  Derivations are usually under a separate heading 'Etymology'.  Congrats for noticing.  RSvK 20:04, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:parentheses


text:
Appendix talk:Index/Chinese topical

This "Chinese" means "Chinese language" or "Chinese characters"? - I believe this poster refers to the fact that many individual characters are not used by themselves as words eg 个，and 哥？

Might need to clarify that this is traditional chinese, considering use of 問 as opposed to 问, which I believe are different depictions of the same character (traditional vs standardized).

title: Appendix talk:Index/Chinese topical


text:
Talk:bounce

I guess it can be explained as reflection of solid bodies : )

RFV discussion: December 2021
Noun: "The sack, licensing." I have no idea what this means. It's got a translation though! Equinox ◑ 12:39, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I assume "licensing" is a bad translation of e.g. French.
 * I can find uses of "gave me the bounce" to mean "broke up with me" (1890), "sacked me" (2014), not clear (2021). If this noun can't be verified by itself, perhaps we should create instead. This, that and the other (talk) 23:10, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

cited. I used three different ways of phrasing it. Kiwima (talk) 11:19, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

 * RFV-passed Br00pVain (talk) 12:22, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

noun sense 6
any semantic link to panus? Arlo Barnes (talk) 00:16, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:bounce


text:
clusterfuck

Etymology
From. Reportedly coined by poet  as Mongolian Cluster Fuck. First use appears c. 1965 in .

Noun

 * 1)  A chaotic situation where everything seems to go wrong, often caused by communication failure, a complex environment, or incompetence.
 * 2) * 1989: P. J. O'Rourke, Holidays in Hell p. 216
 * "Mongolian Cluster Fuck" is the technical term journalists use for a preplanned, wholly scripted, news-free event.
 * 1) * 2008, Ethan Coen, Joel Coen, Burn After Reading, IMDB tt0887883
 * [CIA-Superior:] Okay. Okay. If he wakes up we'll worry about it then. Jesus, what a clusterfuck.
 * 1) * 2013: Barbara Kruger: What a ridiculous clusterfuck of totally uncool jokers. I make my work about this kind of sadly foolish farce. I’m waiting for all of them to sue me for copyright infringement in response to the Supreme v Married To The Mob battle
 * 1) * 2008, Ethan Coen, Joel Coen, Burn After Reading, IMDB tt0887883
 * [CIA-Superior:] Okay. Okay. If he wakes up we'll worry about it then. Jesus, what a clusterfuck.
 * 1) * 2013: Barbara Kruger: What a ridiculous clusterfuck of totally uncool jokers. I make my work about this kind of sadly foolish farce. I’m waiting for all of them to sue me for copyright infringement in response to the Supreme v Married To The Mob battle
 * 1) * 2008, Ethan Coen, Joel Coen, Burn After Reading, IMDB tt0887883
 * [CIA-Superior:] Okay. Okay. If he wakes up we'll worry about it then. Jesus, what a clusterfuck.
 * 1) * 2013: Barbara Kruger: What a ridiculous clusterfuck of totally uncool jokers. I make my work about this kind of sadly foolish farce. I’m waiting for all of them to sue me for copyright infringement in response to the Supreme v Married To The Mob battle
 * 1) * 2013: Barbara Kruger: What a ridiculous clusterfuck of totally uncool jokers. I make my work about this kind of sadly foolish farce. I’m waiting for all of them to sue me for copyright infringement in response to the Supreme v Married To The Mob battle

Translations

 * Danish: kaotisk situation
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:, , ,
 * Polish:, , rozpierducha ,  , pierdolnia , jebutnia , ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, ,
 * Serbo-Croatian: kaotična situacija, ,
 * Cyrillic: кластерфак
 * Roman: klasterfak
 * Sicilian: buirdiellu
 * Spanish: pifostio

Verb

 * 1)  To fuck (something) up, to make a total mess of.

Translations

 * Finnish: ;, tumpeloida ;
 * Serbo-Croatian:

title: clusterfuck


text:
material

Etymology
From, from , from , from. Displaced native (from ). .

Adjective

 * 1) Having to do with matter; consisting of matter.
 * , as opposed to spiritual.
 * , as opposed to spiritual.
 * , as opposed to spiritual.

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:substantial
 * See also Thesaurus:pertinent
 * See also Thesaurus:pertinent

Translations

 * Arabic: مَادِّيّ
 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: матэрыя́льны
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: materiel
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: ,
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὑλικός
 * Hungarian:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: ábhartha
 * Italian:
 * Latin: corporeus
 * Macedonian: материја́лен
 * Maori: ōkiko
 * Middle English: material, beestly, bestial
 * Norwegian: materiell
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:, compounds with and
 * Ukrainian: матеріа́льний
 * Volapük:

 * Arabic: مَادِّيّ
 * Armenian:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish: materiel
 * Dutch:, , ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician: ,
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish: ábhartha
 * Italian:
 * Middle English: material
 * Norwegian: materiell
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,

 * Armenian: ,
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * Galician: significativo, significativa
 * Greek: ,
 * Irish: ábhartha
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:

Noun

 * 1) Matter which may be shaped or manipulated, particularly in making something.
 * 2) Text written for a specific purpose.
 * 3) A sample or specimens for study.
 * 4) Cloth to be made into a garment. Fabric.
 * 5)  A person, or people collectively, who are qualified for a certain position or activity.
 * 6)  Related data of various kinds, especially if collected as the basis for a document or book.
 * 7) The substance that something is made or composed of.
 * 8)  An element of a design language associated with a certain style of rendering on the display.
 * 9)  All of a player's pieces and pawns on the chessboard.
 * 1)  A person, or people collectively, who are qualified for a certain position or activity.
 * 2)  Related data of various kinds, especially if collected as the basis for a document or book.
 * 3) The substance that something is made or composed of.
 * 4)  An element of a design language associated with a certain style of rendering on the display.
 * 5)  All of a player's pieces and pawns on the chessboard.
 * 1)  Related data of various kinds, especially if collected as the basis for a document or book.
 * 2) The substance that something is made or composed of.
 * 3)  An element of a design language associated with a certain style of rendering on the display.
 * 4)  All of a player's pieces and pawns on the chessboard.
 * 1) The substance that something is made or composed of.
 * 2)  An element of a design language associated with a certain style of rendering on the display.
 * 3)  All of a player's pieces and pawns on the chessboard.
 * 1)  All of a player's pieces and pawns on the chessboard.

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:material

Translations

 * Albanian: ,
 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: матэрыя́л
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὕλη
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: mianach, damhna
 * Old Irish: adbar
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean: ,
 * Latin:
 * Latvian: materiāls
 * Luxembourgish: Material
 * Maori: matū
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: adhbhar
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: материјал
 * Roman:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: матеріа́л
 * Vietnamese: (物質)
 * West Frisian: materiaal

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean:
 * Latin: verba scriptoris
 * Luxembourgish: Material
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Swedish:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Italian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, naaigoed
 * Esperanto: ŝtofo
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Georgian:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Maori: papanga
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:, material textil,
 * Russian:, ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: adhbhar
 * Swedish:

 * Finnish:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:

 * Finnish:
 * French:

 * Finnish: ,
 * Portuguese:

 * Esperanto:
 * Norman:

Verb

 * 1)  To form from matter; to materialize.

Etymology
.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) material

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from. .

Noun

 * : matter which may be shaped or manipulated, particularly in making something.

Etymology
From ; equivalent to.

Adjective

 * 1) Extant in matter or having physical form;.
 * 2) Not supernatural or spiritual; regular, conventional, worldly.
 * 3) Being the physical attributes or properties of a thing.
 * 4) Affecting or modifying physical matter or attributes.
 * 5)  Prominent, significant.

Etymology
From.

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) ; stuff the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object
 * 2)  sample or specimens for study
 * 3) footage amount of film produced
 * 4)  resources used in class
 * 5) tackle; supplies; gear; rig objects collected for use in a particular activity

Adjective

 * 1)   relating to or composed of matter
 * 2)  ; worldly relating to physical rather than spiritual matters
 * 3)  materialistic; consumeristic obsessed with consumer goods
 * 1)  materialistic; consumeristic obsessed with consumer goods

Etymology
, from. .

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) material

Noun

 * 1) material

Noun

 * a
 * 1) a matter, a subject (of study)

title: material


text:
significant

Etymology
From, present participle of , from + , variant of.

Adjective

 * 1) Signifying something; carrying meaning.
 * 2) Having a noticeable or major effect.
 * 3) Reasonably large in number or amount.
 * 4) Having a covert or hidden meaning.
 * 5)  Having a low probability of occurring by chance (for example, having high correlation and thus likely to be related).
 * 6)  Of a digit or figure, see significant figure.
 * 1) Having a noticeable or major effect.
 * 2) Reasonably large in number or amount.
 * 3) Having a covert or hidden meaning.
 * 4)  Having a low probability of occurring by chance (for example, having high correlation and thus likely to be related).
 * 5)  Of a digit or figure, see significant figure.
 * 1) Reasonably large in number or amount.
 * 2) Having a covert or hidden meaning.
 * 3)  Having a low probability of occurring by chance (for example, having high correlation and thus likely to be related).
 * 4)  Of a digit or figure, see significant figure.

Synonyms
Sense 1 (meaningful):

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Esperanto: signifa
 * Finnish:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: σημαντικός
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: marktækur
 * Italian: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latin: significans
 * Latvian: nozīmīgs
 * Maori: tāpua
 * Plautdietsch: wichtich
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Sanskrit:
 * Spanish:
 * Tagalog: makahulugan

 * Finnish:

 * Arabic: هَامّ
 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: зна́чны, ва́жны
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, 有意義
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish: signifikant
 * Dutch:, , , , ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician: significativo
 * Georgian: მნიშვნელოვანი
 * German: ,
 * Hebrew: משמעותי, ממשי
 * Hungarian:
 * Interlingua: significante
 * Italian:, , ,
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latin: ponderōsus, significāns
 * Latvian: redzams, ievērojams
 * Macedonian: значаен
 * Maori: tāpua
 * Old English:
 * Persian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:, ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: зна̏ча̄јан
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: významný,, značný,
 * Slovene: pomemben
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Turkish:, , ,
 * Ukrainian: значни́й, істо́тний, суттє́вий
 * Vietnamese:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish:
 * Italian: ,
 * Russian:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

Noun

 * 1) That which has significance; a sign; a token; a symbol.

title: significant


text:
porter

Etymology 1
From, , , borrowed from and , from , from past participle of.

Noun

 * 1) A person who carries luggage and related objects.
 * 2)  An ant having the specialized role of carrying.
 * 3)  One who ports software.
 * 1)  An ant having the specialized role of carrying.
 * 2)  One who ports software.
 * 1)  One who ports software.

Translations

 * Arabic: حَمَّال
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese: ভাৰী, কুলি, মটীয়া
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:, , portador
 * Danish:, bærer
 * Dutch:
 * Egyptian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Gallo: portou
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: σκευόφορος
 * Hindi: क़ुली,, , ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: póirtéir, aistire
 * Italian:, bastagio
 * Korean: 짐꾼
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: باربەر, حەماڵ
 * Latin:, bāiulus
 * Macedonian: но́сач
 * Maori: kaiamo
 * Norman: portchi, porteur
 * Norwegian: bærer
 * Persian:, , , کول‌بر
 * Polish: numerowy,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Sanskrit:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: но̀са̄ч, носа̀чица
 * Roman: ,
 * Spanish:, , changador, , faquín, fardero, mecapal, porteador, soguilla
 * Swahili: hamali, hamali
 * Swedish:
 * Urdu: قلی
 * Venetian: bastàzo
 * Yiddish: טרעגער

Etymology 2
From, , , borrowed from and , from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  A person in control of the entrance to a building.
 * 2)  An employee who clears and cleans tables and puts bowling balls away.
 * 3)  A strong, dark ale, originally favored by porters (etymology 1, sense 1), similar to a stout but less strong.
 * 4)  Stout (malt brew).
 * 1)  Stout (malt brew).

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Danish: dørmand
 * Dutch:
 * Hungarian:
 * Macedonian: вра́тар, по́ртир
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Persian: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: galaw
 * Ukrainian: швейца́р, портьє

 * Armenian: պորտեր
 * Bulgarian: портер
 * Danish:
 * Faroese: porterøl
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Ingrian: portteri
 * Irish: pórtar
 * Maori: poata
 * Norman: porteur
 * Portuguese: pórter
 * Russian:
 * Swedish:

Verb

 * 1) To serve as a porter; to carry.

Etymology
From 🇰🇲 or from, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) doorman, doorkeeper, gatekeeper
 * 2)  goalkeeper

Etymology 1
, from, ultimately from.

Verb

 * 1) to carry
 * 2) to support, to bear
 * 3) to wear
 * 4)  to be about, to concern
 * 5)  to feel, to carry one's self
 * 1)  to feel, to carry one's self

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1)  beer

Etymology
From, present active infinitive of.

Verb

 * 1) to carry

Etymology
,, from a combination of and ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) gatekeeper, doorkeeper

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to carry

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to carry
 * 2)  to wear

Etymology
From, present active infinitive of.

Verb

 * 1) to carry
 * 2) to carry a child (to be pregnant)
 * 1) to carry a child (to be pregnant)

Etymology
or.

Noun

 * 1)  beer

title: porter


text:
reaction

Etymology
, from, from the verb , from + ; more at , ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) An action or statement in response to a stimulus or other event.
 * 2)  A transformation in which one or more substances is converted into another by combination or decomposition.
 * 3)  Reactionary politics; a period in which reactionary thought or politics is resurgent or dominant.
 * 4)  Unpurposeful behavior.
 * 5)  An icon or emoji appended to a posted message by a user to express their feeling about it.
 * 1)  Reactionary politics; a period in which reactionary thought or politics is resurgent or dominant.
 * 2)  Unpurposeful behavior.
 * 3)  An icon or emoji appended to a posted message by a user to express their feeling about it.
 * 1)  An icon or emoji appended to a posted message by a user to express their feeling about it.

Synonyms

 * journalism jargon
 * abbreviation

Translations

 * Afrikaans: reaksie
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: رَدّ فِعْل, تَفَاعُل
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani: reaksiya, əksüləməl, təpki
 * Belarusian: рэа́кцыя
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: reakcio, reago
 * Estonian: reaktsioon
 * Finnish:, , ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: რეაქცია
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: frithghníomhaíocht
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Kazakh: реакция
 * Khmer:
 * Korean: ,
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Lao: ປະຕິກິລິຍາ, ປະຕິກິຣິຍາ
 * Latin: reāctiō
 * Latvian: reakcija
 * Lithuanian:
 * Luxembourgish: Reaktioun
 * Macedonian: реакција
 * Malay: reaksi,
 * Maltese: reazzjoni
 * Marathi:
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: reaksjon
 * Persian:, رآکسیون
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Sanskrit: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: реа̀кција
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: reakcia
 * Slovene: reakcija
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: mmenyuko
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: reaksyon
 * Tajik: таассур, реаксия, вокуниш
 * Telugu: ప్రతిచర్య,
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Turkmen: reaksiýa
 * Ukrainian: реа́кція
 * Uzbek: ,
 * Vietnamese: (反應)
 * Welsh: ,

 * Afrikaans: reaksie
 * Arabic: تَفَاعُل
 * Armenian: ,
 * Belarusian: рэа́кцыя
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Icelandic: hvörf, hvarf
 * Irish: imoibriú
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: реакция
 * Korean:
 * Luxembourgish: Reaktioun
 * Malay:, reaksi
 * Maori: tauhohenga
 * Marathi: अभिक्रिया
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: reaksjon
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Tagalog: balibilos
 * Telugu:
 * Thai:
 * Ukrainian: реа́кція
 * Vietnamese: (反應)
 * Welsh: ,

 * Azerbaijani: irtica, reaksiya
 * Bulgarian: реакционерство
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:

title: reaction


text:
gairaigo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A foreign, typically non-Sinitic loanword into Japanese.

title: gairaigo


text:
stocking

Etymology 1
From. Corruption of old plural, i.e. , now singular.

Noun

 * 1) A soft garment, usually knit or woven, worn on the foot and lower leg under shoes or other footwear.
 * 2) A large, sock-like bag used to store small Christmas gifts, typically hung on a mantelpiece.
 * 3) A broad ring of a different fur colour on the lower part of the leg of a quadruped.
 * 4) A knitted hood of cotton thread which is eventually converted by a special process into an incandescent mantle for gas lighting.
 * 1) A knitted hood of cotton thread which is eventually converted by a special process into an incandescent mantle for gas lighting.

Usage notes

 * Stocking may refer either to men's socks or to women's hose, but rarely to socks when worn by women. However, this usage appears somewhat variable.

Translations

 * Albanian: çorape,
 * Arabic: جَوْرَب (pl: جَوَارِب)
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Bashkir: ойоҡ
 * Basque:
 * Belarusian: панчо́ха
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian: (дълъг) чора́п
 * Burmese: ,
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Czech: punčocha
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: ŝtrumpo
 * Estonian: sukk
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hindi: मोज़ा
 * Hungarian:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: sukka
 * Interlingua: calcea
 * Irish:
 * Italian:, calze di nylon
 * Japanese:
 * Kashubian: sztrimpa
 * Kazakh:
 * Khmer: ស្រោមជើង
 * Korean:, ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Kyrgyz: ,
 * Lao: ຖົງເທົ້າຍາວ, ຖົງຕີນ
 * Latin: tībiāle
 * Latvian: zeķe
 * Lithuanian: kojinė
 * Luxembourgish: ,
 * Macedonian: чо́рап
 * Maltese: peduna
 * Maori: tōkena
 * Mongolian: урт оймс,
 * Nanai: доктон
 * Navajo: yistłé áłtʼą́ą́ʼí
 * Norman: cauche
 * Norwegian:
 * Ottoman Turkish: چوراب
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: stocainn, osan
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: чарапа
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: pančucha
 * Slovene:
 * Southern Altai: ук, чулук
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tajik: ҷӯроб
 * Taos: mę́dianą
 * Thai: ถุงน่อง
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen: jorap
 * Ukrainian:
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese:
 * Zazaki: gêrwe

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * I've almost finished stocking these groceries.
 * I've almost finished stocking these groceries.

Noun

 * 1)  A ratio of the actual density of trees in an area to the ideal density that would make the fullest use of the land.

title: stocking


text:
Talk:reaction

Definitions 2 and 3 sound circular. I'll try to fix them a bit. RSvK 20:07, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Definitions 2 (allergic reaction) and 3 (chemical and nuclear reaction) didn't sound like different meanings of 'reaction' but just 'reaction' with various adjectives, so I combined them. RSvK 20:14, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm definitely not satisfied with this all-in-one definition. I was reluctant even to combine the senses in (1).  When a reporter asks someone for their reaction, it's an invitation to comment, not, say, to storm the barricades.  For that matter, you wouldn't say "The reaction of the sulfuric acid to the sodium hydroxide was well-considered, detailed and even-handed."

 * Further, the allergic and chemical/nuclear senses don't imply circularity. In fact if you try to make them so, the results are less than convincing:

 * An allergic action in response to an event
 * A chemical action in response to an event

 * Both of these are sufficiently removed from the base meaning of "something done in response to something else" (which makes even less sense if you try to plug in allergic or chemical) as to merit their own definitions. These specialized meanings should be under their own headings (i.e., allergic reaction and chemical reaction), with the truncated form reaction pointing out to them.  There are plenty of similar cases around.  A recent one is the postage stamp sense of stamp (note that postage stamp does not refer to stamp). -dmh 03:48, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:reaction


text:
-s

Etymology 1
,, from , nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from , from , , from ,. The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of 🇨🇬 influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Not directly related to 🇨🇬 which has a different origin.

Usage notes

 * In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."
 * Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies.
 * When the number before the -s ends in more than one zero, there is ambiguity about the range of numbers that is meant. For example, 1800s could mean "the years from 1800 to 1899; the entire 19th century" or "the years from 1800 to 1809; the first decade of the 19th century". The intended meaning can usually be derived from context.

Etymology 2
From, from Northumbrian. Gradually replaced the older, from 🇨🇬, , during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods.

It is predominantly believed that is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending,  (cf. archaic Modern English , as in ). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. ; ; etc.).

An alternative theory sees the shift from in  to  (later ) in  as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of.

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.
 * to eat → he eats

Usage notes

 * In Standard English, the -s suffix is only used to mark the third person singular present of verbs; however, in some varieties of English, particularly northern English, Scottish, US Southern and AAVE, the -s can be extended to other persons/numbers as well, as in: I eats me spinach; I hates the Yankees; they likes it here; etc.
 * As in modern nonstandard varieties, the -s suffix can be used to mark the third-person plural in . However, it is less common than the modern standard, and is frequently only found in restricted contexts; for instance, only uses it where a plural subject has "singular" semantics.

Etymology 3
From, from , the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at.

Etymology 4
A variant spelling of, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.

Usage notes

 * In most cases where is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of . However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g.,, not ). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g., , not ). The possessive form of  takes -se (, not ).
 * Bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g., and, but compare Sainsbury’s; compare Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names. In speech, /z/ (or /s/) is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in s, which see.
 * Sometimes used in place names; e.g., Harpers Ferry (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), (note that the former name of  was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested).

Etymology 5
Modern sense in slang. According to, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix. As writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of  and conflation of  as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g.,, ), the latter notion probably from.

Derived terms
Unsorted:

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
(a suffix for forming plurals).

Etymology 3
, from the genitive case of Dutch masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives,, , from , , from ,.

Suffix

 * → iets nuuts
 * → niks groots nie
 * → niks groots nie

Etymology 4
, from earlier, from , from , from , from , from.

Etymology
Possibly akin to 🇨🇬, both reconstructible to a tentative, from , whence also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Usage notes

 * Becomes after consonants.
 * When attached to - or -stem verbs the stem and the suffix merge into in the modern standard, following Gheg practice, while traditionally made  following Tosk practice.
 * Similarly, when attached to - or -stem verbs they give rise to in Gheg and the modern standard, while  in Tosk and the old standard.

Etymology
.

Usage notes
May be repeated to further emphasise the number of instances of the noun.

Etymology
, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology 1
. Not present in, which used from 🇨🇬 as the plural ending. Possibly spread from, , from , , from. Further etymology is unknown, but cognate with 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬).

Usage notes

 * Nouns ending in unstressed -e generally have a plural in -s and one in ( >, ). Individual words, however, allow just one of the two ways.
 * Most words of Latin origin ending in are pluralized with the suffix -s ( > ) or by replacing -um with  (> ). The latter tends to be preferred in formal style.

Etymology 2
From the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives,, , from , , from ,.

Suffix

 * → de tand des tijds
 * → Pieters jas
 * → iemands jas
 * → iets liefs
 * stad →
 * → iets liefs
 * stad →
 * stad →
 * stad →

Derived terms
The adverbial/adjectival -s combines with other suffixes like:
 * →
 * →
 * →

Etymology 3
From earlier, from , from , from , from (from which also  via German), from.

Etymology 4
From earlier forms such as, , ; all ultimately from the patronymic use of with a connecting genitival interfix. Bare -s as a patronymic may also represent an underlying patronymic use of, as in the name Neeltje Jansdochter, which could reduce to Neeltje Jans by simple elision of -dochter.

Derived terms
More at the pages of the various alternative forms listed above, such as .

Etymology 1
. Related to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology 1
Contracted from the second-person singular pronoun, ( in modern standard language), but no longer tied to being used in second-person.

Usage notes

 * When attached to imperative forms, the gemination is ignored, unless another enclitic is also used before, like with . Thus , but.
 * When directly attached to forms ending in (e.g. passive forms), the  is often dropped (e.g.  → ).

Etymology 2
, from (compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬).

Usage notes

 * Usually used when the numerator is one (one third, one fourth, etc.) See the usage notes under for more.

Declension
Back vowel harmony:

Front vowel harmony:

Etymology 3
, from.

Usage notes
Added to the genitive singular (weak grade) stem.

Declension
Back vowel harmony:

Front vowel harmony:

Etymology 4
, from (compare 🇨🇬 in ). Sometimes considered a reduction of (translative ending): *-kse > *-ks > *-s.

Etymology 5
From apocope of the final vowel of,.

Etymology 1
, from, from.

Pronunciation

 * Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced . This liaison is usual in adjectives, but fairly rare in nouns.
 * Irregularly pronounced in  when used as a pronoun.

Etymology 2
, from, from.

The spread of this suffix to the first-person singular started out from Old French verbs whose stems happened to end in a sibilant, most notably the regular conjugation in, e.g., (from ). In later Old French, final was only pronounced in liaison and in pausa. This weakened the distinction in those verbs which had originally had -s in the second-person only, but by analogy now began to take it in the first-person as well. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others.

Pronunciation

 * Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced . This liaison is optional after full vowels (as in ). After silent -e- (as in ) it is rare and often discouraged.

Etymology 1
, from.

Usage notes
The formation of the strong genitive singular (in -s, -es, or no ending) may be of some difficulty both for learners and native speakers.

Only one form is possible in some nouns:
 * Nouns in unstressed -as, -es,- is, -os, -us remain unchanged (except those in, which make -nisses).
 * Other nouns in -s, -ß, -x, -z take -es.
 * Nouns ending in a vowel or in unstressed -el, -em, -en, -er, -or, -um take -s. (Only those in a diphthong or in -h allow -es, alternatively.)
 * Nouns forming their plural in -s take the same ending also in the genitive singular. (Apparent exceptions will generally have an alternative plural in -e.)

Otherwise, both forms are usually correct, but certain tendencies can be observed:
 * The es-form is strongly preferred in a number of frequently used monosyllables, to the degree that the s-form may even sound odd. No hard rule can be given to identify these nouns; they include e.g., , , etc.
 * The es-form is also preferred, for euphonic reasons, in words ending in certain clusters like -pf, -sch, -st.
 * Most other monosyllables have no clear preference.
 * The s-form is usually preferred in polysyllables, regardless of their being simple or compound and regardless also of stress patterns.

Note, finally, that there is a fairly strong tendency for proper nouns (used with the article) and for newer or less common loanwords to remain unchanged in the genitive singular.

Etymology 2
Probably derived from the genitive -s (etymology 1), but developed into a noun-forming suffix in and Central German dialects.

Etymology 3
. Reinforced by the fact that and  also use -s as a plural suffix.

Usage notes

 * The plural ending -s is most typical of loanwords (as in, , ), though there is a tendency for naturalised loanwords to switch to or  (compare , ,  with older , , ). Conversely, -s is also used in a certain number of native words (as in , , ). Moreover, it is the most productive plural marker in contemporary German, typically used to pluralise initialisms , neologisms , and words that do not otherwise have a common plural form.

Etymology
Presumably can be traced back to a suffix.

Etymology 1
. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; in, inside

Usage notes

 * May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Etymology 2
, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -th

Etymology 3
, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1)  ; thy, your

Usage notes

 * May trigger vowel elongation of the preceding vowel.

Etymology 4
. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Etymology
, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; thy, your

Etymology
. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
Second declension non-neuter nominative singular forms originally ended in this suffix preceded by the Indo-European thematic vowel *-o-. Proto-Italic became Classical Latin  by vowel reduction; this ending is often interpreted as a nominative suffix of its own (an example of rebracketing) rather than a sequence of stem-final vowel +.

Likewise, in the fourth declension and fifth declension, -s is always preceded by the characteristic vowels of these declensions (-u- and -ē- respectively), with the result that and  are frequently regarded as nominative singular suffixes for these declensions.

The suffix appears most clearly in the third declension, as in. Stem-final consonants are often modified or deleted before the suffix: for example, and. Etymologically, the Latin third declension includes both original consonant-stem nouns and i-stem nouns: however, these two classes are not consistently distinguished in the nominative singular due to frequent syncope of nominative forms that originally ended in *-is (such as > ), as well as some analogical interchange of endings between these two classes (as in  and  being replaced with  and  respectively). Non-neuter n-stem nouns, such as  or, normally replace -n- with -ō̆ in the nominative singular rather than showing the ending -s; a smaller set of non-neuter n-stem nouns end in -n in the nominative singular, such as. R-stem and l-stem nouns (such as, ) normally end in -r or -l respectively (which developed by regular sound change from word-final *-rs and *-ls).

The use of the suffix -s is generally restricted to non-neuter nominative forms, but it is found in the neuter nominative and accusative singular of third declension adjectives "of one termination". From an etymological perspective, third-declension neuter nouns such as that end in -s in the nominative singular alternating with -r- in oblique forms do not end in this suffix: rather, they are derived from stems that originally ended in the consonant *s (which was changed to -r- by rhotacism when followed by a suffix starting with a vowel).

Etymology
, from, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns.

Suffix

 * → wat groots
 * Nacht →
 * → wat groots
 * Nacht →
 * Nacht →
 * Nacht →

Suffix

 * 1) his, hers, theirs

Suffix

 * 1) -self

Usage notes

 * Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis:
 * Used in first-person singular: (e.g., ).
 * Used in second-person singular: (e.g., ).

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 3
. Cognate with the Finnish translative ending.

Etymology 4
From a merger of two older case endings:
 * Inessive, . Cognate with 🇨🇬.
 * Elative, . Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix reverts to its earlier form (for even-syllable stems) or  (for odd-syllable stems).

Etymology 1
From, from , a grammaticalisation of.

Etymology 2
From, from , originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns.

Usage notes
If the last word already ends with a sibilant, only an apostrophe (-') is added. It is incorrect to use an apostrophe before the s.

Etymology
From,.

Suffix

 * 1)  Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs

Usage notes
-s vs. vs. non-use:
 * After l, -s is used and the l is replaced with i : → ,  → ,
 * A scattering of exceptions have or allow -es after l, the most common being →
 * After stressed il, -s is used and the l is dropped: →,  →
 * After unstressed il, the ending becomes -eis: →,  →
 * In sporadic and strongly proscribed Brazilian usage, the same rules are applied to words that end in a vowel + u or o : → *,  → *
 * After s:
 * -es if the word is stressed in the last syllable: →,  →
 * not used otherwise: →,  →
 * after m, -s is used and the m becomes n; this is an orthographic process, since in both cases the final consonant marks vowel nasalisation: →
 * after n, either, but -es is more common in dialects where it is produced as rather than vowel nasalisation:  →  or
 * after r and z, -es is used
 * after vowels and semivowels, -s is used
 * the plural of words ending in -ão can be -ões (by far the most common), -ãos (usually masculines with a feminine in -ã) or -ães (only a handful of words)
 * loanwords usually follow the same rules: →,  →
 * in recent English loanwords ending in r, and occasionally in loans from other languages, -s is used: →
 * unadapted loanwords ending in unusual consonants usually take -s or no morpheme: →,  → ,  →  or
 * rarely, and often alongside a regular form, the plural from the original language is used: →  (also ),  →  (more commonly ),  →  (very rarely  or )
 * after x, Hellenisms and Latinisms are usually unchanged (following the rule for words ending in s), but sometimes have -es and the x becomes c, especially in Brazilian Portuguese: → ,  →  or
 * more often than not, surnames do not take an extra morpheme in the plural; when they do, they are usually Portuguese surnames with recognisable Portuguese morphemes: →  or
 * names of peoples that do not contain Portuguese endings usually do not take the plural morpheme: → ;  →  or  (less common)

In informal varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, a noun phrase may take a single plural marker, usually in the article. For example, “the big houses” may be where standard Portuguese requires. This usage is very widespread, however, it is proscribed and generally regarded as unacceptable in formal contexts and in serious writing.

In some words that end in O and have a stressed in the penult, the stressed vowel becomes  in the plural. See Category:Portuguese nouns with metaphonic plurals.

Colloquial Brazilian Portuguese allows to be added before  in words stressed in their final syllables. This is blocked by morpheme boundaries, such that may be pronounced, but  can only be pronounced as. and colloquial forms and  are an exception to this rule, and can be pronounced. Note that this process is usually avoided in formal speech.

Etymology
Derived from the Latin accusative plural endings.

Etymology 1
, from, originally the genitive singular ending of a-stem nouns. Cognate with 🇨🇬. The frequent use of the suffix in written and modern colloquial Swedish is possibly the result of foreign influence, either Latin or Middle Low German.

Etymology 2
, a grammaticalisation of.

Usage notes

 * Until the middle of the 20th century, the variant suffix was used to mark the present passive of all  verbs of the second and fourth conjugations. This usage is mostly considered archaic today, but  is still used for  verbs whose stems end in s.
 * See also, which forms a passive voice for states or completed actions.
 * Verbs with the suffix that are not passive (including those in 2 and 3 above) are called deponent verbs. In such cases, the passive reading is often also possible. For example,  might also mean “we were hit” and  might mean “the dog is bitten”. However, such readings would be unintuitive unless suggested by the context.

Etymology 3
Mostly from.

Etymology 4
Originally from, a genitive suffix. Many of the examples are later analogically derived from each other.

Etymology
Possibly from.

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
Ultimately from.

Pronoun

 * 1)  him, her, it, them
 * 2) * 1588,, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
 * 1) * 1588,, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
 * 1) * 1588,, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
 * 1) * 1588,, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:

Usage notes

 * Found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as, , and . After other vowel-final preverbal particles, such as ,  and , singular  and plural  are used instead.

title: -s