text:
earwax

Etymology
From, a compound of. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  A waxy substance secreted by the ear.

Synonyms

 * (technical), wax

Translations

 * Acehnese: èk geulunyueng
 * Afar: qokká
 * Afrikaans: oorsmeer
 * Albanian: dyllë i veshit
 * Apatani: ruhi
 * Arabic: صِمْلَاخُ, شَمْع اَلْأُذْن
 * Egyptian Arabic: شمع الودن
 * Aranadan: ചെങ്ങനെ
 * Arikara: atkaraačiísuʾ
 * Assamese: কণামাকৰি, কানৰ মলি
 * Bashkir: сайыр
 * Belarusian: вушна́я се́ра
 * Bengali: কানের খৈল
 * Bikol Central:
 * Bulgarian: ушна кал
 * Catalan: cerumen, cera de les orelles
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 耳屎, 耳垢, 耵聹
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Classical Nahuatl: nacazcuitlatl, nacazcuihcuitlatl
 * Corsican:
 * Cree: ᒥᐢᑭᐦᑌᑯᒼ
 * Czech: ušní maz
 * Danish:
 * Deori: akun chokora
 * Dhivehi: ކަންފަތުގައި މަޑުލުން
 * Dimasa: khamao khee
 * Dutch: ,
 * Emilian:
 * Erzya: пилеой
 * Esperanto: orelvakso, cerumeno
 * Estonian: vaik, kõrvavaik
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Friulian:
 * Galician: cerume
 * Georgian: ყურის ცვილი
 * German: ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Gujarati: કાન મીણ
 * Hawaiian: kokuli
 * Hindi:, खोंठ, खूँट, कान का मैल, , , , , , , , ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Ingush: боалоз
 * Irish: céir chluaise
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ,  耳屎,  , 耳ん垢
 * Kankanaey: tueng, luek
 * Khmer: អាចម៍ត្រចៀក
 * Korean:, 귀에지
 * Latvian:, auss sērs
 * Lombard:
 * Lü: ᦃᦲᧉᦠᦴ
 * Luxembourgish: Ouereschmalz
 * Malay: tahi telinga
 * Malayalam:
 * Malecite-Passamaquoddy: qaqalokossawon
 * Manchu: ᡥᡡᠰᡠᡵᡳ
 * Maori: taeturi, ,
 * Mokilese: pwije
 * Moksha: пилевай
 * Neapolitan:
 * Nepali: काने गुजी
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: øyrevoks
 * Occitan:
 * Old English: drōsne, drōsna
 * Pangasinan: olilek
 * Piedmontese:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: cera de ouvido,
 * Quechua: rinri wira
 * Romagnol:
 * Russian: ушна́я се́ра
 * Sanskrit:, , ,
 * Santali: ᱮᱲᱜᱳᱫ
 * Scottish Gaelic: cèir-chluaise
 * Serbo-Croatian: ушна маст, слих
 * Sinhalese: කන්කලාඳුරු, කනේ කලාඳුරු
 * Somali: cukey
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: taług z wucha
 * Spanish: cerumen, cerilla,, cera de los oídos
 * Swahili: nta za sikio
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: tutuli
 * Tajik: чирки гӯш
 * Telugu:
 * Thai: ขี้หู
 * Tibetan: རྣ་སྤགས, རྣ་སྤབས, རྣ་སྦངས
 * Ukrainian: вушна́ сі́ра
 * Vietnamese:, ,
 * Welsh: cŵyr clustiau
 * Yakut: кулугу, кулгаах кулугута

title: earwax


text:
cerumen

Etymology
From, from. The appearance of the u is unexplained, but may have been influenced by words like and.

Noun

 * 1) earwax

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) earwax

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) earwax

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: cerumen


text:
sheathe

Etymology
From Late, then:

 * probably from ; or
 * possibly from, + . Sheth(e) is derived from , from , from , from  (possibly from the notion of a split stick with a sword inserted).

Verb

 * 1)  To put (something such as a knife or sword) into a sheath.
 * 2)  To encase (something) with a protective covering.
 * 3)  Of an animal: to draw back or retract (a body part) into the body, such as claws into a paw.
 * 4)  To thrust (a sharp object like a sword, a claw, or a tusk) into something.
 * 5)  To abandon or cease (animosity, etc.)
 * 6)  To provide (a sword, etc.) with a sheath.
 * 7)  To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).
 * 1)  To encase (something) with a protective covering.
 * 2)  Of an animal: to draw back or retract (a body part) into the body, such as claws into a paw.
 * 3)  To thrust (a sharp object like a sword, a claw, or a tusk) into something.
 * 4)  To abandon or cease (animosity, etc.)
 * 5)  To provide (a sword, etc.) with a sheath.
 * 6)  To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).
 * 1)  Of an animal: to draw back or retract (a body part) into the body, such as claws into a paw.
 * 2)  To thrust (a sharp object like a sword, a claw, or a tusk) into something.
 * 3)  To abandon or cease (animosity, etc.)
 * 4)  To provide (a sword, etc.) with a sheath.
 * 5)  To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).
 * 1)  To abandon or cease (animosity, etc.)
 * 2)  To provide (a sword, etc.) with a sheath.
 * 3)  To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).
 * 1)  To abandon or cease (animosity, etc.)
 * 2)  To provide (a sword, etc.) with a sheath.
 * 3)  To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).
 * 1)  To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).
 * 1)  To relieve the harsh or painful effect of (a drug, a poison, etc.).

Translations

 * Bulgarian: прибирам в ножница
 * Catalan:
 * Danish: stikke i skede
 * Dutch: in de schede steken,
 * Esperanto: ingi
 * Finnish: panna tuppeen
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * German: in die Scheide stecken,
 * Icelandic: slíðra, setja í slíður
 * Ido:
 * Italian: inguainare, rinfoderare
 * Japanese: 鞘に入れる, 鞘に収める
 * Norwegian: stikke i sliren
 * Ottoman Turkish: قینلامق
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian: класть в футляр, пря́тать в но́жны, вкла́дывать в но́жны
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: sticka i slidan

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Finnish: ;
 * French:
 * Ottoman Turkish: قینلامق
 * Russian: ,

 * Finnish: vetää sisään

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * German:
 * Italian:

title: sheathe


text:
Template talk:Wiktionarysister

I have adapted this template to use the project logos, similar to the Wikipedia one. Krik 11:25, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Wiktionarysister


text:
inclusive or

Noun

 * 1)  A logical connective joining two or more predicates that yields the logical value "true" when at least one of the predicates is true.
 * 2)  A bitwise operator that yields 1 when any of its operands is 1.

Translations

 * Finnish: sisältävä tai, inklusiivinen tai
 * French:
 * German: inklusives Oder
 * Greek: μη αποκλειστικό or
 * Japanese: 包含的論理和
 * Polish: inkluzja
 * Russian: включа́ющее и́ли
 * Swedish: inklusivt eller

 * Hungarian:

title: inclusive or


text:
exclusive or

Etymology
+.

Noun

 * 1)  Exclusive disjunction: the use of  to indicate that of two predicates, one is true and one is false (without specifying which is which);
 * 2)  Exclusive disjunction: the use of  to indicate that of two or more predicates, an odd number are true (without specifying which or how many);
 * 3)  An exclusive disjunction; the result of applying the above-described exclusive or to two or more predicates;

Usage notes

 * Denoted ⊕.
 * In an expression of formal logic, the phrase (or hyphenated as ) may appear between the predicates, much like a conjunction:
 * (x ∧ ¬y) $$\lor$$ (¬x ∧ y) ↔ x ⊕ y, which reads: x exclusive-or y.

Translations

 * Finnish: eksklusiivinen tai, poissulkeva tai
 * French:
 * German: exklusives Oder
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: 排他的論理和
 * Russian: исключа́ющее «ИЛИ»
 * Spanish: o exclusivo
 * Swedish: exklusivt eller

title: exclusive or


text:
and/or

Conjunction

 * 1) * 1960,, , January 21 comic strip (ISBN 978-1-68396-243-4, p. 113):
 * [Howland Owl:] There wasn't no everybody else... 'cept them what was in jail and/or dead. [Albert:] Since when is it a crime to be dead?
 * 1) * 1960,, , January 21 comic strip (ISBN 978-1-68396-243-4, p. 113):
 * [Howland Owl:] There wasn't no everybody else... 'cept them what was in jail and/or dead. [Albert:] Since when is it a crime to be dead?

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 和/或
 * Czech: a/nebo
 * Danish: og/eller
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:, ja/tai
 * French:
 * Georgian: ან/და
 * German: und/oder
 * Greek: και/ή
 * Hebrew: ו/או
 * Hungarian: és/vagy
 * Icelandic: og/eða
 * Ido:, ,
 * Italian: e/o
 * Latin:
 * Macedonian: и/или
 * Malagasy: sy/na
 * Norwegian Bokmål: og/eller
 * Norwegian Nynorsk: og/eller
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: e/ou
 * Romanian: și/sau
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: и/или
 * Roman: i/ili
 * Spanish: y/o, y/u
 * Swedish: och/eller
 * Turkish: ve/veya

title: and/or


text:
さや

Noun

 * 1)  pods of leguminous plants, pods
 * 1)  pods of leguminous plants, pods

title: さや


text:
сера

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) sulfur, sulphur
 * 2)  earwax, cerumen

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to shit to empty waste matter from the bowels

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) sulphur, sulfur
 * 2) brimstone
 * 3) earwax, cerumen
 * 1) earwax, cerumen

Coordinate terms

 * Previous: . Next:

title: сера


text:
waxy

Etymology 1
From, , equivalent to.

Adjective

 * 1) Resembling wax in texture or appearance.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: восъчен
 * Catalan: cerós
 * Finnish: vahamainen
 * French:
 * German:, wachsartig,
 * Italian:
 * Latin: cerosus
 * Maori: kōnononono, āhua wākihi
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: céreo, ceroso
 * Scottish Gaelic: cèireach
 * Spanish:
 * Welsh:

Noun

 * 1)  A cobbler shoe repairer.

Etymology 2
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Angry.

title: waxy


text:
henge

Etymology
, although it is not strictly a henge.

Noun

 * 1) A prehistoric enclosure in the form of a circle or circular arc defined by a raised circular bank and a circular ditch usually running inside the bank, with one or more entrances leading into the enclosed open space.

Etymology
From, from ; compare.

Noun

 * 1) hinge device a door pivots on
 * 2)  A bar for a door.
 * 3)  The hole for a rudder's pintle.
 * 4)  Sheep entrails.
 * 1)  Sheep entrails.

Etymology 1
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to hang

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to hang

title: henge


text:
莢豌豆

Noun

 * 1) string bean, pea pod

title: 莢豌豆


text:
Wiktionary:Requested entries (Japanese)

= Requests for Japanese entries =
 * Have an entry request? Add it to the list.
 * '''Don't know enough Japanese to know where to put it? Put it in "unsorted" at the top".
 * Please remove entries from this list once they have been written, (i.e., the link is "live").

''Other "requested-entries" pages can be found here.

More missing entries can be found at:

= Unsorted Japanese entries = People who can read Japanese: please create or at least sort any entries in this category.

title: Wiktionary:Requested entries (Japanese)


text:
Talk:henge

This contains rubbish now but I suppose it's a real word as in "Stonehenge" — Hippietrail 13:49, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It is indeed. I have made it into a proper entry. — Paul G 14:42, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Japanese word
"Henge" has a meaning in Japanese that should be included. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%89%E5%8C%96#Noun_2 .ZFT (talk) 03:52, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:henge


text:
Talk:tigre

The format of this article breaks several of wiktionary's current standards. — Hippietrail 13:54, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Reformatted. Interlingua requires the plural (and gender, if applicable). — Paul G 14:33, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:tigre


text:
뱀

Etymology
See also the now obsolete uncontracted form.

Possibly cognate with 🇨🇬, modern 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) snake, serpent

Derived terms

 * constellation
 * constellation
 * constellation
 * constellation
 * constellation
 * constellation
 * constellation
 * constellation
 * constellation

title: 뱀


text:
Talk:艔

Wow we don't know much about this one! — Hippietrail 13:56, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:艔


text: dieresis

title: dieresis


text:
diaeresis

Etymology
From, from , from +.

Noun

 * 1)  A diacritic (◌̈) placed over a vowel letter (especially the second of two consecutive ones) indicating that it is sounded separately, usually forming a distinct syllable, as in the English words,  and , the French  and the Dutch.
 * 2)  Distraction; the separation of a vowel, often a diphthong, into two distinct syllables.
 * 3)  A natural break in rhythm when a word ends at the end of a metrical foot, in a line of verse.
 * 4)  Hiatus; the occurrence of separate vowel sounds in adjacent syllables without an intervening consonant.
 * 1)  A natural break in rhythm when a word ends at the end of a metrical foot, in a line of verse.
 * 2)  Hiatus; the occurrence of separate vowel sounds in adjacent syllables without an intervening consonant.

Usage notes

 * The umlaut is an often visually identical diacritic which alters the sound of a single vowel (as in German ). Properly speaking, the terms and  are not interchangeable, though speakers frequently use the term  to refer to a diaeresis.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 分音符號,
 * Czech: dvě tečky
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: dierezo, tremao
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * German: ;
 * Greek:
 * Ancient Greek: τρη̂μα
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic: tvídepill
 * Irish: déiréis, idirphonc, ionnlach
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: 分音記号, 分音符号, トレマ, ダイエリシス ,
 * Latin: diaeresis
 * Polish: dwie kropki, ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, ,  , , две то́чки
 * Scottish Gaelic: dà-lid
 * Slovak: dve bodky
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Tajik: диерезис
 * Welsh: didolnod

 * Esperanto: dierezo
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:, Diäresis
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: διαίρεσις
 * Hungarian: dierézis
 * Latin: diaeresis
 * Portuguese:

 * Italian:
 * Korean:
 * Spanish:

Etymology
From the.

Noun

 * 1)   division of a diphthong into two vowels in consecutive syllables
 * 2) * AD 98–138, (aut.), T.H.G. Keil (ed.), Liber de orthographia in Grammatici Latini VII (1880), p. 57, ll. 21–28:
 * "la"

- sed et quidam in hac quoque scriptione voluerunt esse differentiam, ut pluralis quidem numeri nominativus casus per a et e scriberetur, genetivus vero singularis per a et i, hoc quoque argumentantes, quod diaeresis, sive dialysis illa dicetur, a nominativo plurali non fit, sed ex singulari obliquo, cum dicitur  ‘ a u l a i   i n   m e d i o ’  et //  d i v e s   e q u u m ,   d i v e s   p i c t a i   v e s t i s   e t   a u r i ,  // item rei nostrai, faciendai, magnai.

 * 1) * circa AD 384, Ser. Honoratus (aut.), G. Thilo & H. Hagen (eds.), In Vergilii Aeneidos commentarii in Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii II (1884), bk vii, l. 464 (p. 160, ll. 1–9):
 * "la"

title: diaeresis


text:
Talk:umlaut

needs explanation of "vowel assimilation", and "partial assimilation", perhaps under "assimilate"

(This comment also on dieresis and umlaut)

 * 1) The diaeresis doesn't just serve the purpose mentioned here. It's used differently in Spanish (possibly also Catalan), and differently again in Russian. It's also used in Chinese Pinyin, Swedish, Hungarian, pedants in English, and in place of macrons in transliterations.
 * 2) I'm with you on disliking the confusion with umlaut but that doesn't stop almost everybody using it as a synonym, and in fact it is more common than this word amongst people I know by a wide margin. Other dictionaries accept this so we should too. — Hippietrail 14:51, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I still think this article is wrong. I see "umlaut" used in standard and technical speech all the time. It's overwhelmingly more common. Unicode calls it an umlaut and that's pretty technical, for one example. "di(a)eresis" seems to be used when speaking of the vowel disambiguation function technically except in regards French where the term "trema" may be more common. I still don't like it but if we're describing the language then this is the way it's used. — Hippietrail 01:14, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I've been looking at this article too, and have made a few changes. The word for the actual diacritic is trema. Diaeresis describes the usage in English and French, of applying a trema to the second of two sequential vowels. Umlaut is a linguistic phenomenon best known in German, but Turkish also has a form of it. Yes, just about everyone calls the trema an umlaut: fine, but mention the fine distinctions. Umlaut is on my 'most abused words' list, along with enormity and decimate. It's a losing battle, but I still fight on. The actual definitions also need revising in light of the wikipedia article. --Allamakee Democrat 02:49, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem with blanket statements of correctness like "The word for the diacritic is ..." is that they are unreferenced. A bit of research can be surprising. Of the online dictionaries AHD, Collins, Encarta, and M-W, none has an entry for trema. All 4 have at least one sense for diaeresis/dieresis given as being the diacritical mark. All 4 have at least one sense for umlaut given as being the diacritical mark.
 * I used to correct people who called the mark an umlaut, but since I worked on these words in Wiktionary some time ago I don't do so anymore. — Hippietrail 03:29, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Requests for verification - kept
Kept. See archived discussion of September 2007. 15:02, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Difference of meaning
The history of the article traces at least two verbose definitions:

Being a non-linguist, I am unsure whether the currently first definition, taken from Wikipedia, defines a substantially different meaning from the currently second definition, which reads:
 * 1) A partial assimilation of a vowel.

The current second definion, just mentioned, has once been the first definition.

--Daniel Polansky 10:29, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The two definitions are essentially the same. Umlaut is a type of vowel harmony where a back vowel (a, o, u) is fronted (ä, ö, ü) when the following syllable has a front vowel (e, i): Zahn, Zähne; Ton, Töne; Mund, Münder. Or in English, from an earlier time when a final -e was pronounced, mouse (mous), mice; goose (gos), geese. —Stephen 19:56, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:umlaut


text:
Talk:dieresis

either "dieresis" or the alternate spelling should be defined
 * it's the two dots above vowels in various languages but a proper definition needs to be a lot more rigorous and def-writing is not my specialty. Everybody is welcome to contribute. Consider this a stub. — Hippietrail 14:59, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

(This comment also on dieresis and umlaut)

 * 1) The diaeresis doesn't just serve the purpose mentioned here. It's used differently in Spanish (possibly also Catalan), and differently again in Russian. It's also used in Chinese Pinyin, Swedish, Hungarian, pedants in English, and in place of macrons in transliterations.
 * 2) I'm with you on disliking the confusion with umlaut but that doesn't stop almost everybody using it as a synonym, and in fact it is more common than this word amongst people I know by a wide margin. Other dictionaries accept this so we should too. — Hippietrail 14:50, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I still think this article is wrong. I see "umlaut" used in standard and technical speech all the time. It's overwhelmingly more common. Unicode calls it an umlaut and that's pretty technical, for one example. "di(a)eresis" seems to be used when speaking of the vowel disambiguation function technically except in regards French where the term "trema" may be more common. I still don't like it but if we're describing the language then this is the way it's used. — Hippietrail 01:15, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:dieresis


text:
connective

Etymology
, modeled after, from , from ; compare , , ,.

Adjective

 * 1) Serving or tending to connect; connecting.

Noun

 * 1) That which connects.
 * 2)  A function that operates on truth values to give another truth value.
 * 3)  A word used to connect words, clauses and sentences, most commonly applied to conjunctions.
 * 4)  The tissue which connects the locules of an anthers together.
 * 5)  A connective tissue.
 * 1)  A connective tissue.

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:connective

Derived terms

 * (3)
 * (3)
 * (3)

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * Icelandic:, tenging,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Swedish:

title: connective


text:
Talk:diaeresis

(This comment also on dieresis and umlaut)

 * 1) The diaeresis doesn't just serve the purpose mentioned here. It's used differently in Spanish (possibly also Catalan), and differently again in Russian. It's also used in Chinese Pinyin, Swedish, Hungarian, pedants in English, and in place of macrons in transliterations.
 * 2) I'm with you on disliking the confusion with umlaut but that doesn't stop almost everybody using it as a synonym, and in fact it is more common than this word amongst people I know by a wide margin. Other dictionaries accept this so we should too. — Hippietrail 15:11, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I still think this article is wrong. I see "umlaut" used in standard and technical speech all the time. It's overwhelmingly more common. Unicode calls it an umlaut and that's pretty technical, for one example. "di(a)eresis" seems to be used when speaking of the vowel disambiguation function technically except in regards French where the term "trema" may be more common. I still don't like it but if we're describing the language then this is the way it's used. — Hippietrail 01:13, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Latin declension
I've found the genitive singular (the length of the ō inferred from the corresponding Greek ), the accusative singular  (see Citations:diaeresis), the ablative (?!) singular  (length guessed), nominative and accusative plural  (one whereof on the citations page), and the ablative (and dative?) plural. Is there a declension-table template that can generate that, or shall I have to create a custom one? — I.S.M.E.T.A. 01:35, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:diaeresis


text:
past

Etymology
From, past participle of , whence Modern 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) The period of time that has already happened, in contrast to the present and the future.
 * 2) * 1830,, a speech
 * The past, at least, is secure.
 * 1)  The past tense.
 * 1)  The past tense.
 * 1)  The past tense.
 * 1)  The past tense.

Synonyms

 * , ; see also Thesaurus:the past

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic:,  الْمَاضِي
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Bashkir: үткән
 * Belarusian: міну́лае
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:, ,
 * Catalan:
 * Cebuano: kagahapon
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, , vervlogene
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: minevik
 * Faroese: fortíð
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: pasado
 * Georgian: წარსულში
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: παρελθόν
 * Hebrew:
 * Hiligaynon: kinaradto
 * Hindi:, माज़ी
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Interlingua: passato
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: өткен
 * Khmer: អតីតកាល
 * Korean:
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Lao:
 * Latin: praeteritum
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: минато
 * Malay:
 * Maltese:, passata
 * Maori:, whakapata, tuauri
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: өнгөрсөн цаг, өнгөрсөн юм
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: fortid
 * Nynorsk: fortid
 * Occitan:
 * Old English: forþġewitennes
 * Ossetian: ивгъуыд
 * Pali: atīta
 * Persian:
 * Dari:
 * Iranian Persian:
 * Plautdietsch: Vegonenheit
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Quechua: ñawpaq pacha
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: про̏шло̄ст
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: minulosť
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: nakaraan
 * Tajik:
 * Telugu: ,
 * Thai:
 * Tocharian B: kätkor
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen: geçmiş
 * Ukrainian: мину́ле
 * Urdu: ماضی
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese: (過去)
 * Walloon:
 * Yiddish: פֿאַרגאַנגענהייט, עבֿר

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian: kohë e shkuar, koha e shkuar
 * Arabic:, الْمَاضِي , فِعْل مَاضٍ, الْفِعْل الْمَاضِي
 * Armenian: ,
 * Azerbaijani: keçmiş zaman
 * Bashkir: үткән заман
 * Belarusian: міну́лы час
 * Bengali: অতীত কাল
 * Bulgarian: ми́нало вре́ме
 * Buryat: үнгэрһэн саг
 * Carpathian Rusyn: минулый час
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 過去時態, ,
 * Chuvash: иртнӗ вӑхӑт
 * Crimean Tatar: keçken zaman
 * Czech: minulý čas
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: minevik
 * Faroese: tátíð
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: pasado
 * Georgian: ნამყო
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:, भूत काल, माज़ी
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian: kala lampau
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 過去時制,
 * Kazakh: өткен шақ
 * Khmer: អតីតកាល
 * Korean: ,
 * Kyrgyz: өткөн чак
 * Latin: tempus praeteritum, praeteritum
 * Latvian:, pagātnes laiks
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: минато време
 * Malay:
 * Maltese:
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: өнгөрсөн цаг
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: preteritum, datid
 * Nynorsk: preteritum, datid
 * Old English: forþġewiten
 * Persian:
 * Iranian Persian:, , زَمانِ گُذَشْتِه
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: прошло време, прошло вријеме
 * Roman: prošlo vreme, prošlo vrijeme
 * Slovak: minulý čas, préteritum
 * Slovene: preteklik, pretekli čas
 * Spanish:, tiempo pasado
 * Swedish:, , förfluten tid,
 * Tagalog: naganap, pangnagdaan
 * Tajik: замони гузашта,, мози
 * Tatar: үткән заман
 * Telugu: గతించిన, ,
 * Thai:
 * Tibetan: འདས་པ
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen: öten zaman
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: ماضی
 * Uyghur: ئۆتكەن زامان
 * Uzbek: oʻtgan zamon
 * Vietnamese: thời quá khứ, thì quá khứ
 * Yakut: ааспыт кэм
 * Yiddish: פֿאַרגאַנגענע צײַט, עבֿר

 * Danish:

Adjective

 * 1) Having already happened; in the past; finished.
 * 2)  Following expressions of time to indicate how long ago something happened; ago.
 * 3) Of a period of time: having just gone by; previous.
 * 4)  Of a tense, expressing action that has already happened or a previously-existing state.
 * 1) Of a period of time: having just gone by; previous.
 * 2)  Of a tense, expressing action that has already happened or a previously-existing state.
 * 1) Of a period of time: having just gone by; previous.
 * 2)  Of a tense, expressing action that has already happened or a previously-existing state.
 * 1)  Of a tense, expressing action that has already happened or a previously-existing state.
 * 1)  Of a tense, expressing action that has already happened or a previously-existing state.

Synonyms

 * , ; see also Thesaurus:past
 * ,, ; see also Thesaurus:former

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Bashkir: үткән
 * Belarusian: міну́лы
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: pasado
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃
 * Greek:, παρελθών, , , τα περασμένα
 * Ancient: παρελθών
 * Hungarian:, , ,
 * Ido:
 * Irish: caite
 * Italian:
 * Korean: ,
 * Latin: praeteritus
 * Latvian: pagājis
 * Macedonian: изминат, минат
 * Maltese:
 * Norman: pâssé
 * Occitan:
 * Old English: forþġewiten
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: прошли
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: minulý
 * Slovene: minuli
 * Spanish:
 * Sundanese: harita
 * Swedish: ,
 * Telugu: పూర్వపు,
 * Tocharian B: atit
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian:

 * Armenian:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician: pasado
 * Greek:, παρελθών, , , ,
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Korean: 이전(以前)-의
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: прошли
 * Roman:
 * Sundanese: harita
 * Telugu: గత
 * Turkish:, geçtiğimiz,

 * Czech:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: pasado
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: caite
 * Italian:
 * Korean: 과거(過去)-의
 * Norman: pâssé
 * Old English: forþġewiten
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian: (de/despre)
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: прошли
 * Roman:
 * Telugu: గతకాలం

Adverb

 * 1) In a direction that passes.
 * I watched him walk past
 * I watched him walk past

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: més enllà
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Hungarian: mellette…el
 * Irish: thar bráid
 * Italian:
 * Latin:
 * Portuguese: por (aqui)
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: seachad
 * Spanish:, por delante
 * Telugu: పోయింది
 * Ukrainian: повз
 * Welsh: heibio

Preposition

 * 1) Beyond in place or quantity
 * the room past mine
 * count past twenty
 * 1)  Any number of minutes after the last hour
 * What's the time? - It's now quarter past twelve midday (or 12.15pm).
 * 1) No longer capable of.
 * I'm past caring what he thinks of me.
 * 1) Having recovered or moved on from (a traumatic experience, etc.).
 * 2) Passing by, especially without stopping or being delayed.
 * Ignore them, we'll play past them.
 * Please don't drive past the fruit stand, I want to stop there.
 * Ignore them, we'll play past them.
 * Please don't drive past the fruit stand, I want to stop there.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: بعد
 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:,  ,
 * Irish: tar éis, i ndiaidh
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Portuguese:, depois de
 * Scottish Gaelic: seach, an dèidh
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: mimo
 * Swedish:
 * Telugu:

 * German:

 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Ingrian: yli
 * Swedish:

 * German: jenseits sein von, darüber hinweg sein

 * German: darüber hinweg sein

 * Dutch:
 * German:, ,
 * Norwegian:
 * Swedish:

Etymology
,

Noun

 * 1) trap a device designed to catch and sometimes kill animals

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) food, meal

Etymology
From, probably influenced by.

Noun

 * 1) food, meal

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) trap

title: past


text:
present

Etymology 1
From, from , from , present participle of , from +.

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to now, for the time being; current.
 * 2) Located in the immediate vicinity.
 * 3)  Having an immediate effect (of a medicine, poison etc.); fast-acting.
 * 4)  Not delayed; immediate; instant.
 * 5)  Ready; quick in emergency.
 * 6)  Favorably attentive; propitious.
 * 7) Relating to something a person is referring to in the very context, with a deictic use similar to the demonstrative adjective this.
 * 8) Attentive; alert; focused.
 * 9)  Neither for or against (used in voting to express abstention)
 * 1)  Ready; quick in emergency.
 * 2)  Favorably attentive; propitious.
 * 3) Relating to something a person is referring to in the very context, with a deictic use similar to the demonstrative adjective this.
 * 4) Attentive; alert; focused.
 * 5)  Neither for or against (used in voting to express abstention)
 * 1) Relating to something a person is referring to in the very context, with a deictic use similar to the demonstrative adjective this.
 * 2) Attentive; alert; focused.
 * 3)  Neither for or against (used in voting to express abstention)
 * 1)  Neither for or against (used in voting to express abstention)
 * 1)  Neither for or against (used in voting to express abstention)

Synonyms

 * ; see also Thesaurus:present
 * , ; see also Thesaurus:near
 * ; see also Thesaurus:instantaneous
 * ; see also Thesaurus:instantaneous

Antonyms

 * ; see also Thesaurus:delayed
 * ; see also Thesaurus:delayed
 * ; see also Thesaurus:delayed
 * ; see also Thesaurus:delayed

Translations

 * Arabic: حَالِيّ, حَاضِر
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani: hazırkı, indiki
 * Bashkir: хәҙерге, бөгөнгө
 * Belarusian: цяпе́рашні
 * Bikol Central:
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan: ,
 * Cebuano: karon
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish: nuværende
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto: hodiaŭa,
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician: ,
 * Georgian: ახლანდელი, აწმყო
 * German: ,
 * Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: παρών
 * Hiligaynon: karon
 * Hindi: हाज़िर,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic:, , , í nútíðinni
 * Ido:
 * Ingrian: nykyin
 * Irish: i láithir, láithreach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: 현재(現在)-의
 * Kyrgyz: ,
 * Latgalian: niulīne
 * Latin:
 * Latvian:
 * Macedonian: сегашен
 * Malay:
 * Maltese: preżent, issa
 * Maori: ināianei, onāianei
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: nåværende
 * Nynorsk: noverande
 * Old English: andweard
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Punjabi: ਹਾਦਰ, ਹਾਜ਼ਰ, ਮੌਜੂਦ
 * Quechua: kunan
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: làthaireach
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene: sedanji
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: kasalukuyan,
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: пото́чний,
 * Vietnamese: (現在)
 * Volapük:
 * Walloon: d' asteure, d' ådjourdu
 * Zazaki:

 * Arabic:, حَاضِر
 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: прысу́тны
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:, tilstedeværende,
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: हाज़िर,
 * Hungarian: jelen levő
 * Irish: i láthair
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Kyrgyz: ,
 * Latin: ,
 * Macedonian: присутен
 * Maltese: preżent
 * Norwegian:
 * Occitan:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: làthaireach
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: при̏сутан
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: prítomný
 * Slovene: prisoten
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: прису́тній,
 * Urdu: اپستھت
 * Vietnamese:, (現面)
 * Volapük:
 * Walloon:

Noun

 * 1) The current moment or period of time.
 * 2)  The present tense.

Synonyms

 * ; see also Thesaurus:the present

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani: hal-hazır,
 * Bashkir: бөгөнгө көн, хәҙерге ваҡыт
 * Belarusian: сапра́ўднае, цяпе́рашні час
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:, , ,
 * Catalan:
 * Cebuano: karon
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Coptic: ⲛⲏⲉⲧϣⲟⲡ
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:, huidige tijd
 * Esperanto: nuna tempo, nuntempo
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: ახლანდელი დრო, აწმყო
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: παρόν
 * Hebrew:
 * Hiligaynon: karon
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: am i láthair
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Khmer:, វត្តមានកាល,
 * Korean:
 * Kyrgyz: ,
 * Lao: ປັດຈຸບັນ
 * Latin:
 * Latvian:
 * Macedonian: сегашност
 * Maltese: preżent
 * Norman: présent
 * Old English: andweardnes
 * Persian:
 * Plautdietsch: Jäajenwuat
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Quechua: kay pacha
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: са̀дашњо̄ст
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: súčasnosť
 * Slovene: sedanjost
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: kasalukuyan,
 * Thai: ประจุบัน,, สมัยใหม่
 * Ukrainian: спра́вжнє,
 * Vietnamese: (現在)
 * Walloon: tins d' asteure

Etymology 2
From, from , from , from , present participle of.

Noun

 * 1)  A gift, especially one given for birthdays, Christmas, anniversaries, graduations, weddings, or any other special occasions.
 * 2)  The position of a soldier in presenting arms.
 * 1)  The position of a soldier in presenting arms.

Verb

 * 1) To bring (someone) into the presence of (a person); to introduce formally.
 * to present an envoy to the king
 * 1)  To nominate (a member of the clergy) for an ecclesiastical benefice; to offer to the bishop or ordinary as a candidate for institution.
 * 2)  To offer (a problem, complaint) to a court or other authority for consideration.
 * 3)  To charge (a person) with a crime or accusation; to bring before court.
 * 4)  To come forward, appear in a particular place or before a particular person, especially formally.
 * 5)  To put (something) forward in order for it to be seen; to show, exhibit.
 * 6) * 2020, NFL rule 7 section 4 article 7:
 * Note: The offensive team must present a legal formation both before and after a shift.
 * 1)  To make clear to one's mind or intelligence; to put forward for consideration.
 * 2)  To put on, stage (a play etc.).
 * The theater is proud to present the Fearless Fliers.
 * 1)  To point (a firearm) at something, to hold (a weapon) in a position ready to fire.
 * 2)  To offer oneself for mental consideration; to occur to the mind.
 * Well, one idea does present itself.
 * 1)  To come to the attention of medical staff, especially  a specific symptom.
 * The patient presented with insomnia.
 * 1)  To appear (in a specific way) for delivery (of a fetus); to appear first at the mouth of the uterus during childbirth.
 * 2)  To appear or represent oneself (as having a certain gender).
 * At that time, Elbe was presenting as a man.
 * 1)  To act as presenter on (a radio, television programme etc.).
 *  presents "".
 * 1)  To give a gift or presentation to (someone).
 * She was presented with an honorary degree for her services to entertainment.
 * 1)  To give (a gift or presentation) to someone; to bestow.
 * 2)  To deliver (something abstract) as though as a gift; to offer.
 * I presented my compliments to Lady Featherstoneshaw.
 * 1)  To hand over (a bill etc.) to be paid.
 * 2)  To display one's female genitalia in a way that signals to others that one is ready for copulation. Also referred to as.
 * 3)  In omegaverse fiction, to have one's secondary sex (alpha, omega, or beta) become apparent, typically at puberty.
 * 4) * 2018, Ninna Ilias, "Reimagining Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Gender Performativity", thesis submitted to Radboud University, page 59:
 * Sherlock’s gender performance itself remains unchanged, with the exception of the hormonal changes he goes through after presenting as an omega.
 * 1) * 2019, Tessa Baron, "Just Go Find Yourself a Nice Alpha: Gender and Consent in Supernatural Fandom's Alpha/Beta/Omega Universe", thesis submitted to Oregon State University, page 17:
 * People “present” their secondary genders during puberty, so girls and boys are raised without knowing if they will be alphas, betas, or omegas.
 * 1)  To hand over (a bill etc.) to be paid.
 * 2)  To display one's female genitalia in a way that signals to others that one is ready for copulation. Also referred to as.
 * 3)  In omegaverse fiction, to have one's secondary sex (alpha, omega, or beta) become apparent, typically at puberty.
 * 4) * 2018, Ninna Ilias, "Reimagining Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Gender Performativity", thesis submitted to Radboud University, page 59:
 * Sherlock’s gender performance itself remains unchanged, with the exception of the hormonal changes he goes through after presenting as an omega.
 * 1) * 2019, Tessa Baron, "Just Go Find Yourself a Nice Alpha: Gender and Consent in Supernatural Fandom's Alpha/Beta/Omega Universe", thesis submitted to Oregon State University, page 17:
 * People “present” their secondary genders during puberty, so girls and boys are raised without knowing if they will be alphas, betas, or omegas.

Translations

 * Arabic:, طَرَحَ
 * Hijazi Arabic: قَدَّم, عَرَّف
 * Asturian:
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: præsentere
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Korean:
 * Kyrgyz: ,
 * Latin:, condono
 * Maltese:, tippreżenta
 * Occitan:
 * Persian: ,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ,
 * Slovene: predstaviti, predstavljati
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Thai: นำเสนอ
 * Turkish:, , kaleme vermek
 * Ukrainian: представля́ти,
 * Vietnamese:
 * Walloon:

 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Finnish:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ,
 * Swedish:, , , , ,
 * Walloon:

 * Asturian:
 * Catalan:
 * French: ,
 * Italian: ,
 * Latin:, praesento
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * Danish:

 * Portuguese:

 * Portuguese:

 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: قدم
 * Armenian:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * Greek: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Latin: praebeō
 * Malayalam:
 * Maori: tāpae, whakawhiwhi, tāpaepae
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Quechua: quy
 * Russian:, , ,  ,
 * Slovene: podeliti
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Ukrainian: дарува́ти
 * Walloon:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Italian:

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1)  current moment or period of time
 * 2)   grammatical tense

Adjective

 * 1)  at a given location

Etymology
From or clipping of.

Noun

 * 1)  presentation

Verb

 * 1)  to ; to give a lecture or speech to an audience

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * , gift

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1)  (not absent)

Noun

 * , gift

Noun

 * 1) gift;
 * 2) * 1417, La disputation de l'Asne contre frere Anselme Turmeda
 * "frm"

- Un iour qu'il alloit par ladite cité & passant p[ar] la rue de la mer, veit une guenon dedans un panier & l'acheta pour en faire un present audit conte d'Armignac son parent, pource que en France i'a pas beaucoup de telz animaux.

 * 1)   (tense)

Noun

 * 1) gift;
 * 2)   (tense)
 * 1)   (tense)

Noun

 * 1) gift,

title: present


text:
have another think coming

Verb

 * 1)  To be deluded, to be mistaken; to need to rethink something one has determined; to need to reconsider one's plans or expectations.
 * If you think you're going to marry my daughter, you have another think coming.

Usage notes

 * This expression is used as a rebuke, often in constructions similar to "If X thinks that Y, he/she has another think coming!" Sometimes the word got is included, in the familiar constructions has got and have got, as "(someone)'s got another think coming", "they've/you've got another think coming".
 * The form to have another thing coming is often seen, and may have been aided by a mishearing of the /k/ of think blended with the /k/ of coming, making think sound like thing.
 * Another common colloquial pronunciation in the US sounds like have another think a-comin' .

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish: tro om igen
 * Finnish:, muuttaa suunnitelmia
 * French:, ,
 * Italian: sbagliarsi di grosso, meglio che ci ripensi, pensaci due volte
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: varati se
 * Spanish: llevarlo claro

title: have another think coming


text:
have another thing coming

Usage notes
May be considered a mishearing error; see usage note at have another think coming.

title: have another thing coming


text:
low-end

Adjective

 * 1) Cheap or inexpensive; low-quality.
 * 2) * 12 July 2012, Sam Adams, AV Club Ice Age: Continental Drift
 * With the help of some low-end boosting, Dinklage musters a decent amount of kid-appropriate menace—although he never does explain his gift for finding chunks of ice shaped like pirate ships—but Romano and Leary mainly sound bored, droning through their lines as if they’re simultaneously texting the contractors building the additions on their houses funded by their fat sequel paychecks.
 * With the help of some low-end boosting, Dinklage musters a decent amount of kid-appropriate menace—although he never does explain his gift for finding chunks of ice shaped like pirate ships—but Romano and Leary mainly sound bored, droning through their lines as if they’re simultaneously texting the contractors building the additions on their houses funded by their fat sequel paychecks.

Translations

 * Finnish:, halpis-
 * French: ,

title: low-end


text:
User:Tormod

=Gaelic=

Proper Noun
Tormod (a Thormoid)

 * 1) A Gaelic forename translated as "Norman".
 * 2) A bored veterinarian from Tennessee.
 * 3) David T.

title: User:Tormod


text: EPIC

title: EPIC


text:
hydrargyrus

Etymology
From the, from +.

Noun

 * 1)  (artificially prepared),

title: hydrargyrus


text:
earwig

Etymology
From, from , from , so named from a popular belief that they are able to penetrate a person's head through the ear.

Noun

 * 1) Any of various insects of the order  that have elongated bodies, large membranous wings folded underneath short leathery forewings and a pair of large pincers protruding from the rear of the abdomen.
 * 2) * 2002, Maurice Burton, Robert Burton, Nuthatch, entry in International Wildlife Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition, page 1762,
 * Nuthatches search the crevices of bark at other times during the year for insects, including beetles, earwigs, flies and bugs, and they open galls (swellings in plants) to extract grubs.
 * 1) * 2008, John L. Capinera (editor), European Earwig, Forficula auricularia, Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), entry in Encyclopedia of Entomology, page 1370,
 * Adults can use the cerci in defense, twisting the abdomen forward over the head or sideways to engage an enemy, often another earwig. Earwigs are nocturnal, spending the day hidden under leaf debris, in cracks and crevices, and in other dark locations.
 * 1) One who whispers insinuations; a secret counsellor.
 * 2) A flatterer.
 * 1) One who whispers insinuations; a secret counsellor.
 * 2) A flatterer.
 * 1) A flatterer.

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: ابو مقص
 * Aramaic:
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܩܸܪܨܘܿ
 * Basque:
 * Bulgarian: щипалка
 * Catalan: ,
 * Cherokee: ᎦᎴᎾᎩ
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: kõrvahark
 * Farefare: baga
 * Faroese: tvísterta
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician:, cadela faldrexa, rapacarallas, zormicadela,
 * Georgian: ყურბელა
 * German:, Ohrenkriecher, Ohrkneifer
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: gailseach
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: 鋏虫, 蠼螋
 * Korean: 집게벌레
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Luxembourgish: Ouereschlëffer
 * Manx: gollage
 * Maori: matā, hiore kakati
 * Middle English: erwig, erwigge
 * Middle High German: ôrenwützel
 * Mongolian:
 * Moore: kara-nanga, ka-nanga
 * Navajo: jeeʼiighááh
 * Norman: pèrche-ouothelle
 * Norwegian: saksedyr
 * Old English: ēarwiċġa
 * Ottoman Turkish: قولاغه قاچان
 * Polish:, cęgosz, , szczypawica
 * Portuguese: tesourinha, lacrainha
 * Rapa Nui: garara
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scots: hornie-gollach
 * Scottish Gaelic: fiolan-cluaise
 * Serbo-Croatian:, strižavka
 * Slovak: ucholak
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tamil:
 * Thai: แมงคาเรือง
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: щи́павка, вухове́ртка
 * Vietnamese: sâu tai
 * Welsh: pryf clustiog, chwilen glust, pryf clust, pryf clustiau, pryfyn clust, chwilod clust
 * West Frisian: foarkestekker
 * Yiddish: אויערוואָרעם
 * Zulu: umkhothane

Verb

 * 1)  To fill the mind of with prejudice by insinuations.
 * 2)  To attempt to influence by persistent confidential argument or talk.
 * 3)  To eavesdrop.
 * 4)  To eavesdrop on.
 * 1)  To eavesdrop.
 * 2)  To eavesdrop on.
 * 1)  To eavesdrop on.
 * 1)  To eavesdrop on.
 * 1)  To eavesdrop on.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:

title: earwig


text:
Rhymes:English/ɪsk

Pronunciation
-ĭsk, /-ɪsk/, /-Isk/

One syllable

 * bisk, bisque
 * blisk
 * brisk
 * CISC
 * disc, disk
 * frisk
 * misc
 * RISC
 * risk
 * whisk

title: Rhymes:English/ɪsk


text:
gerbil

Etymology
From, from , from or. .

Noun

 * 1) A member of one of several species of small, jumping, murine rodents, of the genus  and certain other genera in subfamily, with leaping powers resembling those of the jerboa, native to Africa, India, and Southern Europe.

Translations

 * Arabic: يَرْبُوع, جَرْبُوع
 * Bulgarian: пясъчна мишка
 * Catalan: jerbu petit
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 沙鼠
 * Danish: ørkenrotte
 * Dutch:, renmuis,
 * Esperanto: gerbilo
 * Estonian: liivahiir
 * Faroese: oyðimørkaíkorn
 * Finnish: gerbilli
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: მექვიშიები
 * German:, Wüstenrennmaus, mongolische Rennmaus
 * Hungarian: futóegér, versenyegér
 * Italian:, ratto delle sabbie
 * Japanese: スナネズミ, ジャービル
 * Low German: rennmüüs
 * Navajo: hóółtseiigi naʼatsʼǫǫsí
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese: gerbilo
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:, , jerbillo,
 * Swedish:, gerbil
 * Vietnamese: chuột nhảy

Verb

 * 1)  To rotate inside a monowheel or similar apparatus due to sudden acceleration or braking.
 * 2)  To insert a small animal (typically a gerbil, supposedly) into one's rectum (a sexual practice in urban myth).

Etymology
.

Noun

 * a, especially a Mongolian gerbil (common as a pet)

title: gerbil


text: Category:English pronouns

title: Category:English pronouns


text: Category:English first person pronouns

title: Category:English first person pronouns


text: Category:English second person pronouns

title: Category:English second person pronouns


text: Category:English third person pronouns

title: Category:English third person pronouns


text:
coverb

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a class of words in various languages including Chinese and Hungarian whose function is analogous to the cases, prepositions, and postpositions of other languages.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 動介詞
 * Finnish: ,
 * Hungarian:

title: coverb


text: Category:English conjunctions

title: Category:English conjunctions


text:
preverb

Noun

 * 1)  A separable verb prefix or a particle that precedes a verb.
 * 2)  Any of a class of words in the Chinese language whose function is analogous to the cases, prepositions, and postpositions of other languages.
 * 3)  A verbal prefix in the Algonquin languages whose function is analogous to the adjective of other languages.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 动介词
 * Georgian: ზმნისწინი
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Persian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: preverbo
 * Welsh: rhagferf

 * French:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Portuguese: pré-verbo

Etymology
.

title: preverb


text:
postposition

Noun

 * 1)  A word that has the same purpose as a preposition but comes after the noun.
 * 2) The act of placing after, or the state of being placed after.

Translations

 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani: qoşma
 * Bashkir: бәйләүес
 * Basque: postposizio
 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:, achtergeplaatst voorzetsel
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: tagasõna
 * Faroese: eftirseting
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: პოსტპოზიცია, უკუდებული
 * German: Nachsetzwort, nachgestellte Präposition,, nachgestelltes Verhältniswort,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὑπόταξις
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: eftirsetning
 * Ido:
 * Ingrian: postpositsia, jälkisana
 * Irish: iarfhocal
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kannada:
 * Kazakh: септеулік
 * Korean:
 * Limburgish: achterzètsel
 * Malayalam:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak:
 * Southern Altai: уланты
 * Spanish: posposición
 * Swedish:
 * Tamil:
 * Telugu:
 * Thai: ,
 * Turkish: sontakı
 * Udmurt: нимбер
 * Vietnamese: hậu giới từ

Verb

 * 1)  To be placed after a the word that it modifies.

Noun

 * 1)  postposition

title: postposition


text: Category:English prepositions

title: Category:English prepositions


text:
Talk:preposition

Interesting that this noun is categorised with other prepositions. There are so many reasons why I don't like large-scale categorising on Wiktionary. Small-scale categorising is good though. — Hippietrail 03:44, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Which words in a title should be capitalized?
Anyone know of a comprehensive list of all prepositions? Is it worth mentioning in this definition that prepositions (other than the first word) of book titles should not be capitalized? --Connel MacKenzie 23:10, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A comprehensive list of prepositions can be found here. --BrettR 01:40, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Not just nouns
In English, at least, prepositions don't just come before nouns and pronouns. They also come before: other prepositions (e.g., out from under the bed) adjectives (e.g., on high, for free) adverbs (e.g., until recently) interogative clauses (e.g., we can't agree on whether to have children or not) finite clauses (e.g,. she stood before she crawled) --BrettR 01:37, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Poor definition
A preposition is not a class of words. It is a word. Prepositions, while a plural of, could be also referred to as a class, but it is wrong to define this word as such. I'm not sure what it is about this word but the wikipedia article is muddled as well — more so, actually. This should be re-written so that the class is not the definition. Perhaps it could be a secondary definition.

2teknikl!
a particle used with a noun or pronoun (in English always in the objective case) to make a phrase limiting some other word

 * Grammar is a complicated subject :( —suzukaze (t・c) 06:22, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:preposition


text: Category:Nouns

title: Category:Nouns


text: Category:German nouns

title: Category:German nouns


text: Category:Latin language

title: Category:Latin language


text:
User:Vuara/Vaitrò Viẹtngữ trong thếkỷ 21

Vaitrò Viẹtngữ trong thếkỷ 21 Bài của Tân Viẹt

TiéngViẹt dứng thứ 10 trongsố 6.500 ngônngữ trên thếjới. Về mưctrảirộng toàncầu thi tiéngViẹt dứng thứ 5 sau English, Mandarin, Spanish, Hindi nhờ trên 3 triẹu ngưòi VN cưtrú khăp 5 châu. Bạn dừng ngạcnhien khi co nhièu ngônngữ dếnthế vì có 52% trongsốdó chỉcó zưói 10.000 ngưòi sửzụng, 28% zưói 1.000 ngưòi sửzụng. Trongsố 6.500 ngônngữ dó, tiéngViẹt dược xêphạng 10, saudây là 10 ngônngữ đưọc sửzụng bởi mộtnửa zânsô toàncầu:

1. Mandarin 885 million speakers 2. Spanish 332 million speakers 3. English 322 million speakers 4. Bengali 189 million speakers 5. Hindi 182 million speakers 6. Portuguese 170 million speakers 6. Russian 170 million speakers 8. Japanese 125 million speakers 9. German 98 million speakers 10. Vietnamese 78.7 million speakers (plus 3 million overseas)

Về zânsố, VN xêphạng thứ 13 trên 226 quôcja và thuộcdịa trên thếjới năm 2001

Rank Country Population 1 China 1,273,111,290 2 India 1,029,991,145 3 United States 278,058,881 4 Indonesia 228,437,870 5 Brazil 174,468,575 6 Russia 145,470,197 7 Pakistan 144,616,639 8 Bangladesh 131,269,860 9 Japan 126,771,662 10 Nigeria 126,635,626 11 Mexico 101,879,171 12 Germany 83,029,536 13 Vietnam 78,799,014 14 Philippines 76,500,518 15 Egypt 69,536,644 16 Turkey 66,493,970 17 Iran 66,128,965 18 Ethiopia 65,891,874 19 Thailand 61,797,751 20 United Kingdom 59,647,790 21 France 59,551,227 22 Italy 57,679,825 23 Congo (Kinshasa) 53,624,718 24 Ukraine 48,760,474 25 Korea, South 47,904,370 26 South Africa 43,586,097 27 Burma 41,994,678 28 Colombia 40,349,388 29 Spain 40,037,995 30 Poland 38,633,912 31 Argentina 37,384,816 32 Tanzania 36,232,074 33 Sudan 36,080,373 34 Algeria 31,736,053 35 Canada 31,592,805 36 Kenya 30,765,916 37 Morocco 30,645,305 38 Peru 27,483,864 39 Afghanistan 26,813,057 40 Nepal 25,284,463 41 Uzbekistan 25,155,064 42 Uganda 23,985,712 43 Venezuela 23,916,810 44 Iraq 23,331,985 45 Saudi Arabia 22,757,092 46 Taiwan 22,370,461 47 Romania 22,364,022 48 Malaysia 22,229,040 49 Korea, North 21,968,228 50 Ghana 19,894,014 51 Sri Lanka 19,408,635 52 Mozambique 19,371,057 53 Australia 19,357,594 54 Yemen 18,078,035 55 Kazakhstan 16,731,303 56 Syria 16,728,808 57 Cote d'Ivoire 16,393,221 58 Madagascar 15,982,563 59 Netherlands 15,981,472 60 Cameroon 15,803,220 61 Chile 15,328,467 62 Ecuador 13,183,978 63 Guatemala 12,974,361 64 Cambodia 12,491,501 65 Burkina Faso 12,272,289 66 Zimbabwe 11,365,366 67 Cuba 11,184,023 68 Mali 11,008,518 69 Greece 10,623,835 70 Malawi 10,548,250 71 Angola 10,366,031 72 Niger 10,355,156 73 Belarus 10,350,194 74 Senegal 10,284,929 75 Czech Republic 10,264,212 76 Belgium 10,258,762 77 Hungary 10,106,017 78 Portugal 10,066,253 79 Serbia 10,003,309 80 Zambia 9,770,199 81 Tunisia 9,705,102 82 Sweden 8,875,053 83 Chad 8,707,078 84 Dominican Republic 8,581,477 85 Bolivia 8,300,463 86 Austria 8,150,835 87 Azerbaijan 7,771,092 88 Bulgaria 7,707,495 89 Guinea 7,613,870 90 Somalia 7,488,773 91 Rwanda 7,312,756 92 Switzerland 7,283,274 93 Hong Kong S.A.R. 7,210,505 94 Haiti 6,964,549 95 Benin 6,590,782 96 Tajikistan 6,578,681 97 Honduras 6,406,052 98 El Salvador 6,237,662 99 Burundi 6,223,897 100 Israel 5,938,093 101 Paraguay 5,734,139 102 Laos 5,635,967 103 Sierra Leone 5,426,618 104 Slovakia 5,414,937 105 Denmark 5,352,815 106 Libya 5,240,599 107 Finland 5,175,783 108 Jordan 5,153,378 109 Togo 5,153,088 110 Papua New Guinea 5,049,055 111 Georgia 4,989,285 112 Nicaragua 4,918,393 113 Kyrgyzstan 4,753,003 114 Turkmenistan 4,603,244 115 Norway 4,503,440 116 Moldova 4,431,570 117 Croatia 4,334,142 118 Singapore 4,300,419 119 Eritrea 4,298,269 120 Puerto Rico 3,937,316 121 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,922,205 122 New Zealand 3,864,129 123 Ireland 3,840,838 124 Costa Rica 3,773,057 125 Lebanon 3,627,774 126 Lithuania 3,610,535 127 Central African Republic 3,576,884 128 Albania 3,510,484 129 Uruguay 3,360,105 130 Armenia 3,336,100 131 Liberia 3,225,837 132 Congo (Brazzaville) 2,894,336 133 Panama 2,845,647 134 Mauritania 2,747,312 135 Jamaica 2,665,636 136 Mongolia 2,654,999 137 Oman 2,622,198 138 United Arab Emirates 2,407,460 139 Latvia 2,385,231 140 Lesotho 2,177,062 141 West Bank 2,090,713 142 Bhutan 2,049,412 143 Macedonia, The Former Yugo. Rep. of 2,046,209 144 Kuwait 2,041,961 145 Slovenia 1,930,132 146 Namibia 1,797,677 147 Botswana 1,586,119 149 Gambia, The 1,411,205 150 Guinea-Bissau 1,315,822 151 Gabon 1,221,175 152 Mauritius 1,189,825 153 Gaza Strip 1,178,119 154 Trinidad and Tobago 1,169,682 155 Swaziland 1,104,343 156 Fiji 844,330 157 Qatar 769,152 158 Cyprus 762,887 159 Reunion 732,570 160 Guyana 697,181 161 Montenegro 673,981 162 Bahrain 645,361 163 Comoros 596,202 164 Equatorial Guinea 486,060 165 Solomon Islands 480,442 166 Djibouti 460,700 167 Macau S.A.R. 453,733 168 Luxembourg 442,972 169 Suriname 433,998 170 Guadeloupe 431,170 171 Martinique 418,454 172 Cape Verde 405,163 173 Malta 394,583 174 Brunei 343,653 175 Maldives 310,764 176 Bahamas, The 297,852 177 Iceland 277,906 178 Barbados 275,330 179 Belize 256,062 180 French Polynesia 253,506 181 Western Sahara 250,559 182 Netherlands Antilles 212,226 183 New Caledonia 204,863 184 Vanuatu 192,910 185 Samoa 179,058 186 French Guiana 177,562 187 Sao Tome and Principe 165,034 188 Mayotte 163,366 189 Saint Lucia 158,178 190 Guam 157,557 191 Micronesia, Federated States of 134,597 192 Virgin Islands 122,211 193 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 115,942 194 Tonga 104,227 195 Kiribati 94,149 196 Jersey 89,361 197 Grenada 89,227 198 Seychelles 79,715 199 Northern Mariana Islands 74,612 200 Man, Isle of 73,489 201 Marshall Islands 70,822 202 Dominica 70,786 203 Aruba 70,007 204 Andorra 67,627 205 American Samoa 67,084 206 Antigua and Barbuda 66,970 207 Guernsey 64,342 208 Bermuda 63,503 209 Greenland 56,352 210 Faroe Islands 45,661 211 Saint Kitts and Nevis 38,756 212 Cayman Islands 35,527 213 Liechtenstein 32,528 214 Monaco 31,842 215 Gibraltar 27,649 216 San Marino 27,336 217 Virgin Islands, British 20,812 218 Cook Islands 20,611 219 Palau 19,092 220 Turks and Caicos Islands 18,122 221 Wallis and Futuna 15,435 222 Anguilla 12,132 223 Nauru 12,088 224 Tuvalu 10,991 225 Montserrat 7,574 226 Saint Helena 7,266 227 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6,928

Nếu tính chung cả Nam và Băc Hàn có zânsố la (45 + 25) = 70 million ở vịtrí 15. Nói dến tưongquan ngônngữ không thể bỏqua tưongquan kinhtế, ta hãy so sánh:

Quôcgia GNP năm 2000 Tổng sảnlưọng1999 Tăng/gỉảm

1. United States 9,963,000,000,000 9,255,000,000,000 7.65 2. China 4,500,000,000,000 4,800,000,000,000 -6.25 3. Japan 3,150,000,000,000 2,950,000,000,000 6.78 4. India 2,200,000,000,000 1,805,000,000,000 21.88 5. Germany 1,936,000,000,000 1,864,000,000,000 3.86 6. France 1,448,000,000,000 1,373,000,000,000 5.46 7. United Kingdom 1,360,000,000,000 1,290,000,000,000 5.43 8. Italy 1,273,000,000,000 1,212,000,000,000 5.03 9. Brazil 1,130,000,000,000 1,057,000,000,000 6.91 10. Russia 1,120,000,000,000 620,300,000,000 80.56 11. Mexico 915,000,000,000 865,500,000,000 5.72 12. Canada 774,700,000,000 722,300,000,000 7.25 13. Korea, South 764,600,000,000 625,700,000,000 22.20 14. Spain 720,800,000,000 677,500,000,000 6.39 15. Indonesia 654,000,000,000 610,000,000,000 7.21 16. Argentina 476,000,000,000 367,000,000,000 29.70 17. Australia 445,800,000,000 416,200,000,000 7.11 18. Turkey 444,000,000,000 409,400,000,000 8.45 19. Iran 413,000,000,000 347,600,000,000 18.81 20. Thailand 413,000,000,000 388,700,000,000 6.25 21. Netherlands 388,400,000,000 365,100,000,000 6.38 22. Taiwan 386,000,000,000 357,000,000,000 8.12 23. South Africa 369,000,000,000 296,100,000,000 24.62 24. Poland 327,500,000,000 276,500,000,000 18.44 25. Philippines 310,000,000,000 282,000,000,000 9.93 26. Pakistan 282,000,000,000 282,000,000,000 0.00 27. Belgium 259,200,000,000 243,400,000,000 6.49 28. Colombia 250,000,000,000 245,100,000,000 2.00 29. Egypt 247,000,000,000 200,000,000,000 23.50 30. Saudi Arabia 232,000,000,000 191,000,000,000 21.47 31. Malaysia 223,700,000,000 229,100,000,000 -2.36 32. Switzerland 207,000,000,000 197,000,000,000 5.08 33. Austria 203,000,000,000 190,600,000,000 6.51 34. Bangladesh 203,000,000,000 187,000,000,000 8.56 35. Sweden 197,000,000,000 184,000,000,000 7.07 36. Ukraine 189,400,000,000 109,500,000,000 72.97 37. Greece 181,900,000,000 149,200,000,000 21.92 38. Hong Kong 181,000,000,000 158,200,000,000 14.41 39. Algeria 171,000,000,000 147,600,000,000 15.85 40. Portugal 159,000,000,000 151,400,000,000 5.02 41. Vietnam 154,400,000,000 143,100,000,000 7.90 42. Chile 153,100,000,000 185,100,000,000 -17.29 43. Venezuela 146,200,000,000 182,800,000,000 -20.02 44. Denmark 136,200,000,000 127,700,000,000 6.66 45. Romania 132,500,000,000 87,400,000,000 51.60 46. Czech Republic 132,400,000,000 120,800,000,000 9.60 47. Norway 124,100,000,000 111,300,000,000 11.50 48. Peru 123,000,000,000 116,000,000,000 6.03 49. Finland 118,300,000,000 108,600,000,000 8.93 50. Nigeria 117,000,000,000 110,500,000,000 5.88

World (Gross World Product) 43,600,000,000,000 40,700,000,000,000 7.13

Tổng sảnlưọng quốcja (GNP) của VN dứng thứ 41 trênthếjới mặczầu sảnlưọng dầungưòi chỉ có 374$US (năm 2000), nếu jảsử sảnlưọng dầungưòi VN bằng Tháilan là 2.000$US hiệnnay thì GNP của VN là 825.000.000.000$US, dứng vịthứ 12 trên thêjới, lớn hơn Canada.

Trong tưonglai nếu có môitrưòng thuậnlợi, VN sẽ là mộttrongnhững quốcja lớn về tiềmnăng kinhtế tưongxứng với zânsố, chuyẹndó cóthể thựchiện dược nếu mọingưòi VN nỗlực thoát khỏi sốfận zântộc nhưọctiểu không tưongxứng với tiềmnăng chúngta.

Hiẹnnay có nhièu ngưòingọaiquôc cốgắng học tiéngViẹt vì cac mụcdich thưongmai, vănhoá, zulịch, kêtbạn, kêthôn, tônjáo v.v...Nhièu dạihọc lớn trên thếjới zạy tiéng Viẹt cho zân bảnxứ. Cac trungtâm cộngdồng, cơsở tônjáo ngưòiViẹt hảingoại có zạy Viẹtngữ cho con của Viẹtkièu.

Tôi dưọc cơhội zạy tiéngViẹt cho ngưòingoạiquôc nên cózịp dểý cấutruc vôlý và thừathải nhưng ngưòiViẹt măcnhien châpnhận những cachviet zo ông Alexandre de Rhodes (Dăc Lộ) dặtra từ 350năm trưoc nhằm mụcdich giảngdạo Thienchúa, thietnghĩ zânViẹnam mình rât zễ châpnhận những gì ngưòingoạiquôc dặtdể. Những ngưòicộngtác với ông Dăc Lộ thờiấy thưònglà zânquê hoặc dồngbào thiểusố it học chonên cấutruc chữViẹt có nhièu sựfilý. Bâyjờ làluc toànzân nỗlực một lần dể tự jảifóng ngônngữ của mình, sữadổi tiéngViẹt cho cac thếhệ saunày tietkiẹm thìjờ qúybáu, jup viẹc học ngônngữ zễ hơn cho zân VN lẫn ngưòi ngoạiquôc học chữViẹt. Dây mới dúng là tiéng VN zo ngưòi VN hợplýhoá.

Nguyentắc: Tốithiẻuhoá cac zấu, tậnzụng cac chữkep vietlièn vớinhau, những chữ không cần zấusăc vẫn fat-âm ngữdiẹu trăc như săc thì khôngcần zấu ', iê, yê như hien, yen không cần zau ^, uô khong can zau ^ như chữ luonluon, hai chữ ươ như hưong thì chỉ cần zấu ư thôi, thế chữ d cho chữ đ, chữ f cho ph , chữ j thay cho gi , chữ z cho chữ d , chữ ng thay vì ngh , như chữ ngiã.

Nếu zùng fưongfap mới nầy chúngta tietkiẹm dưọc 10% jấy mực và thờijờ thì nhân lên cho tổng số 80.000.000 triẹu ngưòi sẽ là consố tietkiẹm dángkể. Jảsử mỗi ngày mỗi ngưòi tietkiẹm 6 fut, toàn zân tietkiẹm 8.000.000 jờ, mỗi nămX 300 = 2.400.000.000 jờ, mỗi jờ trị já 1$US thì trịjá tietkiẹm la 2.400.000.000$US, 10 năm tietkiẹm 24 tỉ mỹkim, 1 thêkỹ sau là 240 tỉ mỹ kim trị já thờijờ, thật ra còn cao hơn mưc dó vì lợitưc của ngưòi VN trong tưonglai chăc chắn sẽ cao hơn 1$US/jờ và zânsố sẽ tănglên trên mưc 100.000.000. Nêu chịukhó tính thêm giấy, mực, dĩacứng của máy computer thì chăc sẽ nhiều hơn.

Zưóidây là bài tôi xinfep vietlại theolối chữ TânViẹt bài cua tacjả dchph, xin sosánh dể thấy sự tietkiẹm:

Sửadổi Cachviet Tiéng Viẹt

Ngônngữ là một thuộctính bềnvững và biéndổi chậmnhât của một zântôc. Trong quátrình fattriẻn lịchsử, tínhcach của ngônngữ có thaydổi với một mưcdộ itnhièu khacnhau, nhâtlà về hìnhthưc, ở cái vỏ biẻuhiẹn bềngoài của tiéngnói, dó là chữviet của một ngônngữ. Tuỳtheo nhucầu lịchsử, một zântộc cóthể có nhucầu thaydổi cáchthểhiện tiéngnói củamình qua chữviet dể thichhợp với nhucầu của thờidại. Nhièu nươc tiénbộ trên thếjới ngàynay trong quátrình fattriẽn dã fải thôngqua jaidoạn cảicach chữviet vì dó là một quátrình tâtyếu.

Chữ Viẹt chúngta dang sửzụng không fảnảnh dúng mộtcach khoahọc của thựctrạng tiếng Viẹt (Viẹtngữ) ngàynay. Cachviet chữ Viẹt hiẹndại cầnfải dược cảitổ hay sữadổi lại không chỉ dể fùhợp tiéngnói mà còn tạo dièukiẹn trựctiep hoặc jántiep gopfần fattriẽn Viẹtnam trong lãnhvực kỹthuật của thờidại hômnay vì kêtquả thưctiẻn là nó sẽ manglại những lợìch kinhtế thietthực.

Thaydổi một thóiquen, nhâtlà thuộc lãnhvực ngônngữ, rât khó nhưng nếu cầnfải cảicach, khôngfải là khôngthể thựchiẹn dược. Dứng trên một quandiẻm nào dó, cảitổ cachviet tiéngViẹt khôngdược xem nhưlà một yeucầu câpbach, nhưng nếu qủathực sự cảitổ manglại lợiich cho nưocnhà, chúngta fải hànhdộng.

Dể thựchiẹn cảitổ cachviet tiéng Viẹt hiẹnnay, chúngta cần xemxet vấndề zưói nhièu khíacạnh dể trảlời những câuhỏi của cac vấndề liênhệ: hiẹntrạng của cachviet tiéngViẹt, tạisao lại fải cảicach, và lamsao dể thựchiẹn cảicach.

HIẸNTRẠNG CỦA CACHVIET TIÉNGVIẸT

Trong lời màodầu, chúngta có nhắctới tínhcach của một ngônngữ, cụthể hơn dólà dặctính của tiéngViẹt. Vậy dặctính cơbản của tiéngViẹt là gì và hìnhthưc gì của nó dã thaydổi qua cac thờidại? Trảlời câuhỏi nầy zưới lăngkính ngônngữ sẽ làm ta nhậnthấy rõnet hơn hiẹntrạng của tiéngViẹt,

TiéngViẹt trong quátrình fattriẻn dã thẩmnhập và tieuhóa (Viẹthóa và Hánviẹthóa) hàngngàn từngữ từ tiéngHán cổ và tiéngHán của nhièu thờidại, cóthể dã xảyra trưóc thời Tần-Hán 221 năm trưoc Côngnguyen (thízụ từ "vuquy", "thángchạp" dưọc zùng vào dời Tần, ngừoiTrunghoa ngàynay không zùng những chữ này) cho tới ngàynay (thízụ từ "khôngzámdâu", "baxạo".

Trong quátrình nầy bươc fattriẻn lịchsử của Viẹtngữ dã rậpkhuon theo cachcấutừ của tiéngHán, nhâtlà sựhìnhthành những từkep haylà từ songâmtiet (dissyllabics). Nhưvậy, ngàynay dặctính hay tínhcach của tiéngViẹt là chứa nhièu tứ songâmtiet (từkep) dược viet zưới hìnhthưc mẫutự Latin rờira từngtiéngmột. Trong tiéngViẹt dasố từkep có một sốlượng lớn âmtiet cóthể dứngdộclập như một từ và có ýnghĩa dơnbiẹt. Dièunày chothấy tiéngViẹt biénchuyẻn từ tínhcach dơnâmtiet sang daâmtiet, nhưvậy tiéngViẹt của chúngta ngàynay khôngcòn la một ngônngữ dơnâmtiet.

Tôi xinfep trìnhbày Tựdiển Chínhtả TânViẹtngữ dể quývị bổtuc và gopý.

Tân Viẹt