text:
Wiktionary talk:Pronunciation

 * See also the Collected archive of pronunciation discussions from the community fora.

Not just English
Dear Peter Isolato, with regard to your criticism on my talk page about removing the English pronunciation key and instead setting up a "mini-portal" on this page, please note the following: Having an English pronunciation key on a page entitled "Wiktionary:Pronunciation" belies its name. There are so many more aspects of pronunciation we have to deal with. These include For users: For editors: Having a pronunciation portal seems a very good solution. It's incomprehensible to me why you think it's a bad move. Of course, the page needs to be expanded and have some explanatory text rather than just being a list of links. My setting-up of this portal was prompted by a string of recent posts by users who were seeking information on pronunciation and seemed lost/unable to find the relevant pages. I remember and were able to find these: Help_talk:Contents (on 17/03 by 12.208.123.186) and WT:BP (on 16/03 by 66.114.145.238). Ncik 14:09, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * How to use the pronunciation section in our entries, most importantly
 * How to read the pronunciation alphabets (IPA (IPA), SAMPA, AHD; pronunciation keys for more intuitive understanding (English pronunciation key, IPA pronunciation key), where we need to consider that the interpretation of pronunciation alphabets may differ from language to language)
 * How to use the audio pronunciations (what are .ogg files, and how do I play them on my computer?)
 * How to request (audio) pronunciations (Pronunciation file requests, Category:Pronunciation stub (why has Template:pronstub been deprecated without substitute?))
 * How to format the pronunciation section (WT:ELE)
 * How to upload pronunciations (Help:Audio pronunciations)

Pronunciation guidelines

 * Copied from discussion in Beer parlour archive/November 06

There are extensive charts about IPA and SAMPA rerpresentation of English and other sounds, but what is the guideline about stress symbols (ˈ) and syllable breaks: (.)? Most French entries seem to have syllable breaks, but no stress symbols. English entries seem to have stress symbols but no syllable breaks. Is there a consensus about this, which should be included? henne 12:00, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Stress is less important in French than in English: in French, syllables are generally evenly stressed, except the last syllable is stressed at the end of a group of words. I don't believe that the syllable break symbol is used much, at least not in my French-English dictionary.  Poccil 22:17, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Adding syllable breaks to English words isn't easy. Consonants at the end of a word tend to be tied into the next word, e.g. red ink is pronounced "re-dink" which is pretty much impossible to convince to an English-only speaker. Hence the confusion between "read-i-ly" or "rea-di-ly" or "rea-dil-y". I'm no authority but I believe the middle one would be British English, well-enunciated, and the last American, employing a dark L. But I wouldn't be surprised if most dictionaries listed the first. DAVilla 23:48, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * So if I understand correctly, you are saying: you can add both, but it is difficult. I do not really agree French has no stress. Less explicit perhaps, but it is there.  For example, in avancer, obviously the last syllable is stressed, whereas in avance, it is the second.  This is the last in both cases, but I am unsure whether this is a rule. henne 17:55, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Stress in French is not phonemic, and in practice it is almost even anyway. avancer is certainly not stressed on the final syllable.  French often sounds like it has final-syllable stress to English-speakers (I don't know whether you are one or not) because its equal stress pattern sounds strange when you're used to the penultimate stress of most English words.  That's why when French words are adopted into English they often take final stress, especially in America (e.g. cliché, passé etc.).  Widsith 14:48, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This is new for me. You could have looked on my user page to see that I am Dutch speaking, French being, along with English, secondary languages.  Ah, I wished everybody used the  template on their user page.  Connel, maybe this is something to include in your standard welcome talk?
 * Anyway, Ok, so French has no stress you claim. Then indeed, marking syllables makes sense, but is it useful?  Should syllables always be marked?  I often add pronunciation for Dutch entries, which has primary stress, but no secondary.  Should I add it there?  Should I add syllable markers for non-stressed syllables? henne 12:33, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Although I use, and , I try to let other people play around with the wording.  Whenever I mess with them I get too many complaints.  Please be bold!  --Connel MacKenzie 23:40, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I had thought French does have stress (in comparison to Japanese for instance) but that it wasn't part of the pronunciation of the word since the stress pattern can change without changing the meaning of the word. As you say, it's not phonemic. I remember a French friend saying some simple sentence that none of us got because of this, and we laughed at ourselves when we figured out why.
 * That doesn't mean avancer and avance, when said alone, aren't stressed at the end. Of course, not speaking French, I really wouldn't know. I've never even been able to figure out if the final R is pronounced or not. DAVilla 14:11, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Some linguists treat the as its own phoneme, since it can affect the meaning of a word in some cases.  This makes it important.  However, for most non-linguists it's difficult to properly locate that phoneme correctly in spoken English, and that's why I generally don't mark them when I add IPA to English entries.  For Latin, however, I routinely include them.  For English, stress is much easier for a native speaker to hear, so I add those in English (as well as Latin), though there are cases where it's difficult to decide whetehr there is secondary stress or not, particularly in compound words were there is even stress on two different syllables. --EncycloPetey 00:09, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This would lead me to not include them, unless necessary, e.g. in Czech syllable-forming r or l (I can’t think of a word now)? henne 12:33, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

UK pronunciations
I am increasingly uncomfortable with the use of RP as a "standard" UK accent. The problem is that RP is now so old-fashioned that we are effectively giving people misleading information. For example, the vowel in man is routinely marked as even though almost everyone in Britain including the Queen and BBC newsreaders, now uses, and  sounds like some kind of incredibly old-fashioned 50s pronunciation. I personally think Wiktionary should mark (UK) rather than (RP), and take as the standard something a bit more like Estuary English. Specifically I suggest: Those are the three most obvious ones that spring to mind. I am aware that this may be constituted as original research but I think the current situation is unhelpful to our users. Widsith 10:16, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) changes to  (I notice the OED have already made this change)
 * 2) changes to  (this has de facto already happened with a lot of editors)
 * 3) changes to  (again this is in keeping with the OED)

 * I agree with you, RP is never used anymore, except for the humour :). There are, I assume - knowing nothing about how pronunciation is transcribed, accents within UK English that should have different pronunciation sections for some words, maybe it would be acceptable to have a UK label for the cases where the pronounciation is similar from everyone, and more specific labels (including RP) for other pronunciation if there is a need for it. I don't think that Estuary English has any more claim to be `the accent` than any of the other regions - there are to my ear accents that sound more neutral. Conrad.Irwin 13:16, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, obviously there are lots of accents in any country, but there is still a "standard" which is useful for foreign learners. In the UK that's a kind of London/south-east accent, which is what I want to represent.  But if you can think of more neutral accents then please suggest some!  Widsith 13:48, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Let's put as many regional accents in the pronunciation section as possible. There's no use in removing RP pronunciations just because they're RP. However, tagging something with "UK" should link to the neutral pronunciation, maybe in an appendix or to the Wikipedia page Estuary English. Slightly off topic, maybe we could experiment with one page (why not hinder?) and add as many regional pronunciations as possible to that page. I don't think there's any accent more neutral than Estuary English. --Keene 13:55, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree that we can and should accommodate lots of regional accents. But my concern is over how we define the most neutral  "standard" for the UK.  I agree with you that it's probably a kind of Estuary English.  Widsith 14:04, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Certainly a step in the right direction. How now brown cow an'all that has pretty much disappeared, innit. I've always been accutely aware that more than 50% of the UK population speak with one of the many "northern" accents. Not to mention, the alarming number of L2 learners who visit UK for the first time, and think they've landed in the wrong country !! - Algrif 14:17, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Keene (13:55, 8 January 2008 (UTC)) to the extent that we should have as many accents as possible, including RP. And, although I don't know Ukogbanian accents, I agree that if RP is not a common UK accent, then a RP pronunciation should be supplemented with a more common UK accent, which should be UK, with the RP accent marked RP, not UK. But I think that if the only UK pronunciation we have for a word is RP, then it can be marked UK (or RP), inasmuch as it is a UK accent.—msh210 ℠ 17:39, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Good idea, I like that solution. Widsith 08:52, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * A few observations: Firstly, I (not to suggest that I am alone) still use /æ/ - although in that specific word, it's /æː/, and there is a significant enough number of people and accents with the bad-lad split in the UK for it to be relevant, I think. And this leads me to my second observation: Which Estuary English? I speak with an Estuary English accent, but there is so much variation and, as yet, little standardisation - especially as far as phonemic transcription is concerned - that I'm rather uncomfortable with it being our default. RP is outmoded, sure, but the proposed changes are not significant enough (and nobody for a minute, I hope, proposes transcribing glottal stops or vocalised Ls as phonemes) for it to merit dropping RP as our standard. I can be convinced elsewise on that, mind. That said, I'd really like Estuary English to be included in our pronunciation sections (not to mention numerous other regional accents, like the rest of you), especially with audio, which is where it really makes the difference, I think.
 * Miscellaneous other: I don't use [u] except before l, the elsewhere-phone is instead more like, and this is again common in EE - do we want to transcribe for EE? And as for .. May we please, please use this for all (relevant) English dialects? It's fine for a monolingual dictionary to use /r/, but in our multilingual one, it doesn't make sense to conflate it unnecessarily with Spanish  and the like. --Wytukaze 20:07, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Do you really use ? I'd be amazed, but anyway the solution above means that we will not lose RP so it will still be there - I certainly don't think it can be called a common phone anymore, although I noticed the Queen still uses it in her speech.  The bad-lad split is a separate issue – that is to do with short versus long vowels (received pronunciation  and  compared to modern ).  I don't think anyone has suggested using  so I'm not quite sure what you're saying there.  Widsith 09:36, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I really do. Common for EE from where I grew up (north of London, Bedford-Milton Keynes area) although the short [æ] is also sometimes [a] - the long [æː] doesn't appear as [aː]. (Incidentally, I don't think RP traditionally underwent the split.) In any case, I'm fine with using /a/ (and /aː/ too) for the EE phoneme, I just wanted to note that it's not dead yet. As for [u], has anyone suggested not using it? That's what I'm getting at. It's not my default phone, and I'm wondering if that's common enough. A lot of EE speakers do have a central equivalent of RP [u], as do a lot of Australians, so, as is the norm, shouldn't we express the phoneme using the elsewhere-phone?
 * My reservations to do with the lack of a transcription standard for EE remain. Do we transcribe as /fɪŋk/ (I don't use this, but it's popular among modern EE speakers)? Do we note yod-coalescence phonemically (/ʧʉːzdɛɪ/)? It's not entirely universal among EE forms, but I'd say it's pretty much a given. And diphthongs! We have issues here. /aʊ/ is most commonly [æʊ], I've seen [ɑɪ] preferred to [ʌɪ] because the latter is equivalent to RP [eɪ] for a huge amount of speakers (and my /ɛɪ/, another EE pronunciation variant, in the 'Tuesday' above). And L-dropping, while not necessarily phonemic itself, causes some interesting mergers and splits for many of us, some of them probably minimally phonemic - [hɒʊli] or similar (and might get a geminate L ([hɒʊo.li]) here, distinguishing it with as well, but this is unlikely except in very careful speech) vs holy [hʌʊli], and and both as something like [bɒʊod] (/bəʊld/? /bʌʊld/?). More London-based speakers might make [fæo] and [mɑo], merging them with the reflex of /æl/ and (perhaps) /ɑːl/ - [kəˈnæo] and [mɑ(ː)o]. There's a pretty definite split of and for speakers all over the place - [kuoli] vs [t(ʃ)ɹʉːli]. Then there's RP /ʊə/, which is hardly ever not merged with /ɔː/ nowadays - except in certain positions and certain words; is not often [ʤɔːɹi]. I'm not especially attached to keeping RP - other than for the fact it is still taught and used - but prefer it to moving to EE as our default British dialect. If I'm wrong, and there is in fact a standard - a commonly accepted and used standard - for transcribing EE phonemically, do tell, I'd be very interested. --Wytukaze 19:45, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't know the answers to these questions! You're right of course that there's a whole load more potential changes we could make, but that's why I only picked the three mentioned above, which I thought were the most pressing and least controversial.  Widsith 09:38, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, see, that's my point; we need to sort out this sorta thing out before we employ it as our UK standard. And, to be frank (not that I haven't been being frank before - sorry about that), those changes are probably the least pressing - they mean transcribing everything exactly as RP, but using different symbols. Laudable, perhaps, for their increased accuracy, but surely where it counts is where the two forms diverge markedly - splits (like /ɒʊ/ from /əʊ/), mergers (like /ʊə/ with /ɔː/, arguably /θ/ with /f/ (and /ð/ with /d/?), arguably /tj/ with /ʧ/ and /dj/ with /ʤ/) and different forms (like /ɪn/ for /ɪŋ/, that is, <-ing> in , but, again, this isn't universal, but it's probably got the upper hand at the mo). Some input from others who might know EE (or, hell, anyone with an opinion - this is a wiki, after all) would be great, actually; I don't want it to be as if I'm berating you, Widsith, that ain't my aim. You're right enough that Estuary needs a presence here (and it needs to be adopted, eventually, by British dictionaries for pronunciation keys), I'm just uncomfortable with us striking out in the dark here. I'd rather transcribe UK (RP) and UK (EE) than ever have UK alone (and RP as a transcription standard is gonna have more people, more contributors, familiar with it). But we need to make ourselves a guide, preferably based on published - and freely available - research, rather than just slapping in what are basically the same pronunciations with a new name and a lack of clarification. So yeah, someone else weigh in. --Wytukaze 00:46, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yep. Just on the point of published research and otehr dictionaries, the OED as of last year has adopted two of the changes as noted above, and they also regularly transcribe both /tj/ and  where both are still common.  Widsith 09:02, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not especially obvious that they're transcribing for EE, though. --Wytukaze 00:42, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, no - we're calling it that but the point is just that a mild form of EE is de facto becoming the new UK standard. Widsith 09:42, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I weigh in with this (which somebody may have already asked): Why Estuary English? That is totally unrepresentitive of the middle-upper class, East Anglia, the Midlands, the North and the Far North as well as Wales, Scotland and N.I. It should not have supremacy over other dialects of English just because it is around the capital. I doubt very much that is fairly represents the speech the majority of British people. Harris Morgan 01:06, 25 January 2008 (UTC).
 * Basically just as Conrad Irwin said in the first response, and I'd like to disagree that foreigners are taught EE nowadays. RP is ALWAYS stated as the common standard for English teaching abroad and I give you links: . Harris Morgan 01:16, 25 January 2008 (UTC).
 * That's exactly the problem. As your first link points out, "Today 'marked RP' is spoken only by members of the royal family and others from the upper classes. It is considered over-the-top by most people...".  A mild form of Estuary English is de facto becoming the new UK standard as these sites themselves make clear.  Widsith 09:40, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I suppose. But Estuary English definitely reflects Southern accents (miwk, bāth etc.) that is why I think it is unsuitable to represent the whole of the UK. Harris Morgan 12:54, 25 January 2008 (UTC).

← A good point. I mean, yeah, EE is a southern dialect (as was/is RP before it), but as the quickly emerging new standard, it is having a significant influence on dialects across the UK, especially in metropolitan areas (again, as with RP before it). Ever heard of 'Jockney'? It's the term certain media outlets like to use to describe the t-dropping and th-fronting and various other EE/Cockney developments appearing in Scottish English speech. T-dropping (or glottalisation, if you prefer) is very common in pretty much every city and large town I can think of across England. These are all EE's doing. However! (There's always a however.) You're right. It doesn't represent the whole UK. Neither does RP. GenAm doesn't represent the whole US (although it comes a damn sight closer than anything we've got, I'll warrant). So, we shouldn't be giving a transcription with just the country name, we should include the dialect as well. I'd recommend UK-RP, UK-EE, US-GA, etc. Incidentally, anyone mind if I give English pronunciation key a revamp? Just a bit of a reformat and cleanup, for now, in preparation for adding EE and more descriptive sections, and /ɹ/ should this big BP debate get resolved that way. I'd also like to move it to English pronunciation, but I'll talk about all those changes on the BP in a little bit. And Widsith, I've had a think about this; is it okay if I draw up a quick proposal (perhaps on a subpage of my userpage) for transcribing EE and then work with you and everyone else from there? --Wytukaze 14:51, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, the whole reason I brought this up was so we could revamp our Pronunciation guidelines. By all means make a start!  Widsith 14:55, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Harris Morgan 15:01, 25 January 2008 (UTC).

 * Me has been wearing a technical thinking cap for a bit... How easy/accurate would it be to automatically convert between different dialects, are the differences between dialects always the same for the same sounds? would it be possible using some javascript to convert between dialects, or would that present too many problems? Conrad.Irwin 17:21, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't tell you if it could work technically - but assuming that all dialects come from several vowel changes (and allowing room for the irregular ones with a "template pipe trick" I suppose it would be linguistically (as long as there is that variable for the irregular forms). The template that handles Ancient Greek, Some other Greek and Byzantine Greek already does something similar. Harris Morgan 17:45, 26 January 2008 (UTC).

 * Please note that for accents between which pronunciation differences can be automated, the different pronunciations are probably phonetic only, not phonemic. So, for any such set of accents, there would be just one phonemic transcription (given between slashes) and multiple phonetic transcriptions (given between square brackets).  Rod (A. Smith) 21:10, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Aye, we run into a lot of trouble with phonemic splits and mergers. No single dialect can be used to convert from, since every dialect will have a distinction another (or all of the others) do not have, and enPR is unsuitable for this purpose. The token system used for the Greek template would work for a lot of circumstances, with a lot of effort put into to disambiguating absolutely everything, but it can't work for situations where the pronunciation does not differ in a systematic way or where there are pronunciation variants within a dialect. Our solder, while horribly formatted and unclear, is a good example of this - most Brits would pronounce an /l/ but most Americans wouldn't, and then we have the choice between /ɒ/ and /əʊ/ within RP (or Estuary, come to mention it). Of course, we could just give the token-template a bunch of pronunciations and specify which dialects we want it to convert to... but then I think it'd be much more economical to just keep the system we've got (and let contributors use the lookup tables if they want to enter pronunciations outside their own dialect; I haven't forgotten about the tables, by the way (I've been busy)). --Wytukaze 19:50, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

← I had a question about correlating wiktionary w wikipedia. Currently English IPA links direct the reader to w:IPA chart for English, so any changes in how pronunciations are transcribed here, such as <æ> to , need to be coordinated with that page. However, that link is used even for "phonemic" (meaning inter-dialectal) transcriptions, which cannot be deduced from it, since in such cases there is no defined dialect to follow. There's another English IPA chart on 'pedia, w:Help:Pronunciation, which is designed to be dialect neutral; it's basically an IPA version of English Phonemic Representation and SAMPA, which are also not dialect specific in the way they're being used here. Is a redirect in order, depending on the style of transcription? If so, does w:Help:Pronunciation need to be modified for 'pedia and wiktionary to find common ground? Kwamikagami 01:51, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * We don't need to correlate. If we find that the Wikipedia page is not in line with our conventions, we can write our own.—msh210 ℠ 15:59, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

← We are on potentially dangerous ground here. I'm not sure whether this has been mentioned yet, but /a/ is the sound of Spanish/Italian "a" (as in "casa" in both those languages), and is very different from /æ/, which is the sound in English "cat" (as spoken in the south of England). It is false to say that the Queen and the BBC use /a/. This sound is used instead of /æ/ in some northern English accents and Scottish English. The Queen's (outdated) pronunciation of the vowel in "man" was closer to /e/. Changing /æ/ to /a/ would therefore be a big mistake, unless we want to adopt northern/Scottish English as our standard for UK English, because the pronunciation would end up being wrong. My understanding, although I could be wrong, is that the OED has changed /æ/ to /a/ because it no longer uses /a/ in /aɪ/ (the RP pronunciation of the word "eye") but now renders this diphthong as /ʌɪ/ (the Esturary English pronunciation of "eye"), so /a/ is now free to stand for whatever sound they say it does. However, we reserve (or rather, IPA does) /a/ for Spanish "a", so if we change /æ/ to /a/, that will make "cat" sound more like "cut" or "cart" (without the "r" pronounced), which will be incorrect. For the same reason, we need to distinguish between /r/ and /ɹ/ because the former is a Scottish/Spanish "r" (a trill or flap).

The bad-lad split is for /æ/ and /æː/ (a "short" sound versus a lengthened one), not for /æ/ and /aː/. It is common in southern British English but not heard in northern British English, Scottish English or American English (in most accents, at a guess).

There is no such thing as dialect/accent neutrality, by the way — everyone has an accent. RP, Estuary English, BBC English, etc, are all non-neutral. We should aim provide a standard (RP is the one usually adopted) but cannot provide a neutral accent.

Furthermore, most print dictionaries use RP, so this makes transcribing pronunciations into Wiktionary simpler.

Another point: we already have some concessions to EE over RP: final unstressed -y (as in "funny" and "slowly") is pronounced /ɪ/ in RP — again, imagine the Queen saying these words with a clipped "i" sound at the end — but sounds very quaint to modern ears. Almost all English speakers and US English use /i/ here (a shortened form of the "ee" sound in "me"); similarly, final unstressed /iː/ (as in "coffee") is usually pronounced shorter than this (as /i/ again) in contemporary English. Our IPA and SAMPA pronunciations take these changes into consideration.

Keene says "Let's put as many regional accents in the pronunciation section as possible." This has been proposed before in the past, but is a bad idea for space considerations (even though Wiktionary is not paper). The typical user is not interested in knowing how a word is pronounced in hundreds of regions of the UK, US, Australia, Canada, etc. They just want to know how the word is pronounced. We already give (or intend to give) standard pronunciations for each country. Regional variations can almost always be given in the form of a table on a separate page designed to explain how to "convert" one regional accent into another, and I have proposed this in the past. I don't know whether one has ever been set up. — Paul G 15:19, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree with your analysis. Yes, of course /a/ and /æ/ are different sounds.  But what the OED is asserting is that this difference is precisely what makes UK-English man sound different from AmE man.  (They transcribe the two as /man/ and /mæn/ respectively.)  [æ] sounds bizarre to my ears (I'm from the South-East - prime "neutral accent" territory you might think).  To me, the a-sound in Britain sounds far closer to the a-sound in Continental languages than it does to American English.  Ƿidsiþ 16:40, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, but then how are we to explain the pronunciation guide used by the online Oxford Dictionary of English, which uses /a/ for three distinct sounds, namely the "short" a in "man" (IPA /æ/), the first vowel of the diphthong /aʊ/ (as per standard IPA) and the "long" a in "lah" (they have /aː/; standard IPA is /ɑː/). This looks to me like a simplification so that only one symbol is needed rather than three, as these three sounds are different in most dialects of English.

 * One way to clear this up would be to write to the Oxford University Press to enquire about the changes to the IPA transcription they use. (the online ODE's "Contact Us" page doesn't have an email address for queries about the dictionary.) My feeling is that the merging of the "a" sounds is for phonemic or typographical reasons, while the change from /aɪ/ to /ʌɪ/ reflects an actual change in pronunciation.

 * In any case, isn't this discussion academic, as the pronunciations we give are phonemic, not phonetic? The symbol "æ" can be made to stand for whatever sound we like; the vowel in "man" in UK and US English is different, but we can safely use "æ" to stand for both because there are no minimal pairs that would cause one or other these to be mispronounced. — Paul G 09:06, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that we are in danger of over emphasising Estuary English in this discussion, regardless of how common it is (and outside the south east of England it isn't at all) it is still perceived as non-standard by the majority of English speakers. My speech is primarily a mixture of northern England and the Westcountry, where such features of EE as th fronting (/ɵ/ to /f/) are completely unrepresentative.
 * In terms of the three changes proposed /æ/ to /a/, /aɪ/ to /ʌɪ/, and /r/ to /ɹ/, the final one is already happening and (other than in rhymes templates, which are a separate issue) I and others are changing /r/ to /ɹ/).
 * /æ/ to /a/ is representative of modern British English speech than /æ/ is, and I support the change, however I have not been changing it (and indeed changing /a/ back to /æ/ as there is not consensus for it yet and /a/ does not appear in our or wikipedia's pronunciation charts as a phone used in English - this is an absolute prerequisite before using it in transcriptions.
 * /aɪ/ to /ʌɪ/ I don't agree with, as it's not something I hear in the majority of English speech either in London or the Westcountry. Perhaps it is a feature of EE, but as I said above I oppose making that the standard. Thryduulf 12:16, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

 * OK. I wish I'd never mentioned Estuary English...it was misleading.  I never wanted EE to become standard, I only meant that the "standard" (whatever that is) is already using some EE features.  It is also using some northern features -- /a/ for /ɑ:/ is much more common than it used to be.  Anyway, that's beside the point.  My only concern was that we should find some more modern alternative to RP, which is not a very useful guide to how English people speak, in my opinion.  To answer Paul's point – I suppose you could say that this notation is more phonetic, but as I said somewhere else, transcription is not a binary system, it's a sliding scale.  There are different levels of "narrowness".  It's true that there are no minimal pairs between /a/ and /æ/, but that would only be an issue (to my mind) if we used both symbols within a given country's phonemic range.  But we don't -- we would only use /a/ for UK and /æ/ for US.  Compare /ɒ/ and /ɑ/.  There are no minimal pairs between them either, but we still use both because it's helpful for users to see this basic feature of transatlantic difference.  Ƿidsiþ 15:36, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Homophones section

 * See also the archived discussion Wiktionary:Beer_parlour_archive/2007/April

I have started a vote (Votes/2008-01/Homophones section) to establish Homophones as a distinct L4 subheader and section under ===Pronunciation===. Please note that this disucssion is independent of that vote. The vote is simply on whether or not to have the new L4 header; this discussion concerns possible layout should the proposal be approved. We would still need a final wording, and an additional vote on that wording, before any recommended format is added to WT:ELE.

Based on previous discussion (linked above), I propose the following format, should the new subheader be approved:

 * For simple cases, where homophones are pronounced the same regardless of dialect, a single-line bulleted item with the homophones in alphabetical order will suffice.
 * For, the entry and homophones have no significant variation in how they are pronounced:

Homophones

 * right, wright, write

 * For complex cases, where homophones are dependent upon dialect, region, or the particular pronunication of the entry word, a bulleted list will identify the entry pronunciation, then the homphone entries, each with a gloss as needed.
 * For, there are several pronunciations, and the homophones are dependent upon pronunciation the entry and region of the potential homophone.

Homophones

 * sear (UK), seer (UK)
 * sear (US)
 * sear, seer (US)

Thoughts? --EncycloPetey 19:49, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * At the moment, this is covered by saying whether the homophone is for rhotic or non-rhotic accents; I think saying as much covers all of the above and makes it unnecessary. By the way, "seer" is not necessarily a homophone for "sear" in UK English - it can be pronounced /siːə/. — Paul G 15:31, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Hyphenation
I've added a hyphenation section, following what I understand to be common usage, and discussion at Talk:ELE; how does it look?

Nbarth (email) (talk) 17:45, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking the initiative to get this started! I have edited the content a bit for clarity and have included a specific example to show how syllabification differs from hyphenation. I've also taken the liberty of moving the Hyphenation explanation to the end of the "other sections".  Since this is the one item included in the Pronunciation section that is not actually about pronunciation, I feel it ought to be listed last in the section. --EncycloPetey 18:31, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation order
Pronunciations appear to be given in the order enPR, IPA, SAMPA (from looking around). I've written this into the draft policy; it makes sense to me, via the logic:
 * enPR is most intuitive and least scary, so it goes first
 * IPA next, as it is important
 * SAMPA last, and immediately following IPA, as it is auxiliary to IPA

Is this general consensus?

Nbarth (email) (talk) 22:39, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, yes, but part of the reason for this is simply that the order is alphabetical. --EncycloPetey 23:07, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Removal of ad-hoc pronunciations
I've argued about this before many years ago but now that I'm trying to learn another language I'm just going to register my complaint again: I'm fed up of having to constantly refer to IPA tables and charts to find out how to pronounce a word. Sure, SAMPA might be more ambiguous, but I'd rather take ambiguity than the ridiculous amount of time and effort it takes otherwise. I wouldn't mind if you allowed SAMPA along with IPA but the fact that you're actively removing SAMPA just boggles the mind. It just seems to completely defy the site's accessibility. The bottomline is: it's finally got on my nerves too much, so I'm going to use the billion other internet dictionaries that do have SAMPA. I just can't help but notice that wiktionary is losing out to the competition here on this particular aspect. Something i thought it should never do. 172.188.50.44 08:24, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Huh? We do allow SAMPA along with IPA; they frequently occur side-by-side in our Pronunciation sections.  SAMPA is not more ambiguous, and never will be, because it in fact shows the same information as IPA does.  SAMPA, done properly, is simply the IPA written with ASCII characters.  The difference is only is which symbol gets used for each sound.

 * Could you please name some of the internet disctionaries that have SAMPA; I've not seen it in use on any major dictionary. And by the way, you might want to look up ad hoc because you don't seem to know what it means. SAMPA is not an "ad hoc" pronunciation scheme. --EncycloPetey 14:15, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it more likely that the anonymous editor doesn't know quite what SAMPA is. However, it's worth noting that SAMPA is arguably more ambiguous than IPA, since each dialect of SAMPA applies only to a specific language and makes only phonemic distinctions, so that whereas an IPA transcription of English can distinguish [p] from [ph], a SAMPA transcription cannot. (I'm not sure if you're confusing SAMPA with X-SAMPA, or if you simply don't consider that relevant, since our IPA is generally an attempt at phonemic transcription anyway; but if the anonymous editor disagrees, then his or her comment makes a bit more sense. However, I'd agree with you that correct SAMPA is no more ad-hoc than correct IPA.) —Ruakh TALK 17:54, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

IPA chart for English
Why is Estuary English not here? I thought in the discussion higher up on this page, it was concluded that Estuary English was to be included. Nwspel 23:27, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The discussion further up the page didn't really come to a final conclusion. However, as this is a wiki you can add Estuary English pronunciation to that table (I'd encourage you to add it to the SAMPA chart for English also). Don't replace RP, but add a new column as EE doesn't represent the majority of UK accents any more than RP does. Thryduulf 08:51, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

SAMPA is obsolescent
Since SAMPA is an obsolescent pre-Unicode computer hack, and not likely to be known by anyone who does not also know the IPA, should its use no longer be advocated by the pronunciation guideline? —Kwamikagami 10:51, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It is permitted. We actually use X-SAMPA rather than the strict older SAMPA, so it is an ASCII version of the IPA.  It is still useful because a number of browsers and operating systems can't cope with displaying IPA characters.  I can personally attest that the public-use computers at the UC Berkeley library cannot display some common IPA characters, and instead substitute the dreaded empty rectangle. --EncycloPetey 23:16, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Still? Wow. That's pathetic. Guess it's best to keep it for now then. (I didn't mean that it shouldn't be permitted, just that I doubted it was still necessary. Guess I was wrong.) Kwamikagami 09:37, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Has a reader ever tried to use X-SAMPA on Wiktionary? —Michael Z. 2013-09-22 18:18 z

Error in instructions for non-rhotic dialects
The description of non-rhotic "better" as phonemically is incorrect. It is phonemically, the same as in rhotic dialects. The difference—dropping the ar except before a vowel—is predictable and therefore not phonemic. Phonemic differences are those which are not predictable, such as the lack of an in "bird". —Kwamikagami 10:51, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Since there's been no objection, I've corrected better and added bird as an example of a word that truly is phonemically distinct. kwami 06:31, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

Position of audio files
I don't know if this has been talked about before, but I'd like to propose that audio files be put with the pronunciation transcriptions on the corresponding accent line. Not that this is against policy per se, but most entries, WT:ELE, and this page, list audio files with separate bullet points. Listing them together would provide better coherence compared to the current system that sometimes put the accent type in the display text of the audio link, but often doesn't. Sometimes an accent line is long (cf Wednesday which has, for a single accent, multiple pronunciations transcribed in 3 systems), but even in these cases I think it's more clear to list the audio files with the correct accent line. Sometimes there are two audio files for the same accent/pronunciation. In this case we could maybe modify to be able to show more than one file more cleanly. When there is no transcription for a given audio pronunciation, it might also be nice, for consistency, to note the accent with rather than just in the audio file link text file. Thoughts? --Bequw → ¢ • τ 21:52, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I forgot that I have such a short memory. --Bequw → ¢ • τ 17:20, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

silent t
often: /OF-tuhn/. Similar words with a silent -t- are "chasten," "fasten," "hasten," "listen," "soften," and "whistle" per Garner's newsletter. I think I have heard all of these except "listen" and "whistle" with audibly detectable "t". Is that my reading mind interfering with my hearing? Or is it actually pronounced that way by some, especially US? DCDuring TALK 16:10, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I've heard often with a t, but don't recall hearing the others. Here's a thread on often which also touches on the other words, for your reading pleasure. — msh210 ℠ 18:31, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I noted that we don't seem to have an entry for spelling pronunciation . DCDuring TALK 19:00, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * We do now; I just created it. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 12:39, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

semi-formalized ad hoc system
how about something like this in addition to IPA/SAMPA:

 * DOSS-EE-AY ; 'do' as in dot, 'ss' as in hiss, 'ee' as in wee, 'ay' as in day: DOt,hiSS-wEE-dAY; DOSS-EE-AY

I wanted to know whether dossier was pronounced 'dossier' or 'dossiay'. IPA and SAMPA are presumably superior if you know them, but for the other 99.9% of the population who don't, it's pretty equivalent to saying "it's pronounced dfs98*(&fs09".

we need an additional system that's:

 * easy to learn
 * easy to use
 * easy to understand without having to learn
 * because it's for people who don't know a phonetic system; if they've got to learn something, they may as well learn IPA
 * reasonably accurate
 * being a little off-pronunciation is fine, as long as it can be used.

DOSS-EE-AY ; 'do' as in dot, 'ss' as in hiss, 'ee' as in wee, 'ay' as in day: DOt,hiSS,wEE,dAY; DOSS-EE-AY

breaking it down:

 * DOSS-EE-AY
 * pretty easy to guess how this is pronounced. only a little thought is needed to avoid confusion (DOH-SEE-AY, for example, the DOH could be pronounced as in DOt or DOnut).
 * 'do' as in dot, 'ss' as in hiss, 'ee' as in wee, 'ay' as in day
 * elaboration, just to make sure they're pronouncing it correctly
 * word-choice could be improved piecemeal as we go along (wiki method)
 * DOt,hiSS-wEE-dAY
 * should be reasonably intuitive what we're doing here -- you read the capitals, the lower-case letters just form words that contain the sound
 * if you don't figure this out, you read a string that rhymes with the pronunciation
 * if you figure this out, you can get the pronunciation by just reading this bit
 * DOSS-EE-AY
 * re-enforcing the pronunciation makes the system less confusing on first encounter
 * reading after the dot-hiss-wee-day should hopefully force correct pronunciation

EMPHASIS

 * contest
 * konTEST <-- verb
 * kon-test <-- noun

ACCENTS

just have different sections for UK, USA, etc.

easy (to understand)!

what'd you guys think? any problems? --Arkelweis 03:01, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * We have such a secondary system on Wikipedia. The 'eye' vowel is a real mess; the common convention of 'y' gets into problems in words like kryps, tyts, fyndz etc., but if we use 'ye', then there are problems with words like vyess; also siecle and cycle would both be written syekl despite having different vowels. Dict.com uses 'ahy' to get around this: krahyps, tahyts, fahynds, vahyss, etc, but that really isn't much of an improvement. It's also hard to distinguish between the foot and food vowels in a way that is clip&paste friendly; the BBC uses 'uu' vs 'oo': fuut, food, which is easier than the IPA, but still a little weird.—kwami 11:41, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd say CRYPS; 'cry' as in 'crying', 'p' as in 'pan', 's' as in 'is'; CRY,Pan,iS; CRYPS
 * for tights: TeyeTS; 'teye' as in 'time', 'ts' as in 'bits'; TIme,biTS; TeyeTS. And yes, you have to take care not to end up with TITS, as 'ti' as in 'time' would be more intuitive :D
 * FINDS; 'fi' as in 'fire', 'nds' as in 'ends'; FIre,eNDS; FINDS
 * food is easy, but foot has me a bit stumped. but, just find another common word that has the 'uh' sound in it --Arkelweis 19:27, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The real problem, however, is that no matter which conventions we choose, there will be syllables which people will misread, because they will be homographs to common words with different pronunciations. —kwami 11:41, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * With care, it should be possible to find a relatively short and common word with universal pronunciation for each common (short) combination of phonemes? Then, we could get a computer script to auto-generate the intuative pronounciation guide from the IPA; in the dossier example, it could check the database for the first sylable dɒs, find nothing, check for dɒ and see dɒ=DOt, check s and see s=hiSS, and auto-generate it from there. --Arkelweis 19:27, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * For your very first gloss, 'o' as in dot, for example, there are already problems: 'cobalt' would be written KOH-bolt, but most people would read that as "co-bolt".—kwami 11:41, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It was 'do' as in DOt btw. And, I might be mispronouncing cobalt (i'm english, if it helps) but: CO-BALT; 'co' as in 'co-op', 'bal' as in 'bald', 't' as in 'time'; CO-op,BALd,Time; CO-BALT. 'course, we'd have to check that co-op, bald, and time actually have universal pronunciations. --Arkelweis 19:27, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Where in England? It isn't KOH-BALT in RP, it's KOH-BOLT, but people reading that would tend to rhyme it with bolt. That's the problem with any respelling system. kwami 09:52, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Hampshire (or 'amshAAARRR', as we say here). you've lost me on KOH-BOLT btw... CO-BALT seems to be right, given the pronunciation clues given (wouldn't rhyme with bolt, for example: would sound similar to the beginning of the country BALTimore, and rhyme with fault)? --Arkelweis 02:37, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * But A isn't the vowel in 'Baltimore', it's the vowel in 'Alice'. So CO-balt would be completely wrong. (I can hardly even say it.) In our scheme, it's written O as in 'hot', so the proper respelling would be KOH-bolt. But because the English word 'bolt' isn't pronounced with the O vowel, but with the OH vowel, most people would misread KOH-bolt /ˈkoʊbɒlt/ as KOH-bohlt /ˈkoʊboʊlt/. That's the problem with respelling systems: there will always be interference from English words which mismatch the system, no matter what you come up with. Thus there will always be words we can't respell. So we'll end up with a system that only works some of the time. kwami 07:15, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
 * is this how you're pronouncing it? CO-BALT; co as in co-operate, bal as in bald, t as in time; CO-operate,BALd,Time; CO-BALT --Arkelweis 14:22, 11 May 2011 (UTC)
 * You and kwami are talking at cross-purposes. He is assuming that any desirable representation scheme would be consistent; for example, if the letter "a" represents the vowel in "Alice", then it can't also represent the vowel in "bald", and if "o" represents the vowel in "dot", then it must also represent the second vowel in "cobalt". In particular, I don't think he's recognized that you're proposing long explanations like "DOSS-EE-AY ; 'do' as in dot, 'ss' as in hiss, 'ee' as in wee, 'ay' as in day: DOt,hiSS-wEE-dAY; DOSS-EE-AY". That took me a while to understand; I, for one, thought you were proposing just "DOSS-EE-AY", and the rest of the explanation was just for readers at Wiktionary talk:Pronunciation. But on the other hand, you write below that "the actual implimentation could be done by a computer based on the IPA transcript", which is not true for a complex, inconsistent system like you describe, one where (as you admit above) "a little thought is needed to avoid confusion." —Ruakh TALK 20:50, 11 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah, cheers if that's what's happening. Yes, the long-explanation is part of what the user'd see. I think I'll write up a clearer 'spec' in a bit. however, when I said it could be computer generated: for dossier, if someone's put the IPA in (dɒs.i.eɪ) then a script could look up 'dɒs', maybe fail to find it, then look up 'dɒ' and 's' seperately; as long as the database contains dɒ as in DOt and s as in hiSS then it'd be trivial to have it auto-generate DOSS-****; 'do' as in DOt, SS as in hiSS****** DOt,hiSS****; DOSS-****. The IPA for the 'o' in cobalt would be different, hence the easy-to-understand explanation of how to pronounce it would be different.
 * one problem with this is that, as said above, tights could easily end up as TITS; maybe just run through a swear-filter, and if it matches mark it down for manual creation? there should only be a few?
 * that just leaves us having to write the script and database, and do a few manually, for an intuitive easy-to-understand-without-learning-it system for use alongside IPA and SAMPA --Arkelweis 15:01, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Even worse, what in the world would you do with David Bowie? The dispreferred pronunciation is BOW-ee, but many people would read that as the preferred pronunciation BOH-ee, so it would be difficult to distinguish them.
 * BO-EE; 'Bo' as in bow and arrow, 'ee' as in 'bee'; BOw and arrow,bEE; BO-EE --Arkelweis 19:27, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * So how would you write the 2nd pronunciation? kwami 09:52, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * how is BOW-ee pronounced? if you want to use IPA in your examples, i'll slog through till i know how to pronounce it --Arkelweis 02:37, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * BOW-ee would be /ˈbaʊ.iː/, as in take a bow. But it looks like /ˈboʊ.iː/, as in tie a bow, which would be written BOH-ee. kwami 07:15, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "which would be written BOH-ee" under which system? if it's bow as in 'take a bow', it'd be BOW-EE; BOW as in 'take a bow', 'ee' as in 'bee'; BOW-bEE; BOW-EE --Arkelweis 14:22, 11 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The consequence of this is that there will always be a substantial fraction of words which cannot be adequately transcribed in a respelling system. See the quote at fauxnetic. —kwami 11:41, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * First, WT:ELE does say "it is not wrong to use an arbitrary representation if that’s all you know and there is an important point to be made. For the word, one could have /RE-ject/ and /re-JECT/ to make the important distinction between the pronunciations of the noun and verb forms.  It may not be standard, but neither is it wrong.  Whenever possible, however, such ad hoc pronunciations should be replaced with one in an unambiguous system, such as IPA". So if you can add ad-hoc pronunciation to an entry that has no pronunciation, please do! But that doesn't really address you question, which is what we should use by default, for usability. IPA has the advantages of being relatively accurate, relatively unambiguous, common, relatively easy to learn by laymen (as easy as any other system AFAICT). But for laymen who don't want to learn IPA we do have another system in place, for English entries only. We call it enPR (for "English Phonemic Representation"). See [[WT:enPR]. —msh210℠ (talk) 16:58, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

I don't think wikipedia's re-spelling or enPR are particularly intuitive; for a start, they have non-standard symbols, and it should be relatively clear that non-standard symbols will not have an intuitive pronunciation. If they're easier than IPA, then lets include them aswell, but we still need one intuitive, no-learning-required system alongside the IPA etc.

You know, an alternative might be simply to have a program auto-generate and include an audio clip of the pronunciation based off of any IPA/SAMPA that's present. Or both?

--Arkelweis 19:27, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Rather than spending time trying to work out the details of yet another system, why don't you just spend ten minutes learning how IPA works? It's not as complicated as you seem to think it is. And it was actually designed specifically to solve the problems that you're talking about. < class="latinx" >Ƿidsiþ 06:58, 11 March 2011 (UTC)
 * because it takes more than 10 minutes to learn.
 * because even if it didn't, IPA's still no use for the majority of people, who haven't spent that 10 minutes learning it (so it doesn't do a very good job if it's trying to solve the same problems i'm talking about).
 * because 100% of the effort for this way could be done at system creation: rendering into the format could be auto-generate from the IPA, and people will be able to use it with no learning (bearing in mind that the vast majority of people haven't/won't/don't want to learn a system like IPA).
 * so: because i'm trying to fix the problem in general, not just for me --Arkelweis 19:46, 28 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Regarding computer-generating sound files from IPA: I believe there's a program that does this. But any such sound file will not completely accurately represent pronunciation unless the IPA is very narrow, which is hard to write accurately. (And not even then, I'd guess.) —msh210℠ (talk) 16:04, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
 * You're right; the IPA does take more than 10 minutes to learn. It takes (in my experience of teaching it to people) about 45 minutes to learn (passively, i.e. to recognize the symbols used for one's own native language - learning it actively, to generate transcriptions oneself, takes a few hours). But the problem with your solution is the same as every attempt to find a "more intuitive" alternative to the IPA: when you actually get down to the details of implementing one, it's always either terribly ambiguous or at least as complicated as the IPA itself. —Angr 10:18, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * complicated is ok, as long as it doesn't require the reader to learn the system; I feel the above could achieve that. As for ambiguous, I don't see that it needs to be. Bear in mind that 'succinct' or 'efficient to use once learned' aren't objectives, giving us some leeway that other IPA replacements don't have
 * specifically, rather than trying to represent each sound with one glyph (requiring more than 26, i.e. some 'alien' glyphs, to be used, thus requiring the system to be learned) we'll use pre-existing glyphs or glyph clusters, with a common word used to indicate which of the many possible pronounciations is meant; this is what makes it intuative and possible to read without learning the system, whilst not being ambiguous, BUT it's also what makes it long-winded and cumbersome.
 * to clarify, if you're going to be involved in linguistics a lot, IPA will remain better than this system; BUT, if you just very occasionally want to look up the pronunciation, this system'd be better as it requires zero learning (BTW, I'd suggest we have IPA and SAMPA and this system: people who know IPA can use IPA, people who know SAMPA can use SAMPA, people who know both can use their favorite, and people who know neither, who're currently stuffed, can use this system.) --Arkelweis 02:37, 5 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The problem is, this system doesn't require "zero learning". It may seem like it at first, but once you start implementing it, you'll find it requires almost as much learning as enPR. These ad hoc systems are never really as intuitive as they seem at first blush. —Angr 07:51, 8 May 2011 (UTC)
 * care to give an example of what'd have to be learned in order to read this system? the actual implimentation could be done by a computer based on the IPA transcript, so no need to learn to write it, just as long as it's intuative to read --Arkelweis 14:22, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

This system seems completely useless -- 80.171.132.206 21:35, 20 April 2011 (UTC)
 * a) for people who are not already familiar with English pronunciation rules, and
 * b) for words from other languages than English
 * people who aren't familiar with English pronunciation can read their own, native wiktionary (after all, this wiktionary's descriptions are in English); failing that, the minority who can read, but not pronounce, English, can use the IPA or SAMPA. /some/ Words from languages other than English can be expressed by this system, and for all others you can either give the naturalized English pronunciation or a close approximation:
 * watashi; WA-TA-SHE* ; 'wa' as in wank, 'ta' as in tampon, 'she' as in sheet* ; WAnk,TAmpon,SHEet*; WA-TA-SHE* (SHE is approximation of し, which has no exact pronunciation; see し or IPA ɕi for exact sound)
 * having said that, if there's no English equivalent, then I'm doubtful that English speakers will be able to learn to pronounce it from text, regardless of which system's used. --Arkelweis 02:37, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

By writing "WAnk" as example, do you mean /wæŋk/ or /weɪŋk/ (wank)? In other words, the proposed system is inaccurate even for English speakers. Unless you specify the pronounciation for almost every word you use as example (using what? IPA, SAMPA, more words in English?) 161.24.47.103 18:45, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

Yes, the proposal assumes our readers are illiterate. A more consistent respelling system can be found at WP-en.

And no, we can't use it for other languages. You said with watashi that the SH wasn't quite right, but the W, A, T, E weren't quite right either. kwami (talk) 05:10, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

I’d be in favour of using such transcriptions to make pronunciation more accessible. But let’s do it right. For goodness’ sake, let’s not create another novel, proprietary system! If there are any standardized systems, let’s choose the best one. Failing that, let’s use Wikipedia’s. —Michael Z. 2013-09-22 18:29 z

 * If anyone has doubts about the value of this: at least one study showed that both linguists and non-linguists using a non-phonemic respelling (like noc-tiv-i-gant for noctivigant) took less time and made fewer pronunciation errors than those using a phonemic respelling (nok-tiv-ə-gənt), who bettered those using IPA (/nɒkˈtɪvəgənt/).

 * Helen Fraser (1997), “Dictionary Pronunciation Guides for English”, in International Journal of Lexicography, v 10, n 3, pp 181–208.

 * —Michael Z. 2013-09-22 19:11 z

Yeah, wikipedia's seems ok (except for the ə )... I'm not even sure you'd neccesarily have to differentiate between ə (About) and a (trAp)? for those who like IPA, note that WP's system seems to be IPA with different (more intuative) symbols; i.e., there's a more-or-less one-to-one mapping from WP's repelling system to IPA. Tho note the comments from above (copied below)

 * We have such a secondary system on Wikipedia. The 'eye' vowel is a real mess; the common convention of 'y' gets into problems in words like kryps, tyts, fyndz etc., but if we use 'ye', then there are problems with words like vyess; also siecle and cycle would both be written syekl despite having different vowels. Dict.com uses 'ahy' to get around this: krahyps, tahyts, fahynds, vahyss, etc, but that really isn't much of an improvement. It's also hard to distinguish between the foot and food vowels in a way that is clip&paste friendly; the BBC uses 'uu' vs 'oo': fuut, food, which is easier than the IPA, but still a little weird.(—kwami 11:41, 25 January 2011 (UTC))

you know, using WP's system and table of examples with my approach, you'd get:

 * dos-ee-ay; 'do' as in odd+lot, 'ss' as in see, 'ee' as in fleece, 'ay' as in face: oDD,lOt,See -- flEEce -- fAce ; dos-ee-ay

or possibly

 * dos-ee-ay; 'do' as in dot, 's' as in see, 'ee' as in see, ay as in face ; dot,see--see--face ; dos-ee-ay

which seems workable: --Arkelweis (talk) 03:53, 31 October 2013 (UTC)
 * ++ end result is as, or only just less, phonetic as IPA/SAMPA
 * ++ end result is more intuitivly readable: dos-ee-ay vs. /ˈdɒs.i.eɪ/ or /"dQs.I.eI/ (or dossier, for that matter)
 * ++ can be automatically translated from IPA by script
 * -- requires writing of a table of common sounds and common, universally-pronounced example-words (not just odd,lot, but d+o = dot)
 * -- contains 'ə'
 * -- kwami's comments above

Syllabification
Is there any linguistic consensus where English words are broken into spoken syllables? Here is the example inexorably. To me as a non-native English speaker, this looks very random, without any logic, but with influence of the hyphenation rule in·ex·o·ra·bly. But why and not ? Merriam-Webster gives, in probably, and  for better, this is also what I would consider phonetically straightforward (though why ɛk.sə but not əb.li?). I think the most important rule in hyphenation is that stressed short syllables must keep one consonant at the end, but that is mostly an orthographic or morphemic rule, not a phonetic one, and is not followed at Merriam-Webster. --Androl (talk) 10:48, 14 June 2016 (UTC)
 * No, there really isn't. The rules for splitting a word across a line break don't have much to do with phonological syllables anyway, but even phonologically there isn't much consensus on where syllable breaks are. There is some evidence that single consonants after stressed lax vowels in English belong to both the previous syllable and the following syllable, e.g. the /p/ in happy belongs to both the first and the second syllables. This is why I'm reluctant to add syllable boundaries to phonetic transcriptions of English, because it often isn't clear where the syllable boundary is. Both /hæ.pi/ and /hæp.i/ fail to capture ambisyllabicity, and no one would understand "/hæṗi/". And /hæp.pi/ would be misinterpreted as implying that the consonant is long. As for ɛk.sə vs. ə.bli, keep in mind that /bl/ is a possible onset cluster in English while /ks/ isn't. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 16:01, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Actually, although Angr is right that syllable breaks are quite debatable in English, in practice there is a convention when it comes to transcription: the so-called Maximal Onset Principle, whereby consonants (or consonant clusters) are loaded into the onset where possible. Hence the /n/ in "inexorable" (and the /p/ in "happy") prefers to start the following consonant rather than end the previous one; similarly the /b/ and /l/ of "-ably" can happily pile into the same onset, but /k.s/ falls across the syllable boundary because /ks/ is not allowable as an initial cluster in English. I believe this principle had real phonological implications in for instance early Romance languages, but in the case of English it doesn't really make much practical difference – it's just how most linguists choose to syllabify in broad notations. Ƿidsiþ 07:55, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * But there is also a convention that stressed checked vowels should be followed by a consonant wherever possible, so that the /p/ of "happy" should be put in the first syllable. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 11:05, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Right. The thinking is that, because these vowels cannot appear at the end of words (barring a couple of interjections like ), then they should not be considered to appear at the end of syllables either, though not all analysts accept this reasoning. Like I say, I don't think it really matters much, my point was only that when it comes to lexicography, most authorities seem to have gone for the maximal onset principle – that's certainly how the OED and Collins syllabify. Ƿidsiþ 12:13, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I think American dictionaries are more likely to use the "maximal stressed syllable principle"; the AHD for example transcribes happy as "hăpʹē" and as "pĕtʹl". (I can't figure out Merriam-Webster's pattern, as they write "ˈha-pē" for happy but "ˈpet-ᵊl" for petal. Syllable breaks at the ends of lines definitely follow the "maximal stressed syllable principle", e.g. pet·al. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 12:23, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

Pseudo-IPA symbols ᵻ and ᵿ
In November 2015, Wikipedia decided to start using the ᵻ and ᵿ symbols in phonemic transcriptions, as described in w:Help:IPA for English. These symbols are currently rejected by Template:IPA since they are nonstandard. Since Pronunciation links to w:Help:IPA for English as an example of a consistent set of IPA symbols, I was wondering whether we should make these symbols eligible for use on Wiktionary or if there are other symbols that I should use in their places. Germyb (talk) 07:01, 19 April 2017 (UTC)
 * MediaWiki_talk:Edittools might be of interest. —suzukaze (t・c) 07:02, 19 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That answers my question about what is currently being done. If we're going to point to w:Help:IPA for English as a reference, it seems like this difference is something we should mention in the documentation for the sake of new users. But that's just my opinion. Germyb (talk) 23:35, 19 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I personally think they're a very good idea, especially for UK English, but other editors have been removing them from entries. It's one of many issues that are not really resolved in our pronunciation policy. Ƿidsiþ 07:04, 19 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Would it be appropriate to use  and   similarly to how Pronunciation suggests handling the rhoticity distinction? From what I can tell, that only applies to ᵻ. I don't know if there is a similar approach for ᵿ. Germyb (talk) 09:08, 19 April 2017 (UTC)
 * My opinion of these symbols remains the same as it was last December, as expressed in the link Suzukaze provided above. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 12:24, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

Pronunciation order
Fwiw, if we're going treat IPA as the default across entries and as the real and more trustworthy pronunciation, shouldn't it precede the enPR versions even if it's slightly scarier to Americans? — LlywelynII  17:32, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, IMO, just as metric will generally precede Imperial. kwami (talk) 06:27, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Very usefull search
I have found very usefull this search structure:

 * https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/separated#Pronunciation (for the word "separated", for example). We can generalize *https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wordsearched#Pronunciation (for the word you are looking for).

It can be used by a WM or Wiktionary search machine, to find pronunciations of the word searched. BoldLuis (talk) 12:16, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Textual remarks/comments
How should remarks/comments or warnings about particularities be indicated? For example, in creature, that the last letters aren't pronounced, that the "t" is not pronounced as in "create", and that "ea" is not pronounced as in "create". Chealer (talk) 20:23, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You can put a ====Usage notes==== section inside a ===Pronunciation=== section, but in the case of creature I wouldn't. The information on how the word is pronounced is provided; we don't need to add information on how it isn't pronounced. —Mahāgaja · talk 06:47, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

Resource
https://www.wordreference.com/ BoldLuis (talk) 16:19, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

Make doubly clear brackets and slashes
At

Phonetic transcriptions are given within square brackets

say

Phonetic transcriptions are given within square brackets, [ ],

At By contrast, phonemic transcriptions, given within slashes,

say By contrast, phonemic transcriptions, given within slashes, / /,

Jidanni (talk) 07:16, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:Pronunciation


text:
ice cream maker

Noun

 * 1) A  used to make.
 * 2) A company or person that makes ice cream.
 * 1) A company or person that makes ice cream.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Basque: izozkigailu
 * Breton: sorbederez
 * Catalan: geladora
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 雪糕機
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech: výrobník zmrzliny
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, sorbetière
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Hebrew: מְכוֹנַת גְּלִידָה
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:, sorbettiera
 * Japanese: アイスクリームメーカー
 * Korean: 아이스크림 메이커
 * Mongolian: зайрмагны машин
 * Norwegian: ismaskin
 * Polish: maszynka do lodów
 * Portuguese:
 * Romagnol:
 * Romanian: aparat de făcut înghețată
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: dondurma makinesi
 * Ukrainian: моро́зивниця

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: ice cream maker


text:
icemaker

Noun

 * 1) A device found in a freezer that is used to make ice.

Translations

 * Finnish: jääpalakone
 * Swedish:

title: icemaker


text:
User:Ncik/Todo

 * Plough through all appendices and move them in "Appendix" namespace. Currently some are in "Wiktionary:Appendix", some in "Wiktionary", and some in "Appendix".
 * Elements is now Chemical elements, Person names is now Names. Grammar namespace for Conjugations, Declensions, Grammatical cases, Prefixes, Suffixes? Remove IPA, all the Chinese stuff. RFD Irregular plurals and Irregular verbs, Nautical terms, Similes.
 * Go though the items in Category:Appendices.

 * Categories: Need uniform structure. Treatment of (words of) different languages.

 * Rhymes. Need to be organised.

 * POS headers: wanna

title: User:Ncik/Todo


text:
hahaha

Interjection

 * 1) haha (an onomatopoeic representation of laughter).

title: hahaha


text:
Appendix talk:English nautical terms

This page is unsuitable for the appendix. Once all the terms are defined and have been included in Category:Nautical, this pages should go. Ncik 02:42, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Appendix talk:English nautical terms


text:
alcătui

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to make, form

title: alcătui


text:
anin

Etymology
Probably from a, from , from +. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) alder

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) the wind

Noun

 * 1) soul
 * 2) spirit

Etymology
Assimilated variant of. See.

Noun

 * 1) alder

Etymology
From, compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) the wind

title: anin


text:
그녀

Etymology
, coined by. . The noun meaning was created due to the literary overtones of the pronoun, possibly with influence from Japanese.

Pronoun

 * 1)  she

Noun

 * 1)  girlfriend; crush; a woman that one is romantically interested in

Usage notes

 * While comparable to Japanese, is significantly more unnatural in speech, in both pronoun and noun senses. The pronoun in particular is almost never used in speech unless in a deliberately literary register.
 * The pronoun is often followed by the topic marker, which makes it indistinguishable in speech from the vulgar phrase , which is much more widespread in the spoken language. This may contribute to speakers avoiding the pronoun.

title: 그녀


text:
under arrest

Prepositional phrase

 * 1) Arrested by the police.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * French: en état d'arrestation
 * German:, in Haft,  in Gewahrsam
 * Italian: in stato di arresto
 * Mandarin:
 * Polish:
 * Russian: под арестом

title: under arrest


text:
그릇

Etymology 1
Probably an ancient pre-Sino-Korean borrowing from.

Noun

 * 1) bowl; vessel
 * 2)  caliber of a personality; one's capacity of forbearance
 * 1)  caliber of a personality; one's capacity of forbearance
 * 1)  caliber of a personality; one's capacity of forbearance

Etymology 2
Related to.

Adverb

 * 1) falsely, wrongly

title: 그릇


text:
политика

Etymology
From and, from  &.

Noun

 * 1)  politics
 * 2)  policy guiding principles

Noun

 * 1) policy
 * 2) politics

Noun

 * 1) politics
 * 2) policy
 * 1) policy
 * 1) policy

Noun

 * 1) policy
 * 2)  politics

title: политика


text:
고기

Etymology 1
which already defines it as meaning both and. See also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) meat; flesh
 * 2) fish
 * 1) fish

Usage notes

 * "Fish" as meat/food is not called, but.

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1) a historical record; an ancient document

Noun

 * 1) meat; flesh
 * 2) fish

title: 고기


text: up a creek

title: up a creek


text:
acheter chat en poche

Verb

 * 1)  to purchase without seeing the object in question; to buy on trust; to be sold a pig in a poke

title: acheter chat en poche


text:
NAND

Etymology
, by analogy with reinterpreted as  +  or  +

Noun

 * 1)  A binary operator composite of NOT AND; negation of AND function.

Usage notes

 * Boolean variables and states (,, , , etc.) are commonly written in all uppercase in order to distinguish them from the ordinary uses of the words.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Esperanto: malkaj
 * Finnish: EI-JA, see also
 * French:
 * Japanese: NAND, 否定論理積
 * Malay: TAK-DAN
 * Romanian: NAND, ȘI NEGAT

title: NAND


text:
NOR

Etymology
From. Reinterpreted as +  or  +  (see also, formed analogically).

Noun

 * 1) A binary operator composite of NOT OR; negation of OR function.
 * 0 NOR 0 is 1; 1 NOR anything is 0.

Translations

 * Esperanto: malaŭ
 * Finnish: EI-TAI
 * French:
 * Japanese: NOR, 否定論理和
 * Malay: TAK-ATAU
 * Romanian: SAU NEGAT, NOR, NOT OR

title: NOR


text:
artificially

Adverb

 * 1) In an artificial manner.
 * 2) By or because of human effort.
 * 1) By or because of human effort.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: artificialmente
 * German:
 * Ido:
 * Italian:
 * Norman: artificiellement
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: artificialmente
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: artificialmente
 * Swedish: ,

title: artificially


text:
amae

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) Childlike behaviour aimed at inducing another (such as a parent, spouse, teacher or boss) to take care of one.

title: amae


text:
simulated annealing

Noun

 * 1) A probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function, analogous to the metalworking process of annealing.

Translations

 * Czech: simulované žíhání
 * Finnish: simuloitu jäähdytys, simuloitu mellotus
 * French: recuit simulé

title: simulated annealing


text:
calorific value

Noun

 * 1) The amount of energy produced by the complete combustion of a material or fuel. Measured in units of energy per amount of material, e.g. kJ/kg.
 * 2) The amount of energy available from an item of food when digested, mostly from carbohydrates and fats
 * 1) The amount of energy available from an item of food when digested, mostly from carbohydrates and fats

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * Greek: θερμαντική αξία
 * Romanian:
 * Turkish: ısıl değer, kalorifik değer

 * Finnish: kaloripitoisuus
 * Georgian: კალორიული ღირებულება, კვებითი ღირებულება, ენერგეტიკული ღირებულება
 * Greek: θερμιδική αξία

title: calorific value


text:
annealing

Noun

 * 1) The heating of solid metal or glass to high temperatures and cooling it slowly so that its particles arrange into a defined lattice to remove residual stress.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: закаляване
 * Czech: žíhání
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: Glühen,
 * Hungarian:
 * Korean:
 * Portuguese: recozimento
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,

title: annealing


text:
longeron

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) A thin strip of wood or metal, to which the skin of an aircraft is fastened.

Translations

 * French:
 * Italian: longarone,
 * Maori: kauawhi, tari
 * Russian:

Noun

 * 1) supportive horizontal beam
 * 2)  part of an aircraft

title: longeron


text: 天生我才必有用

title: 天生我才必有用


text:
fend off

Etymology
+

Verb

 * 1) To defend against; to repel with force or effort
 * 2)  To prevent (a vessel) from running against anything with too much violence.
 * 1)  To prevent (a vessel) from running against anything with too much violence.
 * 1)  To prevent (a vessel) from running against anything with too much violence.
 * 1)  To prevent (a vessel) from running against anything with too much violence.

Translations

 * Azerbaijani: dəf etmək
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Turkish:, ,

title: fend off


text:
in the first place

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  to begin with; earlier; firstly; originally; at the start,
 * The question is not whether I still enjoy the job, when I never enjoyed it in the first place.
 * 1)   (typically in non-negated statements)
 * Why does this exist in the first place?

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:initially
 * See also Thesaurus:firstly
 * See also Thesaurus:firstly

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Aromanian: ntãnj, ntãnjiu
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, , , ,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, in de eerste plaats
 * Finnish:, ;
 * French:, ,
 * Galician: primeiramente,, en primeiro lugar
 * German:, an erster Stelle, überhaupt erst
 * Greek: πρώτα πρώτα, κατά κύριο λόγο,
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:,  először is,
 * Irish: ó thús, ó thosach
 * Italian: per prima cosa
 * Japanese:, 先ず以て,
 * Korean: 애초에, 처음부터
 * Latin:
 * Navajo: łáaʼii góneʼ
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: para começo de conversa
 * Russian:, , пе́рвым де́лом, , ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Slovak: v prvom rade, za prvé, po prvé, už vôbec nie, vonkoncom nie, a predovšetkým
 * Spanish: en primer lugar, para empezar, ,
 * Swedish: från (första) början
 * Thai: ตั้งแต่แรก, ก่อนอื่น

title: in the first place


text:
天地君親師

Noun

 * 1) things to be respected according to Confucian thought

title: 天地君親師


text: 天地君亲师

title: 天地君亲师


text:
天行健，君子以自強不息

Etymology
From the I Ching (易經).

Proverb

 * 1) Just as the celestial bodies never run out of energy to orbit round and round, so should we always strive to better ourselves.

title: 天行健，君子以自強不息


text: 天行健，君子以自强不息

title: 天行健，君子以自强不息


text:
天若有情天亦老

Etymology
From a poem by Li He (790-816).

Idiom

 * 1) If Heaven had feelings, Heaven too would grow old. (Things are sad and bleak and there is no justice in the world.)

title: 天若有情天亦老


text:
tabu search

Etymology
From, in reference to the prohibition against revisiting earlier rejected solutions.

Noun

 * 1) A combinatorial search technique used to solve optimization problems by tracking and guiding the search.
 * Compared to simulated annealing, the tabu search heuristic performed well.

title: tabu search


text:
makespan

Noun

 * 1)  the time difference between the start and finish of a sequence of jobs or tasks
 * If we don't reduce the makespan of that product, the order won't be shipped on time.

title: makespan


text:
golden handcuffs

Noun

 * 1)  Any arrangement or agreement designed to provide extremely favorable benefits or pay, so as to discourage a participant from choosing to leave it, especially to retain a choice employee in a role that is unpleasant to them.
 * The stock plan really served as golden handcuffs for the executives.

title: golden handcuffs


text:
Talk:abortionist

Procure
Wiktionary definition should be accurate. Here are the definitions listed at http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=abortionist which all contradict the definition that was previously listed at wiktionary. Both in usage and in formal meaning, the person performing or inducing the abortion is the abortionist. The use of the word procure is misleading in that procuring can mean "performing" or "obtaining" an abortion. Please cite a source that would make it clear that the ambiguous "procuring" is the better word despite the following definitions:

 * One who performs abortions (The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company)

 * One who performs abortions, especially criminal abortions (The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company

 * One who induces abortions (Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law, © 1996 Merriam-Webster, Inc.)

 * One who induces abortion (Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2002 Merriam-Webster, Inc.)

 * A person (who should be a doctor) who terminates pregnancies (WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University)

If there is a source that "abortionist" is commonly or properly used to refer to a pregnant woman seeking an abortion or who has successfully sought an abortion, please provide a link.

 * This entry was imported from Webster's 1913 edition, which may of course be outdated. — Vildricianus 15:49, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Tea Room discussion
Tea room/2013/February. - -sche (discuss) 15:47, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:abortionist


text:
天時地利人和

Idiom

 * 1) conditions required for success; knock on wood; if everything goes according to plan; with a little luck; everything goes right

Descendants
Others:

title: 天時地利人和


text: 天时地利人和

title: 天时地利人和


text:
in one's element

Prepositional phrase

 * 1) In a situation which is entirely suitable, familiar, or enjoyable.

Translations

 * Armenian: տարերքի մեջ լինել
 * Danish: i sit es
 * Faroese: í essinum
 * Finnish: omassa elementissään
 * French: dans son élément
 * German: in seinem Element sein
 * Hungarian: elemében
 * Icelandic: í essinu sínu
 * Polish: w swoim żywiole
 * Russian: в свое́й стихии,
 * Spanish:, como en casa, en su elemento, en su salsa
 * Swedish:
 * Welsh: wrth fodd

title: in one's element


text:
counselee

Noun

 * 1) A person receiving counselling.

title: counselee


text:
monoclonal

Adjective

 * 1)  genetically engineered from a single clone; used especially of a protein or antibody

Translations

 * Finnish: monoklonaalinen
 * French:
 * Italian:
 * Spanish: monoclonal

Noun

 * 1)  something produced from a single clone, especially a monoclonal antibody

title: monoclonal


text:
monoclonal antibody

Noun

 * 1)  A protein genetically engineered from a single clone of a B cell, especially one produced by fusion with a tumor cell and intended for use as a drug.

title: monoclonal antibody


text:
B cell

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1)  A lymphocyte, developed in the bursa of birds and the bone marrow of other animals, that produces antibodies and is co-responsible for the immune system.

Synonyms

 * , bursacyte

Derived terms

 * diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: B細胞
 * Hungarian: B-sejt
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: xaneya B

title: B cell


text:
T cell

Etymology
Clipping of +.

Noun

 * 1)  A lymphocyte, from the thymus, that can recognise specific antigens and can activate or deactivate other immune cells.

Translations

 * Catalan: cèl·lula T, limfòcit T
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: T細胞
 * German: ,
 * Hungarian: T-sejt, T-limfocita, T-lymphocyta
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: xaneya T
 * Portuguese: célula T, linfócito T
 * Spanish: célula T, linfocito T
 * Swedish:

title: T cell


text: fanciest

title: fanciest


text:
User talk:FrankK

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wiktionary. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Wiktionary Tutorial
 * Community Portal
 * Entry layout explained
 * Criteria for inclusion
 * How to edit a page
 * How to start a page
 * Wiktionary Sandbox (a safe place for testing syntax)

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk (discussion) and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~, which automatically produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the beer parlour or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! — Vildricianus 10:54, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:FrankK


text:
allemande

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) A popular instrumental dance form in Baroque music, and a standard element of a suite, generally the first or second movement.

Derived terms

 * allemande left

Translations

 * Catalan: alemanda,
 * Czech: allemanda
 * Dutch:
 * Portuguese: alemanda
 * Russian:
 * Swedish:

Verb

 * 1) To perform this dance.

title: allemande


text:
ichnologic

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to ichnology.

title: ichnologic


text:
ichnological

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to ichnology

Derived terms

 * neoichnological
 * paleoichnological

title: ichnological


text:
ichnologist

Noun

 * 1) One who studies trace fossils.

title: ichnologist


text:
ichnite

Noun

 * 1) A fossilized footprint or track of an animal.

title: ichnite


text:
fossilized

Alternative forms

 * (UK)

Adjective

 * 1) In a state of fossilization; preserved in rock
 * 2) outmoded
 * 3)  having become a fossil: no longer productive
 * A in a language is a word which has fallen out of use except for in set phrases: e.g. the English word fro, used only in to and fro. A fossilized bound morpheme (e.g. a fossilized affix) is one which was once able to derive words, but which now only exists as a fixed component of words: e.g. the English abstract noun–forming suffix -th.

Synonyms

 * ,, ; see also Thesaurus:obsolete or Thesaurus:unfashionable

Translations

 * Danish:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Gujarati: અશ્મિભૂત
 * Hungarian:
 * Polish:
 * Romanian: fosilizat
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: fossiliserad

title: fossilized


text: fossilised

title: fossilised


text:
agonistic monoclonal antibody

Noun

 * 1)  A monoclonal antibody that aims to boost the human immune system either to fight infection or cancer.

title: agonistic monoclonal antibody


text:
monetary instrument

Noun

 * 1) A coin or other item of currency.
 * 2)  A coin or currency item of a foreign country, such as travelers' checks, bearer negotiable instruments, bearer investment securities, bearer securities, stock on which title is passed on delivery, and similar material or checks, drafts, notes, money orders, and other similar instruments which are drawn on or by a foreign financial institution and are not in bearer form.
 * (defined in 31 USC § 5312(a)(3)(C))

title: monetary instrument


text:
Wiktionary:Cleanup and deletion elements

This page has been phased out. See instead:

 * For templates, see Maintenance templates.
 * For categories, see the subcategories of Category:Requests.
 * For discussion-archiving templates, see Category:Archive templates.


text:
uncial

Etymology 1
Attested 1650, from.

Adjective

 * 1)  Of or relating to an ounce, or an inch, especially to letters printed an inch high.

Etymology 2
Attested 1712, from, (Jerome), plural of , from. The literal meaning is unclear: some references indicate "inch-high letters", but see “Uncial script” in Wikipedia.

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to a majuscule style of writing with unjoined, rounded letters, originally used in the 4th–9th centuries.

Translations

 * Finnish: unsiaalinen
 * Spanish:

Noun

 * 1) A style of writing using uncial letters.
 * 2) A letter in this style.
 * 3) A manuscript in this style.

Translations

 * Finnish: unsiaali
 * Portuguese: uncial

 * Finnish: unsiaali
 * Portuguese: uncial

 * Finnish: unsiaali
 * Portuguese: uncial

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) uncial

Noun

 * 1) uncial

title: uncial


text:
User talk:Ta bu shi da yu

Someone has stolen my username!!!! - 211.30.185.82 12:37, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Banned this user for impersonation. GerardM 13:05, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ta bu shi da yu


text:
Category talk:English pluralia tantum

RFC
There are several words in this list that do have a singular.eg: jaw, thread, wheel, number. They may have special usage in the plural, but they clearly relate back to the singular. -User:Richardb

 * I don't see a problem with any of these. They obviously relate back to a singular, otherwise they couldn't have a plural, hence couldn't be pluralia tanum. Ncik 12:44, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What do we do with compounds like alternate angles, orthogonal polynomials? These can't be used in singular but are not really pluralia tantum either since the non-existence of the singulars is caused by the adjectives in these phrases rather than the nouns, which are the headwords. Ncik 12:57, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Wrong
If there IS a singulat they are not plurale tantum. Scissors doesn't even really count, Scissors is an action, not plural, they're scissors because the scissor.

Proper Nouns
"The United States (of America)" is a plurale tantum proper noun. We do not say "the United State", however we use it in the singular, "The United States is big", whereas other languages say "are".

I hate English

 * I agree that some of the words are questionable and the list needs to be looked at, but keep in mind some words are homonyms, i.e. jaws can be either a top jaw and bottom jaw or "the jaws of life," in this case being similar to scissors. The words do need to be looked at a lot closer though.
 * I'm not sure if the United States should be on the list because the name is derived from the states that united against the British. In terms of etemology, united is an adjective and states is a plural noun.  In colloquial terms, however, you do have a point that it is often used as a pluralia tantum.  Then again, "gonna" is colloquially used as a verb, but it is not one grammatically.  My personal view of wikipedia is that if there's doubt, don't put it up because people like to assume what's on here is verified 100% true. —This unsigned comment was added by 71.213.224.137 (talk • contribs) 2006-07-10 08:45:29.

From RFC

 * "From: WT:RFC"

There are several words in this list that do have a singular.eg: jaw, thread, wheel, number. They may have special usage in the plural, but they clearly relate back to the singular word.--Richardb 15:44, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * But can those "special usage" forms be used in the plural? --Connel MacKenzie T C 22:32, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't get what you mean ? Take the example of "Wheels".To me the usage is clearly just the plural of the word "wheel". Unlike trousers or measles. There simply is no such thing as "a trouser" or "a measle". But there sure is "a wheel", "a thread", "a jaw".--Richardb 14:05, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Depends on the definition. If by "wheels" you mean either a metonymic for an "automobile" or the sland definition of "muscular legs", then the singular "wheel" would not make sense. So, for those definitions, "wheels" is not referrable to the singular. --EncycloPetey 00:36, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That should really be noted though. Having said that, some of these are just out-and-out wrong. I don't think 'sweets' has any special use in the plural. I'm a serial dieter and I only ever eat one sweet at a time... I think someone should just delete all the dodgy ones because they're really misleading. -- Emma

Anal Beads?
Is there really some legitimate reason that the list has an entry for "anal beads" but not one for "beads," or is this a case of someone trying to be funny? Also, I would not think there should even be an entry for "beads," since one can speak of a single bead on a string, or making a beaded necklace, one bead at a time, or is this incorrect? --Agiar2000 15:36, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Antipode?
I know that the origin of "antipodes" was as a plurale tantum, but if I read Dictionary.com correctly, then it would seem that we have had a singular back formation, "antipode" for several centuries. Cannot one speak of the "antipode" of a certain point or thing? The way it looks to me, perhaps "antipodes" is no longer a plurale tantum, and thus should be removed from this list.

antipode. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 17, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antipode

--Agiar2000 15:38, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Beans?
Even the wiktionary article for beans does not seem to indicate that there is no singular sense, "bean." Indeed we more often speak of beans than we do of a bean, but surely we do not think it odd or meaningless of someone to refer to a single bean, the way we would think of someone referring to a pant or a scissor, or am I wrong? Perhaps it is in this list because of the slang usage of beans as drugs in pill form, but because that is really a more marginal sense, it seems inappropriate here to me. Does anyone disagree?

--Agiar2000 15:45, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * No disagreement recorded in over a decade.
 * But I think your conclusion is correct. Even if there is an obscure slang form in which only the plural tends to be used, the word is included on the list.  Peanuts also looked iffy at first.  The trouble is that the list doesn't indicate which sense(s) of the words listed are intended.  —DIV (1.145.49.50 10:35, 16 November 2021 (UTC))

This category has far too many entries included
This category needs weeding (or possibly subdividing): it is too indiscriminate to be useful at present. 54.240.197.235 10:46, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Category talk:English pluralia tantum


text: Nieuw-Caledonië

title: Nieuw-Caledonië


text:
Den Haag

Etymology
From, from (, later also , “enclosure, hedge”), from. First attested in 1242 as. The article form is dative/accusative, generalized in the modern name because of its use after prepositions, e.g. . Compare,  etc.

Proper noun

 * 1)  The national government or administrative authority of the Netherlands
 * 1)  The national government or administrative authority of the Netherlands
 * 1)  The national government or administrative authority of the Netherlands
 * 1)  The national government or administrative authority of the Netherlands

Usage notes

 * While is etymologically a masculine article, the city name is neuter insofar as one says e.g..

Etymology
From.

title: Den Haag


text:
Jeremiah

Etymology
From, from , from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  An ancient prophet, the author of the Book of Jeremiah, and of the Lamentations.
 * 2)  A book of the Old Testament of Bible, and of the Tanakh.
 * 3)  of biblical origin.
 * 1)  of biblical origin.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Arabic: إِرْمِيَّا
 * Armenian:
 * Old Armenian: Երեմիա
 * Asturian:
 * Basque:
 * Bengali: ইরমিয়া
 * Breton:
 * Catalan: Jeremies
 * Cebuano: Jeremias
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 耶利米
 * Eastern Min: 耶利米
 * Hakka: 耶利米
 * Hokkien: 耶利米
 * Mandarin:
 * Corsican:
 * Czech: Jeremjáš
 * Danish: Jeremias
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: Jeremija
 * Faroese:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Old French: Jeremias
 * Georgian: იერემია
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: Ἰερεμίας
 * Greenlandic:
 * Hawaiian: Ieremia
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: यिर्मियाह
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: Jeremía
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian: Yeremia
 * Irish:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: エレミヤ
 * Kazakh: Еремия
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: یەرمیا
 * Latin: Hieremias
 * Latvian:
 * Lavukaleve: Jeremiah
 * Limburgish: Jeremia
 * Lithuanian: Jerèmija
 * Maltese: Ġeremija
 * Manx:
 * Maori:
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian: ارمیا
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scots: Jeremiah
 * Scottish Gaelic:
 * Slovak: Jeremiáš
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Tamil: எரேமியா
 * Thai: เยเรมีย์
 * Ukrainian: Єремі́я
 * Urdu: یرمیاہ
 * Waray-Waray: Jeremías
 * Welsh:
 * West Frisian: Jeremia
 * Zealandic: Jeremia

 * Afrikaans:
 * Arabic: سِفْر إِرْمِيَّا
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian:
 * Basque:
 * Bengali: যেরেমিয়া
 * Breton:
 * Catalan: Jeremies
 * Cebuano: Jeremias
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 耶利米書
 * Eastern Min: 耶利米書
 * Hakka: 耶利米書
 * Mandarin:
 * Corsican:
 * Czech: Jeremjáš
 * Danish: Jeremias
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: იერემია
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient Greek: Ἰερεμίας
 * Greenlandic:
 * Hawaiian: Ieremia
 * Hebrew: ירמיה
 * Hindi: यिर्मयाह
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: Jeremía
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian: Yeremia
 * Irish: Leabhar Irimia,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: エレミヤ書
 * Kannada: ಯೆರೆಮಿಯ
 * Kazakh: Еремия
 * Latin: Hieremias,
 * Latvian:
 * Lavukaleve: Jeremiah
 * Limburgish: Jeremia
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: Еремија
 * Malayalam: ജെറമിയായുടെ പുസ്തകം
 * Maltese:
 * Manx:
 * Maori:
 * Ngazidja Comorian: Yeremia
 * Norwegian: Jeremia,
 * Odia: ଯିରିମିୟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟ‌ଦ୍‌ବକ୍ତାଙ୍କ ପୁସ୍ତକ
 * Persian: کتاب ارمیا
 * Polish: Księga Jeremiasza
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi: ਯਿਰਮਿਯਾਹ
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scots: Jeremiah
 * Scottish Gaelic:
 * Slovak: Jeremiáš
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Tamil: எரேமியா
 * Telugu: యిర్మీయా
 * Ukrainian: Єремі́я
 * Urdu: یرمیاہ
 * Waray-Waray: Jeremías
 * Welsh:
 * West Frisian: Jeremia
 * Zealandic: Jeremia

 * Afrikaans:
 * Arabic: إِرْمِيَّا
 * Armenian:
 * Old Armenian: Երեմիա
 * Asturian:
 * Basque:
 * Bengali: ইরমিয়া
 * Breton:
 * Cebuano: Jeremias
 * Chinese:
 * Eastern Min: 耶利米
 * Mandarin: 傑里邁亞
 * Corsican:
 * Czech: Jeremjáš
 * Danish: Jeremias
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: Jeremija
 * Faroese:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: იერემია
 * German: Jeremias
 * Greek:
 * Ancient Greek: Ἰερεμίας
 * Greenlandic:
 * Hawaiian: Ielemia
 * Hungarian:, Irimiás
 * Icelandic: Jeremía
 * Ido:
 * Irish: Diarmaid
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: エレミヤ
 * Latin: Hieremias
 * Latvian:
 * Lavukaleve: Jeremiah
 * Limburgish: Jeremia
 * Lithuanian: Jeremijas
 * Macedonian: Еремија
 * Maltese: Ġeremija
 * Manx:
 * Maori:
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, Ерёма
 * Scots: Jeremiah
 * Scottish Gaelic:
 * Slovak: Jeremiáš
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Ukrainian: Яре́ма
 * Waray-Waray: Jeremías
 * Welsh:
 * West Frisian: Jeremia
 * Zealandic: Jeremia

Noun

 * 1) A person who is pessimistic about the present and foresees a calamitous future; a prophet of doom.

Interjection

 * 1)  Expression of surprise, contempt, outrage, disgust, boredom, frustration, etc.

title: Jeremiah


text: with young

title: with young