text:
man

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from , from. .

Noun

 * 1) An adult male human.
 * 2)  All human males collectively: mankind.
 * 3) A human, a person regardless of gender or sex, usually an adult.
 * 4) * 1991 edition (original: 1953), Darell Huff, [//archive.org/details/HowToLieWithStatistics How to Lie with Statistics], pages 19–20:
 * Similarly, the next time you learn from your reading that the average man (you hear a good deal about him these days, most of it faintly improbable) brushes his teeth 1.02 times a day—a figure I have just made up, but it may be as good as anyone else's – ask yourself a question. How can anyone have found out such a thing? Is a woman who has read in countless advertisements that non-brushers are social offenders going to confess to a stranger that she does not brush her teeth regularly?
 * 1)  All humans collectively: mankind, humankind, humanity.
 * 2) * 1647, Westminster Shorter Catechism, question 10:
 * How did God create man?
 * God created man male and female, after his own image, in knowledge, righteousness, and holiness, with dominion over the creatures.
 * 1)   A member of the genus Homo, especially of the species Homo sapiens.
 * 2) A male person, usually an adult; a (generally adult male) sentient being, whether human, supernatural, elf, alien, etc.
 * 3) An adult male who has, to an eminent degree, qualities considered masculine, such as strength, integrity, and devotion to family; a mensch.
 * 4)  Manliness; the quality or state of being manly.
 * 5) A husband.
 * 6) A male lover; a boyfriend.
 * 7) A male enthusiast or devotee; a male who is very fond of or devoted to a specified kind of thing.
 * 8) A person, usually male, who has duties or skills associated with a specified thing.
 * 9) A person, usually male, who can fulfill one's requirements with regard to a specified matter.
 * 10) A male who belongs to a particular group: an employee, a student or alumnus, a representative, etc.
 * 11) An adult male servant.
 * 12)  A vassal; a subject.
 * (old proverb)
 * 1) * c. 1700s, William Blackstone:
 * The vassal, or tenant, kneeling, ungirt, uncovered, and holding up his hands between those of his lord, professed that he did become his man from that day forth, of life, limb, and earthly honour.
 * 1) A piece or token used in board games such as backgammon.
 * 2)  A player on whom another is playing, with the intent of limiting their attacking impact.
 * 3) * 2018 Dinny Navaratnam, Andrews will learn from experience: Fagan Brisbane Lions, 30 July 2018. Accessed 6 August 2018.
 * "It was a brutal return to football for Brisbane Lions defender Harris Andrews as his man Tom Hawkins booted seven goals but Lions Coach Chris Fagan said the team's defensive faults, rather than the backman's, allowed the big Cat to dominate."
 * 1) A clipping of "in man" or equivalent used in the CGS unit roentgen equivalent man.
 * 1) An adult male who has, to an eminent degree, qualities considered masculine, such as strength, integrity, and devotion to family; a mensch.
 * 2)  Manliness; the quality or state of being manly.
 * 3) A husband.
 * 4) A male lover; a boyfriend.
 * 5) A male enthusiast or devotee; a male who is very fond of or devoted to a specified kind of thing.
 * 6) A person, usually male, who has duties or skills associated with a specified thing.
 * 7) A person, usually male, who can fulfill one's requirements with regard to a specified matter.
 * 8) A male who belongs to a particular group: an employee, a student or alumnus, a representative, etc.
 * 9) An adult male servant.
 * 10)  A vassal; a subject.
 * (old proverb)
 * 1) * c. 1700s, William Blackstone:
 * The vassal, or tenant, kneeling, ungirt, uncovered, and holding up his hands between those of his lord, professed that he did become his man from that day forth, of life, limb, and earthly honour.
 * 1) A piece or token used in board games such as backgammon.
 * 2)  A player on whom another is playing, with the intent of limiting their attacking impact.
 * 3) * 2018 Dinny Navaratnam, Andrews will learn from experience: Fagan Brisbane Lions, 30 July 2018. Accessed 6 August 2018.
 * "It was a brutal return to football for Brisbane Lions defender Harris Andrews as his man Tom Hawkins booted seven goals but Lions Coach Chris Fagan said the team's defensive faults, rather than the backman's, allowed the big Cat to dominate."
 * 1) A clipping of "in man" or equivalent used in the CGS unit roentgen equivalent man.
 * 1) A male who belongs to a particular group: an employee, a student or alumnus, a representative, etc.
 * 2) An adult male servant.
 * 3)  A vassal; a subject.
 * (old proverb)
 * 1) * c. 1700s, William Blackstone:
 * The vassal, or tenant, kneeling, ungirt, uncovered, and holding up his hands between those of his lord, professed that he did become his man from that day forth, of life, limb, and earthly honour.
 * 1) A piece or token used in board games such as backgammon.
 * 2)  A player on whom another is playing, with the intent of limiting their attacking impact.
 * 3) * 2018 Dinny Navaratnam, Andrews will learn from experience: Fagan Brisbane Lions, 30 July 2018. Accessed 6 August 2018.
 * "It was a brutal return to football for Brisbane Lions defender Harris Andrews as his man Tom Hawkins booted seven goals but Lions Coach Chris Fagan said the team's defensive faults, rather than the backman's, allowed the big Cat to dominate."
 * 1) A clipping of "in man" or equivalent used in the CGS unit roentgen equivalent man.
 * 1) A piece or token used in board games such as backgammon.
 * 2)  A player on whom another is playing, with the intent of limiting their attacking impact.
 * 3) * 2018 Dinny Navaratnam, Andrews will learn from experience: Fagan Brisbane Lions, 30 July 2018. Accessed 6 August 2018.
 * "It was a brutal return to football for Brisbane Lions defender Harris Andrews as his man Tom Hawkins booted seven goals but Lions Coach Chris Fagan said the team's defensive faults, rather than the backman's, allowed the big Cat to dominate."
 * 1) A clipping of "in man" or equivalent used in the CGS unit roentgen equivalent man.
 * 1)  A player on whom another is playing, with the intent of limiting their attacking impact.
 * 2) * 2018 Dinny Navaratnam, Andrews will learn from experience: Fagan Brisbane Lions, 30 July 2018. Accessed 6 August 2018.
 * "It was a brutal return to football for Brisbane Lions defender Harris Andrews as his man Tom Hawkins booted seven goals but Lions Coach Chris Fagan said the team's defensive faults, rather than the backman's, allowed the big Cat to dominate."
 * 1) A clipping of "in man" or equivalent used in the CGS unit roentgen equivalent man.
 * "It was a brutal return to football for Brisbane Lions defender Harris Andrews as his man Tom Hawkins booted seven goals but Lions Coach Chris Fagan said the team's defensive faults, rather than the backman's, allowed the big Cat to dominate."
 * 1) A clipping of "in man" or equivalent used in the CGS unit roentgen equivalent man.
 * 1) A clipping of "in man" or equivalent used in the CGS unit roentgen equivalent man.

Usage notes

 * The use of "man" (compare Old English:, , wīf) to mean both "human (of any gender)" and "adult male", which developed after Old English's distinct term for the latter fell out of use, has been criticized since at least the second half of the twentieth century. Critics claim that the use of "man", both alone and in compounds, to denote a human or any gender "is now often regarded as sexist or at best old-fashioned", "flatly discriminatory in that it slights or ignores the membership of women in the human race". The American Heritage Dictionary wrote that in 2004 75–79% of their usage panel still accepted sentences with generic man, and 86–87% accepted sentences with . Some style guides recommend against generic "man", and "although some editors and writers reject or disregard  objections to man as a generic, many now choose instead to use" ,  or  instead.
 * This generic usage is still preserved in certain dialects, pidgins, and creoles of English, as well as fixed expressions and certain religious documents and declarations such as the Nicene Creed (e.g. "...for us men and our salvation..."). Consideration of this has sometimes led to accusations of the critics of the generic man as enforcing linguistic prescriptivism.
 * See also

Synonyms

 * ; see more at Thesaurus:man
 * ,, see more at Thesaurus:person
 * see Thesaurus:board game piece

Derived terms
See also Category:English terms suffixed with -man

Descendants
See also descendants of -man.

Pronoun

 * : I, we;.
 * 1)  You;.
 * 2)  Any person,
 * 1)  You;.
 * 2)  Any person,
 * 1)  You;.
 * 2)  Any person,
 * 1)  Any person,
 * 1)  Any person,
 * 1)  Any person,

Usage notes
The usage of man as a pronoun originally died out in the 15th century. It has independently reappeared in Multicultural London English. There it is most commonly used as a first person pronoun or as an indefinite personal pronoun, but uses in the second and third person are also attested.

Etymology 2
From, from , , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  To supply (something) with staff or crew (of either sex).
 * 2)  To take up position in order to operate (something).
 * 3)  To brace (oneself), to fortify or steel (oneself) in a manly way.
 * 4)  To wait on, attend to or escort.
 * 5)  To accustom (a raptor or other type of bird) to the presence of people.
 * 1)  To brace (oneself), to fortify or steel (oneself) in a manly way.
 * 2)  To wait on, attend to or escort.
 * 3)  To accustom (a raptor or other type of bird) to the presence of people.
 * 1)  To wait on, attend to or escort.
 * 2)  To accustom (a raptor or other type of bird) to the presence of people.

Etymology 3
.

Proper noun

 * 1)  A command used to display help pages in Unix and Unix-like operating systems.

Noun

 * 1) moon

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) man
 * 2) husband

Usage notes

 * The normal plural in contemporary Afrikaans is . The form now usually refers to the members of a male group, such as a group of friends or a team or unit. Compare:

Alternative forms

 * Tosk:
 * Gheg: ,

Etymology
Syncopated form of Gheg, from. Compare 🇨🇬, said by Beekes to be a Mediterranean wanderwort, and (Dacian loan).

Noun

 * 1) mulberry, mulberry tree

Etymology
Akin to 🇨🇬, from.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Pronoun

 * 1) I,

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) bird

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) also

Noun

 * 1) bird

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬.

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  manly; masculine

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) man

Adjective

 * 1) male

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) man
 * 2) husband

Etymology
From, from and.

Noun

 * 1)  vassal, feoffee

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  mane

Etymology 2
The same word as the noun. .

Pronoun

 * 1) you, one, they, people
 * 2) I
 * 3) you

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) man, human male, either adult or age-irrespective
 * 2) husband, male spouse
 * 1) husband, male spouse
 * 1) husband, male spouse
 * 1) husband, male spouse

Usage notes

 * The normal plural is mannen. The unchanged form man is used after numerals only; it refers to the size of a group rather than a number of individuals. For example: In totaal verloren er 5000 man hun leven in die slag. (“5000 men altogether lost their lives in that battle.”) The plural mans is dated, now mostly occurring in nautical contexts or in dialect.
 * Compound words with -man as their last component often take - or - in the plural, rather than -mannen. For example: →  (alongside  and ).
 * Various alternative diminutives exist, including (used especially in Flanders) and the dialectal.

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Verb

 * I, he, she, it will / may
 * I, he, she, it will / may

Derived terms

 * (so) - this may be (so)
 * man  beinari - this will doubtless be more correct

Pronoun

 * 1)  one, they indefinite third-person singular pronoun

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Etymology
.

Determiner

 * 1)  my

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Noun

 * 1) foot

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hand
 * 2)  ownership; protection; power; grasp

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from.

Pronoun

 * 1) one, you indefinite pronoun; construed as a third-person singular
 * 2) they, people people in general
 * 3) someone, somebody some unspecified person
 * 4) they some unspecified group of people
 * 1) they, people people in general
 * 2) someone, somebody some unspecified person
 * 3) they some unspecified group of people
 * 1) they some unspecified group of people

Usage notes

 * Man is used in the nominative case only; for the oblique cases forms of the pronoun are used. For example: Man kann nicht immer tun, was einen glücklich macht. — One cannot always do what makes one happy.
 * Since man derives from the same source as, its use is considered problematic by some feminists. They have proposed alternating man and the feminine neologism , or using the generic neologism . This usage has gained some currency in feminist and left-wing publications, but remains rare otherwise.
 * In the sense of “someone,” man is often translated using the passive voice (“I was told that...” rather than “someone told me that...”).

Etymology 2
From. A contraction of. Compare a similar contraction in 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1)  just; only

Etymology
From. A contraction of. Compare a similar contraction in 🇨🇬.

Conjunction

 * 1)  only; but

Synonyms

 * avers, awer (and many variations thereof; for which, see those entries)
 * bloots

Etymology 1
From, perhaps from (with unstressed prefix ).

Noun

 * 1)  slaves
 * 2)  a female slave
 * 3)  maiden

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) the act of daring someone to do something; provocation, dare

Etymology 3
Appears in Guðbrandur Þorláksson’s 1584 Bible translation. Borrowed from (in Luther’s 1534 German Bible), from.

Noun

 * 1)  manna

Verb

 * 1) ; I remember
 * 2) ; he/she/it remembers
 * 1) ; he/she/it remembers

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) man (adult male human)

Adjective

 * 1) male

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) although; even if; even though
 * 2) also; too
 * 3) only; even
 * 1) only; even
 * 1) only; even

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  hand

Pronoun

 * 1) to me;

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Etymology
From.

Pronunciation

 * (Western)
 * (Eastern)

Noun

 * 1) hand

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) human
 * 2) person
 * 3) man, male
 * 4) husband
 * 5) subordinate

Derived terms
- general:

- persons:

Etymology 1
, from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  male human
 * 2) human, person
 * 1) human, person

Etymology 2
From, reduced form of ; see Etymology 1 above.

Pronoun

 * 1)   one, you.

Pronoun

 * 1)  you

Etymology 1
From, , , from.

Noun

 * 1)  hand

Adjective

 * 1) my (belonging to me)

Etymology
From, from.

Pronoun

 * 1)  my

Verb

 * 1) to stay
 * 2) to remain

Pronoun

 * 1) you
 * 2) one
 * 3) they
 * 4) people

Etymology 2
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) a mane

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) mane

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) human, person
 * 2) man, male

Etymology 1
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) one, you indefinite pronoun; construed as a third-person singular
 * 2) * c. 992, Ælfric, "The First Sunday in September, When Job Is Read"
 * "ang"

- Man sċeal lǣwedum mannum seċġan be heora andġietes mǣðe, swā þæt hīe ne bēon þurh þā dēopnesse ǣmōde ne þurh þā langsumnesse ǣþrȳtte.

 * 1) * c. 992, Ælfric, "Dedication of the Church of St. Michael"
 * "ang"

- Sē hrōf ēac swelċe hæfde mislīċe hēanesse: on sumre stōwe hine man meahte mid hēafde ġerǣċan, on sumre mid handa earfoþlīċe.

 * 1) * c. 897,, translation of Pope Gregory's
 * "ang"

- Hēr man mæġ ġīet ġesēon heora swaðu, ac wē him ne cunnon æfter spyrian.

 * 1) they, people people in general
 * 2) someone, somebody some unspecified person
 * 3) they some unspecified group of people
 * 4) * The Dialogues of Solomon and Saturn
 * "ang"
 * "ang"

- Saga mē, hū lange worhte man Noes earce?

 * 1) often used where modern English would use the passive voice
 * 2) * late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius'
 * "ang"

- Hine man sċeal lǣdan tō þām lǣċe.

 * 1) * Early 11th century, Wulfstan, "On the Beginning of Creation"
 * "ang"

- Þā sē Hǣlend ċild wæs, eall hine man fēdde swā man ōðru ċildru fētt. Hē læġ on cradole bewunden, ealswā ōðru ċildru dōþ. Hine man bær oþ hē self gān meahte.

 * 1) it
 * 2) * c. 900, translation of Orosius' History Against the Pagans
 * "ang"

- Man ġeseah swelċe sē heofon burne.

 * 1) * late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History
 * "ang"

- Man ġeseah swelċe ān fȳren hring norðan cōme.

Etymology 2
See.

Etymology 3
From.

Noun

 * 1) crime, sin, wickedness

Derived terms

 * mānswerian

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) man

Etymology
Probably from

Noun

 * 1) household, house-folk, bondslaves
 * 2) bondwoman, female slave
 * 3) woman, maid
 * 4) * 900-1100, The, verse 7:
 * "non"

- Sáttir þínar er ek vil snemma hafa ok þat gjaforð geta; eiga vilja heldr en án vera þat it mjallhvíta man.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hand (anatomy)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) morning

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬

Conjunction

 * 1) but

Adverb

 * 1) also

Etymology 1
Borrowed from. Related to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Conjunction

 * 1) but

Adverb

 * 1) but, just

Etymology 2
From an unstressed variant of. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) one, they

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * , guy, dude

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) man, male human

Verb

 * 1) to be able to

Etymology 1
From, , from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  adult male human
 * 2) husband
 * 3) a member of a crew, workforce or (military) troop
 * 4)   (usually friendly term of address)
 * 1) husband
 * 2) a member of a crew, workforce or (military) troop
 * 3)   (usually friendly term of address)
 * 1)   (usually friendly term of address)
 * 1)   (usually friendly term of address)

Usage notes
The unchanged plural man is sometimes used after numerals. It means "men" as a measure for size or strength of a group rather than individuals:
 * Military or police personnel, team members, demonstrators and the like are often counted using this unchanged plural. The same goes with German and Dutch where Mann and man can have an unchanged plural form in this particular case.
 * Military or police personnel, team members, demonstrators and the like are often counted using this unchanged plural. The same goes with German and Dutch where Mann and man can have an unchanged plural form in this particular case.

Not used in other contexts, where it could be confused with a man in general.

Pronoun

 * 1)   people in general; one, you, they, people, etc.
 * 2)  I (referring to oneself obliquely)
 * 1)  I (referring to oneself obliquely)

Usage notes
Man does not sound formal the way English might when used instead of. Man is usually the only option in cases where either or  might be used in English, as Swedish  and  read more like "you, specifically." See the quotations for above for various examples of how man might be translated while preserving tone.

See the usage notes for and  for two other examples of words that have a direct translation that is often unidiomatic or a poor match for tone.

Etymology 2
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) mane of a horse or lion

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) even
 * 2) although; even if; even though
 * 3) even; also; too
 * 1) even; also; too
 * 1) even; also; too

Usage notes

 * The word cannot be at the start of a sentence.

Noun

 * 1) bird

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) man adult male human

Adjective

 * 1) male

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) husband
 * 2) a married man
 * 3) any man

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hand

Etymology 1
. Also compare.

Adjective

 * 1)  dishonest; false; untruthful

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1)  a savage; barbarian

Etymology 3
..

Numeral

 * 1)  ten thousand; myriad

Etymology
Borrowed from the descendants of.

Noun

 * 1) man adult male human

Derived terms

 * dolafulaman
 * lüodaman
 * manadigöf
 * manafied
 * manageilot
 * manageilotik
 * manajit
 * manaklot
 * manaklotem
 * manalien (tribütabima)
 * manalunot
 * manamod
 * manamodo
 * mananam
 * mananäm
 * manapenät
 * manapörträt
 * mandragoramanil
 * manef
 * manik
 * manil
 * manisasen
 * man maleditilik
 * manüp
 * man vönädaleguda
 * miligaman
 * pödaman
 * pösod manik
 * visoman
 * vöd manik

Etymology 1
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, and also related to 🇨🇬; outside of Celtic, cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) place; location

Etymology 2
Possibly from, from ; if so, then from the same origin as Etymology 1. See.

Noun

 * 1) speck; blemish
 * 2) stain
 * 3) distinguishing mark
 * 4) birthmark; mole
 * 5) pimple; spot
 * 6)  mascle

Etymology 3
.

Noun

 * 1)  manna

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) man
 * 2) husband
 * 1) husband

Noun

 * 1) neck

Pronoun

 * 1) I first-person singular subject pronoun

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) man
 * 2) husband

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) man
 * 2) husband

title: man


text:
Wiktionary talk:Princeton WordNet

Letter (2003)
So, is this letter good enough yet? Do we still want to do this? How would we import the entries, with a Wordnet: namespace, like Webster 1913? -- Merphant 00:39 Jan 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * Any better it'll have to go up on the sky. --Menchi 02:55 May 7, 2003 (UTC)

Has GNU been contacted to verify that WordNet's license is in fact not compatible with GFDL? When I have contacted them with questions in the past they have been very helpful. I made a lot of changes to this letter, I hope they work for everyone. No hard feelings if things need to be snipped to be more in line with the project, same for grammer / mechanical. -- Jim May 7, 2003

 * IANAL but I think as it is worded their license is incompatible with wiki GFDL (no invariant sections, front-cover texts, etc.; see also Using public domain works as a base). The spirit of their license seems to be in line with Wiktionary's, so they probably won't have a problem with releasing it under the GFDL. That would be the simplest and easiest solution for both parties; it would eliminate any legal hassles that might arise, since it's the same license.

 * Anyway, the letter looks fine as it is. We should look into getting it sent soon. -- Merphant 06:20 May 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * Does anyone volunteer? If not, I'll do it. I'm pretty sure they won't spam me back. Or would you like to do the honour, Merphant? --Menchi 09:08 May 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * I would think that maybe Jimbo should do it, as he is the closest thing Wiktionary/WP has to an 'official' representative, although it would probably be just a nusiance for him to do it, and besides I think he's on vacation right now. I posted a message to wikipedia-l about this. Maybe it would be better for one of the more active Wiktionauts to do it (e.g. you, I don't really contribute much to Wiktionary anymore); it probably doesn't much matter, though. It doesn't look like anyone's responded to my post yet, so I suggest waiting a few days to see if anyone on the list has any brilliant ideas, and if not, go ahead and send it. -- Merphant 07:32 May 14, 2003 (UTC)

What is the problem with the WordNet license? To me, it seems very liberal. See http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/license.shtml --Zenogantner 17:52, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Open Letter 2004
''What follows is an open letter to the WordNet people asking them to let Wiktionary use WordNet under the GFDL, as suggested on Using public domain works as a base. The letter was originally written in the main article: Princeton WordNet, and only subsequently moved to the talk page. The letter was sent back in 2004.''

Dear Cognitive Science Laboratory:

We have just started Wiktionary, a free, collaboratively edited, multilingual dictionary and thesaurus project released under terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL).

Creating a new dictionary and thesaurus is a large undertaking; as such we are considering using public domain texts as a starting point. Unfortunately these tend to be outdated and inaccurate. We have, however, found WordNet to be far superior to the other available texts, and would like to incorporate it into Wiktionary to add missing definitions and as a basis for future definitions.

The license that WordNet is offered under appears to be incompatible with the GFDL. We would very much like to include your materials in the project, but do not want to violate any licenses or copyrights. It would appear we can only use your work if you are willing to grant us a separate license to WordNet under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts), or another compatible license. You can read the license in full at

http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License

This license expressly protects authors "from being considered responsible for modifications made by others" while ensuring that authors get credit for their work. If you have any specific questions about the GFDL then you can contact the GNU foundation via their web site http://www.gnu.org/ or e-mail gnu@gnu.org where I am sure you will find them very helpful.

Although a GFDL license would be ideal, we understand that it may not fit with your goals for the WordNet project. There are also other compatible licenses available. You can find a list with comments on the GNU site here:

http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.html#FreeDocumentationLicenses

If you agree to grant a compatible license of your work, we will gladly give WordNet credit in a references section in each definition, saying that the definition was originally based on your work, while not falsely crediting you for things that you didn't write. We will also indicate how to find the original WordNet entry. Alternatively, we can provide a statement on the main page of Wiktionary indicating that many of the definitions originated from or are based on the WordNet project and then, via a link, provide information on WordNet, a disclaimer of your liability for our changes and information on how to view the original WordNet definitions. Please let us know what best suits your needs.

It is our hope that by working together we can not only build a better Wiktionary, but we can also continue and build on the spirit of WordNet. Please join us in this.

Background

The WikiWiki concept is to allow anyone and everyone to search, use, and edit the content of a web site in a collaborative way. The origin of the word is from Hawaiian for "quick". It is at times referred to simply as Wiki or WikiWikiWeb. Ward Cunningham invented and named the Wiki concept, and produced the first implementation of a WikiWiki server.

Wiktionary is a sub-project of the more established Wikipedia project, which is currently producing a free encyclopedia in nearly thirty languages. The English version of Wikipedia was started January 15, 2001 and, as of April 2003, contains 211468 pages, with 119080 considered legitimate articles. Wiktionary was just started December 12, 2002 and has 2394 articles, currently limited to only the English language.

Both Wiktionary and Wikipedia are licensed under the GFDL and are developed using open source collaboration software based on the WikiWiki concept. We are also planning to create a non-profit organization to administer Wiktionary and Wikipedia.

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If you are interested or have additional questions for us then please respond to this email as we eagerly await your response!

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Response from Princeton
I took it upon myself to contact the WordNet team at Princeton, and direct them toward this open letter.

Ben Haskell responded: "I have read the open letter at the link you sent me. And, I've read the GNU Free Documentation License. I am not a lawyer, but I'm curious as to why the WordNet License is seen as incompatible with the GFDL. The WordNet License has served us well for over a dozen years. We're reluctant to have to deal with the University legal department for possibly unnecessary license issues. Could you please respond with what specific concerns you (and/or your collaborators) have about our license? As far as I'm aware, the paragaph of the open letter beginning with If you agree to grant a compatible license of your work, we will gladly... would make everything perfectly acceptable under our current license." (He also granted me permission to quote this reply here, in a later email.)

I'm also contacting the folks at GNU to see what their opinion on the matter is. They have a page on the WordNet license and a partial compatibility list but nothing that explicitly mentions the GFDL. --Wclark 20:41, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Response from GNU
I heard back from the folks at GNU, and their unofficial determination is that the WordNet license is compatible with the GFDL. They can research further to provide us with an official determination, but it will take several weeeks. I'm waiting to hear back from the person who contacted me, before I post the actual content of the email reply. But do we really need any more work done on this, considering the WordNet folk and GNU folk both seem to agree (at least unofficially) that there would be no problem using the data? --Wclark 21:57, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Here is the actual text of the reply from Dave Turner:

"I believe that the Wordnet license is compatible with the GNU Free Documentation License. I'm not authorized give you an official determination, but I can talk to people who can, if this is important to you.  Please let me know.  I expect that this would take a few weeks."

--Wclark 22:07, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Any updates?
Was this ever resolved further? 68.170.53.236 13:55, 30 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I too am curious to know what happened in the wake of all the activity. (Signed ~ Bodnotbod at Wikipedia, unknown here) --62.255.76.99 23:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC).

Hopefully it did not happen. Wordnet is a cognitive psychology project, not a reliable source for the meanings of words; they lump together different words together under the very same meanings, when these "synonyms" have only similar meanings not the same meaning (and in some cases their lumping isn't even proper synonyms). Centrx 05:04, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * But perhaps there could be some human-assisted way of merging WordNet entries into Wiktionary synonyms lists? (Perhaps someone could modify AutoWikiBrowser to do it?)  Also, how about marking them as "related words" not synonyms? Unforgettableid 04:27, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That's not what the heading "===Related terms===" is for. They aren't etymologically related, so they must not get lumped in there.  As they are not synonyms either, they can't be misrepresented there, either.

 * The above "response" is no reponse at all. I don't see any clear indication that we wouldn't face massive legal problems from importing this content.  (Well, WMF wouldn't - but the individual that performed the imports would be legally liable.)  --Connel MacKenzie 05:33, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Follow-up 2010
The WordNet 3.0 license could be compatible with Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (also Terms of Use), as far as I can tell, but I am not a lawyer.

In 2004, Ben Haskell of WordNet has asked in his response, according to above: "Could you please respond with what specific concerns you (and/or your collaborators) have about our license? As far as I'm aware, the paragaph of the open letter beginning with If you agree to grant a compatible license of your work, we will gladly... would make everything perfectly acceptable under our current license." This seems a perfectly meaningful question that those who have doubted the compatibility of the licenses should have answered.

In 2004, a response from GNU's Dave Turner, in relation to GNU FDL rather than CC AS, was, according to above: "I believe that the Wordnet license is compatible with the GNU Free Documentation License. I'm not authorized give you an official determination, but I can talk to people who can, if this is important to you. Please let me know. I expect that this would take a few weeks."

In 2008, Conrad Irwin in Beer parlour on the subject: "According to someone on IRC their license isn't actually compatible with the GFDL as they demand copyright be given to them in perpetuity, so any contributors would not get any rights in the way of the GFDL. However I do think that this would be a good idea if we can find a way to make it work. Conrad.Irwin 12:39, 14 February 2008 (UTC)". That would refer to the following sentence from the WordNet 3.0 lincese: "Title to copyright in this software, database and any associated documentation shall at all times remain with Princeton University and LICENSEE agrees to preserve same."

I do not know who could clarify the compatibility question in such a reliable way that Wiktionary editors could start freely taking over relevant parts of WordNet without the fear of committing copyright violation. This would be very useful. --Dan Polansky 09:08, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wiktionary talk:Princeton WordNet


text:
vivify

Etymology
via.

Verb

 * 1)  To bring to life; to enliven.
 * 2)  To impart vitality to.
 * 1)  To impart vitality to.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * French:
 * Georgian: გაცოცხლება, გამოცოცხლება
 * Italian:
 * Latin: vivifico
 * Russian:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Georgian: სულის ჩადგმა
 * Russian: вдохну́ть жизнь

title: vivify


text:
Wiktionary:List of languages

This page lists all languages that may have level-2 language headers in Wiktionary entries. The contents of this page is generated directly from Module:languages, and any changes to that module will be automatically reflected on this page, once the software refreshes it. See List of languages/special for additional codes for language subvarieties that appear in various places, such as in link templates. See the other sections of List of languages/special for lists of languages that have special settings or properties. This includes languages that are reconstructed, languages that have automatic generation of sort keys, and so on.

To find a language code quickly, add the code to your URL as a section link. For example, List of languages will link directly to English.

See also List of families and List of scripts.

If you are running a bot or other automation tool which needs to access Wiktionary data, see WT:LOLCSV or Module:languages/javascript-interface.

There are currently language codes.

Two-letter codes
These codes are taken from ISO 639-1.

Three-letter codes
These codes are taken from ISO 639-3, a few from ISO 639-2.

Exceptional codes
These codes are not part of any standard, but have been adopted within Wiktionary.

title: Wiktionary:List of languages


text:
Wiktionary talk:List of languages

Objections
This will get HUGE, maybe Wiktionary_talk:By_language_language

-fonzy

This page is already slow to load because of the huge number of links which it contains. The software must check every one of those links to see whether it exists.

Where a language shows links to every letter in alphabet, I would propose a single link to the overall index for that language.

I also note that index pages are currently in a variety of formats. I have made some format changes to ensure that these are all in a standardized format. This format may be somewhat arbitrary, but at least a standard format will be easier to remmeber.

Unless there is a large uproar against it I will make the changes to show a single link once the index formats have been standardized for a given language. Eclecticology 22:32 Aug 11, 2003 (UTC)

I object! The accompanying list is too long for no useful purpose. Currently the list show 171 languages with most of them having no semblance of an index at all. They have been enterred by a person with an obsession for developing a long list of languages (including extinct ones). I have no reasonable expectation that this person will ever do anything to develop our knowledge of these languages.

Although there is no doubt a place for such a wish-list of languages, but I don't believe that this is it. I see the purpose of this article as being a top level navigation aid to languages that are actually included in Wiktionary.

I have considered unilateral action to deal with this, but would prefer to consider other opinions before I do this. Eclecticology 21:11, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Why not?
Jeez... why the uproar over a simple list of languages? If the servers can't handle a page with a few hundred links on it, we're all in big trouble. I see nothing wrong with a "wish list" of languages, as long as they will eventually have entries (i.e., they're "real" human languages). Note, BTW, that this page is linked to from Multilingual coordination using the link-text "world's 6,500 languages", so obviously someone thought this was going to be a comprehensive list! Speaking of "real" human languages, what would the criteria be, exactly, for inclusion of a language? Please see Criteria for inclusion, which I'm trying to expand. - dcljr 08:24, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Afrikaans is not an option in the list of languages
For some reason Afrikaans does not appear in the list of languages (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page#Wiktionary_in_other_languages), even though there is an index for it. How do I add it?

Are you looking at List of languages - Afrikaans is there. You can add words to the index, by editing Wiktionary:Afrikaans index and then just click on the red links to create them. Good luck. SemperBlotto 09:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ido in the search box
Question: when does the search box on the front at www.wiktionary.org get updated? Ido is not yet one of the languages featured there.

 * That page is modified through meta (Www.wiktionary.org template). So you will have to ask a sysop there to fix that. \Mike 11:36, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!

De-wikified languages list?
Is htis the right page to have the "top-40" languages that aren't wikified, as a section of the page? Anyone know where the latest version of that list is, these days? --Connel MacKenzie T C 00:34, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Translations/Wikification. — Vildricianus 11:19, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

problems in A, beginning of B
When I finish all of the sections, I will post in the BP for a wider audience. - -sche (discuss) 01:04, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Acoma: is perhaps not the standard name for the language; I cannot find the ISO code. (kjq-aco?)
 * Akan: is both a language and a language family, and is OK as-is, right?
 * Akana: I can find no information about this language; we have no entry ([[Akana]]), no index and no category. (?!)
 * 'Akhoe: we have no entry ([['Akhoe]]), no index and no category, so I am not certain, but I suppose this is a misspelling or alternative form of ǀʼAkhwe / Ekoka (ISO code: knw), one of the speeches of the !Kung dialect continuum. Is it?
 * Andaluz: I cannot find enough clear information about this to determine if it is a dialect or a language, nor to determine its ISO code.
 * Apache: is ambiguous, refers to a family, not to a specific language. We have no index and no category, so I would have simply removed it from the list, but thought I would list it here with the other problems.
 * Arrernte: is a dialect cluster with at least two ISO codes. Should we spilt the entry into Eastern Arrernte and Western Arrernte, or treat them as one language and devise a Wiktionary code for it?
 * Babylonian: is one of the forms of the Akkadian language. We do not list the other, Assyrian. Should we add Assyrian or remove Babylonian?
 * Baluchi: is a macrolanguage. Should we remove it and replace it with the appropriate languages?
 * Banda: is ambiguous. We have no entry ([[Banda]]), no index and no category, so I cannot tell whether one of the Banda languages is meant, or the separate language with the ISO code "bnd". "bnd", I guess?
 * Bantu: is ambiguous, refers to a group of 250 languages, not AFAICT, any specific one of them.
 * Bavarian: refers to several different speeches, but has an ISO code. Keep, I guess?

Riang
Table contains "ril Riang". But code "ril" should be replaced by "ria", see and Kokborok. -- Andrew Krizhanovsky (talk) 11:50, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Why? What's wrong with the current situation? 12:25, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Ok, it shouldn't be replaced. I was wrong, but... There are:
 * ril - Riang language (Myanmar)
 * ria - Riang language (India)
 * In this table: "ril Riang". So language name "Riang" has two meanings. -- Andrew Krizhanovsky (talk) 13:07, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * You should probably propose changing the language's name at WT:RFM. 13:17, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * OK. Thank you! -- Andrew Krizhanovsky (talk) 14:22, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I've addressed the matter, in that I've added 'ria' to the list under its attested alternate name "Reang" (with a note that it also goes by "Riang"), so that both are on the list and are distinguished from each other. - -sche (discuss) 05:19, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

RFD discussion
The bot-updated list at Index to templates/languages is already more comprehensive. - -sche (discuss) 03:40, 23 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Redirect --Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 03:18, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Redirect but only once the bot that maintains Index to templates/languages is programmed to add links to each language's category and index. At the moment it only links to the code template (and those are all about to be deleted) and to the language name in mainspace. —Angr 14:50, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Kept as this is now the primary list, automatically updated through Lua. 12:50, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

Biblical Hebrew
Code hbo. Currently isn't listed, probably ought to be, unless you guys have an extended explanation why not somewhere.LlywelynII (talk) 12:08, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

 * We refer to it as 🇨🇬. —Stephen (Talk) 00:03, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

 * And, more to the point, it's subsumed into he; see WT:LANGTREAT. - -sche (discuss) 05:06, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

 * But the page description doesn't say it lists some of the languages we consider languages by . It says it's a list of all valid codes. If it's not that, we still need that list and that list should include hbo if it's a recognized code.

 * I came here precisely to find that language code, got nothing, and had to figure out to go autocomplete "Category:English terms derived from Bibl...", then go click one of those entries, then go "edit" one to see the underlying code. I shouldn't've had to do that, and others who wouldn't know to do so shouldn't have to learn/use such an kludge. — LlywelynII  16:25, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The page isn't quite correct about what the common feature of the languages listed here is. I don't see the word "valid" anywhere, but it just about implies it, which is at least misleading by failing to mention that there are codes for valid etymology languages like Biblical Hebrew. I've updated the wording to hopefully be more accurate. However, you can find some etymology languages like Biblical Hebrew by checking for a category (Category:Biblical Hebrew), which generally is created by a bot if the language code is used in etymologies, or by searching List of languages/special. The latter list should be mentioned on this page (and is now) because the use of etymology language codes has greatly expanded recently. — Eru·tuon 17:38, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Anglo-Norman
Is the term used by the OED. Is that equivalent to the "Norman" here? or should OED "Anglo-Norman" terms be placed in "Old French" here? I can't figure out how to edit the "alt names" section of this page, but please add the term to the appropriate code. — LlywelynII  04:23, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Anglo-Norman used to be considered a separate language on Wiktionary, but it was merged into Old French. This is reflected on WT:LANGTREAT. 04:27, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Doric Greek
should be covered by language code grc-dor but is currently missing here. — LlywelynII  22:00, 26 November 2015 (UTC)
 * It is covered by grc (specifically-Doric forms are indicated with context labels, as in ὄνυμα). - -sche (discuss) 08:58, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

No idea
why New Latin (code NL.) isn't displaying but it needs to so I can find it more easily than by hunting through category entries. Kindly fix whatever broken formatting code is currently omitting it. — LlywelynII  00:22, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * New Latin isn't a language, but an etymology-only code subsumed under . So you'll find it in the list of etymology-only languages. —CodeCat 00:36, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * This isn't Wikipedia. The only reason to have a list of languages is for the codes we use here to be easy to find. In fact, the lead even says this is a "list of all the language codes that are recognized by Wiktionary".

 * Kindly merge them back or link prominently. — LlywelynII  00:39, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Propose it at the Beer Parlour. —CodeCat 00:40, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * New Latin appears at "List of languages/special". I'm not sure why a separate subpage was created for certain languages; it does make them a bit harder to look for. Could they not be moved into a section on the main page? — SMUconlaw (talk) 07:03, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * For technical/performance reasons, no. —CodeCat 14:40, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I suppose the subpage could be transcluded on to the main page, but that would indeed make the page longer to load (and it already loads rather slowly). — SMUconlaw (talk) 15:59, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Issue about the name of the "jiq" language here
I'm trying to add a Horpa word featuring Yelong Khrosgyabs (a dialect or a separate language aside from Guanyinqiao Khrosgyabs) and when I found out the default name of the langauge was Guanyinqiao here, and it would be absurd to have terms like Yelong Guanyinqiao since Guanyinqiao was just the name of a dialect of the Khrosgyabs language and the word I want to reference only exists in Yelong dialect but not in Guanyinqiao dialect.

I've also found out the template showed Yelong in Situ but they're quite different in fact as Yelong, alongside with other Khrosgyabs dialect, is a Western rGyalrongic language but Situ was a Eastern rGyalrongic language.

Here are some words comparisons between Yelong Khrosgyab(dʑa˧˧ro˥˥), Guanyinqiao Khrosgyab (ɡrəm˥˧de˦˦) and Situ, which could showed that Yelong is actually closer to Guanyinqiao than to Situ:

Yelong Khrosgyab | Guanyinqiao Khrosgyab | Situ | English

cçi˥˥ | cçə˥˧ | ʃtə | this

zɡrə˥˧ | zɡrə˥˧ | tsəuri | star

ɣmiˀ˥˥ | ɣmi˥˥ | tə-mȵɐs | wound

rvi˥˥ | rviu˥˧ | ʃə r̥pɑ | axe

fsoˀ˥˥ | fso˥˥ | kɑ-ʃpɑ | to be able to

Khrosgyab is a Western rGyalrongic language together with Horpa (Stau) and other minor languages without proper representation in the template, such as Xinlong Minyak (known as Xinlong Muya 新龙木雅 in Chinese, totally different language with Minyak or Muya languages in Kangding), Geshizha, Shangzhai etc. The whole Western rGyalrongic languages are poorly attested, but it's at least okay to recognize a dialect continuum called Khrosgyab here that includes Guanyinqiao 观音桥, Yelong 业隆, Ergangli(rGali) 二岗里/二嘎里 or Ere (Wobzi) 俄热. It's still not very proper to call all these different dialects as Guanyinqiao, which is only name of one of these dialects. S.G.Junge1997 (talk) 12:56, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, the overall language should be renamed from Guanyinqiao to Khroskyabs (although I'm using that spelling because it's more common than yours with -g-); calling it Guanyinqiao was an unfortunate move on Ethnologue's part, almost certainly copied here as part of the mass import of language codes and names long ago, without any intentional decision to choose it (Guanyinqiao) over Khroskyabs. As there are no entries yet, I will take the opportunity to rename the language while that's still easy to do . Actually, it proved more difficult than I thought now that the aliases are in another module, but it's done. I have not split the dialects; if you feel strongly that they should be treated as separate languages, say so (and ideally provide reference works which support such a move). :) Thanks for bringing this up. - -sche (discuss) 21:42, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Achang & Ngochang
Achang & Ngochang(also called 茶山 Chashan in China), while both of them belong to Burmish branch in Sino-Tibetan languages, are two different languages. It's wrong to use the term Achang(code acn) to refer to both of them. The only feature they share is the similarity of their autonyms. Can we have a own code for Ngochang?

BTW Here's some examples to show how Ngochang differs from Achang(Longchuan dialect), also in comparison with Lacid which is the actually closest language of Ngochang.

Achang Ngochang  Lacid  Meaning

kʰʐə˥ kji̠˧ kji̠˧ star

ti˥ tʃəi˥˧ kjit˧˩ water

tʰɔ˧˥ tɔ̠ʔ˥˧ tɔ̠ʔ˥˧ to get up

m̥ɔ˧˩ ŋɔ̠˥ ŋɔ̠˥ to borrow

ʑom˧˥ tʃəŋ˥ tʃəŋ˥ to believe

張元宗 (talk) 12:01, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * , please take a look at this and the section before. I haven't got the time/inclination to sort this one out at the moment. To OP: normally this kind of thing is discussed at WT:RFM, and people will likely miss this discussion, but given the topic at hand, we may be able to handle it here. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 14:09, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Glottolog separates "Achangic" into Lianghe Achang, Longchuan Achang (which they consider to be what the code acn refers to), Luxi Achang, and Ngochang. (The first three line up with the principal locations where Achang is spoken in China: Lianghe County, Longchuan County, and Luxi City. Wikipedia says Achang is also spoke in Longling County, and mentions the Chintaw or Xiandao 仙岛 dialect /kʰan˧˩ tau˧˩/ spoken in Yingjiang County.) Ngochang, as described in the references Glottolog and Wikipedia compile and others I can find, is spoken in Myanmar/Burma. Douglas Inglis says the phonology is "comparable" to Achang and says "A language survey is needed to determine the exact relationship between Ngochang and Achang but the people say it is the same language." The few Achang entries we have use the written form Ngochang uses, e.g. jeis where we handle the different pronunciations well in the pronunciation section. On the other hand, David Bradley's Burmic Languages in Myanmar speaks to considering them separate languages:
 * "Ngochang is a complex group comprising four main spoken varieties: the Ngochang variety spoken in Myanmar by about 35,000 people [...] and in China three other varieties within the Achang national minority with a total ethnic population of 39,555, some not able to speak any variety of Achang. [...] the most vigorous variety in China, with about 15,000 speakers including some local Chinese, is [...] spoken in the Husa valley of northwestern Longchuan County, [...]. The Chinese linguistic literature treats as a separate language a subvariety of Lasa Achang called Xiandao by Chinese scholars [...] they are in the process of losing their Lasa Achang speech. [...] In addition to living in China, the Husa Achang often travel to work and live in Myanmar, as blacksmiths in Shan villages in the Kachin State of as Buddhist monks. Husa Achang and Myanmar Ngochang are not easily mutually intelligible, and should probably be classified as distinct languages; it remains to be determined whether Myanmar Ngochang is mutually intelligible with Lianghe or Luxi Achang, but this seems unlikely based on lexical and phonological differences; thus perhaps Ngochang/Achang needs to be divided into four languages, two of which are spoken in Myanmar."
 * It seems like we could go either way, either cover the different spoken forms in pronunciation sections like for Chinese, or treat them as separate languages. We could ping editors who edit Burmese and Chinese to see if they could find out any more in Burmese and Chinese-language sources, but I don't know that we have any editors with expertise on Achang, sadly. - -sche (discuss) 21:22, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your kind reply!
 * And, please forgive my poor English.
 * I've read these sources you mentioned before, but I couldn't understand why Douglas Inglis said so, that Ngochang is "comparable" with Achang. Maybe he only looked at the Luxi variety, which don't have voiceless nasals.
 * David Bradley once considered Achang to be same with Ngochang too, therefore he only listed Achang into the family tree of Burmish near Lashi, which should actually be the place of Ngochang, in his Tibeto-Burman languages and classification in 1997. Then he noticed their difference, and that's what he explained in Burmic Languages in Myanmar. However, since the classification Glottolog uses was based on Bradley(1997), his new opinions were left unreflected.
 * On the other hand, there's another tribe living in 片馬, which was actually one town with Phimaw in Myanmar, who speaks a very similar language with Ngochang, and they're called 茶山 Chashan by Han which was actually the overall name for Lashi. A research has been done by Chinese linguist 戴慶廈 Dai Qing-Xia, and in the book (片馬茶山人及其語言, Pianma(=Phimaw) Chashan and their language published in 2010) he mentioned that the language is closest to Lashi.
 * And furthermore, Japanese linguist 西義郎 Nishi Yoshio separated Burmish languages into two branches: Burmic and Maruic. Burmic changes the proto-glottalized consonants into voiceless ones, while Maruic shows tense vowels. Achang shows voiceless ones so it belongs to Burmic, together with Burmese, but Ngochang has tense vowels, so it should be actually Maruic in the classification by Nishi.
 * BTW, Longchuan Achang is also spoken in Myanmar, where they're called မိုင်းသာ Maingtha and identified as a tribe of Shan maybe due to their religion.
 * Hence, I suggest that the Ngochang language, together with Chashan, should be considered as a independent language from Achang. 張元宗 (talk) 03:36, 14 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Ok, I've created a separate code for "Ngochang", "tbq-ngo", and separated it out in [//en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=jeis&type=revision&diff=64379155&oldid=56417848 jeis], providing an example of how it's used if you'd like to create more entries. If anything else needs to be done, please let me know. Can you check if any further changes need to be made to the entries jeis or ngos (and make them if necessary), and in particular do you know if the Achang dialects indeed spell their word for "water" jeis? - -sche (discuss) 21:00, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Sorry for noticing this so late. Actually, none of Achang dialects has a widely recognised orthography yet, and these two spellings definitely belong to Ngochang. The best orthography for possible real Achang entries should be only IPA for now. Janinga Chang (talk) 09:42, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

Can the language code be changed?
There isnt a code for Malto instead it has the code for its 2 main dialects kmj – Kumarbhag Paharia and mjt – Sauria Paharia even though they are intelligible and commonly considered the same language AleksiB 1945 (talk) 09:41, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I suggest you raise this for discussion at “Beer parlour”. — Sgconlaw (talk) 13:12, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Also some other changes like nit for "Naiki" (common name) instead of "Southeastern Kolami" and "Konda" instead of "Konda-Dora" AleksiB 1945 (talk) 14:26, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

Language family
A number of languages are classified as Sogdo-Bactrian. There is absolutely no consensus among scholars on the existence of such a branch, and certainly Khwarezmian is no part of it. Would it not be possible to at least classify Khwarezmian as an Iranian language -- that's it? ProjectDialex (talk) 15:33, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

Fortsenal/Kiai
The Fortsenal/Kiai language currently is only listed under the name Fortsenal with no listed other name. However, both names are used to refer to the same language, so both names should be listed. Also, both Tyron (2010) and François (2015) and Wikipedia name the language as Kiai, so Kiai might be a better place to put this, especially as Fortsenal is only one of three villages that speak the language. Donopi (talk) 07:14, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Proto-Micronesian
Proto-Micronesian is not currently listed among the other proto-languages in the "Exceptional codes" section, despite Proto-Micronesian being a well-established ancestor of the Micronesian languages (Bender et al, 2003). The inclusion of Proto-Micronesian in the etymologies of Micronesian-language entries is a necessary part of a complete etymological history, and, in some cases, the Proto-Micronesian reconstruction is the only established link between certain terms (e.g., Proto-Micronesian *faa "string, be strung"). Additionally, this would allow for the creation of Proto-Micronesian Reconstruction pages, making the historical comparison of Micronesian-language terms significantly more straightforward. Kissebanere (talk) 04:20, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:List of languages


text:
User talk:Brion Vibber

Hi, have you had time to think about the german wiktionary yet? --Imperator 15:48 Jan 25, 2003 (UTC)

As the German Wikipedia has reached 10,000 acrticles tehy deserve it. -fonzy

title: User talk:Brion Vibber


text:
οστό

Etymology
From, from.

Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  bone

title: οστό


text:
σκύλος

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 and. Related to and.

Alternatively, Beekes suggests derivation from.

Noun

 * 1) skin, hide

Etymology
Related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dog
 * 2)  beast, brute violent person with wild behaviour
 * 3)  hard worker someone who works tirelessly and with great success
 * 4) dogfish any of various small sharks
 * 1)  hard worker someone who works tirelessly and with great success
 * 2) dogfish any of various small sharks
 * 1) dogfish any of various small sharks

title: σκύλος


text:
monotheism

Etymology
A learned 17th-century coinage,, from and ( + ) The term parallels the earlier polytheism, atheism (the simplex theism being slightly later). The earliest known use is by Henry More, ca. 1660, in explicit juxtaposition with both atheism and polytheism. It was redefined through etymological fallacy by Daniel Webster ca. 1828.

Noun

 * 1)  Belief in the One True God, defined by Moore as personal, immaterial and trinitarian.
 * 2) The belief in a single deity (one god or goddess); especially within an organized religion.
 * 3) The belief that God is one person (Judaism, Unitarian Christianity, Islam), not three persons (Trinitarian Christianity, Hinduism)

Translations

 * Albanian: monoteizmi
 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian:
 * Belarusian: монатэі́зм, адзінабо́жжа
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian: монотеи́зъм, единобо́жие
 * Catalan: monoteisme
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: monoteismo, unudiismo
 * Estonian: monoteism
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: მონოთეიზმი, ერთღმერთიანობა
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: מוֹנוֹתֵאִיזְם
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic: eingyðistrú
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: aondiachas
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: бірқұдайлық, біртәңірлік
 * Korean:, 일신론(一神論)
 * Kyrgyz: биркудайчылык, биртеңирчилик
 * Latin: monotheïsmus
 * Macedonian: монотеизам, еднобоштво
 * Malay:, tauhid
 * Maltese: monoteiżmu
 * Nepali:
 * Persian: یکتاپرستی,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: монотеѝзам, једно̀боштво
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak:, jednobožstvo
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: монотеї́зм, єдинобо́жжя
 * Urdu: توحید, واحدانیت
 * Uyghur: بىر خۇدالىق دىن
 * Western Panjabi: واحدپرستی

title: monotheism


text:
resile

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬), from, from  +.

Verb

 * 1) To start back; to recoil; to recede from a purpose.
 * I once described this rather vulgarly as a Euro-wanking make-work project and I do not resile from that.
 * 1) To spring back; rebound; resume the original form or position, as an elastic body.
 * 1) To spring back; rebound; resume the original form or position, as an elastic body.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: tillbaka,  sig ur

 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech: se
 * Finnish:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Swedish: rekylera, tillbaka

title: resile


text:
be

Etymology 1
From.

The various forms have three separate origins, which were mixed together at various times in the history of English.
 * The forms beginning with b- come from, from , from , from the root . In particular:
 * Now-dialectal use of been as an infinitive of be is either from or an extension of the past participle.
 * Now-obsolete use of been as a plural present tense (meaning "are") is from, (present plural of , with the -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive; compare competing forms /).
 * Use of been as a past participle is from, , from.
 * The forms beginning with w- come from the aforementioned, which shared its past tense with the verb , from , from , from.
 * The remaining forms (am, are, is) are also from, from , from , from , from the root.

Verb

 * He is come
 * 1) * Matthew 28:6 (various translations, from the King James Version of 1611 to Revised Version of 1881):
 * He is not here; for he is risen.
 * 1) * 1922,, XXV, l.13, page 51:
 * The King with half the East at heel is marched from lands of morning;
 * 1)  To tend to do, often do;
 * 2) * 1996, David Sheffield, Barry W. Blaustein, Tom Shadyac and Steve Oedekerk, screenplay of The Nutty Professor
 * Women be shoppin’! You cannot stop a woman from shoppin’!
 * 1)  To exist.
 * 2) * 1895, Miss M. E. Rope of Suffolk, quoted by Joseph Wright, in The English Dialect Dictionary, page 202:
 * 'Twas there to-morrow is a week.
 * 1) * 1920 (published), St. George Kieran Hyland, A Century of Persecution Under Tudor and Stuart Sovereigns from Contemporary Records, London, Paul, page 402, quoting an earlier document, Loosley volume 5, no. 28, "List of Prisoners: In Sir W. More's handwriting":
 * Theobald Green gent dead in the Marshalsea in August was twelvemonth
 * John Grey gent delivered out of the Marshalsea about August last by Mr. Secretary and remains in St. Mary Overies.
 * John Jacob gent delivered out of the Marsh. the XVII of May was twelvemonth and sent to Bridewell by order of the Council.
 * 1)  To exist or behave in a certain way.
 * 2) * 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), , season 2, episode 1:
 * "When I get sad, I stop being sad and be awesome instead."
 * 1)  To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
 * 2) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 3) To occupy a place.
 * 4) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) * Matthew 28:6 (various translations, from the King James Version of 1611 to Revised Version of 1881):
 * He is not here; for he is risen.
 * 1) * 1922,, XXV, l.13, page 51:
 * The King with half the East at heel is marched from lands of morning;
 * 1)  To tend to do, often do;
 * 2) * 1996, David Sheffield, Barry W. Blaustein, Tom Shadyac and Steve Oedekerk, screenplay of The Nutty Professor
 * Women be shoppin’! You cannot stop a woman from shoppin’!
 * 1)  To exist.
 * 2) * 1895, Miss M. E. Rope of Suffolk, quoted by Joseph Wright, in The English Dialect Dictionary, page 202:
 * 'Twas there to-morrow is a week.
 * 1) * 1920 (published), St. George Kieran Hyland, A Century of Persecution Under Tudor and Stuart Sovereigns from Contemporary Records, London, Paul, page 402, quoting an earlier document, Loosley volume 5, no. 28, "List of Prisoners: In Sir W. More's handwriting":
 * Theobald Green gent dead in the Marshalsea in August was twelvemonth
 * John Grey gent delivered out of the Marshalsea about August last by Mr. Secretary and remains in St. Mary Overies.
 * John Jacob gent delivered out of the Marsh. the XVII of May was twelvemonth and sent to Bridewell by order of the Council.
 * 1)  To exist or behave in a certain way.
 * 2) * 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), , season 2, episode 1:
 * "When I get sad, I stop being sad and be awesome instead."
 * 1)  To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
 * 2) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 3) To occupy a place.
 * 4) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) * 1895, Miss M. E. Rope of Suffolk, quoted by Joseph Wright, in The English Dialect Dictionary, page 202:
 * 'Twas there to-morrow is a week.
 * 1) * 1920 (published), St. George Kieran Hyland, A Century of Persecution Under Tudor and Stuart Sovereigns from Contemporary Records, London, Paul, page 402, quoting an earlier document, Loosley volume 5, no. 28, "List of Prisoners: In Sir W. More's handwriting":
 * Theobald Green gent dead in the Marshalsea in August was twelvemonth
 * John Grey gent delivered out of the Marshalsea about August last by Mr. Secretary and remains in St. Mary Overies.
 * John Jacob gent delivered out of the Marsh. the XVII of May was twelvemonth and sent to Bridewell by order of the Council.
 * 1)  To exist or behave in a certain way.
 * 2) * 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), , season 2, episode 1:
 * "When I get sad, I stop being sad and be awesome instead."
 * 1)  To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
 * 2) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 3) To occupy a place.
 * 4) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) * 1895, Miss M. E. Rope of Suffolk, quoted by Joseph Wright, in The English Dialect Dictionary, page 202:
 * 'Twas there to-morrow is a week.
 * 1) * 1920 (published), St. George Kieran Hyland, A Century of Persecution Under Tudor and Stuart Sovereigns from Contemporary Records, London, Paul, page 402, quoting an earlier document, Loosley volume 5, no. 28, "List of Prisoners: In Sir W. More's handwriting":
 * Theobald Green gent dead in the Marshalsea in August was twelvemonth
 * John Grey gent delivered out of the Marshalsea about August last by Mr. Secretary and remains in St. Mary Overies.
 * John Jacob gent delivered out of the Marsh. the XVII of May was twelvemonth and sent to Bridewell by order of the Council.
 * 1)  To exist or behave in a certain way.
 * 2) * 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), , season 2, episode 1:
 * "When I get sad, I stop being sad and be awesome instead."
 * 1)  To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
 * 2) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 3) To occupy a place.
 * 4) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) * 1895, Miss M. E. Rope of Suffolk, quoted by Joseph Wright, in The English Dialect Dictionary, page 202:
 * 'Twas there to-morrow is a week.
 * 1) * 1920 (published), St. George Kieran Hyland, A Century of Persecution Under Tudor and Stuart Sovereigns from Contemporary Records, London, Paul, page 402, quoting an earlier document, Loosley volume 5, no. 28, "List of Prisoners: In Sir W. More's handwriting":
 * Theobald Green gent dead in the Marshalsea in August was twelvemonth
 * John Grey gent delivered out of the Marshalsea about August last by Mr. Secretary and remains in St. Mary Overies.
 * John Jacob gent delivered out of the Marsh. the XVII of May was twelvemonth and sent to Bridewell by order of the Council.
 * 1)  To exist or behave in a certain way.
 * 2) * 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), , season 2, episode 1:
 * "When I get sad, I stop being sad and be awesome instead."
 * 1)  To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
 * 2) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 3) To occupy a place.
 * 4) To occur, to take place.
 * 1)  To exist or behave in a certain way.
 * 2) * 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), , season 2, episode 1:
 * "When I get sad, I stop being sad and be awesome instead."
 * 1)  To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
 * 2) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 3) To occupy a place.
 * 4) To occur, to take place.
 * 1)  To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
 * 2) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 3) To occupy a place.
 * 4) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 2) To occupy a place.
 * 3) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 2) To occupy a place.
 * 3) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 2) To occupy a place.
 * 3) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) To remain undisturbed in a certain state or situation.
 * 2) To occupy a place.
 * 3) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) To occupy a place.
 * 2) To occur, to take place.
 * 1) To occur, to take place.

Usage notes

 * When used copulatively with a pronoun, traditional grammar puts the pronoun in the subjective case rather than the objective case, regardless of which side of the copula it is placed. For example, “I was the masked man” and “The masked man was I” would both be considered correct, while “The masked man was me” and “Me was the masked man” would both be incorrect. However, most colloquial speech treats the verb be as transitive, in which case the pronoun is used in the objective case if it occurs after the copula: “I was the masked man” but “The masked man was me”. This paradigm applies even if the copula is linking two pronouns; thus “I am her” and “She is me", and “Am I me?” (versus the traditional “I am she”, “She is I”, “Am I I?”). However, the use of whom with a copula is generally considered incorrect and a hypercorrection, though in some cases (especially in sentences involving a  or a perfect tense), such as “Whom do you want to be?”, it can come naturally to some speakers; in short, straightforward sentences, such as “Whom are you?”, this is much rarer and likelier to be considered incorrect.
 * In most copulative and intransitive con-copulative senses be is generally a stative verb that rarely takes the continuous aspect. See Category:English stative verbs.

Conjugation
Modern

Archaic

 * The verb is the most irregular non-defective verb in Standard English. Unlike other verbs, which distinguish at most five forms (as in ––––),  distinguishes eight:
 * itself is the plain form, used as the infinitive, as the imperative, and as the present subjunctive (though many speakers do not distinguish the present indicative and present subjunctive, using the indicative forms for both).
 * I want to be a father someday. (infinitive)
 * If that be true... (present subjunctive; is is common in this position)
 * Allow the truth to be heard! (infinitive)
 * Please be here by eight o’clock. (imperative)
 * The librarian asked that the rare books not be touched. (present subjunctive; speakers that do not distinguish the subjunctive and indicative would use an auxiliary verb construction here)
 * is also used as the present tense indicative form in the alternative, dynamic / lexical conjugation of be:
 * What do we do? We be ourselves. (first-person plural present indicative, lexical be)
 * but: Who are we? We are human beings. (first-person plural present indicative, copula be)
 * It is also an archaic alternative form of the indicative, especially in the plural:
 * The powers that be, are ordained of God. (Romans 13:1, Tyndale Bible, 1526)
 * We are true men; we are no spies: We be twelve brethren... (Genesis 42:31–2, King James Version, 1611)
 * I think it be thine indeed, for thou liest in it. (Hamlet, Act V, Scene 1, circa 1600 – though this may be viewed as the subjunctive instead)
 * ,, and are the forms of the present indicative.  is the first-person singular (used with );  is the third-person singular (used with , ,  and other subjects that would be used with  rather than ); and  is both the second-person singular and the plural (used with , , , and any other plural subjects).
 * Am I in the right place? (first-person singular present indicative)
 * You are even taller than your brother! (second-person singular present indicative)
 * Where is the library? (third-person singular present indicative)
 * These are the biggest shoes we have. (plural present indicative)
 *  and are the forms of the past indicative and past subjunctive (like ). In the past indicative,  is the first- and third-person singular (used with, as well as with , ,  and other subjects that would be used with  rather than ), and  is both the second-person singular and the plural (used with , , , and any other plural subjects). In the traditional past subjunctive,  is used with all subjects, though many speakers do not actually distinguish the past subjunctive from the past indicative, and therefore use  with first- and third-person singular subjects even in cases where other speakers would use.
 * I was out of town. (first-person singular past indicative)
 * You were the first person here. (second-person singular past indicative)
 * The room was dirty. (third-person singular past indicative)
 * We were angry at each other. (plural past indicative)
 * I wish I were more sure. (first-person singular past subjunctive; was is also common, though considered less correct by some)
 * If she were here, she would know what to do. (third-person singular past subjunctive; was is also common, though considered less correct by some)
 * is the gerund and present participle, used in progressive aspectual forms, after various catenative verbs, and in other constructions that function like nouns, adjectivally or adverbially. (It’s also used as a deverbal noun and as a conjunction; see those senses in the entry for itself.)
 * Being in London and being in Tokyo have similar rewards but in different languages. (gerund in grammatical subject)
 * All of a sudden, he’s being nice to everyone. (present participle in progressive aspect)
 * His mood being good increased his productivity noticeably. (present participle in adjectival phrase)
 * It won’t stop being a problem until someone does something about it. (gerund after catenative verb)
 * is the past participle, used in the perfect aspect. In Middle English, it was also the infinitive.
 * It’s been that way for a week and a half.
 * In archaic or obsolete forms of English, with the pronoun, the verb has a few additional forms:
 * When the pronoun was in regular use, the forms, , and  were the corresponding present indicative, past indicative, and past subjunctive, respectively.
 * As became less common and more highly marked, a special present-subjunctive form  developed (replacing the regular present subjunctive form, still used with all other subjects). Additionally, the form , previously a past subjunctive form, came to be used as a past indicative as well.
 * The forms, , and can contract with preceding subjects: , , . The form  most commonly contracts with personal pronouns , but contractions with other subjects are possible; the form  contracts quite freely with a variety of subjects. These contracted forms, however, are possible only when there is an explicit, non-preposed complement, and they cannot be stressed; therefore, the contractions cannot appear at the end of a sentence. Instead one must use the full forms, such as:
 * Who’s here? —I am.
 * I wonder what it is.
 * Several of the finite forms of have special negative forms, containing the suffix, that can be used instead of adding the adverb . Specifically, the forms , , , and  have the negative forms , , , and . The form  itself does not, even in finite uses, with “not be” being used in the present subjunctive and “do not be” or “don’t be” (or, in dated use, “be not”) being used in the imperative. The form  has the negative forms , , and , but all of these are in restricted use; see their entries for details.
 * Outside of Standard English, there is some variation in usage of some forms; some dialects, for example, use or  throughout the present indicative (supplanting, in whole or in part,  and ), and/or  throughout the past indicative and past subjunctive (supplanting ).

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:exist

Etymology 2
A variant of which goes back to  (variant of ).

Etymology 3
.

Etymology
From <, from  <. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) oath
 * 2) vow, swearing

Noun

 * 1) pig

Usage notes

 * In some dialects of Catalan, the sounds associated with the letter b and the letter v are the same: . In order to differentiate be and in those dialects, the letters are often called  and.

Etymology 2
from the sound of a lamb.

Noun

 * 1) sheep, ram, ewe, lamb; an individual of the species

Noun

 * 1)  night

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1)  at; with; by; near; (close) to

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) red

Adverb

 * 1) in towards the interior of a defined space, such as a building or room

Noun

 * 1) fire

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology
From, from +. Cognate with 🇨🇬; see there for more cognates.

Preposition

 * 1)  without
 * 2) besides; but, except

Adjective

 * 1) big; great
 * 2) many; numerous
 * 1) many; numerous

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology 3
From, , first-person singular of , from , first-person singular of.

Usage notes

 * Less common than.

Etymology 4
From, singular subjunctive of.

Etymology 5
From, 2nd-person singular imperative of , from , 2nd-person singular imperative of.

Etymology 6
(with the -þ replaced with an -n levelled in from the past and subjunctive, then lost), present plural of, from , third-person present plural of.

Usage notes
The usual plural form of is  in the North, been in the Midlands, and  in the South;  also existed, especially early on, but was not the predominant form in any area.

Etymology
From, from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) path, way

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to pray
 * 2) to ask something of someone

Etymology
From. Akin to 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to pray
 * 2) to ask something of someone

Noun

 * 1) bee the letter b

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1) about (concerning)
 * 2) * late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Saint Augustine's Soliloquies
 * "ang"

- Hū be mete? hū swīðe lyst þē þæs?

 * 1) * late 10th century, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
 * 2) by, in various senses:
 * 3) near or next to
 * 4) not later than
 * 5) based on, according to
 * 6) for, in the account of
 * 7) * late 10th century, Ælfric, "Passion of St.Alban, Martyr"
 * "ang"
 * "ang"

- Eall swa þa unriht-wisan deman þe heora domas awendað, æfre be þam sceattum na be soðfæstnysse and habbað æfre to cepe heora soðfæstnysse, and swa hi sylfe syllað wið sceattum...

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) we (1pl nom)

Etymology 1
From the phonetic pronunciation of the letter /.

Etymology 2
.

Adjective

 * 1)  icky, yucky

Adverb

 * 1)  icky, yucky

Interjection

 * , bad! no touchy!
 * , baa

Etymology
.

Interjection

 * 1) baa

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) we;

Etymology 1
From, from. The various forms have different further etymologies: Cognates include 🇨🇬.
 * The b- forms derive from.
 * All other forms derive from, from

Verb

 * 1) to be

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology
Probably from the name of the letter  (pronounced ).

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) bad

Etymology 2
Echoic.

Noun

 * 1) baa bleating of a sheep

Etymology
From older, from , from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to ask for, request someone else to do something
 * 2) to pray
 * 3) to beg, to plead with someone for help or for a favor
 * 1) to pray
 * 2) to beg, to plead with someone for help or for a favor
 * 1) to beg, to plead with someone for help or for a favor
 * 1) to beg, to plead with someone for help or for a favor

Synonyms

 * (dated for prayer, archaic for other senses)

Etymology
, the Spanish name of the letter /. Ultimately from. .

Alternative forms

 * beh

Noun

 * 1) bean, beans

Etymology 1
Cognate with 🇨🇬 or, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to spread
 * 2) to bulge
 * 3) to spread out
 * 4) to lie down with one's limbs spread out (from tiredness or laziness)
 * 1) to spread out
 * 2) to lie down with one's limbs spread out (from tiredness or laziness)
 * 1) to lie down with one's limbs spread out (from tiredness or laziness)

Derived terms

 * pác be

Noun

 * 1) carp bream

Derived terms

 * pja be

Noun

 * 1) Letter of the Arabic alphabet: ب

Etymology 3
From.

Interjection

 * 1)  hey there, hey! you! implying disapproval of the addressee’s actions

Noun

 * 1) road, path,

Noun

 * 1) wine flask

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Adjective

 * 1) beige
 * chiếc áo mưa màu be — a beige raincoat

Verb

 * 1) To build a mud embankment with one's hands.
 * 2) To prop up the lip of a sack while topping off the sack, to ensure a more generous quantity.
 * lấy tay be miệng đấu khi đong đỗ — to surround the top of a measure with one's hands while measuring beans
 * Đong bình thường, không được be đâu đấy. — Measure it out normally; don't prop up the lip of the sack.

Verb

 * 1) To hug a boundary or riverbank.

Etymology 5
Onomatopoeic

Interjection

 * 1)  bleat; baa

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) mouth

Noun

 * 1) bean

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
In past tenses, this auxiliary is usually contracted.

Ngibe ngihamba → Bengihamba "I was walking." (recent past)

Ngabe ngihamba → Ngangihamba "I was walking." (remote past)

title: be


text:
is

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from (a form of ), from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬,. Also, via Proto-Indo-European, 🇨🇬

Verb

 * 1)  ; am, are, is.
 * 1)  ; am, are, is.
 * 1)  ; am, are, is.
 * 1)  ; am, are, is.
 * 1)  ; am, are, is.
 * 1)  ; am, are, is.
 * 1)  ; am, are, is.
 * 1)  ; am, are, is.

Etymology 2
Alternative pronunciation of.

Etymology 3
.

Etymology 1
Related to 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) she

Pronoun

 * 1) thyself, yourself
 * 2) himself, herself
 * 3)  myself

Verb

 * 1) am, are, is (present tense, all persons, plural and singular of, to be)

Noun

 * 1) woman

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  ice (water in frozen form)
 * 2)  ice, ice cream (dessert, not necessarily containing cream)
 * 3)  ice, ice cream (ice dessert on a stick or in a wafer cone)

Verb

 * 1) ; is, equals
 * Twaalf min drie is negen — twelve minus three equals nine

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) also, too, as well
 * 2) even, up to, as much as, as long as
 * 3)  again used in a question to ask something one has forgotten
 * 4) sure enough, indeed
 * 1) even, up to, as much as, as long as
 * 2)  again used in a question to ask something one has forgotten
 * 3) sure enough, indeed
 * 1) sure enough, indeed
 * 1) sure enough, indeed

Usage notes
When it is used with a concessive adverb (“no matter what/who/when/how”, “however [good, bad]”, “long as it was”, “even if…” etc.), it is traditionally placed after the verb, though it is common in colloquial style to use it after the adverb instead:

It applies to verb-final set phrases as well, similarly to in this clause:.

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
From, ultimately from.

Usage notes

 * Used in the present and future for identification or definition of a subject as the person/object identified in the predicate of the sentence. Sometimes used with noun or adjective predicates, especially in certain fixed idiomatic phrases. Used to introduce cleft sentences, which are extremely common in Irish. It is not a verb.

 * The copula does not exist in the imperative and does not have a nominal form analogous to the verbal noun. The phrase    (literally “be in your”) is used as the imperative instead (e.g. Bí i d’fhear! – “Be a man!” (lit. “Be in your man!”)), and equivalent non-copular nominal constructions must be used in place of their hypothetical copular equivalents:   (“to be able”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of ),    (“to want”, in place of the non-existent nominal form of ),   (“to be”, as with the imperative), etc.

 * In comparative/superlative formations, is is strictly speaking the relative of the copula, hence an buachaill is mó literally means "the boy who is biggest", i.e. "the biggest boy". The thing compared is introduced by.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) work

Noun

 * 1) woman

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sweet potato

Etymology 1
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and further with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1)  this or that man, woman or thing; he, she, it, they
 * 2)  that...which; he, she...who, it...that
 * 3)  of such a nature, degree, kind
 * 4)  the following; of the following nature, degree, kind
 * 5)  this or that [man, woman or thing]
 * 6)  such a, that sort of
 * 7)  for that reason, on that account
 * 1)  for that reason, on that account
 * 1)  for that reason, on that account
 * 1)  for that reason, on that account
 * 1)  for that reason, on that account
 * 1)  for that reason, on that account

Usage notes
Latin is is an endophoric pronoun and determiner, which may be employed either as an anaphora or as a cataphora, meaning it serves as a reference to something preceding or following, respectively, in the text. Unlike a demonstrative such as or English this, is does not have a deictic function, meaning it cannot point to a referent in the world, but only one named in the text; nor can it be used exophorically as a 3d-person pronoun such as English (s)he that refers to something not already defined in the context but presumed to be known or deduceable by the addressee. Thus we see it used with first, second and third person.

The exophoric demonstratives/determiners in Latin are (proximal, near the speaker),  (medial, near the listener), and  (distal, far from both). Note that Latin doesn't have any 3rd-person pronouns, using the aforementioned demonstratives in their place.

Oblique cases are rare in elevated poetry.

Etymology 2
Inflected form of.

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  ice frozen water:
 * 2) A layer of frozen water as a surface.
 * 3)  An individual portion of ice.
 * 4)  That which is short-lived like ice.
 * 5)  icy conditions

Etymology 2
From, third-person present singular of , from , third-person present singular of , from.

Usage notes
This form is more common than for the third-person singular.

Interjection

 * 1) as if, as if it were true, it could be, is it really?, what do you mean by that?, so you say

Usage notes
Usually spelled with the final letter repeated: iss, isss, issss.

Etymology
From, from , a variant of , from.

Noun

 * 1)  ice, ice cream
 * 2)  ice cream on a stick or cone.

Etymology
From, from , from. Akin to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ice
 * 2) ice cream

Synonyms

 * (ice cream)

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology 1
From. See there for more.

Noun

 * 1) ice
 * 2) * the Legend of St Andrew
 * "ang"

- Ofer ēastrēamas īs bryċġode.

 * 1) the runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)

Etymology 2
From, from (a form of ), from.

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ice

Descendants

 * Alsatian: ;
 * Italian Walser: ,
 * Frankfurt:
 * Italian Walser: ,
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:
 * Frankfurt:

Etymology
The lemma is itself is from, from ; other forms are from either or.

Verb

 * 1) to be

Usage notes
This is the so-called "copula", which is distinct from the "substantive verb". The copula is used with noun predicates and to introduce a cleft sentence.

Conjugation
See Appendix:Old Irish conjugation of is for the complete conjugation.

Etymology 1
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) his, its

Etymology 3
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) ice
 * 2) The runic character ᛁ (/i/ or /i:/)

Etymology
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to be

Inflection
Listed exhaustively in the Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh are the following conjugated forms:
 * 3rd person singular present:, , , ,
 * 3rd person singular present relative: ,
 * 3rd person singular present negative:
 * 3rd person plural present: ,
 * 3rd person singular imperfect: ,
 * 3rd person singular imperfect subjunctive:
 * 3rd person plural imperfect subjunctive:
 * 3rd person singular present habitual: ,
 * 3rd person singular present subjunctive: ,
 * 3rd person singular preterite:

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) you

Noun

 * 1) * 2003, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix, Rocco, page 411:
 * Se você pôs os pingos nos is e cortou os tês então pode fazer o que quiser!
 * If you've dotted your I's and crossed your T's, then you can do whatever you want!
 * If you've dotted your I's and crossed your T's, then you can do whatever you want!

Etymology
From syllabic apocope of, , from , , masculine and feminine accusative plural forms of.

Article

 * : the masculine plural definite article
 * : the feminine plural definite article

Adverb

 * 1)  as

Conjunction

 * 1)  as

Pronoun

 * 1)  me

Etymology 1
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Usage notes

 * Is is often shortened further to.

Etymology 2
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  am, is, are

Usage notes

 * Is is often shortened to.
 * Is is used when linking the subject of a sentence with an object ("somebody is somebody", "somebody is something", "something is something"), otherwise forms of the verb are used:

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  ice; frozen water.
 * 2)  ice; a sheet of ice lying on a body of water.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) East

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) soot
 * 2) fume solid deposit
 * 3) kohl

Adverb

 * 1) here

Etymology
From, from , from , locative plural of. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * : lower

Preposition

 * 1) lower than, under

Etymology
From, from (form of ). Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) * 1997, Sjoerd Bottema, "Dwersreed", Trotwaer, vol. 29, no. 5, page 204.
 * "fy"
 * "fy"

- Ik soe net witte wat myn ‘favorite plakje’ is om te fantasearjen, sa'n plak ha ik net, no ja soms al, mar dat is in plak dêr't ik yn it iepenbier leaver net oer praat, net mei myn learlingen alteast, en al hielendal net oer hoe't ik my dêr hâld en draach en wat myn lichemshâlding is.

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) is
 * 2) are
 * 1) are
 * 1) are
 * 1) are
 * 1) are
 * 1) are

title: is


text:
are

Etymology 1
From, from , , reinforced by 🇨🇬 plural forms in (displacing alternative 🇨🇬 and ), from , from  (a form of ), from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬 (> 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), 🇨🇬. More at.

Pronunciation

 * Stressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed
 * Unstressed

Usage notes

 * The pronunciation /aʊɚ/ arising from confusion of "are" and "our" is rare, however it results as the latter can be elided into /ɑɹ/ in quick speech.

Synonyms

 * art (used with thou)

Etymology 2
From.

Pronunciation

 * , err ; e'er (US)
 * , err ; e'er (US)
 * , err ; e'er (US)
 * , err ; e'er (US)

Noun

 * 1)   An accepted (but deprecated and rarely used) metric unit of area equal to 100 square metres, or a former unit of approximately the same extent. Symbol: a.

Usage notes

 * Are is now rarely used except in its derivative.

Synonyms

 * square decametre

Translations

 * Armenian:
 * Bashkir: ар; сутый
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Ingrian: sotka
 * Irish: ár
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Latvian: ārs
 * Macedonian: ар
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: ar
 * Occitan:
 * Ottoman Turkish: آر
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: ár
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: arya
 * Turkish:
 * Vietnamese:

Etymology 3
From the phonetic similarity between and  in many English dialects (both ).

Usage notes
Sometimes used deliberately as a form of classist humour, as a mocking imitation of a person with little education.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) rake

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * , a unit of surface area

Etymology
Learned formation from, a piece of level ground. .

Noun

 * 1) an are

Etymology
From, from , from. .

Noun

 * : an SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres, or a former unit of approximately the same extent.

Etymology 1
Variant of.

Noun

 * 1) long, large sickle

Noun

 * 1) warmth, heat

Etymology 1
Perhaps from a or  verb.

Verb

 * 1)  to suit, fit

Noun

 * 1)  white-tailed eagle

Noun

 * 1) honor, glory, grace

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) ear

Descendants

 * Föhr:
 * Hallig, Mooring:
 * Helgoland:
 * Helgoland:

Etymology
.

Interjection

 * 1) wow, whoa
 * 2) yay

Noun

 * 1)   unit of area

Etymology
Cf. 🇨🇬, . Compare 🇨🇬. See also 🇨🇬, used in a periphrastic construction of the conditional.

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  grace; mercy

Pronoun

 * : this one; this

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  foot, leg

Verb

 * 1)  to scratch

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ant

Noun

 * 1) stop, especially a bus stop

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) that (person or object)
 * 1) that (person or object)

Noun

 * 1) vindication, justification; justice
 * 2) excuse, pardon

Etymology 2
From the same root as, , and , see

Noun

 * 1) miserableness; the state of being miserable and aimless

title: are


text:
metric

Etymology
From (1864), from, from ; see.

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to the metric system of measurement.
 * 2)  Of or relating to the meter of a piece of music.
 * 3)  Of or relating to distance.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: metriek
 * Bulgarian: метричен
 * Catalan: mètric
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: méadrach
 * Italian:
 * Kazakh: метрлік
 * Latin: metricus
 * Macedonian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: metrisk
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Thai: เมตริก
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh:

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Greek:
 * Italian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: metrisk
 * Spanish:

 * Latin:
 * Persian:

Noun

 * 1) A measure for something; a means of deriving a quantitative measurement or approximation for otherwise qualitative phenomena (especially used in engineering).
 * 2)  A function which satisfies a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize the notion of the distance between two points. Formally, a real-valued function $$d$$ on $$M \times M$$, where $$M$$ is a set, is called a metric if (1) $$d(x,y) = 0$$ if and only if $$x=y$$, (2) $$d(x,y) = d(y,x)$$ for all pairs $$(x,y)$$, and (3) $$d$$ obeys the triangle inequality.
 * 3)  A metric tensor.
 * 1)  A function which satisfies a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize the notion of the distance between two points. Formally, a real-valued function $$d$$ on $$M \times M$$, where $$M$$ is a set, is called a metric if (1) $$d(x,y) = 0$$ if and only if $$x=y$$, (2) $$d(x,y) = d(y,x)$$ for all pairs $$(x,y)$$, and (3) $$d$$ obeys the triangle inequality.
 * 2)  A metric tensor.
 * 1)  A function which satisfies a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize the notion of the distance between two points. Formally, a real-valued function $$d$$ on $$M \times M$$, where $$M$$ is a set, is called a metric if (1) $$d(x,y) = 0$$ if and only if $$x=y$$, (2) $$d(x,y) = d(y,x)$$ for all pairs $$(x,y)$$, and (3) $$d$$ obeys the triangle inequality.
 * 2)  A metric tensor.
 * 1)  A function which satisfies a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize the notion of the distance between two points. Formally, a real-valued function $$d$$ on $$M \times M$$, where $$M$$ is a set, is called a metric if (1) $$d(x,y) = 0$$ if and only if $$x=y$$, (2) $$d(x,y) = d(y,x)$$ for all pairs $$(x,y)$$, and (3) $$d$$ obeys the triangle inequality.
 * 2)  A metric tensor.
 * 1)  A function which satisfies a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize the notion of the distance between two points. Formally, a real-valued function $$d$$ on $$M \times M$$, where $$M$$ is a set, is called a metric if (1) $$d(x,y) = 0$$ if and only if $$x=y$$, (2) $$d(x,y) = d(y,x)$$ for all pairs $$(x,y)$$, and (3) $$d$$ obeys the triangle inequality.
 * 2)  A metric tensor.
 * 1)  A metric tensor.
 * 1)  A metric tensor.

Synonyms

 * distance function
 * distance function

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:, Messgröße, , , , ,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: 계량(計量)
 * Macedonian: ме́трика
 * Russian:
 * Vietnamese: ,

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: metrika
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: firð
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, メトリック
 * Macedonian: метрика
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Vietnamese: mêtric

Verb

 * 1)  To measure or analyse statistical data concerning the quality or effectiveness of a process.

Etymology
..

Adjective

 * 1) metrical
 * 1) metrical

title: metric


text:
Thanatos

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  The god of death (specifically of a peaceful death), and twin brother of Hypnos (god of sleep); the Greek counterpart of Mors.

Noun

 * 1)  The  in Freudian psychoanalysis.

Usage notes
Freud did not use the term “Thanatos”—instead he used —and scholarly works refer to it as “death drive”, but the term “Thanatos” is commonly used in psychoanalysis, in duality with, having been introduced there by.

Translations

 * Breton: Thanatos
 * Bulgarian: Танатос
 * Catalan: Tànatos
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 塔納托斯
 * Mandarin: 塔納托斯
 * Czech: Thanatos
 * Danish: Thanatos
 * Dutch: Thanatos
 * Finnish: Thanatos
 * French:
 * Galician: Tánatos
 * German: Thanatos
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: Θάνατος
 * Hebrew: תנטוס
 * Hungarian: Thanatosz
 * Italian: Tanato
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Lithuanian: Tanatas
 * Marathi: थानाटोस
 * Norwegian: Thanatos
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: Tânatos, Tânato
 * Romanian: Thanatos
 * Russian: Та́натос,, Фа́нат
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: Tanatos
 * Slovene: Tanatos
 * Spanish: Tánatos
 * Swedish: Thanatos
 * Thai: ทานาทอส
 * Turkish: Thanatos
 * Ukrainian: Та́натос

title: Thanatos


text:
Lethean

Etymology
, from Ancient Greek.

Adjective

 * 1)  Of or relating to the river Lethe, one of the four rivers of Hades. Those who drank from it experienced complete forgetfulness.

Translations

 * French:
 * Italian: leteo
 * Latin: Lethaeus
 * Spanish:

title: Lethean