text:
Wiktionary:About Proto-Indo-European

These are guidelines for Proto-Indo-European (= PIE = ine-pro) entries. Note that since Proto-Indo-European is a reconstructed language, all entries should be subpages in the Reconstruction namespace.

Phonology and transcription
The following scheme is the canonical transcription for PIE words and forms on Wiktionary, which is used within entries as well as the names of entries themselves (but see below on category sorting). Other spellings are permitted, but should redirect to the canonical spelling and not have any entries themselves.

Obstruents are never syllabic, and therefore cannot form syllables on their own.

 * Voiceless stops: *p *t *ḱ *k *kʷ (not k̂ or k̑, ku̯)
 * Voiced stops: *b *d *ǵ *g *gʷ (not ĝ or g̑, gu̯)
 * Aspirated stops: *bʰ *dʰ *ǵʰ *gʰ *gʷʰ (not bh, dh, ǵh/g'h/ĝh/g̑h, gh, gʷh/gu̯ʰ etc.)
 * Fricatives: *s *h₁ *h₂ *h₃ (unknown laryngeal: *H; not ə₁, ə₂, ə₃, and never with a circle below)

Sonorants are sometimes syllabic, and form pairs depending on whether they are considered a “syllable nucleus” (simply said, “vowels”) or not. The general rule is that sonorants are non-syllabic when they are next to a syllabic (a vowel or another syllabic sonorant), and syllabic when they stand in between non-syllabics.

 * Non-syllabic sonorants: *y *w *l *r *m *n (not j, i̯, u̯)
 * Syllabic sonorants: *i *u *l̥ *r̥ *m̥ *n̥

Vowels are always syllabic. Roots that show ablaut (the vast majority) are normally cited in the e-grade, or full grade. A few roots seem to have other underlying vowels, usually a, but also occasionally i or u that never seem to alternate with their non-syllabic counterparts. Underlying long vowels are likewise rare, and long high vowels even more so.

 * Short vowels: *e *o *a *i *u
 * Long vowels: *ē *ō *ā *ī *ū

Diphthongs are sequences of a vowel followed by a nonsyllabic sonorant, and are written as such:
 * *ey *oy *ew *ow etc. (not ei oi eu ou)

Every fully-formed verb, noun or adjective form (with an inflectional ending) has at least one accented syllable. The accented syllable of such words is indicated with an acute accent (´), and always specified in entry names as well as within entries themselves. Current practice is to include it as well on single-syllable words, because there was probably a distinction between presence and lack of an accent. In particular, many clitics and adverbs seem to have been inherently accentless in at least some circumstances.

 * Accented short vowels: *é *ó *á *í *ú
 * Accented long vowels: *ḗ *ṓ *ā́ *ī́ *ū́
 * Accented syllabic sonorants: *í *ú *ĺ̥ *ŕ̥ *ḿ̥ *ń̥

Linking and entry names
In principle, the spelling guidelines outlined above apply to entry names as well. If you see an entry with a name that does not conform to the scheme above, feel free to move it and correct any links to it so that they point to the proper name.

 * Use “Early PIE” (laryngealist) forms by default (, not or ;, not ). Doubtful laryngeal qualities are expressed as simple.
 * Surface (phonetic) forms of reconstructions should generally be used, and not the underlying (phonological) forms with or without separated constituent morphemes, unless it is the universal practice to do so (e.g. ignoring the “laryngeal coloring” effects for vowels). This means application of the synchronic PIE phonological rules. E.g. and not ,  and not  (, from ).
 * Roots are to be cited in the e-grade; entries should not be created for the other grades. Redirects are okay, but fixing the links is better!
 * Cite roots and stems (forms that are not fully inflected words) with a hyphen:.
 * Roots do not carry accents on vowels.
 * Fully-formed words (as opposed to roots) have an inherent accent, which should be present in the page name. You may add a word without an accent if you do not know where the accent should be placed, but when the accent placement becomes known the entry should be moved/renamed to reflect this.
 * Verbs are lemmatised to the third-person singular indicative form (present tense, for verbs having tense distinctions). Nouns are lemmatised to the nominative singular form, and adjectives are lemmatised to the masculine nominative singular form. If the exact form is unknown but the accent and ablaut grades are, use the accent and ablaut grades that these forms would have, but with a hyphen instead of the ending.
 * Words should not be broken up into pieces. Write a word as one whole, without hyphens separating the parts: (not ). Separating hyphens can be used in the displayed form of links to clarify the formation, as long as it is not used in the page name itself.
 * The language code for Proto-Indo-European is ine-pro. Use this code with the and  templates for references in etymologies. When linking to Proto-Indo-European reconstructions, you must add an asterisk (*) before the word (to indicate that it is reconstructed) or an error message will be displayed.
 * Example:
 * Produces:

 * Linked lemmas without a corresponding entry page should be placed in the alternative parameter, avoiding a redlink, e.g., en, ine-pro.

 * Terms with ablauting paradigms should display both patterns in their links, with nouns in the genitive, and verbs in the plural:

Creating Proto-Indo-European entries
Entries should normally begin with to alert readers to the reconstructed nature of the entry and the meaning of the asterisk. Following that, in principle, PIE entries are laid out the same as other entries in the main namespace. So they have a language header, properly nested part-of-speech headers, and possibly also declension and conjugation tables, derived and related terms and other subheadings. You should try to keep to WT:ELE in general, but you can deviate from it a little bit if it's necessary. If you're not sure how to format an entry, you can look at existing entries.

Nouns
The following template can be used for nouns:

Noun

 * 1)

Descendants
The template takes one positional parameter: gender. Wiktionary uses Post-Anatolian stage of Proto-Indo-European as is usual, which had masculine, feminine and neuter genders which can be specified as,  ,   respectively.

Inflection can be either requested using the template as shown above, or can be specified either manually, using the  template, or simply using templates for some simple cases (thematic stems): see Category:Proto-Indo-European noun inflection-table templates. You should also add the entry to Category:Proto-Indo-European thematic nouns, Category:Proto-Indo-European athematic nouns or one of the latter's subcategories, depending on how much is known about the inflection type.

User is advised to specify declensional pattern, as well as oblique case forms, in case full inflection is not provided.

Sorting
Indo-European entries should normally be sorted with a sort key, because of the many special characters that are present in the language. The default sorting order is as follows:

 * Subscripts are replaced with base characters: ₁ ₂ ₃ > 1 2 3
 * Superscripts are replaced with base characters preceded by a lone macron: ʰ ʷ > ¯h ¯w (so that e.g. gʰ always sorts after g rather than between ge and gi)
 * Acute accents, macrons and rings below are removed: á é í ó ú > a e i o u, ā ē ī ō ū = a e i o u, r̥ l̥ m̥ n̥ > r l m n
 * The acute for palatovelars becomes a following apostrophe: ǵ ḱ > g' k'

All of the standard templates such as as well as all the Proto-Indo-European specific templates apply this sorting by default, so you do not need to do anything for those templates. To ensure proper sorting, use or  to add a category that is not added by another template.

Derived terms and descendants
Every entry must have either a “Derived terms” or a “Descendants” section.

Derived terms

 * Derived terms must be ordered first by verbs, followed by all other formations, and then arranged alphabetically.
 * Verbs should specify their verb type in plain text within the pos parameter, e.g., ine-pro. This does not apply to any other formations.

Descendants

 * Organize descendants into language families, each represented by a proto reconstruction. If a proto form isn't reconstructed per guidelines, place a hyphen in the term parameter, e.g., hyx-pro.
 * Use desc for links, rather than l.
 * Where a language specifies that there should be no entry link, place the term in the alt parameter, e.g., itc-pro.
 * Always provide either a term, transliteration, or transcription for attested languages.
 * For terms with a corresponding entry page containing further descendants, place see desc after the link. Do not use desctree.

title: Wiktionary:About Proto-Indo-European


text: bìng

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: bìng


text:
bù

Etymology 1
.

Verb

 * 1) to compensate; to make up

title: bù


text:
upupa

Etymology
Onomatopoeic, like.

Noun

 * 1)  A hoopoe.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hoopoe

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hoopoe

title: upupa


text:
astore codalunga

Noun

 * 1) long-tailed hawk

title: astore codalunga


text:
pavoncella

Noun

 * 1) lapwing or peewit

title: pavoncella


text:
Talk:aboard

A preposition is really an action word, like where somethings going, where something is, or sometimes what somethings doing.

RFC discussion: December 2009
Several nautical related terms with definitions should be separate terms if they meet CFI as seems likely. DCDuring TALK * Holiday Greetings! 12:41, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:aboard


text:
condor delle Ande

Noun

 * 1) Andean condor

title: condor delle Ande


text:
arvicola

Etymology
, derived from +.

Noun

 * 1) vole, field mouse

title: arvicola


text:
arvicola delle nevi

Etymology
arvicola + delle + nevi

Noun

 * 1) snow vole

title: arvicola delle nevi


text:
aguti

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) agouti long-legged rodent of the family Dasyproctidae

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) agouti

Noun

 * 1) agouti a rodent similar in appearance to a guinea pig but having longer legs

Noun

 * 1) agouti

title: aguti


text:
仁義

Noun

 * 1) benevolence and righteousness

Adjective

 * 1)  good-natured

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) humanity and justice
 * 2) moral code
 * 3) formal greeting among gamblers

Derived terms

 * (chūkō jingi): loyalty, filial piety, humanity, and justice
 * (jingi chūkō): humanity, justice, loyalty, and filial piety
 * (jingi dōtoku): humanity and justice
 * (jingireichishin): the 5 Confucian virtues

title: 仁義


text:
nolens volens

Etymology
From, from and , from.

Adverb

 * 1) Willing or unwilling; willy-nilly.

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) ; willing or unwilling; willy-nilly

title: nolens volens


text:
Talk:fraught

Often we see that fraught means "filled" or "riddled", and, like those words, requires the following preposition "with". In that case, "fraught" would not mean "filled with" but merely "filled".

In other cases we see that "fraught" alone means "filled with emotion" specifically, as in this NYTimes article on 8th Dec 2006: "The transition from high school to college, from adolescence to legal adulthood, can be tricky for any teenager, but for the increasing number of young people who arrive on campus with diagnoses of serious mental disorders — and for their parents — the passage can be particularly fraught."

cognates
Is the English word related to English freight, Dutch vracht and German Fracht? 81.68.255.36 13:29, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

except in past participle
"...except in past participle", then it most probably is an adjective, is it not? --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:09, 27 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:fraught


text:
憂慮

Verb

 * 1) to worry; to be anxious; to be concerned; to be apprehensive

Noun

 * 1) anxiety; apprehension; concern

Verb

 * 1) to be anxious; to be concerned; to be apprehensive

title: 憂慮


text:
polttopullo

Noun

 * 1) petrol bomb, Molotov cocktail

title: polttopullo


text: earthquakes

title: earthquakes


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éḱwos

Alternative reconstructions

 * *éḱwos
 * *h₁éḱus

Etymology
Usually explained as a derivation of the adjective, also seen in e.g. Ancient Greek , Latin and Sanskrit  (all < PIE ). The thematic derivation would express association with a root noun, thus denoting “that which has swiftness” or “the swift one”. The adjective would have to be derived from the root by reduplication, which is unusual in PIE nominal word formation. Many linguists therefore reject it as popular etymology and suggest other sources: The original thematic form is also disputed. According to Kloekhorst (2008), the original derivation was a u-stem, to which Anatolian reflexes point particularly, which presume a Proto-Anatolian u-stem, as opposed to the thematic (o-stem) derivation in all the other PIE branches. There is no known phonological development through which PIE  could yield PAnat. , and in view of the productivity of the o-stem inflection in Anatolian it is unlikely that PIE would have yielded PAnat. through secondary developments. We therefore must conclude that the Proto-Anatolian u-stem reflects the original state of affairs and that the thematicization as visible in the non-Anatolian IE languages (which would be a trivial development) must be regarded as a common innovation of them. In other words, this is a piece of evidence supportive of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. In that case, the original paradigm would have been, , , from the stem.
 * Kulanda 2008 argues that the PIE word is borrowed from 🇨🇬; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 etc. (NCED 520). This etymology has been criticized by Matasović 2012:291 who argues that the direction of borrowing is probably from PIE into North Caucasian: steppe horses were probably traded for Mesopotamian imports on the North Caucasus in the Eneolithic period. The fact that we find fricatives and affricates in the Caucasian reflexes of this word indicates that the source could have been an IE dialect of the satem type.
 * Blažek 2019 proposes that PIE is borrowed from 🇨🇬- "male horse"

Noun

 * 1)  stallion, horse

Descendants

 * (only attested with Sumerogram)
 * Luwian:
 * Cuneiform Luwian: ,
 * Hieroglyphic Luwian: (EQUUS-sa)
 * Armenian:
 * Armenian:
 * Armenian:


text:
radiole

Etymology
From, from (possibly ultimately from ) +  (ultimately from ). The word first appears in the works of Scottish natural historian and marine zoologist (1830–1882).

Noun

 * 1)  The spine of a sea urchin.
 * 2)  A heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle occurring in clusters on the crowns of certain tubeworms, especially those of the order  (the ), used for feeding and respiration.
 * 1)  A heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle occurring in clusters on the crowns of certain tubeworms, especially those of the order  (the ), used for feeding and respiration.
 * 1)  A heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle occurring in clusters on the crowns of certain tubeworms, especially those of the order  (the ), used for feeding and respiration.
 * 1)  A heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle occurring in clusters on the crowns of certain tubeworms, especially those of the order  (the ), used for feeding and respiration.
 * 1)  A heavily ciliated feather-like tentacle occurring in clusters on the crowns of certain tubeworms, especially those of the order  (the ), used for feeding and respiration.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 輻棘
 * French:
 * Indonesian: kait bulu

title: radiole


text:
radiolesion

Noun

 * 1) Any lesion produced by ionizing radiation.

title: radiolesion


text: radioli

title: radioli


text:
radiolus

Noun

 * 1)  The barbule of a feather

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) small, feeble sunbeam
 * 2) kind of long olive
 * 3) kind of plant resembling a fern

title: radiolus


text:
barbule

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  A small barb or beard.
 * 2)  Any of the secondary barbs that form a fringe of small projections on a feather.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  (or any similar form)

title: barbule


text:
radioligand

Noun

 * 1) Any molecule that has a radioactive tracer attached, especially one used for radioimmunoassay

title: radioligand


text:
radiolite

Noun

 * 1)  A form of igneous rock that has a radial, fanlike texture of crystals; a hippurite

title: radiolite


text:
radiolocation

Noun

 * 1)  The detection and locating of distant objects using microwave radiation; especially radar
 * 2)  The locating of an object that is fitted with a radio tag
 * 3)  A location so identified

Translations

 * Polish: radiolokacja
 * Uzbek:

title: radiolocation


text:
radiologic

Adjective

 * 1) Of or pertaining to radiology.

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) radiological

title: radiologic


text:
生憎

Etymology
Shift from, from

Adjective

 * 1) unfortunate, unfortunately
 * 2) I'm sorry to say that...

Noun

 * 1) unluckiness, bad timing

title: 生憎


text:
fysiikka

Etymology
Ultimately from, probably through ; contains the suffix.

Noun

 * 1) physics
 * 2) physique

title: fysiikka


text:
radiological

Adjective

 * 1) Of or pertaining to radiation, radioactivity or nuclear weapons.

Translations

 * Catalan: radiològic
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: რადიოლოგიური
 * German: radiologisch
 * Irish: raideolaíoch
 * Italian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: radiológico
 * Romanian:
 * Spanish:
 * Turkish:

title: radiological


text:
cupboardy

Adjective

 * 1)  Cupboardlike: for example small, fusty or poorly lit.
 * 2) * 1886, A. D. T. (Adeline Dutton Train) Whitney, Bonnyborough, Houghton, Mifflin, p. 129,
 * I detest a room that is for nothing but eating; and one that is only for leather and paper and printer's ink gets cupboardy and musty in a hardly less undesirable way."
 * 1) * 1889, J. E. (Jane Ellen) Panton, Bypaths and Cross-roads, Ward and Downey, p. 265,
 * Ah ! we may smile as we walk behind our hostess as she discourses eagerly over her pickles and preserves, and we scent the queer lavender "cupboardy" smell that hangs about the upstairs rooms, each bed appropriately attired in a ghost-like dust-sheet.
 * 1) * 1907, William John Thomas, Doran (John), Henry Frederick Turle, Joseph Knight, Vernon Horace Rendall, Florence Hayllar, Notes and Queries, G. Bell, etc p. 287,
 * (editors note after a letter by Thomas Ratcliffe re cubbardy) "Cupboardy" is recorded in the 'NED' as a nonce-word, with a quotation from Miss Braddon.
 * 1) * 1969, David Wright, Deafness: A personal Account, Faber & Faber, read in Jill Jepson, No Walls of Stone: An Anthology of Literature by Deaf and Hard of Hearing Writers, Gallaudet University Press (2002) ISBN 156368019X, p. 156,
 * I was ushered along a dark cupboardy passage that led to the dining-room.
 * 1)  Associated with cupboard love.
 * 1)  Associated with cupboard love.

title: cupboardy


text:
Wiktionary:About Sanskrit

 * See also Category:Sanskrit language

(based on Entry layout)

Note 1: This guide is intended to provide guidelines both for creating Sanskrit entries on English Wiktionary as well as for adding Sanskrit translations to English words. The main guidelines for creating any entry on English Wiktionary is set forth in Entry layout; this page is an addition to that page, not a replacement.

Note 2: If a change occurs in the basic wiktionary template (currently at Entry layout) that affects Sanskrit entries, then that change should be reflected here.

Scope
"Sanskrit" on Wiktionary refers to not only and, but also the broad dialect continuum of  that gave rise to the  and Modern. Some literature use a narrower definition, but for lexicographic simplicity it was agreed to use a broad one per this discussion.

Practically, this means:
 * are valid Sanskrit entries, like . These act as a hub for descendants, like and . Editors should be careful to ensure that the reconstructed term based on  is actually Old Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit and not Middle Indo-Aryan (this is discussed further in )
 * Entries for Vedic Sanskrit are valid entries. In a term like, ahead of the foremost definition we would write to both categorize the term as "Vedic Sanskrit" and display a "Vedic" label.
 * In the absence of the reconstruction asterisk or any "Vedic" label, a term is understood to be Classical Sanskrit, as in . Where applicable, classical terms should link to Vedic equivalents in the "Alternative forms" section.

Script
The Sanskrit language has no single script associated with it. The system predominant in India historically in the written literature as well as today is Devanagari. Entries in Wiktionary may be in any of the scripts if there is usage. However, all words should at least have a Devanagari entry.

The same word in other Indic scripts may be referenced under the Alternative scripts header, see WT:ELE. In scripts other than Devanagari, it often suffices to define a term as  form of  with.

In the Translation section of English terms, Sanskrit entries should be presented in Devanagari, e.g. at horse:

Accent Diacritics
The headword/inflection line should show the Devanagari or other Indic script, with the IAST transliteration in parenthesis, with optional marks on vowels where present; example at :

As pitch accent was lost in Classical Sanskrit, in many cases, the position of the original accent is unknown. In such cases, accent can be ignored.

Nominal Lemma
For Sanskrit nominals, the form is the stem (in the case of adjectives, the masculine stem). See for an overview of Sanskrit declension. For instance, for a-stems, the lemma ends in -a (not the nominative -aḥ).

Active participles are sometimes given in dictionaries as ending in either -at or -ant. Our policy is to use -at for the lemma, as in ; the -ant form can be optionally listed here as an "Alternative form". Similarly, perfect participles should end in -vāṃs, like.

Root Lemma
Following the style of Proto-Indo-European and related languages, the Sanskrit "root" is a basic unit of meaning from which verbal and nominal forms are derived.

The root is often in the zero-grade, like, but can sometimes be in other grades, like. In some printed dictionaries where compactness is required, the √ symbol signifies that a term is a Sanskrit root, like √dā. Because there are no such space constraint in Wiktionary, the √ symbol should always be avoided. Instead, refer to roots like "from the root ", etc.

Wiktionary makes some distinctions between "roots" and "verbs" that some dictionaries, like Monier-Williams' English-Sanskrit dictionary, do not. Some roots, like, are "true" non-prefixed roots, have a number of verbal/nominal derived forms, and have an entry in dictionaries like Whitney's dictionary of roots. The current practice is to include prefixed roots, like, as valid "root" entries.

Some other given "roots" in dictionaries like Monier-Williams essentially only correspond to the present-tense verbal forms. In such cases, there is no Wiktionary root, and the verbal form is given without a root, like. This distinction can be blurry. In general, it is best to include just a verbal lemma and only add a root lemma if one knows what they are doing.

Verbal Lemma
Sanskrit verbs are lemmatised in the third-person singular present active indicative. As discussed here, the following are valid "verbal" lemmas:
 * A third-person present tense, e.g. . If the verb is ubhayapada (i.e. has both parasmaipada/active and atmanepada/medio-passive forms), the parasmaipada form is lemma and the atmanepada form is non-lemma. If the verb is only atmanepada, then that atmanepada form becomes the lemma. The current practice of Wiktionary is to define Sanskrit third-person verbs (particularly in the present tense) in terms of the English infinitive. For instance, we would say  and not, even though भरति (bharati) more actually means "(it) bears". This is simply by dictionary convention and for ease of referencing Sanskrit terms in the etymologies of other language terms, which are usually in the infinitive (e.g. ).
 * A third-person future tense, e.g.
 * A third-person periphrastic future tense, e.g.
 * A third-person aorist past tense, e.g.
 * A third-person benedictive tense, e.g.
 * A third-person perfect tense, e.g.
 * The equivalent third-person forms of secondary conjugations like the passive, causative, desiderative, and intensive, like, , and

Notably, this means that the imperfect is non-lemma (the present tense is the lemma) and the conditional is non-lemma (the future is the lemma), among others.

In the non-present forms, usually a definition like "perfect of " produced by, along with the conjugation given by suffices for a definition.

All Lemmas
If a root form exists for some lemma, it should be linked to in the headword template (e.g., , , etc). This will categorize the word appropriately. ,, and should also be used in the "Etymology" section where appropriate.

Inflection
The template identifies the lemma form and particular inflected form of the entry.

Noteworthy non-lemma forms
All infinitives, gerundives, and past passive participles are considered non-lemma forms of the root in Sanskrit. Active and medio-passive participles are considered non-lemma forms of their respective verbal lemmas.

Frequently, active/medio-passive/passive participles are also considered "adjectives" or "nouns" in their own right. In such cases, like, there should be a participle section (non-lemma) defined with and an adjective/noun section (lemma) with the other relevant definitions and inflections.

Quotations
Sanskrit literature chronologically encompasses more than 3 millenia of written and oral record. As such, owing especially to the particular detachment from spoken language after the codification of Classical Sanskrit by Pāṇini ~ C5 BCE, Sanskrit words came to develop plethora of often widely divergent meanings. Some of these are confined to a particular chronological period, to a particular literary style, or a particular author, work or a tradition. All of these meanings merit inclusion per criteria for inclusion for extinct languages. Monier-Williams' English-Sanskrit dictionary employs several hundreds of abbreviations listed after a particular semantic group (that itself corresponds to a single Wiktionary definition line) for this purpose. Wiktionary shall employ the same set of abbreviations, by means of a quote provided by the template which accepts the abbreviation without the final dot and automatically fills in the metadata from Module:Quotations/sa/data (which can be expanded as necessary).

Such abbreviations should come bulleted following every definition line. For example, the second definition line of is in the Monier-Williams dictionary given as:

sight, the faculty of seeing, ŚBr.; Mn.; Suśr. &c;

which translates into Wiktionary syntax as:

 * 1) sight, the faculty of seeing

Formatting References
See the section below for specific details on good Sanskrit references.

This section always appears at level 3 as ===References===. It should conclude the language section, and should never be placed within any subheader. It will include all references for the Sanskrit section as a group. If there are multiple etymologies corresponding to different terms that are homonyms, do not include a separate level 4 ====References==== section for all the different words; instead, use the "<ref>" tag to reference specific citations throughout the subsections and use "<references/>" under the level 3 ===References=== section.

Transliteration
Standard transliteration system for Sanskrit on Wiktionary is exclusively IAST - all the others of dozen or so commonly used transliteration schemes such as Harvard-Kyoto or ISO 15919 are forbidden. Transliterations shall appear in the inflection line with tr= parameter, and everywhere else when they are commonly used, such as mentioned in prose with. Transliterations are not mandatory for listings of Sanskrit lexemes, such as inside  or appendices.

Entries written in IAST transliterations shall not appear in the main namespace. Commonly used English terms originating from Sanskrit that approximately correspond to transliterated Devanagari are subject to WT:CFI for English lexemes, and as such shall be formatted under  rather than   L2 headers.

Distinction between Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan in reconstruction
"Sanskrit" in Wiktionary actually refers to a dialect continuum of Old Indo-Aryan_languages (see ). is one of the best resources for reconstructing based on New and Middle Indo-Aryan, but is not always clear about whether the reconstructed term is early Middle Indo-Aryan (which Wiktionary calls ) or Old Indo-Aryan (which Wiktionary calls Sanskrit). Between Old Indo-Aryan and Middle Indo-Aryan, there are a few key changes:
 * In Middle Indo-Aryan, palatal ś, retroflex ṣ, and dental s are merged into dental s
 * In Middle Indo-Aryan, the syllabic ṛ and ṝ vowels are not found.
 * Middle Indo-Aryan does not allow complex conjuncts or onsets. Only one consonant can appear at the start of a word, and the only consonant clusters allowed medially are geminated consonants or a sequence of a nasal and a stop at the same place of articulation.
 * Middle Indo-Aryan does not allow superheavy syllables. We would not find a sequence of a long vowel and a coda consonant. For this reason, the overlong vowels ai and au are not found in Middle Indo-Aryan in favour of e and o.

For example, for, CDIAL gives a reconstructed ancestor *ardhapūraka, which is Old Indo-Aryan as it contains the complex consonant cluster rdh. We therefore class it as reconstructed Sanskrit. For, CDIAL gives a reconstructed ancestral root as bōll (with the equivalent present tense lemma form bollati), which is phonetically-valid for Middle Indo-Aryan. Hence, it would be more correct to label the ancestor of the Hindi word as from the root, rather than Sanskrit *बोल्लति (*bollati) in the absence of an attested form. The Old Indo-Aryan ancestor of would simply be considered unclear in such a case.

For many other words in descendant languages like, , and , there is a a clear, attested ancestor in Sanskrit. In such cases, most of the above advice can be disregarded and the Sanskrit term is given as the ancestor to the modern language.

This situation is made much more complex by the concept of Sanskritization of Prakrit forms and hyper-Sanskritization (i.e. hypercorrection of Middle-Indo Aryan Prakrit forms attempting to "reconstruct" the Sanskrit form). As a general rule, words should not inherited/derive from hyper-Sanskritization. In a few cases, the lines of what inherits from what is not entirely clear. It may be helpful to use or start a discussion in the Talk page of the verb.

Etymologies
As with other Wiktionary languages, apply the principle of "translate lemmas with lemmas":
 * For verbs, the descendant verb should link to the Sanskrit lemma (the third-person form) glossed with the English infinitive. As an example, an etymology for is given as  and not, though the latter is more correctly the "ancestor" for the literal Hindi lemma form. This is because the actual verbal forms of the Hindi lemma term are descendants of the  forms of the Sanskrit verb.
 * In the case of learned borrowings, inherited nominals, and other terms from Sanskrit, the lemma should similarly be used. For instance, descends from . A valid etymology for  should clearly link the  lemma form, but may mention that the Hindi term is derived more specifically from the masculine nominative singular . It would be incorrect to only mention.

Help from the community
Sometimes, we know there is a problem, but don't know what to do to correct the problem. If you should find a Sanskrit entry with a problem that you do not know how to correct, there are several ways to approach the situation.

 * 1) Mark the page with .  This template will add the entry to Category:Requests for attention concerning Sanskrit, where another user can then find and correct the problem.  It helps if you include comments on the entry's talk page explaining what the problem is or why you think the page needs attention.
 * 2) Raise the issue on Wiktionary talk:About Sanskrit.  Note that this approach is primarily for issues of style, formatting, categorization, and not for specifics of content.
 * 3) Mark the page with .  this is a more general cleanup tag, and it allows the user to include reasons or concerns as an argument in the template.  Be sure to also add an entry to WT:RFC concerning the word so that other editors will be made aware of the problem.

Other Sanskrit aids

 * Category:Sanskrit language
 * Category:Sanskrit templates
 * Category:Sanskrit_templates
 * Category:Sanskrit entry maintenance
 * Template:sa-conj
 * Template:sa-decl-noun-m, Template:sa-decl-noun-f, Template:sa-decl-noun-n, Template:sa-decl-adj-mfn
 * Template:sa-verb
 * Template:sa-noun
 * Template:sa-adj
 * Template:sa-part
 * Template:sa-root
 * Template:sa-root deriv

title: Wiktionary:About Sanskrit


text:
radiolucent

Adjective

 * 1) transparent to X-rays

title: radiolucent


text:
radiolysis

Noun

 * 1) (chemistry) The dissociation of a molecule as a result of radiation

Translations

 * Finnish: radiolyysi
 * French:
 * German: Radiolyse
 * Italian:
 * Spanish: radiolisis

title: radiolysis


text: Category:ja:Military ranks

title: Category:ja:Military ranks


text: Category:ja:Military

title: Category:ja:Military


text:
radiomimetic

Adjective

 * 1)  Having a biological effect similar to that of radiation

Noun

 * 1)  A radiomimetic drug

Etymology
.

title: radiomimetic


text:
radiomutation

Noun

 * 1)  A genetic mutation due to the effects of ionizing radiation

title: radiomutation


text:
radion

Noun

 * 1)  The radius modulus of an extra dimension in a compactification. Coined in 1998 by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos, and John March-Russell in the paper "Stabilization of Sub-Millimeter Dimensions: The New Guise of the Hierarchy Problem".

title: radion


text:
radionecrosis

Noun

 * 1) Any necrosis caused by exposure to ionizing radiation.

Translations

 * French:

title: radionecrosis


text:
radioneuritis

Noun

 * 1)  neuritis caused by exposure to ionizing radiation

title: radioneuritis


text:
radionics

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) Any of several techniques supposed to detect and modulate "life forces" and to provide healing using various electric black boxes.

Translations

 * Hungarian: radionika
 * Spanish: radiónica

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1)  electronics, especially in radio technology.

title: radionics


text:
radionucleotide

Noun

 * 1) Any nucleotide labelled with a radioactive tracer.

title: radionucleotide


text:
radiopasteurization

Etymology
or

Noun

 * 1) pasteurization by exposure to ionizing radiation

title: radiopasteurization


text: pasteurization

title: pasteurization


text: acıyorum

title: acıyorum


text: acıyorsun

title: acıyorsun


text: acıyor

title: acıyor


text: acıyoruz

title: acıyoruz


text: acıyorsunuz

title: acıyorsunuz


text: acıyorlar

title: acıyorlar


text: acıyacağım

title: acıyacağım


text: acıyacaksın

title: acıyacaksın


text: acıyacak

title: acıyacak


text: acıyacağız

title: acıyacağız


text: acıyacaksınız

title: acıyacaksınız


text: acıyacaklar

title: acıyacaklar


text: Category:Butterflies

title: Category:Butterflies


text: acıkıyorum

title: acıkıyorum


text: acıkıyorsun

title: acıkıyorsun


text: acıkıyor

title: acıkıyor


text: acıkıyoruz

title: acıkıyoruz


text: acıkıyorsunuz

title: acıkıyorsunuz


text: acıkıyorlar

title: acıkıyorlar


text: acıkacağım

title: acıkacağım


text: acıkacaksın

title: acıkacaksın


text: acıkacak

title: acıkacak


text: acıkacağız

title: acıkacağız


text: acıkacaksınız

title: acıkacaksınız


text: acıkacaklar

title: acıkacaklar


text: azıyorum

title: azıyorum


text: azıyorsun

title: azıyorsun


text: azıyor

title: azıyor


text: azıyoruz

title: azıyoruz


text: azıyorsunuz

title: azıyorsunuz


text: azıyorlar

title: azıyorlar


text: azacağım

title: azacağım


text: azacaksın

title: azacaksın


text: azacak

title: azacak


text: azacağız

title: azacağız


text: azacaksınız

title: azacaksınız


text: azacaklar

title: azacaklar


text: bağırıyorum

title: bağırıyorum


text: bağırıyorsun

title: bağırıyorsun


text: bağırıyor

title: bağırıyor


text: bağırıyoruz

title: bağırıyoruz


text: bağırıyorsunuz

title: bağırıyorsunuz


text: bağırıyorlar

title: bağırıyorlar


text: bağıracağım

title: bağıracağım


text: bağıracaksın

title: bağıracaksın


text: bağıracak

title: bağıracak


text: bağıracağız

title: bağıracağız


text: bağıracaksınız

title: bağıracaksınız


text: bağıracaklar

title: bağıracaklar


text:
day late, dollar short

Usage notes

 * Day late, dollar short is often used as a pro-sentence. It can also be used to modify an assumed referent.

title: day late, dollar short


text:
uçak

Etymology
From. The word was coined during the and was originally proposed to denote the concept 'airfield, airport'. However, it came to denote 'aircraft' instead, displacing the proposed coinage. CAT:Turkish coinages

Noun

 * 1)  aeroplane, airplane

title: uçak


text: bağışlıyorum

title: bağışlıyorum


text: bağışlıyorsun

title: bağışlıyorsun


text: bağışlıyor

title: bağışlıyor


text: bağışlıyoruz

title: bağışlıyoruz


text: bağışlıyorsunuz

title: bağışlıyorsunuz


text: bağışlıyorlar

title: bağışlıyorlar


text: bağışlayacağım

title: bağışlayacağım


text: bağışlayacaksın

title: bağışlayacaksın


text: bağışlayacak

title: bağışlayacak


text: bağışlayacağız

title: bağışlayacağız


text: bağışlayacaksınız

title: bağışlayacaksınız


text: bağışlayacaklar

title: bağışlayacaklar


text:
Talk:plasma

In solids the individual particles are held tightly in some arrangement

In liquids the particles are held to each other but allowed to break the weak liquid bonds.

In gases the particles are allowed to move freely, and interact with each other when they contact.

How does this sort of thought describe plasma?

 * Mmm, no. —Stephen 00:03, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * With plasma the particles can move even more freely (than the particles in gases), and with quark-gluon plasma the particles move even more freely (than normal plasma). --User123o987name (talk) 06:18, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

Adjectival usage
I suspect that "plasma" has been used as an adjective multiple times. Something like "plasma hydrogen". "Plasma" has multiple means so finding these results is a bit challenging. Here is one:
 * Reactor Designs
 * There are currently a few designs for the reactors. One of those designs, the ARC (affordable, robust, compact) reactor relies on extremely powerful magnets to hold the plasma hydrogen in place. The energy that is possible to be extracted from a fusion reactor is strongly related to the strength of the magnetic field [3].

From http://www.pitt.edu/~how31/Engineering_Trends.html --User123o987name (talk) 06:16, 24 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:plasma


text:
nagua

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) skirt

Usage notes

 * Also used in plural with singular meaning.

title: nagua


text:
User:SamMatthewFinick

Sam Matthew Finick is theee sexiest man alive he is cool and he loves playing tag

title: User:SamMatthewFinick


text:
enagua

Etymology
From of.

Noun

 * 1)  petticoat, underskirt

title: enagua


text: naguas

title: naguas


text: enaguas

title: enaguas


text:
falda

Etymology
From, from a language; compare.

Noun

 * 1) A white silk vestment worn by the pope, which is a long skirt, worn over the cassock, extending beneath the hem of the alb, reaching to the ground.

Etymology
, gradually displacing native.

Noun

 * 1) skirt

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) lap
 * 2) lower slope (of a mountain)
 * 3)  skirt
 * 4) skirt, flank of an animal
 * 5)  foot of a lateen
 * 1) skirt, flank of an animal
 * 2)  foot of a lateen

Etymology
From, , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) fold, pleat
 * 2) path, way
 * 1) path, way

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to hem, to lay up

Etymology
From a language, probably, from.

Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) layer, stratum
 * 2) brim (of a hat)
 * 3) tails (of a coat)
 * 4) lower slope (of a mountain)
 * 5) snowflake

Etymology 1
From, whence also 🇨🇬. Ultimately from.

Verb

 * 1) to

Etymology 2
From. Also ultimately from.

Verb

 * 1) to hood (=  )
 * 2) to fold, make folds

Etymology
From, whence also 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to

Etymology
See.

Noun

 * 1) foot, lower slope of a mountain
 * 2) border, edge

Etymology
From a language, probably, related to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, all from. .

Noun

 * 1) skirt
 * 2)  woman
 * 3)  bit of skirt
 * 4)  brisket
 * 5) mountainside
 * 1) mountainside

title: falda


text:
Talk:walk your bike

Is this US only? --Connel MacKenzie 19:22, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I have used it as a verb - "I got off and walked my bike up the hill". The sign (where there are roadworks etc) is usually the more prissy "Cyclists dismount" in the UK. SemperBlotto 19:55, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:walk your bike


text:
грог

Noun

 * 1) grog

title: грог


text: sea-front

title: sea-front


text:
User talk:Michael Barrett

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wiktionary. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Wiktionary Tutorial
 * How to edit a page
 * How to start a page
 * Our format guidelines
 * Criteria for inclusion
 * Wiktionary Sandbox (a safe place for testing syntax)
 * What Wiktionary is not
 * FAQ

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk (discussion) and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~, which automatically produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the beer parlour or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 19:40, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michael Barrett


text:
second-stringer

Noun

 * 1) A person who plays second string. A person who is kept on a sports team as a backup in case a "first-string" player is unavailable.
 * 2) A person who is not good enough to be considered proficient but may be useful as a backup.

title: second-stringer


text:
secularist

Noun

 * 1) A person who believes in or supports secularism.

Translations

 * Georgian: სეკულარისტი
 * German: Säkularist, Säkularistin
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: dí-eaglaisí
 * Turkish: ,

title: secularist


text:
secularization

Noun

 * 1) The transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious (or "irreligious") values and secular institutions.
 * 2) The deconsecration of a church.

Translations

 * Asturian: secularización
 * Belarusian: секулярыза́цыя
 * Catalan:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: maallistuminen, sekularisaatio
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: სეკულარიზაცია
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 世俗化
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: secularização
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Ukrainian: секуляриза́ція

title: secularization


text:
secularize

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  To make secular.

Hyponyms

 * See & Thesaurus:desecrate

Translations

 * Catalan: ,
 * Finnish: sekularisoida, sekulaaristaa
 * French: ,
 * Galician: laicizar,
 * Georgian: სეკულარიზებას უწევს
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: dí-eaglaisigh
 * Italian: ,
 * Portuguese:, laicificar,
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Yiddish: סעקולאַריזירן, סעקוליאַריזירן, פֿאַרוועלטלעכן

title: secularize


text:
Template talk:d.

Rather than remove the correct category, the faulty entries that point here incorrectly need to be fixed. --Connel MacKenzie 20:18, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:d.


text:
मनस्

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) the mind
 * 2) intellect, intelligence, understanding, perception, sense, conscience
 * 3) will, wish, desire
 * 1) will, wish, desire

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) mind (in its widest sense as applied to all the mental powers), intellect, intelligence, understanding, perception, sense, conscience, will
 * 2) the spirit or spiritual principle, the breath or living soul which escapes from the body at death
 * 3) thought, imagination, excogitation, invention, reflection, opinion, intention, inclination, affection, desire, mood, temper, spirit
 * 4) name of the 26th kalpa
 * 1) name of the 26th kalpa

Descendants

 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:
 * Hindustani:

 * Borrowed terms:

title: मनस्


text:
Talk:button

Please add an explaintion and origin if you have it of "to button up" meaning to complete a project- very commonly used in the construction industry for finishing a home project or sometimes to enclose it from weather.

 * This probably should be dealt with at Talk:button up. - dcljr (talk) 04:41, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

In broadcasting
There is a missing sense, as the word is sometimes used in broadcasting: "A strong musical or sound effect, such as the end of a commercial, or a bit of music between segments of a program; also called a stinger." - dcljr (talk) 04:38, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

Missing sense: part of a citrus fruit?
See. Equinox ◑ 07:09, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Possible missing obsolete slang sense: shill bidder at an auction, etc.
John Camden Hotten's Slang Dictionary (1873) defines button as "a decoy, sham purchaser, etc. At any mock or sham auction seedy specimens may be seen. Probably from the connexion of buttons with Brummagem, which is often used as a synonym for a sham." Equinox ◑ 09:57, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:button


text:
Denny

Proper noun

 * 1) A diminutive of the male given names Denis or Dennis.
 * 2) A surname of Scottish origin.

title: Denny


text:
semipermeable

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Permeable to some things and not to others, as a cell membrane which allows some molecules through but blocks other substances.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Bulgarian: полупропусклив
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 半透的
 * Finnish: puoliläpäisevä
 * French:
 * German: halbdurchlässig
 * Greek:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian: szemipermeábilis
 * Italian: semipermeabile
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: nîvdelînbar
 * Maori: tukutaritari
 * Persian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: semipermeable
 * Turkish:, seçici geçirgen
 * Ukrainian:
 * Vietnamese: bán thấm

title: semipermeable


text:
sensuousness

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  The property of being sensuous.
 * 2)  The product or result of being sensuous.

title: sensuousness


text:
sensualist

Noun

 * 1) A person who believes in enjoying sensuality and the experience of pleasant sensations.
 * 2) One who holds to the doctrine of sensualism.

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:sensualist

Translations

 * Czech: senzualista
 * Dutch: sensualist
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: τρυφητής
 * Hungarian:, érzéki ember

 * Czech: senzualista
 * Dutch: sensualist
 * Hungarian:

Noun

 * 1) sensualist (person who believes in enjoying sensuality)
 * 2) sensualist (one who holds to the doctrine of sensualism)

title: sensualist


text:
sensuously

Adverb

 * 1) In a sensuous manner.

title: sensuously


text:
sequestration

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) The process or act of sequestering; a putting aside or separating.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Indonesian: sekuestrasi,
 * Korean:
 * Malay: pensekuesteran
 * Polish: sekwestr,, sekwestracja
 * Russian:

title: sequestration


text:
shallowly

Adverb

 * 1) In a shallow manner, without depth.

Translations

 * Belarusian: ме́лка, плы́тка
 * Polish:
 * Russian:
 * Ukrainian: мі́лко

title: shallowly


text:
sharer

Noun

 * 1) One who shares.
 * 2)  A dish at a restaurant, etc. intended to be shared between several people.
 * Can we order the seafood platter as a sharer?
 * 1)  A dish at a restaurant, etc. intended to be shared between several people.
 * Can we order the seafood platter as a sharer?
 * Can we order the seafood platter as a sharer?

title: sharer


text:
shouter

Noun

 * 1) One who shouts.
 * 2)  A singer with an expressive, loud vocal style seen as reminiscent of shouting.
 * 3)  A song performed in this manner.

Usage notes
As a musical term, "shouter" is usually used in the fixed phrase soul shouter.

title: shouter


text:
shovelful

Noun

 * 1) The amount that can be moved at once with a shovel.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Danish: skovlfuld
 * Finnish:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: lán sluaiste

title: shovelful


text:
shutterbug

Etymology
, from their tendency to work the camera's shutter frequently.

Noun

 * 1)  A person who makes a hobby of photography.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: фотограф любител
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: valokuvauksen harrastaja, kamerahullu
 * German: Amateurfotograf, Amateurfotografin, Hobbyfotograf, Hobbyfotografin
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

title: shutterbug


text: skinflick

title: skinflick


text:
douchebaggery

Noun

 * 1)  Contemptible or obnoxious behaviour.

title: douchebaggery


text:
skyjacker

Noun

 * 1) A person who commits skyjacking, who skyjacks.

Translations

 * French:
 * Swedish: ,

title: skyjacker


text:
skyjack

Verb

 * 1) To steal or commandeer (hijack) an airplane, usually by threat of violence to the passengers and/or crew members.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: отвличам самолет
 * French: détourner un avion
 * Hungarian:

Etymology 2
From the brand name Skyjack, from.

title: skyjack


text:
melculum

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Used as a term of endearment, literally meaning little honey.

title: melculum


text:
substantival

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  Of or pertaining to a substantive.
 * 2) Of or relating to physical substance; material.

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: hauptwörtlich,
 * Irish: ainmfhoclach
 * Italian:
 * Latin: substantivus,
 * Russian:
 * Slovene: samostálniški
 * Volapük:

Etymology
.

title: substantival


text:
residual risk

Noun

 * 1) The risk left over after safeguards (mitigation strategies) have been implemented.

title: residual risk


text:
Karditsa

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) A city in western Thessaly in mainland Greece; it is the capital city of the prefecture with the same name.
 * 2) A prefecture in western Thessaly.

Translations

 * Greek:

title: Karditsa


text:
User:Arctic-Editor~enwiktionary

Hello all.

I am an original Wikipedia user and my account can be seen | Here.

title: User:Arctic-Editor~enwiktionary


text:
coprophil

Noun

 * 1) a coprophilous microorganism

title: coprophil


text:
User talk:Arctic-Editor~enwiktionary

Talk Page

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wiktionary. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Wiktionary Tutorial
 * How to edit a page
 * How to start a page
 * Our format guidelines
 * Criteria for inclusion
 * Wiktionary Sandbox (a safe place for testing syntax)
 * What Wiktionary is not
 * FAQ

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk (discussion) and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~, which automatically produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the beer parlour or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! —Dvortygirl 23:25, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Arctic-Editor. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Arctic-Editor~enwiktionary that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:37, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Arctic-Editor~enwiktionary


text:
coprophilous

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) living in, or growing on excrement

title: coprophilous


text:
radiopharmaceutical

Noun

 * 1)  Any radioactive substance used as a pharmaceutical

Translations

 * Italian:

title: radiopharmaceutical


text:
radiopharmacology

Noun

 * 1) The science of the manufacture and use of radiopharmaceuticals

Related terms

 * radiopharmaceutical

title: radiopharmacology


text:
User:Vikity

Cagation is a language formally used by the colored underwear we are the next revoloution=] da former people of this group are francis velez, victoria roznak, claudia zafra, ivonne rocha,yasmeen ferrera, etc.

---i will be back soon for updates on this new language!

rules: -5 players only -a specific color is assigned for each system -the color you choose will be the color of that system -if you answer one question wrong, you stay in the same place -if you answer one/two question right, you roll the dice -if you answer two questions wrong, you go back one space -if you land on the color of your home area, you don't have to answer any questions -if a player lands on your color space, you need to read that player the question under your home spot the questions will be placed under the home spot of that color

--cell system=under red box=] --excretory system= --history of medicine=under pink box=] --digestive system=under green box=] instructions: 1. Pick a family(of 3) of the same color and match it to one of the starting points of that color on the board.

2.every person rolls a dice and whoever gets the highest # goes first, with the second highest number goes second,ETC...

3.the first person gets to roll the dice again and move the number of spaces the dice says and so on and thats when the game begins.

4.As each player continues to move on, the player needs to answer questions from the color first player to reach the

title: User:Vikity