text:
ravel

Etymology
The is borrowed from, ; further etymology uncertain. It has been suggested that the verb is originally derived from the noun, but the  regards this as “very uncertain”, and instead regards the as having derived from the verb (compare 🇨🇬, ).

Ravel is a having both the senses of tangling (verb senses 1.1, 1.2, 1.4.1, and 2.3; noun sense 1) and untangling (verb senses 1.3, 1.4.2, 1.4.3, 2.1, and 2.2; noun sense 2). It would appear that the tangling senses predate the untangling ones (as in Dutch), but this is uncertain because the first published uses of both senses of the words occur around the same time.

Verb

 * 1) To entwine or tangle (something) confusedly; to entangle.
 * 2)  Often followed by up: to form (something) out of discrete elements, like weaving fabric from threads; to knit.
 * 3) To unwind (a reel of thread, a skein of yarn, etc.); to pull apart (cloth, a seam, etc.); to fray, to unpick, to unravel; also, to pull out (a string of yarn, a thread, etc.) from a piece of fabric, or a skein or reel.
 * 4) To confuse or perplex (someone or something).
 * 5)  Often followed by out: to undo the intricacies of (a problem, etc.); to clarify, to disentangle.
 * 6)  To destroy or ruin (something), like unravelling fabric.
 * 7)  In the APL programming language: to reshape (a variable) into a vector.
 * 8) Often followed by out: of a reel of thread or skein of yarn; or a thread on a reel or a string of yarn in a skein, etc.: to become untwisted or unwound.
 * 9)  Often followed by out: of clothing, fabric, etc.: to become unwoven; to fray, to unravel.
 * 10)  To become entangled or snarled.
 * 1) To confuse or perplex (someone or something).
 * 2)  Often followed by out: to undo the intricacies of (a problem, etc.); to clarify, to disentangle.
 * 3)  To destroy or ruin (something), like unravelling fabric.
 * 4)  In the APL programming language: to reshape (a variable) into a vector.
 * 5) Often followed by out: of a reel of thread or skein of yarn; or a thread on a reel or a string of yarn in a skein, etc.: to become untwisted or unwound.
 * 6)  Often followed by out: of clothing, fabric, etc.: to become unwoven; to fray, to unravel.
 * 7)  To become entangled or snarled.
 * 1)  To destroy or ruin (something), like unravelling fabric.
 * 2)  In the APL programming language: to reshape (a variable) into a vector.
 * 3) Often followed by out: of a reel of thread or skein of yarn; or a thread on a reel or a string of yarn in a skein, etc.: to become untwisted or unwound.
 * 4)  Often followed by out: of clothing, fabric, etc.: to become unwoven; to fray, to unravel.
 * 5)  To become entangled or snarled.
 * 1) Often followed by out: of a reel of thread or skein of yarn; or a thread on a reel or a string of yarn in a skein, etc.: to become untwisted or unwound.
 * 2)  Often followed by out: of clothing, fabric, etc.: to become unwoven; to fray, to unravel.
 * 3)  To become entangled or snarled.
 * 1)  Often followed by out: of clothing, fabric, etc.: to become unwoven; to fray, to unravel.
 * 2)  To become entangled or snarled.
 * 1)  To become entangled or snarled.
 * 1)  To become entangled or snarled.

Usage notes

 * The spellings and  are more common in the United Kingdom than in the United States.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Greek:
 * Irish: rois
 * Russian: ,

 * Bulgarian:
 * Greek:

Noun

 * 1) A tangled mess; an entanglement, a snarl, a tangle.
 * 2)  A confusing, intricate, or perplexing situation; a complication.
 * 3)  A thread which has unravelled from fabric, etc.; also, a situation of fabric, etc., coming apart; an unravelling.
 * 1)  A confusing, intricate, or perplexing situation; a complication.
 * 2)  A thread which has unravelled from fabric, etc.; also, a situation of fabric, etc., coming apart; an unravelling.
 * 1)  A confusing, intricate, or perplexing situation; a complication.
 * 2)  A thread which has unravelled from fabric, etc.; also, a situation of fabric, etc., coming apart; an unravelling.
 * 1)  A thread which has unravelled from fabric, etc.; also, a situation of fabric, etc., coming apart; an unravelling.

title: ravel


text:
artifiko

Noun

 * 1) artifice
 * 2) trick, con

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: artifiko


text:
User talk:Cam

Adding Esperanto words

 * Please categorize the articles as you add them, by adding to the bottom of the article.  This will automatically index the words at Category:Esperanto language. I've categorized a few of your articles already, to start you off.  Please go back over your earlier additions and categorize them as well. Uncle G 15:49, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'll get started with that. By the way, my word list is from the public-domain Universala Vortaro. Cam 16:01, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've made a template.  Put it at the bottom of all such articles.  It will note the copyright status. Uncle G 16:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, although the word choice is from the UV the definitions aren't necessarily from there. Some I am writing myself (if these stubs can be called writing :-D) since the UV translations are out of date. So it's not a Webster 1913 situation exactly. I was concerned that word lists themselves might be copyrightable and that someone might be concerned that I was pulling a word list out of something copyrighted, so I noted the public domain status of my source list. Cam 16:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Think of it not as an exact analogue of, but rather as more like Wikipedia's  and  tags. Uncle G 11:31, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Categories are not updated immediately, by the way. There is a slight lag.  Don't be alarmed by it. Uncle G 16:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep up the good work. Is the word list from Universala Vortaro available electronically anywhere?  Or are you working from the printed book? Uncle G 09:11, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Cam


text:
artiko

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  joint

title: artiko


text: Template:Universala Vortaro

title: Template:Universala Vortaro


text:
Category:Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro

This category contains all articles that have been marked with the template. All such articles have been derived in part from Ludwik Zamenhof's Esperanto dictionary, Universala Vortaro, published in 1894 and now believed to be in the public domain.

 * Akademio de Esperanto: Universala Vortaro
 * Vikifontaro: Universala Vortaro


text:
Talk:rum

I have separated the uncountable from the countable senses of 'rum'. Of course, the same distinctions are possible in English for many uncountable nouns: "five wines" means five kinds of wine or five servings of water; "three waters" can mean three kinds of water or three servings of water.

But I think this might be helpful to the non-native speaker. Another way to do this would be to have a usage note.--Macrakis 17:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Quotation
Someone suggested a quotation from Dickens to illustrate the dated expression 'that's a jolly rum thing'. Afaik, this doesn't occur in Dickens (that is, I have read four Dickens books so far and I can't remember having encountered it) and it may well be that this expression became popular only after Dickens. It does, however, occur in Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead revisited, which is set in just the right social stratum (upper class youngsters) and just the right era (the Interbellum). Caesarion (talk) 16:42, 27 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:rum


text:
multiplayer

Adjective

 * 1)  Requiring or allowing multiple (or more than the usual two) players to play simultaneously

Translations

 * Danish: multiplayer, flerspiller
 * Finnish: moninpeli, moninpeli-
 * French:
 * Galician: multixogador, multixogadora
 * German: Mehrspieler-
 * Italian: multigiocatore
 * Portuguese:, multijogadora
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: flerspelar-, multiplayer

Noun

 * 1)  The feature of a video game where multiple human players play simultaneously.
 * I just heard that the game will have multiplayer when it comes out!
 * 1)  Video game players who play multiplayer games.

Translations

 * Danish: multiplayer, flerspiller
 * Finnish: moninpeli, moninpeli-
 * French:
 * Galician: multixogador
 * German: Mehrspieler
 * Italian: multigiocatore
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: flerspelar-, multiplayer

title: multiplayer


text:
videogame

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) video game

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) video game

title: videogame


text:
-as

Etymology
Variant of -at, seen in toponyms such as Qesarat, Kastrat, Dukat, Progonat, Bushat. The [-t] and [-s] are both from similar 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. An derivation.

Suffix

 * 1) used to form toponyms. -ian

Etymology
Perhaps from.

Etymology
The Esperanto suffixes, , , are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
 * This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

The vowel of -as is likely cognate with the Latin present, as in, and the corresponding present infinitive , permitting the natural (for a European) -ant ending. i could come from past tense in Latin ami, amisti.

Etymology
From, a variant of , from.

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Etymology 1
By syncope, from the earlier form.

Usage notes
In an exception to the usual Latin stress rule, Latin words ending in this suffix were generally stressed on the final syllable of their nominative singular forms in -ās because of the aforementioned syncope.

Etymology 2
A declined form of.

Etymology 3
From, from.

Etymology 4
A declined form of.

Etymology
From. Cognate of 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Perhaps from the Proto-Germanic accusative plural ending *-anz, with regularly lost -n- before a fricative, or perhaps from the nominative plural *-ōs, a voiceless variety of the regular ending *-ōz, or a merger of both. Akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Etymology
.

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology 1
, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Etymology 1
From, the second-person singular present active indicative ending of first conjugation verbs.

Etymology 2
From, , and , the second-person singular present active subjunctive endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Etymology 2
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

title: -as


text:
bo-

Etymology
From, , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From (used to indicate a male relation by marriage, as in, , or ), used in Esperanto regardless of gender.

Prefix

 * 1) in-law

Prefix

 * 1) in-law

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From.

title: bo-


text:
-e

Etymology
From archaic forms ending in e, from, from the coalescence of multiple various endings from.

Pronunciation
Silent.

Suffix

 * 1) Used for archaizing.

Usage notes
Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).

Etymology
From.

Usage notes

 * Generally, is used in nouns with final stress and  otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take  even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in, , and.
 * A rather large number of plurals in show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
 * A short stem vowel may be lengthened:.
 * Final -d- may be replaced with -i-:.
 * Final -g- may be lost:.
 * An underlying final -t- may resurface:.

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
From, from a merger of various suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of, in weak classes II and III, ultimately from.

Usage notes

 * In Ripuarian and eastern Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is . It becomes before vowel-initial words, especially within the noun or verb phrase (thus similarly to French liaison). Optionally the same may also occur before.
 * In western Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is, but the final is lost when followed by a consonant other than  – a process called  and also active in Luxembourgish.
 * These two systems are ultimately very similar, the only major difference being the form the suffix takes in pausa, i.e. in isolation or before a speech pause. For simplicity, therefore, Wiktionary's coverage of Central Franconian uses the e-form as general lemma form for all dialects. The -n must then be added depending on the phonetic environment and the dialect in question.

 * The nominative/accusative of masculine adjectives always takes the suffix, whereas the neuter never does: , . In the feminine and plural, however, there is variation. The traditional rule in Kölsch is that adjectives take only after voiceless stems: , but  because the stem in the latter case is . Exceptionally, the suffix  becomes.
 * Today this rule is no longer followed strictly and one may hear after all obstruents, be they voiceless or voiced (thus optionally ). We therefore give both forms, but order them according to the traditional rule. After vowels and sonorants, true native speakers still avoid the e-suffix in the feminine and plural reliably enough that we may disregard it.
 * On the other hand, more southern dialects tend to drop -e even after voiceless obstruents. When a lemma is restricted to such a dialect, it is of course possible to reverse the order or strike the e-form entirely.

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 2
, from.

Etymology 3
, from.

Pronunciation

 * (like the ordinal written in full)

Usage notes
The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French, but this is discouraged by the.

Etymology 3
From various suffixes of the adjective inflection.

Usage notes
See Appendix:Dutch parts of speech

Etymology 5
From, from , from.

Etymology 6
From, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.

Etymology
From the and  adverbial suffix  (as in ), perhaps reinforced by  and.

Suffix

 * 1) -ly;

Etymology 1
From and. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Conflated: Historically, the former was deverbal, while the latter  was denominal.
 * , from
 * , from ; cognate with 🇨🇬

Pronunciation

 * silent; causing previous silent consonant to become pronounced, and causing nasal vowels to become replaced by oral vowels + nasal consonants

Etymology 2
In the third person, from ; in the first person generally by analogy.

Etymology 3
From (imperative).

Suffix

 * 1) forms the perfect participle of a verb

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Etymology 2
From, a merger of various vocalic endings.

Suffix

 * das  → dem  (usually: dem Haus)
 * → die Frau
 * (geh- + ) → ich  (colloquial or poetic: ich )
 * → er gehe
 * → ich , er
 * das  → dem  (usually: dem Haus)
 * → die Frau
 * (geh- + ) → ich  (colloquial or poetic: ich )
 * → er gehe
 * → ich , er
 * → er gehe
 * → ich , er
 * → ich , er
 * → ich , er

Etymology 3
coalesces with of, unstressed  weakens to. See also pronunciation notes at.

Etymology 2

 * From.
 * From.

Particle

 * 1)  whether, if
 * 2) * 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell
 * Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
 * Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
 * (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of  could be removed without changing the meaning.)
 * Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?
 * Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?
 * (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of  could be removed without changing the meaning.)

Usage notes
Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.

Etymology 4
See at.

Etymology 1
Borrowed from, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  -ly;

Usage notes
Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the suffix by -e.

Etymology
Conflated: Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.
 * From.
 * From.

The two suffixes do retain a distinct inflection in the Soikkola, Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects.

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Etymology 2
Simplification of.

Etymology 3
From, from , from.

Etymology 4
From a variety of nominative and accusative plural endings including  in masculine and feminine i-stems and in feminine ī-stems,  in neuter i-stems, and  in some consonant stems; from various  endings.

Etymology 5
From, from , from.

Etymology 1
From, from , probably from a combination of  suffixes, but morphologically opaque. Compare perhaps 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, though these are also of disputed derivation.

Suffix

 * 1) -ly;

Usage notes
The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.
 * Examples:

Etymology 2
A regularly declined form of.

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) Noun suffix, mostly used for young animals.

Etymology
From, from.

Usage notes
This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (, from ), but not in others.

Etymology 1
From a variety of adjectival inflectional suffixes.

Etymology 2
From, , from ,. Compare, ,.

Etymology 3
From.

Suffix

 * 1) first person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to this (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)

Usage notes
This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

Final

 * 1) an incorporating final

Etymology 1
From West Germanic *-ā, from, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ly

Etymology 2
From. Beyond that, generally from. Note though that is from, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

Suffix

 * 1) forms adjectival suffixes from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)

Etymology
.

Etymology
From (whence also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬), from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
This suffix palatalises the preceding consonant(s) when one of the following is true:
 * The consonant(s) are a single intervocalic coronal consonant or -nd-.
 * The consonant(s) are -mb-, -ng- or any lone intervocalic non-coronal consonant, in turn preceded by an unrounded vowel.

Other consonants and clusters are generally not palatalised by the suffix, unless the cluster previously had an or  between the consonants in the cluster that was lost to syncope. However, sometimes palatalization spreads analogically.

Etymology
.

Etymology
, from. .

Suffix

 * (see )
 * (see )
 * (see )
 * (see )

Etymology 1
Representing French feminine nouns.

Etymology 2
A neologistic suffix that replaces -o and -a in nouns and adjectives.

Usage notes
Few conservative dialects use to form the oblique feminine singular of oikoclitic adjectives.

Etymology 1
.

Suffix

 * 1)  -s

Usage notes

 * This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for feminine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases which end in -ă, and some neuter nouns (with may or may not take plural ):
 * mame, from mamă, fem.
 * vise (also visuri), from vis, neut.

Etymology 2
.

Suffix

 * Oh!
 * Oh!

Usage notes

 * This suffixed used with masculine and neuter definite nouns in and :

 * This suffix is absorbed in masculine and neuter definite nouns in :

Etymology 3
, the ending of the present active infinitive form of third conjugation verbs. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Etymology 1
.

Etymology 3
, from, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.

Etymology 1
, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of second conjugation verbs, and, the third-person singular present active indicative ending of third and fourth conjugation verbs.

Etymology 2
, the first-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs, and, the third-person singular present active subjunctive ending of first conjugation verbs.

Etymology 3
,, and , the second-person singular present active imperative endings of second, third, and fourth conjugation verbs, respectively.

Etymology 4
Neologistic suffix between -a and -o.

Usage notes
Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in do not take this suffix.

Suffix

 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y
 * , -ie, -y

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1) to

Suffix

 * 1)  in order to, for the purpose of, to, for
 * 1)  in order to, for the purpose of, to, for

Usage notes
This suffix can trigger syllable reduction on the preceding syllable. The suffix takes the form when the preceding syllable is reducible and has an onset of,  when the preceding syllable ends in ,  when it ends in  or  or a reduced syllable, and  (a null suffix) after other vowels.

It is unclear if is best analyzed as an adverbializing circumfix or as a separate unspecified person prefix  and adverbializing suffix.

The derivation expressing destination of motion also takes prefixes.

title: -e


text:
-eco

Etymology
Borrowed from, as in (Esperanto ). Compare 🇨🇬.

title: -eco


text:
-eg-

Etymology
From and.

Suffix

 * 1) denotes augmentative of degree

Usage notes
Unlike most Esperanto suffixes, -eg- does not affect the part of speech of the root.

Etymology
From, from.

Suffix

 * 1) suffix denoting augmentation, intensity, a higher or extreme degree

title: -eg-


text:
ek-

Etymology
From.

Etymology
Prefix form of.

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) I (first-person, singular, proclitic subject pronoun)

Determiner

 * 1) my (first-person, singular, possessive)

title: ek-


text:
eks-

Prefix

 * 1) ex-, former

Etymology
Borrowed from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Prefix

 * 1) ex-, former
 * 2) castrated animal
 * 1) castrated animal
 * 1) castrated animal
 * 1) castrated animal
 * 1) castrated animal

Etymology
From, from , from , from , ,.

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) ex-

title: eks-


text:
-er-

Etymology
Originally the plural ending of those nouns.

Etymology
Added before various suffixes (especially and, but also sometimes , , , , by analogy to or mistaken division of other words which end in  erole, eron, ereau, etc, where the er was part of the first element (e.g. fougerolle, fougerole, from fougère + -ole) or the entire word was borrowed from another language such as Italian (e.g. muserole, muserolle, from Italian museruola).

Interfix

 * -erelle, -eret , -erette , ,  ,
 * -erelle, -eret , -erette , ,  ,

Etymology
From.

Infix

 * 1) Used to form a noun (a tool).
 * suling → seruling
 * 1) Used to form a noun (which has, contains, or is characteristic).
 * gigi → gerigi
 * 1) Used to form a verb (repeated, having repetition, or continuous).
 * gesek → geresek
 * 1) Used to form a verb(which has, contains, or is characteristic).
 * kontang → kerontang

Infix

 * 1) Used to form a noun (a tool).
 * suling → seruling
 * 1) Used to form a noun (which has, contains, or is characteristic).
 * gigi → gerigi
 * 1) Used to form a verb (repeated, having repetition, or continuous).
 * gesek → geresek
 * 1) Used to form a verb(which has, contains, or is characteristic).
 * kontang → kerontang

title: -er-


text:
-estro

Etymology
Perhaps from the endings of, and , and.

Suffix

 * 1) shows the chief or boss of something

title: -estro


text:
-et-

Etymology
Borrowed from and, ultimately from.

Etymology
From, from /, /, /, from.

title: -et-


text:
ge-

Etymology 1
, from, , from , , from , from.

Prefix

 * Ek het die koek geëet — I have eaten the cake.
 * Ek het die koek geëet — I have eaten the cake.

Usage notes

 * The participle prefix ge- is not used before the verbal prefixes, , , and , nor with inseparable prefixed adverbs or prepositions, except in a few exceptional cases or very colloquial speech.
 * For verbs with the suffix, the participle prefix may be optionally omitted. This is more commonly done for more common, disyllabic verbs and for participles in the active voice. It is seldom used in this way in the passive voice or with attributive past participles.
 * In continuous constructs of the type sit en lees, loop en sing, lê en slaap and staan en gesels, the participle prefix may be optionally used on the first of such a verb pair. It is never used for the second verb of the pair.

Etymology 2
, from.

Usage notes

 * The deverbal prefix ge- is not used before the verbal prefixes, , , and , nor with inseparable prefixed adverbs or prepositions, except in a few exceptional cases or very colloquial speech.

Etymology 1
,, from , , from , from , from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (obsolete 🇨🇬,, ), 🇨🇬.

Usage notes

 * The participle prefix ge- is not used before the verbal prefixes, , , and , nor with inseparable prefixed adverbs or prepositions.

Etymology 2
From the prefix above with an 'empty' suffix originating from, from.

Usage notes

 * The deverbal prefix ge- is not used before the verbal prefixes, , , and , nor with inseparable prefixed adverbs or prepositions.
 * Sometimes, especially in older formations, shows the effect of ablaut, as in (from liggen).

Etymology
. The German prefix is used to form collective nouns, but generally has nothing to do with gender. However, there is one word in which the force of is very similar to that in Esperanto, namely, a plurale tantum derived from  but meaning “siblings of either sex”. The Esperanto use might be based chiefly on this word.

Prefix

 * 1)  with or among mixed genders
 * → (jocular)
 * 1)  with or among mixed genders
 * → (jocular)
 * 1)  with or among mixed genders
 * → (jocular)
 * 1)  with or among mixed genders
 * → (jocular)
 * 1)  with or among mixed genders
 * → (jocular)
 * 1)  with or among mixed genders
 * → (jocular)
 * → (jocular)

Etymology
, from, , from , from , from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬,, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (obsolete 🇨🇬, , ), 🇨🇬.

Prefix

 * (modern: Wolkenformation)
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * (modern: Wolkenformation)
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * (modern: Wolkenformation)
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * (modern: Wolkenformation)
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.
 * 1) ; co-.
 * For example, Gebrüder Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.

Etymology
, from.

Etymology
From earlier, from , , from , , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬, ), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Preverb

 * 1) form of  or  used in the changed conjunct order

Etymology
, from, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Prefix

 * 1) ; co-
 * 1) ; co-

Usage notes

 * This prefix was always unstressed, in both nouns and verbs.
 * Although on paper this prefix has specific meanings, in practice it was used very inconsistently. On occasion it may be fully optional and make no meaningful difference, and within that category, sometimes both the prefixed and unprefixed forms are common, and sometimes only one is common. Other times, two verbs have very distinct meanings with the only distinguisher being the prefix. Additionally, its precise definitions are rarely, but not never, clearly reflected in the definition. For example, and this list is far from exhaustive:
 * The verbs and  feature no meaningful difference, and both forms are common.
 * The verbs and  are the same in meaning between the prefixed and unprefixed forms, but in practice, the unprefixed form is almost non-existent in the extant corpus. Similarly,  and  feature no meanginful differences, but  is almost completely unattested in the prose corpus (though it is noticeably more common in poetry).
 * The verbs and  differ only in the prefix, and while both can technically have the same meanings, in practice,  is mostly used to mean to obey, and  is mostly used to mean to hear.
 * The noun invariably always has the prefix, with an unprefixed form unattested. Notice also that every use of the prefix thus far does not clearly reflect any of the above four definitions.
 * Some adjectives like and, which mean "pregnant with a calf" and "pregnant with a lamb" respectively, reflect the second definition. The second definition can also be seen in the plurals of  and  –  and  (and various alternate forms), respectively – though usage of the prefix is not consistent across dialects or eras.
 * The prefix was almost always found on past participles in prose, but in poetry it was occasionally left off, mainly for metrical reasons. Verbs with any prefix other than will not take the prefix in the past participle.

title: ge-


text:
-i

Etymology 1
From the nisba suffix  or from, both sharing a common  root. In English, productive from the 19th century.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Galician: -í
 * Hebrew: ־ִי
 * Hindi: -ई
 * Hungarian:
 * Spanish:

Etymology 2
From (nominative plural).

Usage notes

 * "Properly" or prescriptively speaking the ending is only applicable to words that were second-declension masculine nouns in Latin, such as the above examples. In practice it is often extended to cases like (where the Latin plural was not  but rather ) and  (which was a verb in Latin, not a noun).

Etymology 3
From (masculine plural), from  (see etymology 2).

Etymology 4
Variant of or.

Usage notes

 * Used together with the prefix to create feminine nouns. The stress will shift to the last syllable.
 * Used together with the prefix to create masculine nouns. The stress will not be on the last syllable.

Etymology
From the ending, from. cognate to 🇨🇬. Related to 🇨🇬.

Article

 * : the

Suffix

 * 1) added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
 * 2)  him, her, it

Usage notes

 * In Chuukese, transitive verbs in their base form already have the third person singular indirect object implied on them, although the suffix can be added for emphasis.

Etymology 1
Perhaps from deponent verbs such as. Perhaps from and  verbs ending in -ir.

Etymology 2
Common to e (pronounced [i]) in  and the  accusative pronouns.

Etymology
From.

Inflection
Or less commonly:

Etymology 1
From, from (specifically its fusion with the stem vowel). Originally allomorphic with (<, in which the *-i- caused labialization of the preceding *a).

Etymology 2
Conflated:
 * from (from )
 * from (from earlier, probably a combination of the aforementioned and ).

Etymology
From,. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
Sometimes additive after r stems.

Many verbs are intransitivized simply by changing the inflectional ending, without changing the stem; of those that do use an affix, it is not predictable which of -i,, and  are used. Also, verbs may use more than one of these, with similarly unpredictable results (e.g. vs., both from ). If a verb uses one of these affixes, the unaffixed intransitive form may be passive, reciprocal or reflexive w.r.t. the transitive form.

Etymology 1
Adjective-forming suffix.

Suffix

 * 1)   Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives:
 * 2)  names of places (toponyms)
 * 3)  names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms)
 * 4) certain common nouns
 * 5) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
 * 1) certain common nouns
 * 2) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
 * 1) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
 * 1) postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)

Usage notes

 * Final and  (which only occur in non-Hungarian words) change to  and.
 * If the suffix were to follow word-final, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).
 * The other word-final short vowels remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * If the suffix were to follow word-final, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).
 * The other word-final short vowels remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The other word-final short vowels remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.
 * The fact that word-final and  remain short before the adjective-forming  often becomes distinctive against the multiple-possession possessives of words that end in  and, e.g.  and  or  and.

 * Names with a fleeting vowel: →, as well as names ending in , e.g.  →.
 * Names ending in (e.g. ) may be suffixed in three ways: The official way is retaining the full form, e.g. ; in the vernacular,  may be heard; and forms like  are increasingly rare.
 * Names ending in a possessive suffix such as, , , (outside elements of proper names: ), : Official usage increasingly prefers retaining the whole name (e.g.  from ), though in common parlance the word-final  and  tend to be dropped (e.g. ). The drawback of the latter is that the original form cannot be established (as  could theoretically derive from a non-existent ).
 * For non–proper noun elements with a possessive suffix, native speakers often have a hard time trying to add this suffix, e.g. whether the last element of and  should become  and  (losing the mark of the possessive) or  and  (having an ambiguous sense, primarily used for multiple possessions). As a rule of thumb, the former solution may be preferable.

Etymology 2
Possessive plural.

Suffix

 * 1)  his, her, its ……-s third-person singular; the pronoun being optional for emphasis
 * 2)  your ……-s second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.
 * 3)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun
 * 1)  your ……-s second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.
 * 2)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun
 * 1)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun
 * 1)   ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun

Etymology 3
Personal suffix.

Usage notes

 * See harmonic variants in the table below.

Etymology 4
Diminutive suffix.

Etymology 5
See.

Etymology
From, from , cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Borrowed from,. Also from, used with Latin and Italian borrowings.

Suffix

 * 1) -s;

Etymology 1
, from

Suffix

 * 1) al  for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from a.
 * 2)  al  for  in  of the object from an.
 * 3)  al  for  activity to the object from a.
 * 4) to apply or give [base] to the object.
 * 5) to remove [base] from the object.
 * : to act as/be [base] with reference to object
 * 1) to remove [base] from the object.
 * : to act as/be [base] with reference to object
 * : to act as/be [base] with reference to object

Usage notes

 * This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, does not derive into *belii, although other colloquial suffixes allow violation of the previous rule such as . Other examples include  (← *carii) and  (← *capaii).
 * When this suffix is combined with the prefixes, , , and , the imperative aspect is lost.

Etymology 2
From, from nisba suffix.

Etymology 2
From, nominative plural, or from , accusative plural, of masculine nouns in.

Etymology 3
There are two competing theories:
 * 1) Formed analogically by borrowing the  plural of Italian nouns in.
 * 2) Formed phonologically from the expected Latin nominative/accusative plural  according to the sound change -es > -ei > -i.

Etymology 4
Perhaps from the Latin genitive singular ending of masculine nouns in.

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) used for creation of agent nouns

Etymology 1
From, from la.

Etymology 2
. Compare 🇨🇬 (genitive singular ending). Displaced Proto-Italic -osjo (See .), which was descended from Proto-Indo-European -osyo. (See .)

Etymology 3
From the. Displaced except in the third declension.

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -er

Etymology
From.

Etymology 1
From, from.

Etymology 2
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) he, him, she, it, they, them

Etymology 1
.

Usage notes

 * This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, does not derive into *belii.

Etymology 2
nisba suffix.

Etymology 1
From.

Usage notes

 * Note that Romance adjectives in -i are treated differently and do not inflect.

Etymology 2
From. Though -i is not used as a plural ending in Arabic, it was integrated fairly easily as a large number of broken plurals happen to end in this vowel, compare →, etc.

Usage notes

 * Adjectives in change to -iċi:  →.

Suffix

 * 1) Used to form transitive verbs from intransitive verbs or nouns

Etymology
From, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

Etymology 1
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
When attached to verbs in, the suffix becomes.

Etymology 2
From.

Usage notes
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel. Thus, the resulting word is essentially identical to the illative singular form. The noun declines as a contracted stem, with the inflectional stem lacking the -i.

Usage notes
When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix changes to the form (for even-syllable stems) or  (for odd-syllable stems).

Final

 * 1) be such a number, such an amount

Final

 * 1) occurs after initials to form animate intransitive verbs (vai)

Final

 * 1) occurs in inanimate intransitive verbs (vii)

Etymology 1
From, from.

Etymology 2
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Usage notes
In Old High German, this suffix is neither frequent nor productive. Many weak verbs have action nouns with instead.

Declension
Female n-declension

Suffix

 * 1) him
 * 2) it object pronoun

Usage notes
This suffix is used only after third-person singular forms. After 1st person singular forms in -(e)a, 1st person plural forms in -mi, and 3rd person plural forms in -(a)it, the suffix is sometimes used.

Etymology 1
From, cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1)  -th.

Etymology 2
From, cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1) Feminine agreement suffix

Etymology
, from.

Related terms

 * (affirmative imperative for 2nd-conjugation verbs)
 * (affirmative imperative for 1st-conjugation verbs and negative imperative for 3rd-conjugation verbs)

Etymology 1
.

Usage notes

 * This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for masculine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases, regardless of singular form. The suffix may cause phonetic changes or vowel deletion (or both):

Etymology 2
, nominative masculine plural of.

Suffix

 * 1)   the

Usage notes
This form of the definite article is used for masculine plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases (as attached to the indefinite plural, which always ends in a vowel):

The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.

Etymology 3
, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc.

Usage notes

 * Most verbs with infinitives in are marked by the once-inchoative infix  in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are  and.
 * A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in but do not use the infix, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verb , ,.
 * There is a variant form,, derived from the same Latin source.

Etymology 4
From.

Suffix

 * 1)  is

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From.

Usage notes
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel.

Usage notes
Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in do not take this suffix.

Suffix

 * 1) -y; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also.

Etymology 1
From, from.

Suffix

 * 1) Accusative suffix

Etymology 2
, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  Third-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession.

Etymology 3
, from.

Suffix

 * 1)  Suffix creating nouns from verbs

Etymology 4
, from

Etymology 5
, from.

Etymology 6
, from.

Etymology 1
From.

Suffix

 * 1) -er;

Usage notes
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.

Etymology 2
Adjectival/participal use of the agent noun suffix above.

Suffix

 * 1) -ing;

Usage notes
When attached to a verb with a stem in -e-, this becomes -ii.

Suffix

 * 1) A morpheme used to mark the accusative singular of a word (such as a noun or pronoun).

Etymology 1
From, from , plural ending of neuter s-stems like (whence 🇨🇬, plural  < *tegos, plural *tegesa). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
From, from.

Usage notes
This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant w (though for some such verbs, such as, the verbnoun is given by the stem without a suffix) or the vowel in the last syllable is o, oe, or sometimes a.

Suffix

 * , -ness, -ment

Usage notes
-i causes i-affection of internal vowels.

Usage notes
In the literary language, -i causes i-affection of internal vowels, for example,.

Etymology 1

 * unlike the other possessive suffixes found in the language, has no known cognates in any other Cariban language.

Usage notes
This suffix does not cause syllable reduction. When it attaches to a stem that ends in a vowel followed by, this suffix is unrealized (disappears).

The second sense can be readily distinguished from the first because it requires the distant-past third-person marker instead of ordinary person markers.

Etymology 3
Possibly of the same origin as the previous suffix.

Usage notes
When the patient/object of a verb with this suffix is third-person, or when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is second-person, it must also take the prefix (or one of its allomorphs) after the person marker. However, this prefix is not found when the object/patient is first-person and the subject/agent is third-person.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
The suffix replaces the inherent in the verb stem.

title: -i


text:
-igi

Etymology
Perhaps from or.

Suffix

 * 1)  to cause to be
 * 2)  makes transitive verbs out of intransitive ones
 * 1)  makes transitive verbs out of intransitive ones

title: -igi


text:
-iĝi

Etymology
From, and probably intended to resemble.

Suffix

 * 1) to become
 * 2) to change in state
 * 1) to change in state

Usage notes

 * The definitions above are related to each other and not mutually exclusive.

title: -iĝi


text:
-ingo

Etymology
. Both André Cherpillod and Ebbe Vilborg suggest, by metanalysis of ("fingercot").

Suffix

 * 1) A holder or sheath for something.

Usage notes
For differences between and -ingo, see usage notes for.

Etymology
Via, from , from.

title: -ingo


text:
-int-

Etymology
The i vowel of past-tense -is plus the nt of the Latin/Romance active present participle.

Suffix

 * 1)  -into One who did the action of the root
 * Example: ami (to love), aminto (one who has loved)
 * 1)  -inta The active past participle
 * Example: ami (to love), aminta (having loved)
 * 1)  -inte The active past adverbial participle
 * Example: ami (to love), aminte (having loved)

title: -int-


text:
-is

Suffix

 * 1) indicates the sharp of a note;

Etymology
The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
 * This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

The vowel of -is is likely cognate with the Latin perfect, as in amavit "s/he had loved", and the corresponding past infinitive amavisse.

Suffix

 * 1) ending of past tense in verbs, e.g. ami to love, ŝi amis she loved.

Etymology
Compare and.

Suffix

 * võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")
 * võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")
 * võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")
 * võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")
 * võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")
 * võidma ("to spread", "to anoint") → võidis- in võidisvaal ("sperm whale")

Etymology 1
Probably from and possibly also extracted from slang terms including that suffix.

Suffix

 * 1) -er; a suffix used to form nouns and proper nouns from place names, common nouns and adjectives; gives a familiar nuance to the original word; the original word is often truncated in the process.
 * Roihuvuori (a suburb of Helsinki) → Roihis
 * Roihuvuori (a suburb of Helsinki) → Roihis
 * Roihuvuori (a suburb of Helsinki) → Roihis
 * Roihuvuori (a suburb of Helsinki) → Roihis
 * Roihuvuori (a suburb of Helsinki) → Roihis

Etymology 2
From.

Suffix

 * 1)  sharp,

Etymology 1
→ *-īō, → *-īs (sense 1–2);, and  (sense  3–4). In the case of regular -ir verbs (like ), the first singular present suffix was inherited from, from Vulgar Latin *-īscō (cf. ), while other first singular suffixes (also when added to irregular -ir verbs) are added erroneously.

Etymology 3
, from +.

Etymology
Potentially shortened from.

Suffix

 * 1)  sharp,

Etymology
,.

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from , from , from.

Etymology 2
From, from and , from , from.

Etymology
From the dative form of.

Suffix

 * 1) -ish, -ese

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
Declined forms of. Derived from Proto-Italic -ois.

Etymology 3
Declined forms of.

Etymology 1
.

Usage notes

 * Instances of this suffix are usually found in loanwords borrowed from Indonesian that have a more commonly used English-derived alternative. One example of this is the Malay term for which can be expressed with the Indonesian-derived  that exists alongside the English-derived.

Etymology 2
, from and, from , from.

Etymology 3
, from, from.

Etymology
From, from.

Suffix
(definite singular, indefinite plural , definite plural )

Suffix

 * : -ie

Etymology
At least since the late 1880s. Originally from the ending  in words such as.

Pronunciation

 * When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.
 * When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

Suffix

 * 1)  Suffix that gives a familiar, and to some extent a diminutive nuance, when combined with a word; common with both nouns and adjectives; commonly used for place names, institutions and persons in their professional role: Medis, frälsis, dagis, vaktis; compare English -y, -ie.
 * 2)  Similar to 1 in ad hoc combinations: pankis, sötis, snuskis; compare -ie.
 * 1)  Similar to 1 in ad hoc combinations: pankis, sötis, snuskis; compare -ie.
 * 1)  Similar to 1 in ad hoc combinations: pankis, sötis, snuskis; compare -ie.

Usage notes

 * Nouns ending in take either common (en) or neuter (ett) gender, often depending on the original word: ett daghem > ett dagis, en loppmarknad > en loppis, en vaktmästare > en vaktis.

title: -is


text:
infrastructure

Etymology
Borrowed from, equivalent to en.

Noun

 * 1)  An underlying base or foundation especially for an organization or system.
 * 2) The basic facilities, services and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society.
 * 1) The basic facilities, services and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society.
 * 1) The basic facilities, services and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society.
 * 1) The basic facilities, services and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society.

Translations

 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: інфраструкту́ра
 * Bulgarian: инфраструкту́ра
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: infrastruktura
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: taristu, infrastruktuur
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: infraestrutura
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: תַּשְׁתִּית
 * Hindi: अवसंरचना
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: infreastruchtúr, bonneagar
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: インフラストラクチャ,
 * Korean:, 기간시설(基幹施設), 인프라스트럭처, 인프라
 * Latin: infrastuctura
 * Maori: tūāhanga
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Sanskrit: अवसंरचना
 * Spanish: infraestructura
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: imprastruktura, imprastraktura, suludkayarian
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: інфраструкту́ра

 * Albanian: infrastrukturë
 * Arabic: بِنْيَة تَحْتِيَّة
 * Armenian: ,
 * Azerbaijani: infrastruktur
 * Basque: azpiegitura
 * Belarusian: інфраструкту́ра
 * Bulgarian: инфраструкту́ра
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Crimean Tatar:
 * Czech: infrastruktura
 * Danish: infrastruktur
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: taristu, infrastruktuur
 * Finnish:
 * Galician: infraestrutura
 * Georgian: ინფრასტრუქტურა
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: תַּשְׁתִּית
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: インフラストラクチャ,
 * Kazakh: инфрақұрылым
 * Korean:, 인프라스트럭처, 인프라
 * Kyrgyz: инфраструктура
 * Latvian: infrastruktūra
 * Lithuanian: infrastruktūra
 * Macedonian: инфраструкту́ра
 * Malay: infrastruktur
 * Maori: tūāhanga
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: infrastruktur
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: инфраструкту́ра
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: infraštruktúra
 * Slovene: infrastruktura
 * Spanish: infraestructura
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: imprastruktura, imprastraktura, suludkayarian
 * Tajik: инфраструктура
 * Tamil: (kattumaana vasadhigal)
 * Telugu: అవస్థాపన సౌకర్యాలు
 * Turkish: ,
 * Turkmen: infrastruktura
 * Ukrainian: інфраструкту́ра
 * Uzbek: ,
 * Vietnamese:

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  an underlying base or foundation especially for an organization or system

title: infrastructure


text:
-isto

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) a person who is occupied with, often but not necessarily implying a professional occupation
 * 2) a person who follows an ideology or doctrine (often following a corresponding )
 * 1) a person who follows an ideology or doctrine (often following a corresponding )
 * 1) a person who follows an ideology or doctrine (often following a corresponding )
 * 1) a person who follows an ideology or doctrine (often following a corresponding )
 * 1) a person who follows an ideology or doctrine (often following a corresponding )
 * 1) a person who follows an ideology or doctrine (often following a corresponding )

Usage notes
It is important to distinguish between an, someone who is doing something at the moment, and an , someone whose occupation it is to do something. For example, if you are cooking dinner, you are a. If you are employed as a chef, you are a. This often implies a professional occupation, but not necessarily. E.g. and  also frequently refer to hobbyists.

Also note that in Esperanto, membership is denoted by. For example, a colonist is a, whereas would signify an advocate of colonialism.

title: -isto


text:
-j

Etymology
Related to reflexive pronoun.

Suffix

 * 1) Attached to o-stem verbs (in active voice). Indicating 1st person singular; indicative, present.
 * Examples of o-stem verbs:
 * • (2nd pers. singular verb form) +  →
 * • (2nd pers. singular verb form) +  →
 * • (2nd pers. singular verb form) +  →
 * • (2nd pers. singular verb form) +  →

Pronunciation

 * , where V represents an unknown short vowel.

Alternative forms
Often this suffix is represented by writing the phonetic or determinative glyph twice, e.g.  for.

Etymology 2
Hypothesized to be from.

Usage notes
In Old Egyptian this suffix was still productive. By Late Egyptian this was no longer the case, and adjectives with the suffix were lexicalized.

Alternative forms
This suffix is sometimes not written; in Old Egyptian, such omission is the usual practice.

Etymology 3
Hypothesized to be from earlier or, from  attached to a root ending in  or.

Etymology 5
From the earlier infinitival ending ; the consonant of this suffix became silent over time, leaving its remaining vowel to be represented by.

Etymology
From the nominative plural in or  found in many European languages, particularly the original diphthongs, , and.

Suffix

 * 1) -s, -es (marks the plural form of nouns, adjectives, and some pronouns)
 * juna patro (young father) → junaj patroj (young fathers)
 * mia vundita mano (my injured hand) → miaj vunditaj manoj (my injured hands)

title: -j


text:
mal-

Etymology
From from the  adverb, from.

Prefix

 * 1) bad, badly
 * 2) evil
 * 3) unhealthy, harmful
 * 4) unpleasant
 * 5) incorrect
 * 6) incomplete, unfinished
 * 7) poorly, deficiently
 * 8) unintentional, mistaken, accidental
 * 9) not
 * 1) incomplete, unfinished
 * 2) poorly, deficiently
 * 3) unintentional, mistaken, accidental
 * 4) not
 * 1) poorly, deficiently
 * 2) unintentional, mistaken, accidental
 * 3) not
 * 1) unintentional, mistaken, accidental
 * 2) not
 * 1) not
 * 1) not

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) poorly, badly

Etymology
Borrowed from in its secondary sense of denoting the opposite.

Usage notes

 * Speakers of languages where words similar to mal- have meanings related to badness or evil should remember that mal- indicates solely the antonym, with no pejorative value. Affixes with pejorative connotations include, , and.
 * Despite the availability of mal-, many words denoting opposites are available; for example and, or  and . Some of these are poetic or rare, but others have passed into more or less common use. Mal- may and often is still used to produce the opposite, though in certain cases it might have a slightly different connotation; e.g.  vs..
 * When it is necessary to distinguish between the contrary of a sense and the absence of it, the latter may be indicated with or . For example,  contrasts with neamiko "non-friend" (e.g. a stranger or acquaintance).

Etymology
, from, from.

Prefix

 * 1) badly; wrongly

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) bad; badly

Preposition

 * 1)  used before vowels or  consonants.

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) bad; badly

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) bad; badly
 * 2) poorly
 * 3) barely, hardly

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) bad; badly

title: mal-


text:
-obla

Suffix

 * 1) -fold

Usage notes
Not to be confused with -opa; the meanings sometimes but not always overlap. -obl- indicates multiplication by a given quantity, whereas -op- indicates coming in groups of that quantity.

title: -obla


text:
Jane

Etymology
Variant of, from , from , from , variant of under influence from , from , from , the feminized form of  which produced  and its many doublets. As a placeholder name, cf. similar use of and  and earlier use of  in the same role.

.

Proper noun

 * , the standard feminine form of John since the 17th century.
 * 1) * 1912 Saki (H.H.Munro), The Secret Sin of Septimus Brope:
 * "What I mean is," said Mrs. Riversedge, "that when I get maids with unsuitable names I call them Jane; they soon get used to it."
 * "An excellent plan," said the aunt of Clovis coldly; "unfortunately I have got used to being called Jane myself. It happens to be my name."
 * 1)  derived from a  variant of John.
 * "An excellent plan," said the aunt of Clovis coldly; "unfortunately I have got used to being called Jane myself. It happens to be my name."
 * 1)  derived from a  variant of John.

Translations

 * Arabic: جِيهَان, جِين
 * Egyptian Arabic: جيهان
 * Bengali: জ্যাইন
 * Bulgarian: Я́на
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: Johanne
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: Johanino, Ĝejn
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:, Τζέιν
 * Greenlandic: Juaanna
 * Icelandic:
 * Irish: Siobhán
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ジェーン
 * Korean: ^제인
 * Latin: Iohanna, Johanna,, Joanna
 * Manx: Jinn
 * Maori: Hēni, Hoana
 * Neapolitan: Juanna
 * Norman: Jeanne, Jénîn, Jennîn, Jeanneton
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:, , Джен,
 * Scottish Gaelic: Sìne
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Walloon: ,
 * Welsh: Siân

Noun

 * 1)  A girlfriend.
 * 1)  A girlfriend.

Proper noun

 * , a Danish diminutive of Christiane, Juliane and Mariane, today also associated with the English Jane

Proper noun

 * 1)  derived from Johanne, or borrowed from English

Proper noun

 * 1)  borrowed from English, less often from Danish or Norwegian

title: Jane


text:
on-

Etymology
From, from , , from , from , , from ,. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. .

Prefix

 * on, at, toward, upon.

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from , from.

Prefix

 * 1) un-, in-
 * 2) bad, grave, horrifying

Etymology 2
From, from , from , from ,.

Prefix

 * 1) on, without

Prefix

 * 1) un-, in-

Etymology
From, from , from.

Prefix

 * 1) un-, in-

Etymology 1
From, from ,.

Prefix

 * 1)  in, into; prefix used to intensify an action or to denote origin or initiation
 * 1)  in, into; prefix used to intensify an action or to denote origin or initiation
 * 1)  in, into; prefix used to intensify an action or to denote origin or initiation
 * 1)  in, into; prefix used to intensify an action or to denote origin or initiation

Usage notes

 * This is a verbal prefix, and is always unstressed.

Etymology 2
From unstressed form of.

Prefix

 * 1) off, away
 * 1) off, away
 * 1) off, away
 * 1) off, away

Usage notes

 * This is a verbal prefix, and is always unstressed.

title: on-


text:
weiblich

Etymology
From, from , from , equivalent to. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) female
 * 2)  feminine
 * 1)  feminine

Adjective

 * 1) feminine, womanly

Adjective

 * 1) female
 * 2) feminine

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) womanly
 * 2) effeminate

title: weiblich


text:
-ont-

Etymology
The o vowel of future-tense -os plus the nt of the Latin/Romance active present participle.

Suffix

 * 1)  -onto One who will do the action of the root
 * Example: ami (to love), amonto (one who is to love)
 * 1)  -onta The active future participle
 * Example: ami (to love), amonta (about to love)
 * 1)  -onte The active future adverbial participle
 * Example: ami (to love), amonte (being about to love)

title: -ont-


text:
-ope

Etymology
Possibly from.

title: -ope


text:
-os

Etymology
From the traditional Ashkenazi pronunciation of, and its reflex.

Synonyms

 * -as, -ahs, -ot, -oth

Etymology
From.

Suffix
or (feminine -ose, feminine plural -osi)

 * 1) -ous; used to form adjectives

Etymology
The Esperanto suffixes, , , are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
 * This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

Suffix

 * 1) will;

Etymology
From. Equivalent to, or re-extracted from verbs with stems ending in o.

Usage notes
Roots with the neutral front vowels, take the back-vocalic allomorph  (e.g.  → ). The form is only used when the first syllable of the root contains a front rounded vowel (e.g.  → ).

Etymology
Variant of

Suffix

 * 1)  Slang ending of nouns, adjectives and adverbs (without changing the meaning)

Derived terms
Nouns :

Adjectives :

Adverbs :

Suffix

 * , for example
 * (dated, modern version )
 * (dated, modern version )
 * (dated, modern version )
 * (dated, modern version )
 * (dated, modern version )
 * (dated, modern version )
 * (dated, modern version )
 * (dated, modern version )

Etymology
,.

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Etymology
.

Suffix

 * 1)  -ous

Derived terms

 * , etc.
 * , etc.
 * , etc.
 * , etc.
 * , etc.
 * , etc.

Usage notes
-os can only be added to plural or collective nouns.

title: -os


text:
-ot-

Etymology
The o vowel of future-tense -os plus the t of the Latin/Romance/German passive perfect participle.

Suffix

 * 1)  -oto: One who will undergo the action of the root
 * Example:
 * 1)  -ota: Undergoing the action of the root in the future (the passive future participle)
 * Example:
 * 1)  -ote: The passive future participle
 * Example:

title: -ot-


text:
pra-

Etymology
, from.

Prefix

 * 1) great- removed by one generation from
 * 2) fore- ancestor
 * 3) primaeval, primary
 * 4)  proto-
 * 5) very, extremely intensifying the meaning of the original adjective
 * 1) primaeval, primary
 * 2)  proto-
 * 3) very, extremely intensifying the meaning of the original adjective
 * 1)  proto-
 * 2) very, extremely intensifying the meaning of the original adjective
 * 1)  proto-
 * 2) very, extremely intensifying the meaning of the original adjective
 * 1) very, extremely intensifying the meaning of the original adjective
 * 1) very, extremely intensifying the meaning of the original adjective
 * 1) very, extremely intensifying the meaning of the original adjective

Etymology
Borrowed from and.

Prefix

 * 1) ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric
 * 2) fore-
 * 3) great-
 * 1) fore-
 * 2) great-
 * 1) great-
 * 1) great-
 * 1) great-

Etymology
, from, from , from , from.

Prefix

 * 1) pre-, before; earlier in time; beforehand.

Etymology 1
, from, from , from.

Prefix

 * 1) a part of.

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) proto-, pre-, ur-
 * 2) ; great-
 * 1) ; great-
 * 1) ; great-
 * 1) ; great-

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric
 * 1) ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric
 * 1) ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric
 * 1) ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) great- removed by one generation from
 * 2)  proto-
 * 1)  proto-

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) great- removed by one generation from
 * 2)  proto-
 * 1)  proto-

title: pra-


text:
さん

Etymology 2
Derived from.

Suffix

 * 1) A title used after person's name (first name or surname) regardless of sex; Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss. Also used after a job title and a company name.
 * 2)  Used after a shop name.
 * : a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula
 * 1)  Used after a shop name.
 * : a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula
 * 1)  Used after a shop name.
 * : a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula
 * 1)  Used after a shop name.
 * : a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula
 * : a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula
 * : a politeness marker that often has no direct translation, replacing copula

Usage notes

 * is used in more formal situations, like sir.
 * More familiarly, one uses, especially of men, or , especially of young women and children.
 * Referring to acquaintances without using a suffix is considered rude, and is called.
 * When used after a job name which refers to either the shop or the master depending on the context, it does not restrict animacy. For example, when referring to (the barber shop or the hairdresser), both  (inanimate ) and  (animate ) are correct.

Noun

 * 1)  mountain

Etymology 2
Generally held to be a combination of an adjective nominalizer suffix cognate to Japanese and the verb.

title: さん


text:
gehören

Etymology
From, from , from , from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬). . Compare with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to belong to, be the property of
 * 2) to be a prerequisite for; to be a characteristic of
 * 3) to belong to, be a part of
 * 4)  to be proper
 * 5)  ought to be ;
 * 1) to belong to, be a part of
 * 2)  to be proper
 * 3)  ought to be ;
 * 1)  to be proper
 * 2)  ought to be ;
 * 1)  ought to be ;
 * 1)  ought to be ;
 * 1)  ought to be ;

title: gehören


text:
trespass

Etymology 1
Borrowed into, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  An intentional interference with another's property or person.
 * 2)  sin
 * 1)  sin
 * 1)  sin

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: kotirauhan rikkominen, julkisrauhan rikkominen
 * German:, Landfriedensbruch
 * Greek: παράνομη είσοδος,
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish:
 * Modern Irish: treaspás
 * Old Irish: caithig
 * Japanese: 不法侵入,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: coire
 * Spanish:, , ,
 * Welsh: tresmasiad

 * French:

Etymology 2
From, borrowed from , from +.

Verb

 * 1)  To commit an offence; to sin.
 * 2)  To offend against, to wrong (someone).
 * 3)  To go too far; to put someone to inconvenience by demand or importunity; to intrude.
 * 4)  To enter someone else's property illegally.
 * 5)  To pass beyond a limit or boundary; hence, to depart; to go.
 * 6) * 1523–1525,, (translator), Froissart's Chronicles
 * Soon after this, noble Robert de Bruce trespassed out of this uncertain world.
 * 1)  To decree that a person shall be arrested for trespassing if he or she returns to someone else's land.
 * 1)  To enter someone else's property illegally.
 * 2)  To pass beyond a limit or boundary; hence, to depart; to go.
 * 3) * 1523–1525,, (translator), Froissart's Chronicles
 * Soon after this, noble Robert de Bruce trespassed out of this uncertain world.
 * 1)  To decree that a person shall be arrested for trespassing if he or she returns to someone else's land.
 * Soon after this, noble Robert de Bruce trespassed out of this uncertain world.
 * 1)  To decree that a person shall be arrested for trespassing if he or she returns to someone else's land.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: 侵害する
 * Maori: hara
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Spanish: ,
 * Vietnamese:

 * Finnish:
 * Japanese: 侵害する
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * Finnish: mennä liian pitkälle
 * Hungarian:

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * German: unbefugt betreten, unerlaubt betreten, ,
 * Greek:, εισέρχομαι παρανόμως
 * Hungarian: birtokháborítást/magánlaksértést követ el, behatol a birtokára
 * Japanese: 不法侵入する
 * Korean: 불법 침입하다
 * Maori: kaihaumi, haere pokanoa
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Vietnamese:

 * Dutch:
 * French:
 * Mandarin:
 * Slovak:
 * Spanish: ,

title: trespass


text:
-ujo

Etymology

 * has been suggested.

Suffix

 * 1)  something filled with, a container or box for
 * 2)  a place, usually a country, inhabited by, or associated with, an ethnic group
 * 3)  a plant, usually a tree, of that flower or fruit type
 * 4) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1)  a place, usually a country, inhabited by, or associated with, an ethnic group
 * 2)  a plant, usually a tree, of that flower or fruit type
 * 3) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1)  a place, usually a country, inhabited by, or associated with, an ethnic group
 * 2)  a plant, usually a tree, of that flower or fruit type
 * 3) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1)  a plant, usually a tree, of that flower or fruit type
 * 2) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1)  a plant, usually a tree, of that flower or fruit type
 * 2) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"
 * 1) * 1927, B. Prus, La Faraono, Ĉapitro VIII:
 * "eo"

- Ĉie kreskis palmoj, figarboj, oranĝujoj, poploj, akacioj, kiuj formis aŭ aleojn, kiuj sin direktis al la ĉefaj partoj de l’ mondo, aŭ grupoj de arboj, plantitaj regule kaj preskaŭ de sama alteco.

 * 1) * 1970, Beaucaire, Kruko kaj Baniko el Bervalo:
 * "eo"

- Ĉu vi vidas la pomujon ĉe la fino de herbejo?

 * 1) * 1997-2003, Máire Nic Aoidh, "Dommastrumo", Monato
 * "eo"

- Mi komencis aĉeti belajn arbojn kaj plantis ilin en la herbaro: ekzemple acerojn kun bela ŝelo, “plorantan” fagon, pirarbon kaj pomujojn.

Usage notes
The suffixes -ujo and signify different kinds of containers: An -ingo can contain only a single object or part of an object, such as a  (the entire sword isn't inside the holder for example, and it can hold only one sword),, , or. An -ujo is a container for multiple objects, generally something which one replenishes or keeps in quantity, and it usually contains things in their entirety, such as a or.

Etymology
, an expanded form of.

Usage notes

 * Often pejorative.

title: -ujo


text:
たん

Suffix

 * 1)  ; -tan

title: たん


text:
-ulo

Etymology
Probably from and, both feminine noun suffixes.

Suffix

 * 1)  member of group of animals characterized by the root
 * 1)  member of group of animals characterized by the root
 * 1)  member of group of animals characterized by the root
 * 1)  member of group of animals characterized by the root
 * 1)  member of group of animals characterized by the root

Etymology
.

title: -ulo


text:
-um-

Suffix

 * 1) related in an unspecified way.

Usage notes
Because meanings of words derived with this suffix cannot be predicted, each derivation requires a separate dictionary entry. The part of speech is specific to each coining, and not inherent in either the suffix or the stem to which it is attached.

Among other uses:

 * With body parts, may signify a related piece of clothing:, , , , . Or it may signify an action using that body part: , ,.
 * With things used to kill people, may signify a method of execution:, ,.
 * With numbers, may signify a numeric base:, ,.
 * With things enjoyed at leisure, may signify a leisure activity:, , ,.

This suffix should be used with care when wanting to create new words, because they would likely not be understood by most speakers because of its unpredictable meaning.

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
The suffix has an indeterminate meaning. The derivations of this suffix is only made by the Language Committee of Ido. It forms derivation, of which the meaning has an indefinite relation with the idea expressed by the prime root. The link which remain between them helps with the memorization, but, when one doesn't know the meaning of the derivation, only the lexicon can surely provide it. There exists only a total of 30 words with this suffix in Ido.

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
From, from.

Infix

 * 1) active verb

Etymology
From, from.

Infix

 * 1) actor trigger: to do something
 * 2) no trigger: expresses natural phenomena
 * 3) actor trigger: to become or get
 * 4) actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
 * 1) actor trigger: to become or get
 * 2) actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
 * 1) actor trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

Usage notes

 * The affix is usually used for verbs which involve an exterior object, whereas um- is used for verbs which don't.
 * Mag- is also used for deliberate actions, while um- can be used for involuntary actions.
 * Some words can also change meaning if either one of them is used.
 * Root word: alis = to go
 * = to remove
 * = to leave
 * Root word: sakay = riding
 * = to load
 * = to ride
 * In ancient times, the affix had a variant when the first vowel is an . The variant is no longer used in modern Tagalog.
 * Tagalog also used to have a separate infix (and variant  before ) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes fallen out of use in modern Tagalog in favor of, which only served before as the infinitive form of the active trigger.
 * = to ride
 * In ancient times, the affix had a variant when the first vowel is an . The variant is no longer used in modern Tagalog.
 * Tagalog also used to have a separate infix (and variant  before ) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes fallen out of use in modern Tagalog in favor of, which only served before as the infinitive form of the active trigger.
 * Tagalog also used to have a separate infix (and variant  before ) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes fallen out of use in modern Tagalog in favor of, which only served before as the infinitive form of the active trigger.
 * Tagalog also used to have a separate infix (and variant  before ) for the complete aspect and progressive aspects in the active trigger. The affixes fallen out of use in modern Tagalog in favor of, which only served before as the infinitive form of the active trigger.

title: -um-


text:
-us

Etymology
.

Etymology
The Esperanto suffixes, , , and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
 * This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to.

Etymology
A merger of (in the first sense) and  (in the second sense). Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * armastama "to love" → armastus "love"
 * võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"
 * joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"
 * aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
 * pikk "long" → pikkus "length"
 * aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
 * pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

Etymology 1
From, generalized from -derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. → ,  → ). Compare.

Usage notes

 * With (momentane) verbs, the final  may disappear entirely (through  >  (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > ). This has led to  (/) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with  and one with, exist in parallel.

Etymology 2
From. Probably generalized from -derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. →,  → ), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g.  → dial. kesku- → ), and thus identical to etymology 1. In some cases potentially by confusion with, (etymology 3). Alternatively from.

Etymology 3
See the etymology of.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes

 * It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in . Other examples: . The  diminutive suffix can also be appended after to further increase the degree of endearment:.

Etymology 1
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Etymology 1
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Etymology 2
Generally from, as in from. Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in ), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as, , instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

Etymology 3
Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from, from , from as the final part of.

Etymology 1
Ultimately from. Pairs such as :  find parallels in 🇨🇬 :, 🇨🇬 :  and suggest that  stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and otherwise.

Suffix
stress pattern 4

Etymology 2
From, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

Etymology 3
From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending ). From ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. From, also reflected in 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Etymology 4
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬. See also.

Suffix

 * → past frequentative →
 * → past frequentative →
 * → past frequentative →

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) ; -ion

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Suffix

 * 1) -ous, full of, prone to;

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

Inflection
For even-syllable stems:

For odd-syllable stems:

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) -ous, used for forming adjectives

Etymology 1
From.

Suffix

 * 1) her object pronoun, it
 * 2) them

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

title: -us


text:
egotistic

Adjective

 * 1) Egotistical.

title: egotistic


text:
artikolo

Noun

 * 1) article e.g., of a magazine, newspaper, encyclopedia...
 * 2)  article

Noun

 * 1) article

title: artikolo


text:
artiŝoko

Etymology
From, , ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) artichoke

title: artiŝoko


text:
artrito

Noun

 * 1) arthritis

title: artrito


text:
aso

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) smoke; fume

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
, from, from.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) smoke, fume, water vapor

Verb

 * 1) to give off smoke

Adjective

 * 1) filled with smoke

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Noun

 * 1) parrot, macaw

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1)  an antisocial, brutish or inconsiderate person.

Adjective

 * 1)  antisocial, inconsiderate

Etymology
From, , ,.

Noun

 * 1)  ace
 * 2)  a die or half of a domino with one pip in play
 * 1)  a die or half of a domino with one pip in play

Etymology
From elision of /x/ in casual speech.

Adjective

 * 1) many, a lot

Usage notes
Asobee, asubii are commonly used in place of bee/bii 'five'

Noun

 * 1) his/her/their father or paternal uncle

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Verb

 * 1) to fumigate

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) dog
 * 2) bitch female canine

Noun

 * 1) rest

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Noun

 * 1) odor of urine

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) dog animal

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Noun

 * 1) horizon

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) day

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Etymology 1
From, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology 2
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) smoke
 * 2) vapor; steam
 * 1) vapor; steam

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) dog

title: aso


text:
asekuri

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to insure provide compensation if something happens

title: asekuri


text:
asigni

Verb

 * 1) assign

title: asigni


text:
asparago

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) asparagus

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) asparagus

title: asparago


text:
aspido

Noun

 * 1) asp
 * 2) adder

title: aspido


text:
ataki

Verb

 * 1)  to attack

Interjection

 * 1) look here!, let me see!, well then!

Related terms

 * (look!)

title: ataki


text:
atenci

Etymology
Ultimately from, with the final likely changed to  to avoid homonymy with.

Verb

 * 1) to make a criminal attempt (on someone's life etc.); to attempt assassination

title: atenci


text:
atendi

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to wait for
 * 2)  to expect
 * 3)  to wait
 * 1)  to wait
 * 1)  to wait

title: atendi


text:
atenta

Etymology
From, , ,.

Adjective

 * 1) attentive

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1) to assault

title: atenta


text:
atesti

Verb

 * 1) to attest
 * 2) to bear witness

title: atesti


text:
Talk:case sensitive

Earliest Usenet uses via Google Groups: — Hippietrail 22:40, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * case sensitive: net.unix-wizards - Jan 16 1982, 1:14 am by watmath
 * The most annoying thing I found when I was a naive users was that the command interface was case sensitive. GRRRR!
 * case sensitivity: net.news.b - Mar 18 1982, 1:01 pm by watmath
 * Apparently readnews either did or did not care about the case sensitivity, and checknews did the reverse; hence, they gave different answers about the presence of news.
 * case sensitiveness: gnu.utils.bug - Jan 7 1992, 6:25 pm by Francois Pinard
 * (post title) Texinfo texinfo-all-menu-update vs case sensitiveness
 * case sensitiveness: alt.evil - Jan 26 1992, 2:03 am by THE GREMLIN
 * Well, I was trying to print out one of these articles (#1072) but I forgot about the case sensitiveness of the system.
 * case sensitivities: soc.singles - Mar 2 1992, 10:11 pm by Daniel Mocsny
 * Don't be misled by case sensitivities, either, all you C programmers out there struggling to stay sane in spite of your ridiculously unsafe programming language.
 * case sensitives (non-native English): rec.games.frp.misc - Jun 28 1993, 3:29 am by grob...
 * Great idea, but, remember the newstitle are NOT case sensitives 8-)

title: Talk:case sensitive


text:
atingi

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to attain
 * 2) to reach

title: atingi


text:
ahoy

Etymology
From, from , a greeting dating back to the fourteenth century. Compare 🇨🇬.

Interjection

 * 1)  Used to hail a ship, a boat or a person, or to attract attention.
 * 2)  Warning of something approaching or impending.
 * 3) * 1992, Championship Run (video game review) in Your Sinclair issue 75, page 61
 * Catalytic converters ahoy – Zeppelin's latest is one of those high-rev 3D driving games that simulates racing tracks from all over the world.
 * 1) * 1992, Championship Run (video game review) in Your Sinclair issue 75, page 61
 * Catalytic converters ahoy – Zeppelin's latest is one of those high-rev 3D driving games that simulates racing tracks from all over the world.
 * Catalytic converters ahoy – Zeppelin's latest is one of those high-rev 3D driving games that simulates racing tracks from all over the world.

Usage notes

 * Traditionally, when used from a ship to hail an approaching boat, the standard responses are:
 * "aye aye", if a commissioned officer is in the boat;
 * "no no", if no officer is in the boat;
 * name of ship, if the captain of another ship is in the boat;
 * "flag" if an admiral is in the boat.

Synonyms

 * , ; see also Thesaurus:hey

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: ohøj
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: !
 * Estonian: ahoi
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian: a láthatáron lit. "on the horizon"
 * Italian: ehi
 * Latin:
 * Polish: !
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:, a la vista
 * Swedish: !, åhoj!
 * Welsh: ahoi

Verb

 * 1) To hail with a cry of "ahoy".

Noun

 * 1) An utterance of this interjection.
 * There were many ahoys heard from the approaching ship.

Translations

 * German: Ahoi
 * Hebrew:

title: ahoy


text:
berm

Etymology
From, probably via , from , , , from , from , from. Related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) A narrow ledge or shelf, as along the top or bottom of a slope.
 * 2)  A raised bank or path, especially the bank of a canal opposite the towpath.
 * 3)   One of the flat terraces on the slope of an open-pit mine.
 * 4)  A terrace or shelf of sand along a beach, formed above the high tide water level by wave action.
 * 5) A long mound or bank of earth, used especially as a barrier or to provide insulation.
 * 6)   A small wall along the edge of a bench of an open-pit mine, intended to prevent items falling over the crest.
 * 7) A ledge between the parapet and the moat in a fortification.
 * 8)  A strip of land between a street and sidewalk.
 * 9)  The edge of a road.
 * 1) A long mound or bank of earth, used especially as a barrier or to provide insulation.
 * 2)   A small wall along the edge of a bench of an open-pit mine, intended to prevent items falling over the crest.
 * 3) A ledge between the parapet and the moat in a fortification.
 * 4)  A strip of land between a street and sidewalk.
 * 5)  The edge of a road.
 * 1)  A strip of land between a street and sidewalk.
 * 2)  The edge of a road.
 * 1)  The edge of a road.
 * 1)  The edge of a road.

Derived terms

 * Cape Cod berm

Translations

 * Catalan: berma
 * Finnish:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:

 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Italian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:

 * Catalan: berma
 * Finnish: rantavalli, töyräs

 * Finnish:
 * Serbo-Croatian:

 * Polish: odsadzka

 * Catalan: berma
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish:

Verb

 * 1) To provide something with a berm

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * , verge, tree lawn, roadside strip of land next to a road, street or sidewalk

Etymology 1
From.

Etymology 2
From.

title: berm


text:
toubab

Etymology
The most likely earliest derivation is from the Wolof word for Europe, "Tougal". In the same way that Wolof means the people of Jollof, Toubab means the people of Tougal.

Noun

 * 1)  A white person.

Usage notes

 * Used especially in the Gambia and Senegal.

Synonyms

 * See Thesaurus:white person

Etymology
, possibly from, a corruption of. More at.

Noun

 * 1)  white person

title: toubab


text:
brandy

Etymology
Shortened form of, from. Compare 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1)  An alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice.
 * 2)  Any variety of brandy.
 * 3)  A glass of brandy.

Translations

 * Arabic: بَرَانْدِي, بْرَانْدِي, كُونْيَاك, كُونْيَاك
 * Armenian:, ,
 * Belarusian: брэ́ндзі, канья́к
 * Bulgarian: коня́к,, бре́нди
 * Catalan:, conyac
 * Chamicuro: awalente
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 拔蘭地, 白蘭地, 干邑
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: brandy
 * Danish: brandy
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: brändi
 * Finnish: ;
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: ბრენდი, კონიაკი
 * German:, , ,
 * Greek:
 * Hawaiian: palani
 * Hindi: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean:, 코냑
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian: brendis
 * Macedonian: бре́нди
 * Maori: parani
 * Marathi: ब्रँडी
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: brandy
 * Nynorsk: Branntwien, Brammwien, Brandy
 * Plautdietsch: Brauntwien
 * Polabian: barvin, brandevińă
 * Polish:, wypalanka,
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: branndaidh
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: brandi
 * Thai:
 * Tocharian B: śakse
 * Ukrainian: бре́нді, конья́к
 * Vietnamese: rượu branđi
 * Volapük:, filavin, yägin

 * Bulgarian: бре́нди
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: ;
 * Greek:
 * Macedonian: бре́нди
 * Marathi: ब्रँडी
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:

 * Finnish: ;
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Macedonian: бре́нди
 * Marathi: ब्रँडी
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:

Verb

 * 1)  To preserve, flavour, or mix with brandy.

Translations

 * Finnish: säilöä brandyyn; maustaa brandyllä; sekoittaa brandyä (johonkin)
 * Vietnamese: rượu nặng

Etymology
From, shortened from , from. .

Etymology
From, short for , from.

Noun

 * 1) brandy

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

title: brandy


text:
bundle

Etymology
From, from or , ; both from , derivative of. Compare also, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) A group of objects held together by wrapping or tying.
 * 2) A package wrapped or tied up for carrying.
 * 3) A group of products or services sold together as a unit.
 * 4)  A large amount, especially of money.
 * 5)  A cluster of closely bound muscle or nerve fibres.
 * 6)  A sequence of two or more words that occur in language with high frequency but are not idiomatic; a chunk, cluster, or lexical bundle.
 * 7)  A directory containing related resources such as source code; application bundle.
 * 8) A quantity of paper equal to two reams (1000 sheets).
 * 9)  A court bundle, the assemblage of documentation prepared for, and referred to during, a court case.
 * 10)  Topological space composed of a base space and fibers projected to the base space.
 * 1)  A cluster of closely bound muscle or nerve fibres.
 * 2)  A sequence of two or more words that occur in language with high frequency but are not idiomatic; a chunk, cluster, or lexical bundle.
 * 3)  A directory containing related resources such as source code; application bundle.
 * 4) A quantity of paper equal to two reams (1000 sheets).
 * 5)  A court bundle, the assemblage of documentation prepared for, and referred to during, a court case.
 * 6)  Topological space composed of a base space and fibers projected to the base space.
 * 1)  Topological space composed of a base space and fibers projected to the base space.

Translations

 * Albanian: bokshe
 * Arabic:, حُزْمَة
 * Armenian:, ,
 * Aromanian: mãnuclju
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Belarusian: звя́зка
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish: bundt
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:, ; ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: δέσμη
 * Hindi: गठरी,
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: kimppu
 * Irish: cuach, allatán
 * Italian:, ,
 * Japanese:
 * Khmer:, , ក្តឿង
 * Korean: 꾸러미, 묶음
 * Latin: sarcina, fascis
 * Macedonian: вр́зоп
 * Malay: berkas
 * Maori: pūpū, pōwhā
 * Norman: bott'lée
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: bunt
 * Ottoman Turkish: باغ
 * Persian:, ,
 * Plautdietsch: Goaw
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Quechua: q'ipi
 * Romanian:, , ,
 * Russian:, , , , , ,
 * Sanskrit:
 * Scottish Gaelic: ultach
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman:, ,
 * Slovak: zväzok
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:, , , ,
 * Tagalog: bungkos, tungkos
 * Tajik: даста
 * Taos: ílena
 * Thai:, ,
 * Turkish:
 * Tày: ben, bỏ
 * Ukrainian:, жмут
 * Vietnamese: ,
 * Volapük:
 * Yiddish: בינטל

 * Armenian: ,
 * Azerbaijani: boğça, ,
 * Belarusian: паке́т, паку́нак, скру́так
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: farcell
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:, ; ,
 * French:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: δέσμη
 * Italian:, ,
 * Latin: fascis
 * Lombard:
 * Macedonian: па́кет
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: ultach
 * Swedish: ,
 * Taos: ílena
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: паке́т, зго́рток, су́верток, паку́нок

 * Finnish:
 * Romanian:

 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani:, paçka
 * Belarusian: па́чка
 * Bulgarian: па́чка
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:, feixe de cartos
 * German:
 * Italian:
 * Macedonian: па́чка, па́кетче
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: па́чка

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: fascicul de fibre nervoase
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:

 * Catalan:
 * Finnish: kaksi riisiä
 * Polish: ryza austriacka

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:

 * Crimean Tatar:
 * French: (of goods),, , ,  (wad of notes),  (of sticks)
 * Icelandic: (1-4)
 * Italian: (1,2)
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Slovene: (2)

Verb

 * 1)  To tie or wrap together into a bundle.
 * 2)  To hustle; to dispatch something or someone quickly.
 * 3)  To prepare for departure; to set off in a hurry or without ceremony; used with away, off, out.
 * 4)  To dress someone warmly.
 * 5)  To dress warmly. Usually bundle up
 * 6)  To sell hardware and software as a single product.
 * 7)  To hurry.
 * : to form a pile of people upon a victim.
 * 1)  To hastily or clumsily push, put, carry or otherwise send something into a particular place.
 * 2)  To sleep on the same bed without undressing.
 * 1)  To sleep on the same bed without undressing.
 * 1)  To sleep on the same bed without undressing.
 * 1)  To sleep on the same bed without undressing.
 * 1)  To sleep on the same bed without undressing.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Finnish:, , , sitoa yhteen, kimputtaa
 * French:
 * German:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: cuach
 * Italian:, , affagottare
 * Maori: pūpū, pōtoketoke, paihere, whakamekemeke
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: свя́зывать в у́зел
 * Scottish Gaelic: trus
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Swedish:

 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: lähettää matkoihinsa
 * Spanish:, ,

 * Bulgarian: обличам топло
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: trus
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: bylta

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: toppautua
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: trus
 * Spanish:

 * Finnish:
 * Italian:
 * Swedish: bundla

 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Spanish: ,

 * Serbo-Croatian:, , , , ,

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  clothes sold in the thrift store

title: bundle


text:
buoy

Etymology
From, , from , from (modern 🇨🇬), ultimately from. .

Alternatively, and perhaps less likely (due to the unexplained shift in meaning), from, from , from , from , , from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  A float moored in water to mark a location, warn of danger, indicate a navigational channel or for other purposes
 * 2) A life-buoy; a life preserver.
 * 1) A life-buoy; a life preserver.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Akan:
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: شَمَنْدُورَة, عَوَّامَة
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese:
 * Asturian:
 * Azerbaijani: şamandıra
 * Basque: buia
 * Belarusian: буй
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:, буй
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dhivehi:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: buo, naĝobarelo
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:, ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Gujarati:
 * Hawaiian: poe
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: ,
 * Ido:
 * Igbo:
 * Ingrian: veha
 * Irish: baoi
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean: ,
 * Latin: attollo
 * Lithuanian: plūduras, buja
 * Macedonian: пловка
 * Malay: pelampung
 * Norman: boule, bondé
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: bøye
 * Persian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman:, ,
 * Slovene:
 * Somali:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: boya
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: palutang
 * Tamil:
 * Telugu:
 * Turkish:
 * Modern Turkish:
 * Ottoman Turkish: شماندره, شماندوره
 * Ukrainian:
 * Uyghur: لەيمىلەك (Leymilek)
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: bwi
 * Wolof:
 * Yoruba:

Verb

 * 1)  To keep afloat or aloft; used with up.
 * 2)  To support or maintain at a high level.
 * 3)  To mark with a buoy.
 * 4) To maintain or enhance enthusiasm or confidence; to lift the spirits of.
 * 1) To maintain or enhance enthusiasm or confidence; to lift the spirits of.
 * 1) To maintain or enhance enthusiasm or confidence; to lift the spirits of.
 * 1) To maintain or enhance enthusiasm or confidence; to lift the spirits of.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: drijvend houden, vlottend houden
 * Finnish: pitää pinnalla, ;  pitää ilmassa, leijuttaa
 * French:
 * German: aufbojen, flott erhalten, auf der Wasseroberfläche halten, über Wasser halten;  ,
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: op dat Waterböverflach holen, över Water holen
 * Persian: شناور ماندن

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:, hoog houden
 * Finnish:
 * German: oben halten, hoch halten,
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: baven holen, hooch holen

 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: merkitä poijulla, poijuttaa
 * German: mit einer Boje markieren, mit Bojen markieren, ausbojen,
 * Spanish:

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: ,
 * German:
 * Portuguese:

title: buoy


text:
coleslaw

Etymology
Borrowed from (mentioned in English as the Dutch name by at least in 1794), from  +.

Noun

 * 1) A salad of finely shredded raw cabbage and sometimes shredded carrots, dressed with mayonnaise (white slaw) or a vinaigrette (red slaw).

Translations

 * Afrikaans: koolslaai
 * Chinese:
 * Czech: zelný salát
 * Dutch:, coleslaw
 * Esperanto: brasikosalato
 * French: ,
 * German:, Kohlsalat, Weißkohlsalat
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: コールスロー
 * Mandarin: 涼拌捲心菜
 * Maori: roi huamata
 * Polish:, colesław, kolesław
 * Russian: сала́т из капу́сты, капу́стный сала́т
 * Slovak: kapustný šalát
 * Spanish:, ensalada de repollo
 * Turkish: coleslaw, coleslaw

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Etymology
, from. Colloquial pronunciation results from similarity of the word to the Polish given name.

Noun

 * 1)  salad

title: coleslaw