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Wiktionary talk:About Greek

Forms of Greek
As I understood the term, Ancient Greek encompassed all forms of Greek up until Medieval, including Koine and Classical, but I am certainly no scholar, you may want to check this. The Wikipedia article on Ancient Greek has the name of the period from 900-600BC as Archaic. Also, you may want to include Mycenaean Greek as well, as we have a category for it just for Linear B inscriptions. One final note, I don't know if this deserves mention, but Classical Greek has a number of dialects: Doric, Attic, etc. At this point, these are only noted when there is a regional variant, such as in ἀπό. Cerealkiller13 19:25, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Ancient/Mycenean/mediaeval/dailects: I have modified this slightly
 * In order to simplify this page I think that perhaps there should be a separate About Ancient Greek page - each should refer to the other. —Saltmarsh 09:43, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. If I get some time (and inspiration), I'll try and write up such a page.  One minor comment about what you have right now, I don't believe all of Classical Greek derives from Mycenaean.  I'm not positive about this, but I think scholars currently think that Mycenaean was an early dialect of Greek, which a dialect or two (specifically Arcadocypriot) may have come from.  But I don't think Attic or Doric came from Mycenaean.  Again, not positive on this, just going off of Wikipedia.  I really should take the time to read some scholarly literature on this.  Cerealkiller13 18:30, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This wasn't the place for the history of Greek! - so I've removed refs to Mycenean. Thanks —Saltmarsh 06:46, 26 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I have added a new ref to Mycenean Greek —Saltmarsh 11:21, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Romanisation
The history looks great, as do the POS sections (which I see have been greatly expanded). I think the most important thing it needs now is a pronunciation and Romanization section. Cerealkiller13 17:31, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I have 'completed' the Romanisation section now - Pronunciation (or the writing down thereof) I will have to leave to others. —Saltmarsh 15:45, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Katharevousa
Katharevousa: a learned, archaising form of modern Greek (as it is defined by Browning 1983?) perhaps defines it - not a separate language. Can we, for the time being, accommodate it within (modern) Greek in the way that καρβονικόν/καρβονικό are treated, ie:
 * 1) The katharevousa form is entered as a normal Greek word with the context labal "katharevousa", with the "form of" extension to the definition. Question: could this layout be improved. This format could be achieved via a template for later improvement.
 * 2) the katharevousa form should be listed on the "modern" form's page under "Synonyms". Is it a synonym?  It was previously there as an alternative spelling,  do we need a different header?
 * 3) Since all words will be in the category "Katharevousa" we can run with this for a while to see if anyone comes up with a better idea.
 * —Saltmarsh 11:10, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't find the Browning definition; it's not in his Medieval & Modern Greek that I can find (and the absence of a subject index in the book doesn't help). Horrocks (1997, §17.3) characterizes katharévousa as "the 'corrected' written language", with greater archaism brought into the language as a result of a belief in "the 'ideal' of ancient Greek perfection".  The way we treat this sort of thing in English is to use the  tag.  The same could be done here. --EncycloPetey 17:32, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Given that it was in use up to the mid-70's, I don't know how archaic it can be considered (although certainly it's a dead dialect). While not opposed to the use of the context tag, I'd like to see terms labeled explicitly as belonging to Katharevousa as well. Labeling them only as archaic does not provide enough information in this case.  (BTW in case it's useful to other readers, a not too bad summary of the history of the language issue  is here belongs to mogreeklanguage.html (Peter Mackridge, so that's a respectable source).) ArielGlenn 23:01, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * (1) the Browning def I give is in the Glossary towards the back of the book. (2) I agree that labelling as archaic is not enough. (3) an apology - I only just notice that καρβονικόν is a noun and καρβονικός (now edited to καρβονικό) an adjective) an adjective, not a good example! —Saltmarsh 05:35, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

 * καρβονικόν is actually an adjective and it corresponds 100% to καρβονικό. In fact, most neutral nouns and adjectives in -ο have katharevousa forms in -ον (e.g. αγαθό-αγαθόν (noun and adjective (neutral of αγαθός)), μήλο-μήλον (noun), παιδικό-παιδικόν (adjective, neutral of παιδικός etc etc, but, only παιδιάστικο)--Flyax 07:44, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Τhere is also the Category:el:Dated that complicates things. See αγών, which is a katharevousa form and a dated one. One category should be enough though. --Flyax 08:00, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * We are going to need to be able to mark dialects anyways; after that words might get other context labels as necessary (colloquial, dated, etc). I agree that having a dedicated second "Dated" category under el seems excessive. ArielGlenn 11:52, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

I've already starting hosting additional Katharevousa pronunciations in entries for Ancient Greek words, if that helps. They are essentially modern Greek phonology with formal features as I have studied them to be, including modern sandhi being partially scaled back so that plosive-plosive and fricative-fricative clusters are possible. - Gilgamesh 13:27, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That's good - since there are already multiple forms there. —Saltmarsh 05:01, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe that isn't so good. The proper thing to do is to have a separate section for the Katharevousa word under L2 header "Greek" and move there the pronunciation. Hosting the Katharevousa pronunciation in Ancient Greek section might lead to confusion about the nature of that "language", which clearly belongs to Modern Greek. --Flyax 19:59, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I could easily adjust the templates to exclude the Katharevousa altogether, without changing all the articles' texts. However, my understanding was that Katharevousa is an archaism, and is an appropriate standard by which to show how modern Greeks pronouncing ancient words, right?  I mean, how does a modern Greek pronounce Classical Greek?  (BTW, I hope my logic leaps are not strange or bizarre.  Despite my best efforts, I have no common sense.  Common sense would seem to imply abstract thought, and I'm a specific thinker without inate abstract intuition.  Sorry for the inconvenience.) - Gilgamesh 05:18, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It might be a good idea to widen this discussion to the community - there must be other languages with similar forms? —Saltmarsh 06:50, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Gilgamesh poses an interesting question: How does a modern Greek pronounce Classical Greek? This question however involves all classical words, even those that haven't survived as a katharevousa form, and can be answered without a reference to katharevousa. Maybe a simple change in the template would be suitable, e.g. replacing the word "Katharevousa" with "non-erasmian contemporary pronunciation" or something like that. --Flyax 10:56, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I could change the templates easily... But that label is very long-winded.  What about something just one or two words maximum?  Maybe "Greece/Cyprus Contemporary" or "Greece/Cyprus"?  Ehh...I don't know what's both adequate and as appropriately concise as "Classical", "Koine" and "Byzantine".  (BTW, I mark the principal Greece/Cyprus difference by doing  etc. for doubled consonants and  etc. for doubled voiceless plosives.  The parts in parentheses are kept in Cyprus, but ignored in Greece.  I know there's a further difference between northern Greece εντ= and southern Greece εντ=, but I figured that micromanaging this for Classical Greek words would be overkill.  Feedback on that?) - Gilgamesh 12:19, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * If you seek for different pronunciations, then it's likely that you'll find lots of them. A peloponessian pronunciation and a thessaliotic one and a macedonian one ... there is no end to that and this is (I think) beyond the scope of Wiktionary. Even for English words we don't have more than two of them. So, as long as we discuss about the Ancient Greek section, one contemporary pronunciation would be enough and, in my opinion, the "non-erasmian" label is quite clear. --Flyax 12:39, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I suppose at some point folks might want to include the Erasmian pronunciation (since variants of that are used in teaching Ancient Greek these days in a number of countries). If so, there may be a template  someday, and we won't need to characterize the current Greek pronunciation as non-erasmian.  In the meantime, maybe we can use , and explain in a glossary someplace what that means, just like the other terms.  Is that short enough? ArielGlenn 23:40, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's OK with me. Some explanation will be necessary, whatever the label is. --Flyax 19:23, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Well, I suppose I can't reflect every dialect (that can be a pipe dream), but it still seems to make sense to me to keep doubled consonant articulations in parentheses in respect to those major dialects that preserve gemination: Cyprus and (if I recall correct—I may be wrong) the Dodecanese. Afterall, if major dialects preserve certain distinctions, then the language continuum as a whole can't be said not to distinguish them, regardless of how it's spoken in Athens alone. It's like how American English dictionaries still distinguishing cot/caught, merry/marry/Mary, whales/Wales, horse/hoarse, etc., even though most of the common dialects merge them and their distinctions are often learned only with age and experience by those people who came from the merging dialects. Using parentheses to indicate additional nonuniversal pronunciation detail makes it a bit clearer that some people in the same language include the parenthesized content, and some people do not. - Gilgamesh 02:41, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It is of course up to you to decide what to put in the Ancient Greek entries. But maybe distinguishing between pronunciations in modern dialects is best done in the Modern Greek entries?  Many Ancient Greek words will be there anyways, with the monotonic spelling.  Just a thought, ArielGlenn 16:26, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I dunno. My wisdom (which I have before disclaimed is not common sense) would be to reflect it both in Classical and Modern, as there seems to be a clear overlap, with the exception that Classical entries are spelt polytonic, and Modern classically-spelt entries are spelt monotonic.  Afterall, polytonic spelling was still strongly prescribed during Koine and Byzantine times, but Koine was very clearly a monotonic period. - Gilgamesh 06:07, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

format of greek translations in english entries
(See also the conversations at User talk:Atelaes and User talk:ArielGlenn.)

This is not a big deal, we should just settle on something so it can be standardized.

From a reading of WT:AEL, one would get the impression that Greek entries should look like

 * Greek λέξη (léxi)

Right now we have varying usages. The vast majority of entries do look like that. But some also look like

 * Greek, Modern ...

and others are in subtables with the Ancient Greek entry like this:

 * Greek:
 * Ancient: εἰσακούω
 * Modern: ακούω (akoúo)

If EncycloPetey is right and language names should appear uniformly the same then that means not marking entries as Modern. (I am sympathetic to that view because everyplace else, we do not use "Modern" as a modifier; Greek in this wikt means Modern Greek.) And, personally, I am biased against the subtable format because it's easier for me to work with the XML dumps when the entry is on one self-contained line. Apparently, there is no policy about this overall. Opinions, please? (And I am putting a pointer to this at Wiktionary talk:About Ancient Greek since this affects those folks too.) ArielGlenn 04:04, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You may wish to pull in User:A-cai and any other Chinese editors on this, as it may affect them too. The basic argument the last time this issue was raised was twofold: (1) we don't use "English, Old" or "Saxon, Low", and also (2) we want the ISO template names, L2 language headers, and names of languages appearing in translations section to all match in order to make bot-work much, much easier. --EncycloPetey 04:36, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * EncycloPetey is most logical - as he says: we say Old English, Low Saxon so perhaps Ancient Greek? The example I gave elsewhere of "Romanian Cyrillic" and "Romanian Roman" was not a good one - like "Serbian" and "Uzbek" and possibly "Chinese", these are two entries for the SAME language in different script  - although I am unsure about "Apache".   —Saltmarsh 05:33, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Apache is a language group, with Plains Apache and Western Apache as distinct languages in that group. Interestingly (and relevant) is that the language of Plains Apache is also known as Kiowa Apache, but Kiowa is a different language altogether.  As a result, we could not use a main header of "Apache" with bulleted items for "Kiowa", since that would lead to confusion about which language was intended.  Likewise, we don't have "Gaelic, Scottish", but instead use "Scottish Gaelic".  --EncycloPetey 06:46, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Am I right in thinking that this is now wrapped up? And that in future we should have:
 * Ancient Greek: εἰσακούω
 * French: qwerty
 * Greek: ακούω (akoúo)
 * —Saltmarsh 05:24, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Works for me. If so, I will get back to work on my cleanups. I wish any of the AG crowd had weighed in (or at least indicated they'd read this), however. ArielGlenn 11:29, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

template:polytonic
In Grease pit archive/2007/June, it was noted that shows Ancient Greek characters with breathing, accents etc. uses  (Palatino Linotype, Athena, GentiumAlt, Gentium, Arial Unicode MS, Tahoma, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Code2000), while  uses  (Athena, Gentium, Palatino Linotype, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Code2000). Is it important to keep the Greek and Ancient Greek fonts separate or can they be merged? Rod (A. Smith) 22:16, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have never used . (Should I be?) I don't know that (modern) Greek needs special handling. I do notice this template used (oddly enough) in AGr etymologies, though rarely.  An example is at abyss and seems to be a recent addition by User:Williamsayers79...  ArielGlenn 00:49, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Many common modern Greek fonts do not support polytonic characters. The polytonic template supports fonts that are commonly pre-installed on most people's computers.  This ensures that a piece of polytonic text appears all in the same font.  Compare Ουρανός vs.  .  The common fonts Tahoma and Palatino Linotype support polytonic, but fonts like Arial and Times New Roman do not. - Gilgamesh 01:58, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have left any use of non-standard fonts to polytonic Ancient Greek which I seldom write. For νέα ελληνικά I have always done what I have done here, relying on the Wiki system to produce a usable display. Which it does. —Saltmarsh 10:44, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Just to point out that (computer) fonts developed for polytonic use typically (though not always) have a very different look than most fonts for use with Modern Greek. (Rod was asking about this off-wiki.) This may be a side effect of the fact that it is mostly classicists who use the polytonic computer fonts. ArielGlenn 02:26, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, everyone, for all of your feedback. It seems  is here to stay, and  needs to remain separate.  I have documented each on their talk page.  Rod (A. Smith) 03:26, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

General comments about this "About" page
My understanding was that the About language pages, were to spell out WT:ELE exceptions for a particular language.

While this page is pretty fantastic, I think it belongs at Help:Greek. I don't see anything readily apparent about it, that diverges from WT:ELE. (But then, it is very long, so TLDR applies.) And if there are minor points that do diverge from WT:ELE, they probably should be brought in line.

Now, I know I haven't paid much attention to the About... pages myself, particularly lately. But can someone please tell me why this is so completely different from how these pages are supposed to function? Did everyone just get carried away creating a great (really, really great, by the way,) Help: page, in the wrong place?

--Connel MacKenzie 22:25, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Mea culpa! I will see about moving it. —Saltmarsh 10:46, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Hang on! Language considerations implies that this may be the right place, random individual pages say:
 * 1) About Persian says ... a comprehensive guideline for creating entries for Persian words.
 * 2) About Serbian says ... mainly an instruction on how to format articles on Serbian words (more precisely, how to format the Serbian section of an entry).
 * 3) About Latin says ... to provide guidelines both for creating Latin ... entries.

As for length - IMHO potential editors need to find as much as possible in ONE place. On too many occasions I have got tired of searching "Help" and said "sod it, that'll have to do!" —Saltmarsh 13:46, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

IPA ε and ο
I've noticed that, in Modern/Contemporary Greek pronunciation, I tend towards indicating the pronunciation of these vowels and, while other editors prefer  and , and maybe a few use  and. But as I have been instructed, these middle vowels are neither strictly close mid ( and ) nor open mid ( and ), but just plain mid. Since there are no dedicated IPA vowel symbols for these articulations, and  (lowered from close mid) or  and  (raised from open mid) are used. However, since the close mid and open mid are allophones anyway in Modern/Contemporary Greek pronunciation, it seems simpler just to use the archetypal mid vowel symbols, and, and mark varying actual articulation to natural allophony. Wikipedia's Modern Greek phonology article does this. (Not to mention that α can be seen indicated anywhere from to  to —the articulation seems to be more central at, but the archetypal symbol  is traditionally used in broad transcription.) - Gilgamesh 13:31, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Moved to Wiktionary talk:About Greek/Pronunciation, please continue there —Saltmarsh 13:51, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Declension tables
I was surprised to notice that in declension tables for nouns and adjectives the accusative (αιτιατική) case is above the genitive (γενική):

Singular 	  Plural Nominative 	 ο αδελφός 	  οι αδελφοί Accusative 	τον αδελφό 	τους αδελφούς Genitive 	του αδελφού 	 των αδελφών Vocative 	   αδελφέ 	     αδελφοί

Is there a reason for that? Greek school books (and all Greek grammar books as far as I know) follow this scheme:

Ενικός 	 Πληθυντικός Ονομαστική 	 ο αδελφός 	  οι αδελφοί Γενική 		του αδελφού 	 των αδελφών Αιτιατική 	τον αδελφό 	τους αδελφούς Κλητική 	   αδελφέ 	     αδελφοί If there isn't an explanation, I'll proceed to edit the tables. --Anastasios 21:54, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I for one don't care. The Ancient Greek declension templates are already Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative. - Gilgamesh 01:27, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have already edited the templates so as to follow the scheme the most usual in Greek grammar textbooks. However, it seems that the creator of the original templates had a different opinion, but for some reason missed this discussion. So, I would like to apologize for not having waited for a longer time. --flyax 09:57, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * As the original creator that's fine. I was always in two minds about this - Triandafyllidis puts them in the "new order", but it is quite old, Holton et al the most comprehensive grammar available - at least in English - uses the original order, which matches that used traditionally when I learnt Latin and German in the dark ages, so I thought I was following an up-to-date layout. So my apologies for making a fuss, as a discussion obviously did take place. —SaltmarshTalk 11:24, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Which one is right?
I found a very detailed online text of the pronunciation of Modern Greek, and it contradicts some of the things in the text Ariel Glenn sent me. This online source claims that articulations and  never exist in modern Modern Greek pronunciation under any circumstances, and that they are articulated  and. It also suggests that is not viable—that it's necessarily  instead. However, it does agree with the text I was given in that palatalized etc. becomes  rather than. Still, I wonder if it still isn't actually, but that velar and palatal articulations are so close as to fool most people into thinking it's still. (Afterall, the palatals are articulated usually in the presence of, but palatals can still exist even without direct contact with it, and in those circumstances directly before palatals could be easily confused for velars.) Also, I have observed that while μβ and νδ are enunciated with fricatives (even as far that the μ in μβ is pronounced ), γγ is enunciated with a plosive , making me wonder if γγι as  sounds the same as  in people's ears, necessitating γγι as. - Gilgamesh 10:34, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

In these enunciated wave recordings, I'm hearing, not. The difference is subtle, but he's nasalizing against the hard palate, not the soft palate. All palatal consonants are articulated against the hard palate. The velum, which is the soft palate, are where all velar consonants are articulated. The fact that the two palates are in such close articulative proximity is precisely why they're so difficult in practically any language to distinguish in direct proximity. - Gilgamesh 11:10, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

About "li" and "ni": the academic approach of P. Mackridge is very clear. There are two ways to pronounce them, not one. The /li/ and /ni/ pronunciation is the more usual and "the palatalization of n (and l) before i is not considered to be a sign of careful pronunciation, even though it is a feature of most of the chief Modern Greek dialects". Anything else is simply not true. I don't know why the author of the above mentioned web-page insists on an such an absurdly absolute statement. There is also another comic mistake in this webpage: Please, never try saing /zbr'oxno/ in front of sophisticated people! They will not laugh at you, of course, but you are not going to impress them. Finally, let me tell you something more personal: I was born and raised in Athens, and I say always /Nikos/ and /Eleni/. My wife was born and raised in southern Peloponnisos and says /ɲikos/ and /Eleɲi/. I can't remember how many times we have laughed and teased each other about this small detail. Now, despite the fact that we live in Peloponnisos, our daughters say /ni/, not /ɲi/. A few days ago, our little daughter came home after her first day in school saying: "Daddy, my teacher, she says ɲi!"

About etc: I don't know what you hear in the recordings. I hear what it seems to me to be a regular ŋ. Finally, since there is a commonly accepted phonetic transcription of these combinations, there is nothing else for us to do than following it --flyax 13:31, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Yes, it appears you are quite correct. And since you also seem to speak so clearly, maybe you can make your own various ogg recordings someday? :3 - Gilgamesh 21:34, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

You were born and raised in Athens? Are you an Arvanite? :3 I also wonder, out of sheer personal curiosity (and entirely outside the scope of Standard Demotic Greek as covered here in Wiktionary), do you know much about the Mani dialect? I read somewhere that even though pre-20th-century Old Athenian (where ξύλο = ) is extinct in Athens, Megara, Aegina, Cyme, etc., that is not extinct in the traditional dialect of Mani. Is this true? - Gilgamesh 01:02, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

I am not an Arvanite and I don't know much about dialects. I don't speak so clearly either (I say even though I know that that the proper pronunciation is . Nevertheless, we'll see how it will be possible to add some recordings to the Greek entries, some day. --flyax 09:11, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * About in the traditional dialect of Mani, it seems you are right. A few decades ago some aged people still used it. Not any more I'm afraid. --flyax 12:52, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Ahh, I read somewhere that nasal elision is common in Athens. I wondered if you were an Arvanite because I'm fascinated by the richness of the ancestral diversity of modern Greeks, and how many people had grandparents or great grandparents who spoke other languages (and some of their young descendants today still know them). Arvanites fascinate me especially because their language was the chief language of Athens and most of southeastern Greece before 1900, and a lot of native Athenians still have grandparents who know it, but Arvanites largely just speak Greek today. See Arvanitika and the two map images. On the other hand, I also read that Greeks from all over also gathered in Athens after it was refounded as a Greek city in the 19th century, and many more came after the Treaty of Lausanne population exchanges. I understand that there are some politics associated with these issues, but I don't care much about them—the sheer richness of it and all and all the twists and turns that took place is what's fascinating. ^_^ That's part of the reason I got into studying Ancient Greek, Koine Greek, Byzantine Greek and Modern Greek comparatively in the first place—the ways the different time periods contrast, and the way cultural centers moved and at times even completely abandoned their traditional points of origin. (Attica was rehellenized twice. During earlier Byzantine times, much of Greece Proper had fallen into decay and became steadily mostly Slavic-speaking, and then was recolonized by Byzantine Greeks from Sicily and Anatolia.  Then southeastern Greece, which had become Arvanitic-speaking, was rehellenized in the 19th century.  My mom fascinatedly commented, "Are there any Greeks of ancient Greek ancestry left?")  Greece and the northeastern Mediterranean region are history's rainbow, and it's all so fun to study. ^_^ - Gilgamesh 09:51, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

By the way, I revised Ancient Greek Romanization and Pronunciation again to match the templates and our discussions. How is it? - Gilgamesh 23:59, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it's OK with the exception of "γγ" which is pronounced as in words as συγγραφέας, έγγραφο and as  in words as εγγεγραμμένος. --flyax 13:01, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Eee... So basically, when ν+γ come together at the end of a prefix?  I'll add a note. - Gilgamesh 07:31, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've added the new templates and .  They are only different from  and  in Contemporary pronunciation, as this distinction was not yet necessary in Byzantine which still had  and .  I've changed some relevant articles related to the two other templates to point to the new coda templates.    and   are the only ones so far affected. - Gilgamesh 07:44, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, there is not a rule about that. In compound words with γῆ the pronunciation is /ŋɡ/ or /ŋɟ/ :( So it's actually /Paŋɟ'eon/, έγγειος is /'eŋɟios/. With γένος it's even stranger: συγγενής /syŋɟen'is/ but /εγγενής /eŋʝen'is/!!! So, the only thing you can do is to search for the pronunciation of each word here. I'm sorry that I cannot make it more easy for you. --flyax 13:43, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, you've gotta be kidding me. o.o Ugh...so ideosyncratic. XD Okay, I'll see what I can do. - Gilgamesh 14:37, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, I changed the words back. I also updated the notes for that digraph.  In Contemporary pronunciation, in numerous irregular cases, is pronounced  and  respectively.  Please consult (and preferably cite) a reputable Modern Greek pronunciation source for each word concerned. - Gilgamesh 14:43, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Review of About Greek
I have come back after a break - on reading About Greek I find that some bits are slightly obscure. I do not wish to be too proprietorial about the page, never-the-less I have noticed some changes which I think should be made. It is difficult to list all of these in advance, but I hope anyone with an interest will tell me if I make an inappropriate change or make something more unclear! — Saltmarsh απάντηση 12:09, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I have re-started this endeavour — Saltmarsh απάντηση 11:51, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

I do wish to change the recommended templates for the definitions in non-lemma noun forms from the Template:inflection of to the Template:nominative of family. — Saltmarsh απάντηση 12:09, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * This suggestion has been rejected - refer to the relevant text in the document for guidance.— Saltmarsh απάντηση 11:51, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Partial move to Help:Greek
Connel MacKenzie suggested above that help with creating Greek entries sould be more correctly located in the Help namsepace. Although I argued against it at the time - no-one else expressed an interest - I intend to do this without delay, the effect can always be reversed if there are later objections. — Saltmarsh απάντηση 05:27, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It is now November - this has not happened since other About pages are located in this namespace. — Saltmarsh απάντηση 11:48, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Passive verb entries
All monolingual Greek dictionaries (that I've seen) do not list passive verbs separately - but as forms of the active verb. The question is should the headword line:
 * κουράζω • (kourázo)   simple past: κούρασα (koúrasa)

become:
 * κουράζω • (kourázo),   simple past: κούρασα (koúrasa),   passive: κουράζομαι (kourázomai)

— Saltmarsh (talk) 11:18, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

 * It does make sense to include the passive form into the headword line, so I agree to such a change. On the other hand, several passive verbs have distinct meanings and need definitions. Dictionaries in print present these (passive) definitions under the main (active) lemma but I am not sure this is the best solution for us here. --flyax (talk) 12:00, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I would expect that eventually all passive forms should have separate enties with definition and conjugation. I have the problem of deciding exactly what the passive form "means" (and lack time to do the job properly)- hence entries like θερίζομαι, which should eventually have the missing data added. Saltmarsh (talk) 05:54, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

 * For starters, I know next to nothing about modern Greek, so my comments here should be taken with a grain of salt. However, in Ancient Greek I'm trying to get away from inflection information in the headline.  We've moved away from having the verbal principle parts in the headline, and relegated them solely to the "Inflection" header, and I'm quite happy with the results.  Simply put, the headline just didn't have the space to properly address all of the different forms and variants, and I feel that it works better to have all of that information under a dedicated header.  I started putting the active, middle, and passive forms in the headers of the collapsible tables (a project I still need to finish), and I think it provides a nice overview at a glance.  I'm also considering removing inflectional information from the headlines of nouns and adjectives, but haven't gotten around to making that transition yet.  Print dictionaries put that information in the initial line because they have it nowhere else, whereas we have the space to have a dedicated section with complete inflections.  -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 20:00, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of separate collapsable tenses with 1st person form in their headers (past forms could then disappear from headword line AND separate tense tables would make the population of conjugation sections happen a bit quicker!). The past term could then disappear from headword lines. At present having these two forms visable there will encourage editors to write the forms down and then hopefully create entries form them. Saltmarsh (talk) 05:54, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

Personally I agree with flyax. I will welcome adding (of course optionally) the passive form in headword. This will give a "note" to reader that such a form exists and maybe this is what (s)he is looking for. But the inflection should go to the separate lemma, together with all "passive" meanings. Even if, in some cases, may simply "redirect" to the active (such as: passive form of xxx). --Xoristzatziki (talk) 06:20, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I've taken that on board and modified to accept a passive form to be seen at . The template now accepts named arguments (past, past2 & passive) — the 'old' positional arguments should be phased out.
 * I had problems developing a full set of conjugation templates - due to the diversity of paradigms! And am trying out -Atelaes's suggestion of using separate tense tables - and see how I get on.  shows an example. Saltmarsh (talk) 16:18, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

Pronunciation
That would really be awesome if the pronunciations were generated by something similar to template:grc-IPA. --Fsojic (talk) 14:05, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

Transliteration/transcription
There has been a discussion about the system of transliteration/transcription used here. ,, , , , , , . --Fsojic (talk) 12:51, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

Categories for verb stems
Hello, should there be categories to regroup all verbs that derive from the same stem, e.g. a category for παραθέτω, καταθέτω, αντιθέτω, etc.? I haven't found any. Orgyn (talk) 14:21, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't see any reason for not doing this - how would you plan to name them? "Greek verbs derived from 'θέτω'? —  Salt  marsh . 06:32, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

 * But, on second thoughts, perhaps these could be found by looking up 'θέτω' ? Where you helpfully added them! — Salt  marsh . 10:53, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Indeed, if we don't need to use category, let's not add new ones. You're right, maybe we should use the stem page to indicate all descended terms and then on the page of each descendant, mention the main stem either in the etymology of related term section. Orgyn (talk) 22:14, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

Todo list
Hello, the time I spend editing Wiktionary entries is very irregular but I'm still wondering if you guys have a todo list for Greek entries? Orgyn (talk) 22:18, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Requested entries (Greek)
 * Requested entries (Ancient Greek) —Stephen (Talk) 22:55, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

Latin-alphabet loanwords
Do we have a policy for the inclusion/exclusion of loanwords into the Greek language that use the Latin alphabet (aside from the existing Italiot Greek terms)? For example, we definitely include (a loan of the French ), but should we add terms like  which are written using the Latin alphabet in otherwise purely Greek text (example: petaflops)? -Stelio (talk) 11:55, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm frankly opposed to it. Don't know if you have seen these discussions? --Barytonesis (talk) 13:09, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
 * There we go again. Please use Greek alphabet for Greek words, e.g. "computer" is written in Greek. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 13:12, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I think Chuck Entz has the truth of it (see his message at the end of the first convo): these are instances of code-switching, so we should not consider words used in that fashion as "Greek". κομπιούτερ is Greek, computer isn't. --Barytonesis (talk) 13:15, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, exactly, @Barytonesis, my answer was to the original question, not to you. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 13:21, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

Excellent; thanks for the answers. I presumed this topic had already been discussed before, but didn't find a note on this page. Personally I say in Greek, which avoids the whole issue. -Stelio (talk) 13:44, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

Use of sense template with the link template
I'm not sure which one should be used, as I see both: I would personnally go with the second one as that's one less template to use... Is there a prefered way of doing this? — Orgyn (talk) 17:02, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

 * They have different purposes. The template is to show which sense a synonym or antonym is being related to. The gloss in  is simply to show what a word means when you link to it in other contexts, like in a 'Related terms' section. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:26, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Ok, that makes sense. One more question: when is used, using gloss of  will in most case be redundant correct? Thanks  — Orgyn (talk) 13:16, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, only if it's a synonym. If it's an antonym, say on the entry, you'd get . But we use  and  as our new and improved templates for synonyms and antonyms, which are placed right under the relevant senses, so you don't have to use  at all if you switch over to those. (And by the way, it's not really necessary to provide a gloss all the time when you use  regardless.) —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 16:49, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks! So with and  the Synonyms and Antonyms section will gradually disappear?  — Orgyn (talk) 23:44, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

 * That's the idea. Feel free to ask for examples or formatting help if you need it. And by the way, this page isn't very active, so you'd be better off asking someone specific (like me) if you need any help. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 03:35, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

φέρω vs. φέρνω
φέρνω is marked as an alternate form of φέρω, while this is not the case for φέρνω. Is this really the case? My dictionary has two different entries with different meaning. Same for Babiniotis. But it looks like they may have the same etymological root. Should the alternate form mention be removed? — Orgyn (talk) 15:30, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I've added an etymology to, which is simply with a . Is their usage different enough to consider them as two different verbs? Are they cases where only one can be used to the exclusion of the other? Furthermore, only the form built on the present stem are different; for the rest they're identical. --Barytonesis (talk) 15:42, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * But now that I think of it, it's probably a (derivational) suffix rather than an infix. It's not put inside the stem, but at the end of it, right before the inflectional suffix. --Barytonesis (talk) 19:23, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not a native speaker, that's why I'm asking the question here. But from what I know their usage is different, e.g. φέρω μεγάλες ευθύνες (I bear great responsabilities), φέρνω την εφημερίδα (I bring the newspaper). I don't think in these cases the verbs can be changed. However, as you say, in another tense, we won't see any difference, it will only be understood from the context. — Orgyn (talk) 09:24, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

απόλυτα etymology
Hello guys, can you have a quick look at the απόλυτα entry. There are two etymology sections but this seems wrong to me. Both the adverb and adjective have the same root, haven't they? — Orgyn (talk) 17:46, 16 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I see this has been handled by Per utramque cavernam, thanks. — Orgyn (talk) 21:35, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

Tools to generate inflected forms?
Do you guys use any scripts or tools to generate the content of "form of" pages? I would also be interested in whatever tool you use to help with the creation of Greek entries. Maybe such a section could be added in the About Greek page? — Orgyn (talk) 21:21, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

Hellenic channel on the Discord server
Hello all, an Hellenic channel has just been created on Wiktionary's Discord server (which is like an enhanced IRC—though some may not like it). You can join here. I'm just thinking it could be a better tool than user talk pages for some types of discussions... Join if you want, no accounts needed ;). And sorry for the ping, I must have seen your names a few times when editing Greek entries and thought you might be interested. :) — Orgyn (talk) 18:28, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * —AryamanA (मुझसे बात करें • योगदान) 21:56, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks — here is a couple more  —  Salt  marsh . 05:24, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the heads up. I intend no offence, but choose not to join in on Discord (or IRC). -Stelio (talk) 09:05, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

Greek numerals
I've been thinking about Greek numerals, and have some propositions to make: existing current table  proposed new table  Any thoughts on the above? (If not, I'll go ahead with making changes bit by bit). -Stelio (talk) 13:22, 30 April 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ In Template:el-numbers, replace the existing link table with a new one.
 * This includes just the significant digits, and all the significant digits, as opposed to what seems to be a somewhat disjoint series (why include 21, 22, 11k? why not other multiples of 10k and 100k?). It also presents the digits in an appropriate grid.
 * ✅ Create Category:Greek numeral symbols within Category:Numeral symbols by language.
 * ✅ Standardise pages for Greek numeral entries (using a template?), and create pages for missing entries.
 * List Greek numerals as Greek language rather than Translingual. Compare with the Arabic ٣ for example, as opposed to Translingual 3.
 * ✅ Also update Template:mul-numberchart (and related subpages) to include Greek numerals.
 * Since no one comment before, I thought I'd say this is a great idea! --WikiTiki89 17:02, 10 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I wanted to answer but completely forgot. The new table looks much better, great work! — Orgyn (talk) 12:58, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Updating progress. Just the biggest task left: updating each individual page (and creating new ones missing from the table) to be consistent in content and layout. :-) -Stelio (talk) 16:14, 10 May 2018 (UTC) More progress: that's half the number pages completed now (Α΄ to Ϡ΄ / 1 to 900). -Stelio (talk) 11:49, 11 May 2018 (UTC) And: finished! :-D Additionally, here's a summary page I put together as I was working on this: User:Stelio/Greek Numbers. -Stelio (talk) 16:22, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Great work . I got by accident at όμικρον, and will add Derivatives to all your symbols. Also: wouldn't be nice to have a link From the symbol To the letter? If you agree, I can copy these! Thank you for your nice work. sarri.greek (talk) 16:32, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

Pontic Greek
and anyone else interested. I want to add Pontic Greek (code pnt) entries from. Some words have an apostrophe at the end, which I believe indicates elision. See here the alternative forms φλαμούρ’, φλαμπούρ’ for. Should these spellings be somehow normalized or should I include the apostrophe in the headword as in the dictionary? Which Unicode symbol for the apostrophe should I use? Compare the same entry in. Also, Papadoupoulos uses polytonic notation. Can I safely replace all tone-indicating diacritics with the acute accent? --Vahag (talk) 17:52, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

 * ! How very interesting. I did not know these links. I have zero knowledge of greek dialects, but while copying data for some dictionaries i have understood -if I am not mistaken- the following, which you probably know very well.
 * _polytonic: no need to use it, old dictionaries have it for all versions of greek. Also, oral languages have no tradition for it. (Unless there were a quotation of special value, I would add them only at the quotation, or just write 'transcribed to monotonic'. But I would not worry about it.
 * _forms with apostrophs for elisions etc These are common (but not so frequent) to Standard Modern Greek too. Yes, I would include the normal typographic ' Example 'γγίζω (IN quotations too, no need to swap to the old ’ as we do for ancient texts)
 * _What is the main lemma in most dialectal dictionaries? Not always forms of precise utterances (at the Papadopoulos dict, with suggested script for them, a hybridic mixture of interspersed phonetics along normal letters) They choose a form which is close to an overall 'cover' of all attested forms. If it is made up, it should have an asterisc, indicating, that it is chosen as the closest to Standard Greek, but not trully attested at the dialect. The asterisc is the practice of the unfinished Academy-of-Athens Historical Dicationry for dialects, and other dictionaries of dialects (like the Tsakonian by Kostakis). Let me know if you need anything else. Could we use your nice links at el.wikt too? Thank you for your contribution to greek! ‑‑Sarri.greek ♫ | 18:16, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * thanks for your helpful explanations. The links I provided are the photos I took from my print dictionaries. You can of course use those snippets, but the dictionaries themselves are not available in an electronic form. Vahag (talk) 18:41, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for asking me - but this is totally beyond me! —  Salt  marsh  🢃  06:34, 7 February 2022 (UTC)
 * , any advice on how to represent on Wiktionary the two dots below α and ο, as described here? I can do this using the COMBINING DIAERESIS BELOW:, but I wonder if you have been normalizing these dialectal vowels otherwise. Vahag (talk) 19:06, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Many thanks, for this link.
 * The policy of the Academy of Athens (they have published the all-dialect Dictionary up to delta, eight volumes 1933-1989, terribly dated but covering all greek dialects, by linguists sent to villages and areas involved, very well documented), was/is: they created a hybridic spelling with greek characters + improvised phonetic diacritics. This policy has been adopted and expanded at various other dialect-dictionaries.
 * At el.wikt. we do not make lemmata with such phonetic spellings. We have done as a sample some Tsakonian, but not Pontic yet. We separate completely I.P.A. and lemmatize a spelling closer to Standard.Modern.Greek. without any diacritics.
 * At the 'Alternative spellings' section, there may be some proposed spellings by this or the other lexicographer; an example, at the tsaconic τθούμα.
 * But we do not have too much experience on what problems could arise and there is no editor specializing in dialects :( yet... ‑‑Sarri.greek ♫ I 19:28, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * links for the Academy Dictionary here ‑‑Sarri.greek ♫ I 19:46, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * pdf Rules for phonetics at page 95 (pdf17) there is a the alpha+umlaut for Pontos. ‑‑Sarri.greek ♫ I 19:56, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Then I will lemmatize in a spelling close to Standard Greek. Vahag (talk) 21:06, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:About Greek


text: Category:Pathology

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Pathology


text: poniards

title: poniards


text:
atto sessuale

Noun

 * 1) sexual act

title: atto sessuale


text:
лишь

Etymology
, originally comparative form of. Compare with 🇨🇬, лишень and лиш, 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1) only, merely, just
 * 2) as soon as
 * 1) as soon as

title: лишь


text: rakes

title: rakes


text:
emblematical

Adjective

 * 1) emblematic.

title: emblematical


text:
vlastenec

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) patriot
 * 2)  own goal
 * 1)  own goal

title: vlastenec


text:
protivník

Etymology
, from. . Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) adversary; opponent
 * 2) competitor

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) adversary; opponent

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) adversary; opponent

Etymology
, from. .

Noun

 * 1) adversary; opponent
 * 2) competitor
 * 1) competitor

title: protivník


text: reacted

title: reacted


text:
Pratt

Etymology
Probably from, meaning a meadow dweller; from prat, from. Another proposed source is.

Proper noun

 * 1)  known in England, Ireland, and Scotland.
 * 2) A placename in the United States:

title: Pratt


text:
Gresham

Etymology
From +.

Proper noun

 * 1) A placename:

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Gresham is the 3,162nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 11,412 individuals. Gresham is most common among White (61.48%) and Black (33.18%) individuals.

title: Gresham


text: Καππαδοκίη

title: Καππαδοκίη


text:
Chatham

Etymology
From an Old Welsh word cēd, meaning "wood" +.

Proper noun

 * 1) ; the home of the Royal dockyard.
 * 2) Any of several other places of the same name:
 * 3) An English habitational surname from the place name.
 * 1) An English habitational surname from the place name.
 * 1) An English habitational surname from the place name.
 * 1) An English habitational surname from the place name.
 * 1) An English habitational surname from the place name.

title: Chatham


text:
grabbing

Noun

 * 1) The act of one who grabs; a snatching.

title: grabbing


text: stashed

title: stashed


text:
erased

Adjective

 * 1)  Having the appearance of being forcibly torn off, with parts left jagged or uneven, as distinguished from couped.

title: erased


text:
frog hair

Noun

 * 1)  The closely mown grass that surrounds a putting green, between the putting surface and any rough that might also surround the green.
 * 2)  Money contributed to a campaign.
 * 1)  Money contributed to a campaign.

title: frog hair


text:
вон

Etymology 1
Cognate of

Noun

 * 1) king, monarch
 * 2) duke, prince

Etymology 2
Cognate of

Verb

 * 1) to forget

Etymology
From, probably from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Permic cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) canopy

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) outside

Etymology 1
, from. Cognate with dialectal, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (also ), 🇨🇬, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. See for further discussion.

Adverb

 * 1)  there
 * 2) off, out (away), outside, away
 * 1) off, out (away), outside, away

Interjection

 * 1) out, get out!

title: вон


text: chiennes

title: chiennes


text: chiens

title: chiens


text:
Talk:retiari

So what's the standard form? Kappa 20:17, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:retiari


text:
тс-с-с

Interjection

 * 1) psst! (listen to this!)
 * 2) shhh!, shh! (quiet!)

Usage notes
Not used in http://ruscorpora.ru/search-para-en.html, unlike other variants:
 * - 37 hits
 * - 4 hits

title: тс-с-с


text:
уф

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Interjection

 * 1) phew expresses fatigue, relief, etc.

Interjection

 * 1) expression of annoyance or discomfort

Interjection

 * 1) phew! I’m tired!
 * 2) oof sound of pain

title: уф


text:
фу

Etymology
Akin to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  bread

Etymology
Cognate to Standard Mandarin

Noun

 * 1) book

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) seed

Etymology 2
Akin to 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) what

Etymology
Akin to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bread

Interjection

 * 1) pew!, ew!, yuck! (it stinks!)
 * 2) phew!
 * 3) (a command for a dog) stop that!, don't do that!
 * 1) (a command for a dog) stop that!, don't do that!

Etymology
Akin to 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) what

title: фу


text:
yerk

Etymology
From, from , compare , from , from. Cognate with ; see for more cognates.

Verb

 * 1)  To stab (someone or something).
 * 2) To throw or thrust with a sudden, smart movement; to kick or strike suddenly; to jerk.
 * 3)  To strike or lash with a whip or stick.
 * 4)  To rouse or excite.
 * 5) To bind or tie with a jerk.
 * 1)  To strike or lash with a whip or stick.
 * 2)  To rouse or excite.
 * 3) To bind or tie with a jerk.

Noun

 * 1)  A sudden or quick thrust or motion; a jerk.

title: yerk


text:
фу-фу

Interjection

 * 1) pew!, P U!, pee-you! (it stinks!)

title: фу-фу


text:
trumpinnefingrar

Noun

 * 1)  clubbing of the fingers

title: trumpinnefingrar


text:
iktyos

Noun

 * 1) ichthyosis

title: iktyos


text: erasing

title: erasing


text: erases

title: erases


text:
rosfeber

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) erysipelas

title: rosfeber


text: м-м-да

title: м-м-да


text:
эй

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Interjection

 * 1) hey!
 * 2) oh!, ah! expresses surprise, delight, sadness, pain, regret, disappointment, reproach, concern, etc.

Etymology
From ~, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ice

Noun

 * 1) tongue

Etymology
From from. Compare 🇨🇬. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ice

Etymology
From, compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) this

Interjection

 * 1) hey! (you, there!)

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1) (English letter) A, a

title: эй


text: tsk-tsk

title: tsk-tsk


text:
efflorescens

Etymology
Present participle of

Participle

 * 1) blooming or blossoming
 * 2) flourishing

Noun

 * 1) efflorescence

title: efflorescens


text:
latha math

Interjection

 * 1) good day, greetings, hello

Usage notes

 * Often part of a longer phrase, even colloquially, e.g. or, to which the answer would be  or

title: latha math


text:
ай-ай-ай

Interjection

 * 1) tsk tsk! (shame on you!)

title: ай-ай-ай


text:
madainn mhath

Interjection

 * 1) good morning, greetings, hello

Usage notes

 * This phrase was rare before the early 20th century, and some older speakers still consider it un-idiomatic and do not use it.

title: madainn mhath


text:
oidhche mhath

Etymology
+

Interjection

 * 1) good night

title: oidhche mhath


text:
nässelfeber

Noun

 * 1) urticaria

title: nässelfeber


text:
urtika

Noun

 * 1) abbreviation of urticaria

title: urtika


text:
kvaddel

Noun

 * 1) urticaria

title: kvaddel


text:
feasgar math

Interjection

 * 1) good afternoon, good evening, hello

Usage notes

 * As refers to both afternoon and evening, this greeting can be used any time after 12 pm.
 * This phrase was rare before the early 20th century, and some older speakers still consider it un-idiomatic and do not use it.

title: feasgar math


text:
knottra

Noun

 * 1) an individual goosebump
 * 2) a small raise of a surface similar to a goose bump
 * 3) adenoma

Verb

 * 1)  to become covered in (very) small bumps (e.g. of skin when getting goosebumps)

title: knottra


text:
ш-ш-ш

Interjection

 * 1) shhh!, shh! (quiet!)

title: ш-ш-ш


text:
slàinte

Etymology
From.

Interjection

 * 1) cheers
 * slàinte agad-sa - thank you, same to you

Noun

 * 1) health
 * 2) toast
 * 3) salvation
 * 1) toast
 * 2) salvation
 * 1) salvation
 * 1) salvation

title: slàinte


text:
rhymist

Noun

 * 1) One who rhymes; an inferior poet.
 * 2) * 1774, Dr Samuel Johnson, Preface to the Works of the English Poets, J. Nichols, volume II, page 139
 * His character of Dryden, who sometimes visited him, was, that he was a good rhymist, but no poet.

title: rhymist


text:
Calvinistical

Adjective

 * 1) * 1774, Dr Samuel Johnson, Preface to the Works of the English Poets, J. Nichols, Volume II, Page 138,
 * "His theological opinions are said to have been first calvinistical;..."
 * "His theological opinions are said to have been first calvinistical;..."

Translations

 * German: ,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Volapük: kalvenik

title: Calvinistical


text:
Calvinism

Etymology
From, equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) The Christian religious tradition based upon the doctrines and forms of Christian practice of several Protestant reformers, especially, in contrast to Catholicism, Lutheranism, Anabaptism, and Arminianism. One distinctive trait of the system is its Augustinian doctrine of predestination, which teaches that God has elected some for salvation, apart from anything they do or believe.

Synonyms

 * tradition, Reformed faith, Reformed religion, Reformed Christianity

Translations

 * Armenian: կալվինականություն
 * Basque: kalbinismo
 * Belarusian: кальвіні́зм
 * Bulgarian: калвинизъм
 * Catalan: calvinisme
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: kalvinismus
 * Danish: calvinisme
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: kalvinismo
 * Estonian: kalvinism
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: კალვინიზმი
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: kalvínstrú
 * Indonesian: Kalvinisme
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: カルビン主義
 * Latvian: kalvinisms
 * Lithuanian: kalvinizmas
 * Macedonian: калвини́зам
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: kalvinisme
 * Nynorsk: kalvinisme
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: калвинизам
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: kalvinizmus
 * Slovene: kalvinizem
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: Kalvinizm
 * Ukrainian:
 * Volapük: kalven

title: Calvinism


text:
ingenting

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Pronoun

 * 1) nothing

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) nothing

Noun

 * 1) naught, nothingness

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) nothing

Etymology
From 🇰🇲. The reason ingen ends with an -n and not with a -t is because it is actually the old neuter plural, thus this phrase originally means "no things". Compare,.

Pronoun

 * 1) nothing

title: ingenting


text:
någonting

Etymology
. Possibly from.

Adverb

 * 1) something, anything

title: någonting


text:
selective compression

Noun

 * 1) A process in modelbuilding, in which bulky and/or repetitious elements of the prototype being modeled are omitted, in order to capture the important details in a smaller-than-scale model.

title: selective compression


text: -omata

title: -omata


text:
sopiva

Adjective

 * 1) suitable, fit, fitting, matching of the correct size and shape or otherwise possessing the appropriate qualities for something
 * 2) suitable, appropriate, suited adequate to some purpose, fulfilling requirements, right for some purpose
 * 3) proper, appropriate, correct in accordance with good manners or similar norms
 * 1) suitable, appropriate, suited adequate to some purpose, fulfilling requirements, right for some purpose
 * 2) proper, appropriate, correct in accordance with good manners or similar norms
 * 1) proper, appropriate, correct in accordance with good manners or similar norms
 * 1) proper, appropriate, correct in accordance with good manners or similar norms
 * 1) proper, appropriate, correct in accordance with good manners or similar norms

Usage notes

 * "to" is expressed with the allative case for people and the illative case otherwise.
 * "for" is expressed with the illative case.

title: sopiva


text: diæreses

title: diæreses


text:
avata

Etymology
From, derived from. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, (from ), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to open
 * : to unwrap, unlock, unfasten, untie, undo, unbutton, unhook, unstrap, unbuckle, uncork, disenchant, disentangle
 * 1)  to open, open up, establish, inaugurate
 * 2)  to turn on, switch on
 * 3)  to open up about, explain, describe in more detail, clarify
 * 1)  to open, open up, establish, inaugurate
 * 2)  to turn on, switch on
 * 3)  to open up about, explain, describe in more detail, clarify
 * 1)  to turn on, switch on
 * 2)  to open up about, explain, describe in more detail, clarify
 * 1)  to open up about, explain, describe in more detail, clarify
 * 1)  to open up about, explain, describe in more detail, clarify

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to open
 * 2)  to unbuckle, unzip, unbutton
 * 1)  to unbuckle, unzip, unbutton

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to open

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to open
 * 2)  to unbuckle
 * 3)  to declassify

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) avatar

title: avata


text:
mark up

Verb

 * 1) To increase the price of something between its wholesale and retail phase.
 * 2) To add coding to text so that it will display properly on a computer.

Translations

 * Danish: mærke op, opmærke
 * Greek:
 * Polish: podnosić (cenę) / podnieść (cenę)

title: mark up


text:
idiot mittens

Noun

 * 1)  Mittens connected by yarn or string  running through one sleeve, along the back and out at the other sleeve of a coat, to prevent the mittens becoming lost. Generally worn by small children.

title: idiot mittens


text:
socage

Etymology
From, from , from. More at,.

Noun

 * 1)  In the Middle Ages (and chiefly but not exclusively medieval England), a legal system whereby a tenant would pay a rent or do some agricultural work for the landlord.

Translations

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: torpparius
 * German:, Robath,
 * Lithuanian: baũdžiava,
 * Swedish: landboväsende

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  (system whereby a tenant would pay a rent or do some agricultural work for the landlord)

title: socage


text:
бр-р

Interjection

 * 1)  brr!, brrr! (it’s cold!)
 * 2)  ew (expresses disgust)

title: бр-р


text:
heikko

Etymology
. Related to 🇨🇬 and probably 🇨🇬, although such a word is barely attested.

Adjective

 * 1) weak, delicate unable to sustain a great weight, pressure, or strain
 * 2) weak, feeble, frail, faint lacking in force, strength or ability
 * 3) weak, slight, meager lacking in taste, potency or severity
 * 4) weak unable to withstand temptation, urgency, persuasion, etc.
 * 5) weak, frail, infirm not in good health
 * 6) weak lacking in vigour or expression
 * 7) faint barely perceptible
 * 8) poor, bad of low or poor quality
 * 9) meagre, scant, deficient, of little means, slender
 * 10) light, slight, gentle not forceful or intense
 * 11)  weak lenis, of a grade in consonant gradation
 * 12)  weak inflecting in a different and usually more regular manner than the one called strong, such as Germanic verbs
 * 1) faint barely perceptible
 * 2) poor, bad of low or poor quality
 * 3) meagre, scant, deficient, of little means, slender
 * 4) light, slight, gentle not forceful or intense
 * 5)  weak lenis, of a grade in consonant gradation
 * 6)  weak inflecting in a different and usually more regular manner than the one called strong, such as Germanic verbs
 * 1) meagre, scant, deficient, of little means, slender
 * 2) light, slight, gentle not forceful or intense
 * 3)  weak lenis, of a grade in consonant gradation
 * 4)  weak inflecting in a different and usually more regular manner than the one called strong, such as Germanic verbs
 * 1)  weak lenis, of a grade in consonant gradation
 * 2)  weak inflecting in a different and usually more regular manner than the one called strong, such as Germanic verbs
 * 1)  weak lenis, of a grade in consonant gradation
 * 2)  weak inflecting in a different and usually more regular manner than the one called strong, such as Germanic verbs

Descendants

 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:
 * South Karelian:

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) weak

Adjective

 * 1) weak

title: heikko


text:
feoffee

Pronunciation

 * or or

Noun

 * 1) A vassal holding a fief.

title: feoffee


text:
copyhold

Noun

 * 1)  A former form of tenure in which the title deeds were a copy of the manorial roll.

title: copyhold


text:
cholecystitis

Noun

 * 1)  An inflammation of the gall bladder.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, galblaasontsteking
 * Esperanto: ĥolecistito, kolecistito
 * Finnish: sappirakontulehdus,
 * French:
 * German:
 * Icelandic: gallblöðrubólga
 * Japanese: 胆嚢炎
 * Korean:
 * Portuguese: colecistite
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:

title: cholecystitis


text: multicoloured

title: multicoloured


text:
Talk:Niall

My name is also spelled as "Niall" but is pronounced the same as the more common "Neil" but i don't know how i'd go about editing the article or if i even should.

Just a little pointer because i like my name :)

 * Including pronunciations for names is always tricky. Many names will have multiple spellings and multiple pronunciations, because they are often as individual as the people who have them.  In your case, we probably should list a second pronunciation since I think I've heard that pronunciation (at least in the US) as often as the traditional Irish pronunciation. You simply have to add "or /niːl/" inside the IPA template.  I'll do that for you. --EncycloPetey 23:00, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Niall


text:
heikkojännite

Noun

 * 1) A term defined in electrical safety regulations as a voltage low enough not to cause danger to people.
 * 2) Generally a low voltage.

title: heikkojännite


text:
copyholder

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A person who rents land under the copyhold system.
 * 2)  A device that holds copy in place for typesetting.
 * 3)  A person who holds copy and reads it aloud to a proofreader, who checks the typeset text against it.
 * 1)  A person who holds copy and reads it aloud to a proofreader, who checks the typeset text against it.

Translations

 * Hungarian: örökhaszonbérlő,
 * Russian:

 * Hungarian: kézirattartó
 * Russian:

title: copyholder


text:
multicolored

Alternative forms

 * , multi-coloured
 * , multi-coloured

Adjective

 * 1)  Having multiple colors.

Synonyms

 * , multicolour
 * , particoloured
 * ; polyhued
 * See also Thesaurus:multicolored
 * ; polyhued
 * See also Thesaurus:multicolored

Translations

 * Armenian:, ,
 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, , ,
 * Danish: flerfarvet
 * Dutch:, , , , meerkleurig
 * Esperanto: multkolora,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: multicolor, pégaro
 * Georgian:, ფერადი
 * German:, ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ποικίλος, πολύχροος, πολύχρωμος
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish: dathannach, ildathach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, 多彩な
 * Latin: multicolor
 * Malay: pancawarna
 * Manx: yl-daahagh
 * Maori: kanorau
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: flerfarget, flerfarga
 * Nynorsk: fleirfarga
 * Persian: چند رنگ,
 * Plautdietsch: bunt
 * Polish:, , ,
 * Portuguese: multicor,, multicolorido
 * Quechua: ñawra, pillqu
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Sanskrit: बहुवर्णीयः
 * Scottish Gaelic: iol-ghnèitheach
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog:
 * Turkish:
 * Zazaki: rengareng

title: multicolored


text:
loisg

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬), from, from , (bearing the present-forming suffix ), from the telic root. Related to 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) burn, scorch, charr, sear, cremate
 * 2) fire

title: loisg


text:
loisgte

Adjective

 * 1) burned; scorched, scalded, parched, inflamed; charred; seared

title: loisgte


text:
losgadh

Noun

 * 1) burning, burn
 * 1) burning, burn

title: losgadh


text: schmoe

title: schmoe


text: schmoes

title: schmoes


text:
starfucker

Alternative forms

 * star-fucker

Etymology
. The band Nine Inch Nails released a track called  in 1999.

Noun

 * 1)  One who obsessively seeks sex or association with stars, or celebrities.
 * 2) * 2003, Robert A. Schanke, "That Furious Lesbian": The Story of Mercedes De Acosta ISBN 080932511X p. 1
 * In more contemporary publications, she has been damned as "starstruck," a "lover to the stars," and more outrageously, "the greatest starfucker ever."
 * 1) * 2004
 * "No, Blair’s alright, he’s such a star-fucker.", remark allegedly made by Rupert Murdoch when asked whether he thought that British Prime Minister Tony Blair was likely to regulate cross-media ownership

title: starfucker


text:
물수리

Etymology
lit. 'water raptor'. From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The osprey,.

title: 물수리


text:
voorzetsel

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  preposition

title: voorzetsel


text:
coördinator

Etymology
Probably borrowed. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) coordinator

title: coördinator


text:
voegwoord

Etymology
From. First attested in the mid 17th century.

Noun

 * 1) conjunction

title: voegwoord


text:
tussenwerpsel

Etymology
From.

.

Noun

 * 1) interjection

title: tussenwerpsel


text:
subordinator

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a lexical class of words that join clauses at a subordinate syntactic level.
 * 2) One who subordinates, or reduces the status of, another person.

title: subordinator


text:
вошь

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) louse insect

title: вошь


text:
Talk:limousine

English
I was just wondering how a limousine the car, a breed of cow. and a cloak are somehow connected. If you figure this out please e-mail me at hottie_9_softball@hotmail.com
 * I know this is a "little" late, but here's my answer: Limousin is a region of France, so these things are all from that region.  πr2  ( talk  •   changes ) 01:19, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:limousine


text:
ложь

Etymology
, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 from 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) lie, falsehood
 * 2)  false
 * 1)  false

Usage notes

 * Some Russians differentiate between ' and '. A lie which is told to deceive someone is a ложь. Tall tales told without the malicious intention of deceiving others are враньё. In practice, however, both words can be used with the same meaning, враньё sounding informal and ложь sounding formal.
 * This word is generally only used in the singular, although there are rare attestations of plural forms. Some resources on Russian grammar omit the nominative/accusative plural form instead of giving it as лжи.

title: ложь


text: albinoes

title: albinoes


text:
User talk:Brain checkmate

wiktionary is not a blog/personal webhost
The information you have posted about your assignment has been deleted.

You could probably create what you need for your assignment here instead.

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wiktionary. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * Wiktionary Tutorial
 * How to edit a page
 * How to start a page
 * Our format guidelines
 * Criteria for inclusion
 * Wiktionary Sandbox (a safe place for testing syntax)
 * What Wiktionary is not
 * FAQ

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk (discussion) and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~, which automatically produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the beer parlour or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Versageek 02:43, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brain checkmate


text:
змея

Etymology 1
. See also.

Noun

 * 1) snake, serpent
 * 2)  crafty, sneaky person, snake

Descendants

 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:
 * South Karelian:

title: змея


text: カバ

title: カバ


text:
puntilloso

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) punctilious
 * 2) touchy
 * 1) touchy

title: puntilloso


text: 南アフリカ

title: 南アフリカ


text:
トルコ

Etymology
From

title: トルコ


text:
バングラデシュ

Etymology
From.

title: バングラデシュ


text:
ブータン

Synonyms

 * : Kingdom of Bhutan

title: ブータン


text:
カンボジア

Etymology
Borrowed from. .

title: カンボジア


text: クック諸島

title: クック諸島


text:
deamhan

Etymology
From, borrowed from , from.

Noun

 * 1) demon

Etymology
From, borrowed from , from.

Noun

 * 1) demon, fiend

title: deamhan


text: 東ティモール

title: 東ティモール


text: ラオス

title: ラオス


text: ameliorating

title: ameliorating


text: Template:User id-1

title: Template:User id-1


text:
モルディブ

Etymology
From.

title: モルディブ


text:
Talk:feral

Any fans of this word may want to check out the following question on the Wikipedia reference desk: W:Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Science. I couldn't find the answer, and other people seemed to struggle, too.--Polyparadigm 04:18, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

RFV
Rfv-sense - (Australian, colloquial) A person who has isolated themselves from the outside world. Not something I'm familiar with, and totally different from the normal use of the word.--Dmol 01:19, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The adjectival form applied to a human should be there (try gogglng "he's gone feral") - can the noun form be attested ? Saltmarshαπάντηση 07:52, 21 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I've added the adjective form for a human (surprised it wasn't there), but that is still not the same as the disputed sense.--Dmol 08:57, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Looks like Pingku cited it in March. - -sche (discuss) 21:03, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
 * (So, RFV-passed, unless someone disputes the citations. - -sche (discuss) 02:12, 16 June 2012 (UTC))

Pronunciation
Some Americans pronounce the first vowel as more like /i/. Not universally though. I'm originally from the northeastern US and I say it the way it says here. 70.36.139.84 23:31, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:feral


text: Puritans

title: Puritans


text:
マーシャル諸島

Etymology
🇰🇲,

title: マーシャル諸島


text:
ミクロネシア

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: ミクロネシア


text: トラ

title: トラ


text:
Template talk:p

Interwiki link to the Vietnamese Wiktionary
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

vi:Tiêu bản:plur

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 04:51, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. --Bequw → τ 21:34, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Template talk:p


text:
Talk:drag queen

etymology?

Homosexual?
Anonymous user 144.15.115.165 claims that "not all drag queens are homosexual" and modified the definition to be a synonyms of transvestite. It has been my understanding that the key difference between a drag queen and a transvestite is that the former is a homosexual and the latter may not be. --EncycloPetey 21:30, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that a transvestite is someone who dresses like a member of the opposite sex, typically a man dressing as a woman. A drag queen is specific type of male performance artist who dresses like a woman for their act; often dressing very extravagantly. For transvestites the reason they cross dress is not to perform, but because they like it, and they typically don't dress extravagantly or to shock, but like any non-cross-dressing person in the street. Neither term implies to me anything about homosexuality, although my gut feeling is there are more homosexual drag queens than straight drag queens, I can't back this up. RFV? Thryduulf 21:53, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea. --EncycloPetey 21:55, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The OED has ‘male homosexual transvestite’, which is poor and we can certainly do better. I too though it implied homosexuality, but the Wikipedia article notes that "there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities".  Certainly though it implies an element of performance, to me at least.  Widsith 21:57, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

The word is used in different ways. As I understand it, one of the meanings is male homosexual transvestite, in an American context where "transvestite" usually refers to a straight transvestite who is probably not a part of the gay scene. The other meaning is a synonym to female impersonator, i.e. drag show performer. ~I suspect the lack of written sources for this kind of vocabulary is a problem. // 213.89.53.155 13:14, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's probably true that most drag queens are gay, and straight guys who wear drag (Milton Berle, Barry Humphries) are more likely to be called female impersonators than drag queens, but I wouldn't consider "homosexual" part of the definition of "drag queen". Some drag queens even object to the term female impersonator, e.g. RuPaul, who said, "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 22:16, 21 April 2014 (UTC)
 * In my comments above, I forgot about transgendered drag queens, who probably would not consider themselves gay since they don't consider themselves men. I think only a minority of drag queens are transgendered, but it's probably a larger minority than among the population at large. —Aɴɢʀ (talk) 22:28, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:drag queen


text:
seabhag

Etymology
From, adapted to the suffix.

Noun

 * 1) hawk, falcon

title: seabhag


text:
clamhan

Etymology
From (whence 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) buzzard
 * 2) hawk, falcon, kestrel, kite in compounds

title: clamhan


text:
àrmhaigh

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) buzzard

title: àrmhaigh


text: Category:gd:Birds

title: Category:gd:Birds


text:
corra-mhonaidh

Noun

 * 1) crane

title: corra-mhonaidh


text: Category:gd:Mammals

title: Category:gd:Mammals


text: Category:gd:Vertebrates

title: Category:gd:Vertebrates


text:
User:Connel MacKenzie/rc

 * Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wiktionary:Request_pages/Recent_changes/2007-01-08
 * Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wiktionary:List of protected pages
 * Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wiktionary:List of protologisms
 * Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wiktionary:Requests for deletion/Archives
 * Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wiktionary:Requests for verification/archive
 * Special:Recentchangeslinked/Wiktionary:Grease pit/

title: User:Connel MacKenzie/rc


text: Category:gd:Animals

title: Category:gd:Animals


text: Category:gd:Nature

title: Category:gd:Nature


text: Category:gd:Biology

title: Category:gd:Biology


text: Category:gd:Zoology

title: Category:gd:Zoology


text:
Talk:dir

Don't delete "direction" as a definition, "dir" is used extensively for "direction" on lots of old MUD games and other virtual reality environments where space is split into discrete "rooms". It is usually pluralized.

title: Talk:dir


text:
rón

Etymology 1
From, of ga origin.

Noun

 * 1) seal maritime mammal

Etymology 2
Borrowed from (whence 🇨🇬), from. Compare 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1) horsehair; long hair as from animal's tail

Etymology
sga. Cognate with 🇨🇬, which is prefixed with, and Welsh Rhonech, "Steep Holm" (i.e., "place of seals"). Stifter dismisses traditional connections with as implausible, and supposes that it is instead a Wanderwort from elsewhere. The DIL compares 🇨🇬, but the short vowel of the latter makes it unlikely that the Irish word is borrowed from the English.

Noun

 * 1) seal

title: rón


text: Category:ga:Mammals

title: Category:ga:Mammals


text: Category:ga:Vertebrates

title: Category:ga:Vertebrates


text: Category:ga:Animals

title: Category:ga:Animals


text: Category:ga:Taxonomy

title: Category:ga:Taxonomy


text: Category:ga:Biology

title: Category:ga:Biology


text: Category:ga:Sciences

title: Category:ga:Sciences


text: Category:ga:Zoology

title: Category:ga:Zoology


text: Category:gd:Evolutionary theory

title: Category:gd:Evolutionary theory


text: Category:ga:Birds

title: Category:ga:Birds


text:
azienda

Etymology
, from. .

Noun

 * 1) firm, company, business, concern, establishment

Noun

 * 1) firm, company, business

title: azienda


text: Category:gd:Arachnids

title: Category:gd:Arachnids


text: Category:gd:Arthropods

title: Category:gd:Arthropods


text: aziende

title: aziende


text:
aziendale

Adjective

 * 1)  firm, business, company; corporate

title: aziendale


text:
aziendali

Adjective
,

title: aziendali


text:
avvocato

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) An Italian lawyer.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) lawyer, counsel, solicitor, barrister
 * 2)  advocate, defender, intercessor

title: avvocato


text:
attenzione

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) attention

Interjection

 * 1) watch out!; look out!; take care!; mind!; careful!
 * 2) caution

title: attenzione


text: attenzioni

title: attenzioni


text:
attento

Etymology 1
From.

Adjective

 * 1) careful, close, focusing
 * 2) attentive, intent, watchful, alert
 * 3) mindful, heedful

Interjection

 * 1) watch out!; look out!; take care!; mind!; careful!; be careful
 * 2) caution

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to strive after, attempt, try, assay, solicit
 * 2) to assail, attack
 * 3) to seek to defile or pollute

title: attento


text:
autostrada

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A motorway in Italy (and some other countries)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) motorway, expressway, freeway, highway, turnpike

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) highway

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) motorway, freeway, expressway, controlled-access highway

Etymology
+.

Noun

 * 1) highway

Noun

 * 1) an, a motorway

authors: Гражданская оборона

title: autostrada


text:
carriera

Etymology
or its variants (compare modern 🇨🇬, also 🇨🇬), from, from. Compare the inherited doublet, now archaic.

Noun

 * 1) career
 * 2) the fastest gait (both senses)

title: carriera


text:
comunque

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) anyhow, in any case, regardless
 * 2) anyway, but, though

Conjunction

 * 1) however, whatever

title: comunque


text:
conferenza

Noun

 * 1) conference
 * 2) lecture
 * 1) lecture

title: conferenza


text:
contemporaneo

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) contemporary
 * 2) contemporaneous, concurrent (to)

Noun

 * 1) contemporary

title: contemporaneo


text:
auss

Etymology
A 6th-declension stem based on an earlier plural form, from , from. From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (accusative plural), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (< 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (< ).

Noun

 * 1)  ear the organ of hearing
 * 2)  an individual human being
 * 3) ear the capacity to hear; understanding, awareness of what one hears
 * 4)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1)  an individual human being
 * 2) ear the capacity to hear; understanding, awareness of what one hears
 * 3)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1)  an individual human being
 * 2) ear the capacity to hear; understanding, awareness of what one hears
 * 3)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1)  an individual human being
 * 2) ear the capacity to hear; understanding, awareness of what one hears
 * 3)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1) ear the capacity to hear; understanding, awareness of what one hears
 * 2)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects
 * 1)  ears elongated, protruding lateral parts of certain objects

title: auss


text:
conversazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A formal gathering where something related to the arts or academia is discussed.
 * 2)  A community social gathering.
 * 1)  A community social gathering.
 * 1)  A community social gathering.
 * 1)  A community social gathering.
 * 1)  A community social gathering.
 * 1)  A community social gathering.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) conversation, talk, interview

title: conversazione


text:
cūka

Etymology
From, , from a palatalized version (perhaps by onomatopeia, by imitating this animal's sound) of ,. A parallel, non-palatalized version is probably reflected in placenames like, perhaps originally a region with many wild boars. An even further palatalized version (where *ky > *ḱ > *š > 🇨🇬 s) may have given rise to placenames like, or, with a different suffix, to placenames in -saule like , perhaps even to 🇨🇬. A different (minoritary) theory derives from an earlier, borrowed from  (cf. 🇨🇬); another (minoritary) viewpoint connects  to imitative words used to call pigs, like 🇨🇬, , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 , 🇨🇬,  Cognates include 🇨🇬 dialectal , , also , , 🇨🇬 dialectal ,.

Noun

 * 1) pig esp.
 * 2) female pig, sow
 * 3)  pig a dirty, unhygienic person; also, a villainous man; colloquially also an unattractive female
 * 4)  the name of a certain card game
 * 1) female pig, sow
 * 2)  pig a dirty, unhygienic person; also, a villainous man; colloquially also an unattractive female
 * 3)  the name of a certain card game
 * 1) female pig, sow
 * 2)  pig a dirty, unhygienic person; also, a villainous man; colloquially also an unattractive female
 * 3)  the name of a certain card game
 * 1) female pig, sow
 * 2)  pig a dirty, unhygienic person; also, a villainous man; colloquially also an unattractive female
 * 3)  the name of a certain card game
 * 1)  pig a dirty, unhygienic person; also, a villainous man; colloquially also an unattractive female
 * 2)  the name of a certain card game
 * 1)  the name of a certain card game
 * 1)  the name of a certain card game

title: cūka


text:
skābe

Etymology
A word coined in the 19th century from, first attested in dictionaries of that time. In the 1850s, K. Valdemārs tried to use the term in the sense of “acid,” but without success:  became the standard term for this sense.

Noun

 * 1)  acid a sour substance that reacts with a base to produce a salt

title: skābe


text:
dzert

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to drink
 * 2)  to take
 * 1)  to take

Etymology
From, from , ,. The meaning “to drink” is attested only in Baltic languages. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (< ), 🇨🇬 (< “to drink in praise of”), 🇨🇬 < (🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,  (< ), 🇨🇬 (< ).

Verb

 * 1) to drink to take a liquid into the mouth and swallow it
 * 2)  to drink to satisfy one's thirst
 * 3)  to take, to ingest (with a liquid)
 * 4)  to enjoy (light, air, climate)
 * 5)  to drink to consume alcoholic beverages frequently, systematically
 * 6) to drink (an alcoholic beverage) to the honor of someone, of a celebration), to celebrate (weddings, baptisms, funerals)
 * 1)  to take, to ingest (with a liquid)
 * 2)  to enjoy (light, air, climate)
 * 3)  to drink to consume alcoholic beverages frequently, systematically
 * 4) to drink (an alcoholic beverage) to the honor of someone, of a celebration), to celebrate (weddings, baptisms, funerals)
 * 1)  to enjoy (light, air, climate)
 * 2)  to drink to consume alcoholic beverages frequently, systematically
 * 3) to drink (an alcoholic beverage) to the honor of someone, of a celebration), to celebrate (weddings, baptisms, funerals)
 * 1)  to drink to consume alcoholic beverages frequently, systematically
 * 2) to drink (an alcoholic beverage) to the honor of someone, of a celebration), to celebrate (weddings, baptisms, funerals)
 * 1) to drink (an alcoholic beverage) to the honor of someone, of a celebration), to celebrate (weddings, baptisms, funerals)
 * 1) to drink (an alcoholic beverage) to the honor of someone, of a celebration), to celebrate (weddings, baptisms, funerals)

Derived terms

 * prefixed verbs:

 * other derived terms:

title: dzert


text:
dermatophytosis

Noun

 * 1)  A fungal infection of the skin caused by a dermatophyte, ringworm.

Hyponyms

 * athlete’s foot,
 * , barber's itch,

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:,  腳氣
 * Finnish:
 * Japanese:
 * Spanish: dermatofitosis
 * Vietnamese: bệnh nấm da

title: dermatophytosis


text:
vēdeklis

Etymology
From. A 19th-century neologism, initially used alongside forms like and.

Noun

 * 1) hand fan hand-held device that can be waved back and forth to move air and cool oneself
 * 2) fan something having the shape of a fan
 * 1) fan something having the shape of a fan
 * 1) fan something having the shape of a fan
 * 1) fan something having the shape of a fan

title: vēdeklis


text:
seborrheic

Adjective

 * Of, pertaining to or affected by seborrhea.

Translations

 * Catalan: seborreic
 * Finnish: seborrooinen
 * Italian: seborreico
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: seborreico

title: seborrheic


text: sebaceous glands

title: sebaceous glands


text:
nathair

Etymology
From, from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), from , from  (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) snake

Etymology
From, from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), from , from  (compare , 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬). Related to,.

Noun

 * 1) A snake, serpent, or adder

title: nathair


text: Category:gd:Reptiles

title: Category:gd:Reptiles


text:
zābaks

Etymology
An old, pre-13th-century borrowing from ; cf. 🇨🇬, dialectal, already mentioned in 17th-century dictionaries, and also in 15th- and 16th-century family names. An old feminine variant, already attested in 17th-century dictionaries, persisted until the 19th century, when it finally disappeared.

Noun

 * 1) boot footwear with short or long tops

title: zābaks


text:
crogall

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) crocodile

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) crocodile

title: crogall


text:
ginecologia

Noun

 * 1) gynecology

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  gynecology, gynaecology

Noun

 * 1) gynecology branch of medicine specialising in the problems of women

title: ginecologia


text:
laghairt

Etymology
Ultimately from, though the intermediate steps are uncertain. Possibly borrowed from as the word appears in Scottish Gaelic dictionaries earlier than in Irish ones: it appears in Edward Dwelly's 1911 Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary, but not in the Dictionary of the Irish Language or the 1904 or 1927 editions of Dinneen's Irish–English Dictionary.

Noun

 * 1) lizard

Etymology
Ultimately from, though change of c to gh is obscure; perhaps altered by association with.

Noun

 * 1) lizard

title: laghairt


text:
ginecologo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) gynecologist, gynaecologist

title: ginecologo


text:
nathair-sgiathach

Noun

 * 1) dragon (lit. "winged snake")

title: nathair-sgiathach


text: Category:gd:Mythological creatures

title: Category:gd:Mythological creatures


text: Category:gd:Mythology

title: Category:gd:Mythology


text: ginecologa

title: ginecologa


text: Category:gd:History

title: Category:gd:History


text: Category:gd:Literature

title: Category:gd:Literature


text:
sgiathach

Etymology
From. .

Adjective

 * 1) winged, pertaining to or abounding in wings
 * 2) pertaining to or abounding in shields

title: sgiathach


text:
sgiath

Declension
As feminine noun:

As masculine noun:

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) wing
 * 2) shield
 * 3)  protection, shelter

title: sgiath


text:
ginecologico

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  gynecological, gynæcological

title: ginecologico


text:
ginepro

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) juniper
 * 2) juniper

title: ginepro


text:
sgian

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun
(dat sgithinn)

 * 1) knife

title: sgian


text: Category:gd:Technology

title: Category:gd:Technology


text: Category:gd:Military

title: Category:gd:Military


text:
politicamente corretto

Adjective

 * 1) politically correct

title: politicamente corretto


text: Category:gd:Cutlery

title: Category:gd:Cutlery


text: Category:gd:Tools

title: Category:gd:Tools


text:
gear lever

Noun

 * 1)  The lever used to change gears in a motor car.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: rathefboom
 * Arabic:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:
 * Faroese: gervisstong, girstong
 * Finnish:, vaihteenvalitsin
 * French: levier de vitesses
 * German: ,
 * Icelandic: gírstöng
 * Italian: leva del cambio
 * Japanese:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: girspak, girstang
 * Nynorsk: girspak, girstang
 * Polish: dźwignia zmiany biegów
 * Romanian:, schimbător de viteze, levier de viteze
 * Spanish: palanca de cambios, cambio de marchas
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: kambyo
 * Turkish:, ,

title: gear lever


text:
politicamente scorretto

Adjective

 * 1) politically incorrect

title: politicamente scorretto


text:
벌매

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The crested honey buzzard,.

title: 벌매


text: Category:ja:Fruits

title: Category:ja:Fruits


text:
cluich

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) chase
 * 2) turn, round up
 * 3) harass
 * 4) shoal

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) play, game, pastime, sport
 * 2) funeral games, funeral rites, solemnities
 * 3) battle
 * 4)  vacation
 * 5) flirting
 * 6) gaming
 * 7)  performance

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1) play

Usage notes

 * The verbal noun can also be.

title: cluich


text:
솔개

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 솔개


text:
saighead

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) arrow projectile consisting of a shaft, a point and a tail with stabilizing fins that is shot from a bow
 * 2) A punctuation mark of the Ogham alphabet, an arrow-shaped marking at the bottom of a line of Ogham indicating the direction—bottom to top—to read.

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  arrow

title: saighead


text: イチゴ

title: イチゴ


text: ミカン

title: ミカン


text:
흰꼬리수리

Etymology
, i.e. 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The white-tailed eagle,.

title: 흰꼬리수리


text:
참수리

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 참수리


text: みかん

title: みかん


text:
수염수리

Etymology
Literally "bearded eagle." From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The lammergeier,.

title: 수염수리


text:
manicky

Adjective

 * 1)  Having a mania, or behaving as if one had a mania; manic.

title: manicky


text: 흰

title: 흰


text:
polymicrogyria

Noun

 * 1)  A deformity of the brain such that it has an excessive number of small folds, causing mental retardation.

Translations

 * French:
 * Turkish: Çoklu az kıvrımlı beyin

title: polymicrogyria


text:
hagriding

Verb

 * 1) * 1999 Owen Davies - Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, 1736-1951
 * The defendant, Hester Adams, claimed that a witch named Pring was tormenting her at night by hagriding her
 * The defendant, Hester Adams, claimed that a witch named Pring was tormenting her at night by hagriding her

title: hagriding


text:
レモン

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) lemon

title: レモン


text:
hagride

Verb

 * 1) To harass or torment with dread or nightmares.

title: hagride


text:
ブドウ

Noun

 * 1)  grape

title: ブドウ


text:
개구리매

Etymology
Literally "frog hawk." From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The marsh harrier,.

title: 개구리매


text: さくらんぼ

title: さくらんぼ


text:
チェリー

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cherry fruit

Synonyms

 * : edible cherry

title: チェリー


text: Category:ja:Trees

title: Category:ja:Trees


text:
assemblea

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) assembly congregation meeting for a purpose

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) assembly, meeting, convention, muster

Noun

 * 1) assembly

title: assemblea


text:
klyka

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) crotch; the area where something branches; in particular a branch from a tree trunk
 * 2) the switchhook on which a telephone handset rests while not in use (at least on older telephones)

title: klyka


text:
colloquio

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) talk, conversation
 * 2) interview, meeting
 * 3) talks, negotiations
 * 1) talks, negotiations
 * 1) talks, negotiations

title: colloquio


text:
colloquiare

Verb

 * 1)  to talk, to converse

title: colloquiare


text: りんご

title: りんご


text:
disyllable

Noun

 * 1) A word comprising two syllables.

Translations

 * German: zweisilbiges Wort,, Zweisilbler, Disyllabum, Dissyllabum
 * Interlingua: bisyllabo
 * Irish: déshiollach
 * Italian: bisillabo, disillabo
 * Manx: daa-heeley
 * Scottish Gaelic: dà-shioladh

title: disyllable


text:
リンゴ

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) an apple

title: リンゴ


text:
tigrish

Adjective

 * 1)  Of or pertaining to tigers; tigerish
 * His heart was cruel and tigrish.

title: tigrish


text:
disyllabic

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Adjective

 * 1) Comprising two syllables.

Translations

 * Ancient Greek: δισύλλαβος, δισσύλλαβος
 * Breton:
 * Catalan:, disil·làbic
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: tweelettergrepig, tweesyllabisch
 * Faroese: við tveimum stavilsum, tvístavilsis-
 * Finnish: kaksitavuinen
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian: két szótagú/szótagos
 * Interlingua: bisyllabe
 * Irish: déshiollach
 * Italian: bisillabo, disillabico
 * Macedonian: двосложен
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: dà-shiolach
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: дво̀сложан
 * Roman:
 * Spanish:, , ,
 * Swedish:

Noun

 * 1) a word consisting of two syllables

Translations

 * Galician:
 * Irish: déshiollach
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

title: disyllabic


text:
石榴

Etymology

 * see there for more.

Noun

 * 1) pomegranate
 * 2)  hawthorn
 * 3)  guava

Etymology 1
From. Compare modern 🇨🇬 reading zaq lieu, 🇨🇬 sa̍k-liù.

The zakuro reading is irregular. This may represent a shift in pronunciation from an older borrowing: compare the expected goon reading jakuru. Alternatively, this reading may reflect an ancient sound borrowing, indicating the of modern-day, where the pomegranate was originally cultivated.

The spelling is attested in 747. The zakuro reading is attested to at least the late 900s in the.

Noun

 * 1)  pomegranate

Derived terms

 * : garnet
 * : a low door used in bathhouses during the Edo period
 * : a rooster's crest or comb that resembles a pomegranate
 * : a red swollen nose, often seen on alcoholics
 * : a red swollen nose, often seen on alcoholics

Etymology 2
From. Uses the regular goon reading of jaku for the first character, and the irregular ro reading for the second character instead of the expected goon reading of ru.

The jakuro reading is attested from the mid-1400s. While rare and missing from some dictionaries, this reading is attested more recently in a text from the 1960s.

Noun

 * 1)   pomegranate

Usage notes
The zakuro reading above is the most common reading for this term.

Etymology 3
→

From. Uses the regular kanon reading of both characters.

The sekiriu reading is attested from the mid-1400s.

Noun

 * 1)   pomegranate

Usage notes
The zakuro reading above is the most common reading for this term.

Derived terms

 * : garnet
 * : dried pomegranate, both seeds and skin, used as a treatment for tapeworm

Etymology
Appears to be cognate with Japanese ; see that entry for further details.

Noun

 * 1) pomegranate

title: 石榴


text:
manorial

Adjective

 * 1) Of or pertaining to a manor or to manorialism.

title: manorial


text:
manorialism

Noun

 * 1) A political, economic and social system in medieval and early modern Europe; originally a form of serfdom but later a looser system in which land was administered via the local manor.

title: manorialism


text:
early modern

Adjective

 * 1) Describing a period of primarily European history between the Middle Ages and the modern period; the time between c. 1500–1800.

title: early modern


text: 柘榴

title: 柘榴


text:
葡萄

Etymology 1
Borrowed from ; compare 🇨🇬.

The verb sense is from

Noun

 * 1) grape

Verb

 * 1)  to be jealous; to envy

Etymology 2
.

Proper noun

 * 1)   in Myanmar
 * 2)   in Myanmar
 * 1)   in Myanmar

Etymology 1
From  (compare modern Mandarin pútáo), from.

Noun

 * 1) grape, grapevine

Noun

 * 1)  grape

title: 葡萄


text:
잿빛개구리매

Etymology
Literally "ash-colored harrier." From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The northern harrier,.

title: 잿빛개구리매


text:
manorial roll

Noun

 * 1) The record, kept by a manorial court, of the property held by tenants and the rent paid; physically a continuous roll of parchment documents stitched together.

title: manorial roll


text:
manorial court

Noun

 * 1) Any of several forms of court, in medieval and early modern Europe, provided by the lord of the manor for his tenants.

title: manorial court


text:
パイナップル

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) pineapple

title: パイナップル


text:
알락개구리매

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) The,.

title: 알락개구리매


text:
court baron

Noun

 * 1)  A form of manorial court that administered the common law for free tenants.

title: court baron


text:
court customary

Noun

 * 1) A form of manorial court for unfree tenants or villeins

title: court customary


text:
unfree

Etymology
From, from , from ; cognates include 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬). .

Adjective

 * 1) Not free; lacking freedom, especially  of a tenant who was bound to a manor.

Translations

 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ἀνελεύθερος
 * Marathi: अमुक्त

Noun

 * 1)  A person lacking freedom, such as a tenant bound to a manor.
 * 2) * 1863, James Paterson, History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton (parts 1-2, page ccviii)
 * The commissioners then proceeded to consider the various petitions and remonstrances of the unfrees, and to determine the amount to be levied from each.

title: unfree


text:
lord of the manor

Noun

 * 1)  The feudal lord of a manor estate.
 * 2)  A ceremonial title retained or bestowed in certain contexts.

Translations

 * French:

title: lord of the manor


text:
rugby union

Noun

 * 1) A form of rugby football, historically amateur, having 15 players per side; points are scored for a try, penalty, drop kick or conversion.

Translations

 * Asturian: rugby a 15, rugby union
 * Catalan: rugbi a 15
 * French:
 * German: Rugby Union
 * Interlingua: rugby a 15
 * Italian: rugby a 15, rugby a XV
 * Portuguese: rugby union
 * Russian: регби-15
 * Spanish: rugby a 15, rugby union
 * Turkish: ragbi birliği
 * Welsh: rygbi'r undeb

Noun

 * 1)  form of rugby

title: rugby union