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Appendix:Glossary of quality management

Here is a glossary of quality management.

0-100
80/20 rule :	A reference to the Pareto principle, that 20% of the sources cause 80% of any problems.

A

 * accountability : Holding an individual or group subject to blame or penalty for the results of specified tasks, functions or results. The risk can be that the individual or group, while having responsibility to make a contribution to the task or result, cannot control all of the factors affecting the outcome and may be blamed (or credited) undeservedly for effects of other factors.

 * accreditation : certification by a duly recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence, and integrity of an agency, service or operational group or individual to provide the specific service(s) or operation(s) needed.

 * accreditation certification : by a duly recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence, and integrity of an agency, service or operational group or individual to provide the specific service(s) or operation(s) needed.

 * affinity diagram : A tool that is used to help groups identify the common themes that are associated with a particular problem. A process to organize disparate language information by placing it on cards and grouping the cards that go together in a creative way. “Header” cards are then used to summarize each group of cards.

 * affinity diagram : A tool used to organize ideas, usually generated through brainstorming, into groups of related thoughts. The emphasis is on a pre-rational, gut-fell sort of grouping, often done by the members of the group with little or no talking. Also known as the KJ method after its creator, Kawakita Jiro.

 * AS9100 : Quality system requirements for suppliers to the aerospace industry (previously known as AS9000).

 * ASQ : American Society for Quality
 * Assessment: A systematic evaluation process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the current, historical or projected compliance of an organization to a standard.
 * audit : An onsite verification activity used to determine the effective implementation of a supplier's documented quality system.

 * audit : Systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled.

 * audit : An onsite verification activity used to determine the effective implementation of a supplier's documented quality system.

 * audit : Systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled.

 * audit client : Organization or person requesting an audit. --- not to be confused with auditee

 * auditee : Organization being audited.

 * audit criteria : Set of policies, procedures, or requirements.  Audit Criteria are used as a reference against which Audit Evidence is compared. [Reference ISO 19011:2002 Section 3, 'Terms and Definitions']

 * audit evidence : Records, statements of fact or other information which are relevant to the Audit Criteria and verifiable. [Reference ISO 19011:2002 Section 3, 'Terms and Definitions']

 * audit findings : Results of the evaluation of the collected Audit Evidence against Audit Criteria. Audit findings can be positive, neutral, and negative. [Reference ISO 19011:2002 Section 3, 'Terms and Definitions']

 * auditor : Person with the competence to conduct an audit.

 * availability : A product or service's ability to perform its intended function at a given time and under appropriate conditions. It can be expressed by the ratio operative time/total time where operative time is the time that it is functioning or ready to function.

B

 * balanced scorecard : A suggested tool to describe the relevant measures of a business, usually in the following categories:
 * financial, or return on investment and economic value-added;
 * customer, or satisfaction, retention, market and account share;
 * internal, or response time, cost, and new product introductions; and
 * learning and growth, or employee satisfaction and information system availability.

 * Baldrige award : A national award established in 1988 [named for Malcolm Baldrige, former Secretary of Commerce] for the purpose of recognizing and promoting outstanding corporate [for-profit companies] efforts to improve quality and productivity.  The Baldrige Award Guidelines are sometimes used as a checklist or framework for developing and implementing a plan for Total Quality or, for assessing organizational progress toward Total Quality.  Some concerns and criticisms of the award include: a) it creates winners and losers by being limited to one company in each category, b) apparent emphasis on results over methods,  c)  insistence on "benchmarking" without accompanying instruction and cautionary information on the inherent risks in that practice.  The homepage can be found at

 * benchmarking : A technique that involves comparing one's own processes to excellent examples of similar processes in other organizations or departments. Through benchmarking, rapid learning can occur, and processes can undergo dramatic improvements.

 * brainstorming : A tool used to encourage creative thinking and new ideas. A group formulates and records as many ideas as possible concerning a certain subject, regardless of the content of the ideas. No discussion, evaluation, or criticism of ideas is allowed until the brainstorming session is complete.

C

 * calibration : Comparison of a measurement instrument or system of unverified accuracy to a measurement instrument or system of known accuracy to detect any variation from the required performance specification.

 * cause and effect diagram : A tool used to analyze all factors (causes) that contribute to a given situation or occurrence (effect) by breaking down main causes into smaller and smaller sub-causes. It is also known as the Ishikawa or the fishbone diagram.

 * central limit theorem : A theorem that the probability histograms of the sample mean and sample sum of n draws with replacement from a box of labeled tickets converge to a normal curve as the sample size n grows

 * certificate of compliance : A document signed by an authorized party affirming that the supplier of a product or service has been tested/analysed/measured/verified to meet the requirements of relevant specifications. See also 'Certificate of Analysis'.

 * Certificate of Conformance (Certificate of Conformity) : A document signed by an authorized party affirming that a product or service has met the requirements of the relevant specifications, contract, or regulation.

 * certification audits : Audits relating to registration (e.g., ISO 9001 audits).

 * common cause : A source of variation that is always present as part of the random variation inherent in the process itself. Its origin can usually be traced to an element of the system which only management can correct.

 * competence : Demonstrated ability to apply knowledge skills.

 * continuous improvement / CI: On-going improvement of any and all aspects of an organization including products, services, communications, environment, functions, individual processes, etc. Continuous Improvement Action taken to find ways in improve processes, decrease variation, decrease costs, and improve effectiveness of the organization.

 * contract review : Contract review involves the steps associated with contracting with suppliers. These steps involve acceptance of the contract or order, the tender of a contract, and review of the contract.

 * contrition : Forgiveness for error or mistake.

 * control : Three commonly-used versions of this word:   (supervision)- to influence or manipulate an employee's behavior through the threat of consequences or the promise of reward, whether these are explicit or implied;    (engineering)- to influence or manipulate a process through feedback or feedforward;    (statistical)- a description of behavior of the variation in the output of a process.

 * control chart : A chart that indicates upper and lower statistical control limits, and an average line, for samples or subgroups of a given process. If all points on the control chart are within the limits, variation may be ascribed to common causes and the process is deemed to be "in control." If points fall outside the limits, it is an indication that special causes of variation are occurring, and the process is said to be "out of control."

 * control limit : A statistically-determined line on a control chart used to analyze variation within a process. If variation exceeds the control limits, then the process is being affected by special causes and is said to be "out of control." A control limit is not the same as a specification limit.

 * cost of poor quality : The costs incurred by producing products or services of poor quality. These costs usually include the cost of inspection, rework, duplicate work, scrapping rejects, replacements and refunds, complaints, and loss of customers and reputation.

 * cost of quality : Philip Crosby's term for the cost of poor quality.

 * count chart (c chart): An attributes data control chart that evaluates process stability by charting the counts of occurrences of a given event in successive samples.

 * count-per-unit chart (u chart) : A control chart that evaluates process stability by charting the number of occurrences of a given event per unit sampled, in a series of samples.

 * cp/CP : Commonly used process capability index defined as [USL (upper spec limit) - LSL(lower spec limit)] / [6 x sigma], where sigma is the estimated process standard deviation.

 * cpk/CPK : Commonly used process capability index defined as the lesser of USL - m / 3sigma or m - LSL / 3sigma, where sigma is the estimated process standard deviation.

 * Philip Crosby : One of the quality guru's. Crosby founded several consulting agencies including Career IV, Philip Crosby Associates, and the Quality College. He has authored several books including Quality Is Free and Quality Without Tears. Crosby is well-known for his theory of "zero defects."

 * cumulative sum chart : Control chart that shows the cumulative sum of deviations from a set value in successive samples. Each plotted point indicates the algebraic sum of the last point and all deviations since. PathMaker does not support cumulative sum charts.

 * customer : Any recipient of a product or service; anyone who is affected by what one produces. A customer can be external or outside the organization, or they can be internal to the organization.

D

 * decision matrix : A tool used to evaluate problems, solutions, or ideas. The possibilities are listed down the left-hand side of the matrix and relevant criteria are listed across the top. Each possibility is then rated on a numeric scale of importance or effectiveness (e.g. on a scale of 1 to 10) for each criterion, and each rating is recorded in the appropriate box. When all ratings are complete, the scores for each possibility are added to determine which has the highest overall rating and thus deserves the greatest attention.

 * defect : An error in construction of a product or service that renders it unusable; an error that causes a product or service to not meet requirements.

 * Deming cycle : Alternate name for the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle, a four-stage approach to problem-solving. It is also sometimes called the Shewhart cycle.

 * Deming, W. Edwards : Known as the father of quality control. Deming began his work in quality control in the United States during World War II to aid the war effort. After the war, he went to Japan to help in the rebuilding of their country. His methods of quality control became an integral part of Japanese industry. Deming is a celebrated author and is well-known for his "14 Points" for effective management.

 * diagnostic journey : (remedial journey) A problem-solving approach in which a problem is investigated by looking first at symptoms, and gradually working back towards root causes. Once root causes have been established, experimentation and tracking are used in the remedial journey - the finding of a cure for the roots of the problem.

 * DOE (design of experiments) : The science of designing sets of experiments which will generate enough useful data to make sound decisions without costing too much or taking too long.

E

 * employee involvement : Regular participation of employees in decision-making and suggestions. The driving forces behind increasing the involvement of employees are the conviction that more brains are better, that people in the process know it best, and that involved employees will be more motivated to do what is best for the organization.

 * empowerment : Usually refers to giving employees decision-making and problem-solving authority within their jobs.

 * external customer : A person or organization outside your organization who receives the output of a process. Of all external customers, the end-user should be the most important.

F

 * Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) : A technique that systematically analyzes the types of failures which will be expected as a product is used, and what the effects of each "failure mode" will be.

 * facilitator : Person who helps a team with issues of teamwork, communication, and problem-solving. A facilitator should not contribute to the actual content of the team's project, focusing instead as an observer of the team's functioning as a group.

 * fishbone diagram : Another name for an Ishikawa diagram or cause & effect diagram, derived from the shape of the diagram as used by its creator, Kaoru Ishikawa.

 * flowchart : A graphical representation of a given process delineating each step. A flowchart is used to diagram how a process actually functions and where waste, error, and frustration enter the process.

 * force field analysis : A tool, developed by social psychologist Kurt Lewin, which is used to analyze the opposing forces involved in causing/resisting any change. It is shown in balance sheet format with forces that will help (driving forces) listed on the left and forces that hinder (restraining forces) listed on the right.

 * frequency distribution : An organization of data, usually in a chart, which depicts how often different events occur. A histogram is one common type of frequency distribution, and a frequency polygon is another.

G

 * Gantt chart : A bar chart that shows planned work and finished work in relation to time. Each task in a list has a bar corresponding to it. The length of the bar is used to indicate the expected or actual duration of the task.

H

 * histogram : A specialized bar chart showing the distribution of measurement data. It will pictorially reveal the amount and type of variation within a process.

Hoshin Kanri : Japanese term for hoshin planning, a form of interactive strategic planning which aids the flow of information up and down the organizational layers in a systematic, productive way.

 * Hoshin planning : A method of strategic planning for quality. It helps executives integrate quality improvement into the organization's long-range plan. According to the GOAL/QPC Health Care Application Research Committee, "Hoshin Planning is a method used to ensure that the mission, vision, goals, and annual objectives of an organization are communicated to and implemented by everyone, from the executive level to the 'front line' level."

I

 * indicator : Quantitative measure of performance. Indicators are usually ratios comparing the number of occurrences a certain phenomenon and the number of times the phenomenon could have occurred.

 * internal customer : Someone within your organization, further downstream in a process, who receives the output of your work.

 * Ishikawa diagram : Another name for the cause & effect diagram, after its inventor, Kaoru Ishikawa.

J

 * Joseph M. Juran : One of the great quality gurus, and, like Deming, an early student of the work of Walter Shewhart at Western Electric. His work has specialized in linking management to quality engineering. Dr. Juran is the founder of the Juran Institute which has long been the vehicle of his work in quality management and is well-known for espousing "the quality trilogy" of quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. Juran has authored many books and other works in an effort to spread awareness of quality management ideas and applications.

 * just-in-time instruction : Training given as needed for immediate application, without lag time and the usual loss of retention.

 * just-in-time/JIT : A concept that manufacturing or procuring product "just in time" for delivery is efficient.

K

 * Kaizen/kaizen : A Japanese word meaning continuous improvement through constant striving to reach higher standards.

 * Kaoru Ishikawa : One of Japan's quality control pioneers. He developed the cause & effect diagram (Ishikawa diagram) in 1943 and published many books addressing quality control. In addition to his work at Kawasaki, Ishikawa was a long-standing member of the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers and an assistant professor at the University of Tokyo.

 * KJ method : Another name for the affinity diagram, after its inventor, Kawakita Jiro.

M

 * mean : The average of a group of measurement values. Mean is determined by dividing the sum of the values by the number of values in the group.

 * median : The middle of a group of measurement values when arranged in numerical order. For example, in the group (32, 45, 78, 79, 101), 78 is the median. If the group contains an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle values.

 * metacraftsmanship : A reference to the ideas shared by quality improvement, reengineering, management, leadership, and customer-driven production. Although these theories have much in common, they are often treated as separate and disparate approaches to improving a business. Metacraftsmanship focuses on overcoming the losses to society which are engendered by specialization, and suggests ways of getting complex organizations to work the way a single craftsman would.

 * mission statement : A written declaration of the purpose of an organization or project team. Organizational mission or vision statements often include an organizational vision for the future, goals, and values.

 * mode : The most frequently occurring value in a group of measurements. The most common value obtained in a set of observations. For example, for a data set (3, 7, 3, 9, 9, 3, 5, 1, 8, 5), the unique mode is 3. Similarly, for a data set (2, 4, 9, 6, 4, 6, 6, 2, 8, 2), there are two modes: 2 and 6.

 * TODO: A distribution with a single mode is said to be unimodal. A distribution with more than one mode is said to be bimodal, trimodal, etc., or in general, multimodal.

N

 * noise : In the context of quality management, noise is essentially variability. For example, if you are making ketchup, noise in the process comes from variations in the quality of incoming tomatoes, in changes in ambient temperature and humidity, in variations in machinery performance, in variations in the quality of human factors, etc.

 * nominal group technique : Technique used to encourage creative thinking and new ideas, but is more controlled than brainstorming. Each member of a group writes down his or her ideas and then contributes one to the group pool. All contributed ideas are then discussed and prioritized.

 * np chart : A control chart indicating the number of defective units in a given sample.

P

 * paradigm : A way of thinking about a given subject that defines how one views events, relationships, ideas, etc. within the boundaries of that subject.

 * Pareto chart : A bar chart that orders data from the most frequent to the least frequent, allowing the analyst to determine the most important factor in a given situation or process.

 * Pareto principle : The idea that a few root problems are responsible for the large majority of consequences. The Pareto principle is derived from the work of Vilfredo Pareto, a turn-of-the-century Italian economist who studied the distributions of wealth in different countries. He concluded that a fairly consistent minority – about 20% – of people controlled the large majority – about 80% – of a society's wealth. This same distribution has been observed in other areas and has been termed the Pareto principle. It is defined by J.M. Juran as the idea that 80% of all effects are produced by only 20% of the possible causes.

 * percent chart/p chart : A control chart that determines the stability of a process by finding what percentage of total units in a sample are defective.

 * pie chart : A chart that compares groups of data to the whole data set by showing each group as a "slice" of the entire "pie." Pie charts are particularly useful for investigating what percentage each group represents.

 * plan-do-check-act cycle/PDCA : A four-step improvement process originally conceived of by Walter A. Shewhart. The first step involves planning for the necessary improvement; the second step is the implementation of the plan; the third step is to check the results of the plan; the last step is to act upon the results of the plan. It is also known as the Shewhart cycle, the Deming cycle, and the PDCA cycle.

 * policy deployment : Another name for hoshin planning.

 * population : Total set of items from which a sample set is taken.

 * process capability : 1. A statistical measure indicating the inherent variation for a given event in a stable process, usually defined as the process width divided by 6 sigma.

 * process capability : 2. Competence of the process, based on tested performance, to achieve certain results.

 * Process Capability Index/PCI : Measurement indicating the ability of a process to produce specified results. Cp and Cpk are two process capability indices.

Q

 * quality assurance/QA : Traditionally refers to the systematic post-production checks, inspection, or reviews done to ensure quality of a product or service though in the strict sense of the definition that is an end of process quality control activity. Modern quality management systems consider Quality Assurance that through tools such Quality Audits, Quality Control, and specifically Systems Audits assures that the processes, tools, and safeguards are in place to produce quality products

 * quality audit : An independent investigation and assessment of quality activities and results to determine whether or not the quality plan is effective and appropriate.

 * quality circle : Quality improvement teams or groups, such as groups of employees formed for the study of and sharing information regarding quality control issues and theory.

 * quality control/QC : The use of techniques and activities that compare actual quality performance with goals and define appropriate action in response to a shortfall.

 * quality improvement/QI: A systematic approach to the processes of work that looks to remove waste, loss, rework, frustration, etc. in order to make the processes of work more effective, efficient, and appropriate.

 * quality improvement team : A group of employees that take on a project to improve a given process or design a new process within an organization.

 * quality function deployment/QFD : A technique used to translate customer requirements into appropriate goals for each stage of product or service development and output. The two approaches to quality function deployment are known as the House of Quality and the Matrix of Matrices.

 * quality loss function : An algebraic function that illustrates the loss of quality that occurs when a characteristic deviates from its target value. It is expressed often in monetary terms. Dr. Genichi Taguchi coined this term; his work suggests that quality losses vary as the square of the deviation from target.

R

 * range chart : Control chart in which the range of the subgroup is used to track the instantaneous variation within a process, i.e. the variation in the process at any one time, when many input factors would not have time to vary enough to make a detectable difference. Range charts are usually paired with average charts for complete analysis.

 * recorder : The team member that takes minutes during team meetings to capture team's progress. Once the team is well underway, this role can be rotated through out the group.

 * regression analysis : A statistical technique used to determine the best mathematical expression to describe the relationship between a response and independent variables.

 * reliability : The probability of a product or service successfully doing its job under given conditions.

 * robustness : The ability of a product or service to function appropriately regardless of external conditions and other uncontrollable factors.

 * robust design : An approach to the planning of new products and services that harnesses Taguchi methods.

 * run chart : Also known as a line chart, or line graph. A chart that plots data over time, allowing you to identify trends and anomalies.

S

 * sample : A subset of a population used to represent the population in statistical analysis. Samples are almost always random, which means that all individuals in the population are equally likely to be chosen for the sample.

 * sample standard deviation chart (s-chart) : Control chart in which the standard deviation of the subgroup is tracked to determine the variation within a process over time. Sample standard deviation charts are usually paired with average charts for complete analysis.

 * scatterplot : A tool that studies the possible relationship between two variables expressed on the x-axis and y-axis of a graph. The direction and density of the points plotted will indicate various relationships or a lack of any relationship between the variables.

 * Seven Tools of Quality : Quality improvement tools that include the histogram, Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter diagram.

 * Shewhart cycle : Another name for the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. It is also sometimes called the Deming cycle.

 * Walter A. Shewhart : The father of statistical process control or statistical quality control. He pioneered statistical quality control and improvement methods when he worked for Western Electric and Bell Telephone in the early decades of the 20th century.

 * special cause : Causes of variation in a process that are not inherent in the process itself but originate from circumstances that are out of the ordinary. Special causes are indicated by points that fall outside the limits of a control chart.

 * specification limit : An engineering or design requirement that must be met in order to produce a satisfactory product.

 * statistical process control : (SPC) Analysis and control of a process through the use of statistical techniques, particularly control charts.

 * statistical quality control : (SQC) Analysis and control of quality through the use of statistical techniques, essentially the same as SPC.

 * structural variation : Variation caused by recurring system-wide changes such as seasonal changes or long-term trends.

 * supplier : Anyone whose output (materials, information, service, etc.) becomes an input to another person or group in a process of work. A supplier can be external or internal to the organization.

T

 * Taguchi, Genichi : Developed a set of practices known as Taguchi Methods, as they are known in the U.S., for improving quality while reducing costs. Taguchi Methods focus on the design of efficient experiments, and the increasing of signal to noise ratios. Dr. Taguchi also articulated the developed the quality loss function. Currently, he is executive director of the American Supplier Institute and director of the Japan Industrial Technology Institute.

 * tampering : Dr. Deming cautions against tampering with systems that are "in control." It is very common for management to react to variation which is in fact normal, thereby starting wild goose chases after sources of problems which don't exist. Tampering with stable processes actually increases variation.

 * tree diagram : A chart used to break any task, goal, or category into increasingly detailed levels of information. Family trees are the classic example of a tree diagram. In PathMaker, the structure of the tree diagram is identical to that of the cause & effect diagram.

 * timekeeper : Team member who keeps track of time spent on each agenda item during team meetings. This job can easily be rotated among team members.

 * total quality management : Managing for quality in all aspects of an organization focusing on employee participation and customer satisfaction. Often used as a catch-all phrase for implementing various quality control and improvement tools.

 * type I error : Rejecting something that is acceptable. Also known as an alpha error.

 * type II error : Accepting something that should have been rejected. Also known as beta error.

U

 * u chart : A control chart showing the count of defects per unit in a series of random samples.

V

 * value-added : Each time work is done to inputs to transform them into something of greater usefulness as an end product.

 * variables data : Data that is measured on a continuous and infinite scale such as temperature, distance, and pressure rather than in discreet units or yes/no options. Variables data is used to create histograms, some control charts, and sometimes run charts.

 * variance : A measure of deviation from the mean in a sample or population.

 * variation : Change in the output or result of a process. Variation can be caused by common causes, special causes, tampering, or structural variation.

 * vision : Often incorporated into an organizational mission (or vision) statement to clarify what the organization hopes to be doing at some point in the future. The vision should act as a guide in choosing courses of action for the organization.

Z

 * zero defects : Philip Crosby's recommended performance standard that leaves no doubt regarding the goal of total quality. Crosby's theory holds that people can continually move closer to this goal by committing themselves to their work and the improvement process.

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title: Appendix:Glossary of quality management


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Appendix:Glossary of rhetoric

Rhetorical theory is a subject rife with jargon and special terminology. This page explains commonly used rhetorical terms in alphabetical order. The brief definitions here are intended to serve as a quick reference rather than a full definition. For more information, click the terms.

A

 * accumulatio - The emphasis or summary of previously made points or inferences by excessive praise or accusation.

 * acutezza - Wit or wordplay used in rhetoric.

 * adjunction - When a verb is placed at the beginning or the end of a sentence instead of in the middle. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "At the beginning, as follows: 'Fades physical beauty with disease or age.' At the end, as follows: 'Either with disease or age physical beauty fades.'"

 * aesthetics - The examination of symbolic expression to determine its rhetorical possibilities.

 * aetiologia - Giving a cause or a reason.

 * affectus - A term used by the Italian Humanists of the Renaissance to describe the source of emotions or passions in the human mind.

 * allage -

 * alloiosis - Interchange of characteristics.

 * alloisis - The breaking down of a subject into its alternatives.

 * ambigua - An ambiguous statement used in making puns.

 * amplificatio - An all-purpose term for all the ways an argument can be expanded and enhanced.

 * amplification - The act and the means of extending thoughts or statements to increase rhetorical effect, to add importance, or to make the most of a thought or circumstance.

 * anacoenosis - A speaker asks his or her audience or opponents for their opinion or answer to the point in question.

 * anacoluthon - An abrupt change of syntax within a sentence. (What I want is — like anybody cares.)

 * anadiplosis - Repeating the last word of one clause or phrase to begin the next.

 * analogy - The use of a similar or parallel case or example to reason or argue a point.

 * anaphora - From the Greek ἀναφέρω, "I repeat". A succession of sentences beginning with the same word or group of words.

 * anapodoton - Implying an omitted main clause by a subordinate clause. (If you only knew ...)

 * anecdote - A brief narrative describing an interesting or amusing event.

 * animorum motus - The emotions.

 * antanaclasis. From Greek ̩ ̩ἀντανάκλασις, a figure of speech involving a pun, consisting of the repeated use of the same word, each time with different meanings.

 * antiptosis - The substitution of one case for another.

 * antistrophe - In rhetoric, repeating the last word in successive phrases. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'Since the time when from our state concord disappeared, liberty disappeared, good faith disappeared, friendship disappeared, the common weal disappeared.'" Also see epiphora.

 * antithesis - The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, or grammatical structures; the second stage of the dialectic process.

 * aphaeresis - The omission of a syllable from the beginning of a word.

 * apocope - The omission of the last letter or syllable of a word.

 * apophasis / Apophesis - Pretending to deny something as a means of implicitly affirming it. Mentioning something by saying that you won't mention it.

 * aporia - An attempt to discredit an opposing viewpoint by casting doubt on it.

 * aposiopesis - An abrupt stop in the middle of a sentence; used by a speaker to convey unwillingness or inability to complete a thought or statement.

 * apostrophe. From Greek ἀποστροφή, a figure of speech consisting of a sudden turn in a text towards an exclamatory address to an imaginary person or a thing.

 * appeals - Rhetorical devices used to enhance the plausibility of one's argument; Aristotle's appeals included ethos, logos, and pathos.

 * arete - Virtue, excellence of character, qualities that would be inherent in a "natural leader," a component of ethos.

 * argument - Discourse characterized by reasons advanced to support conclusions.

 * argumentum ad baculum - Settling a question by appealing to force.

 * argumentum ad hominem - Using what you know about your opponent's character as a basis for your argument.

 * arrangement - See dispositio.

 * ars arengandi - Teaching of forensic speaking during the Medieval rhetorical era.

 * ars dictaminis - The art of writing letters, introduced and taught during the Medieval rhetorical era.

 * ars poetria - Medieval teaching of grammar and style through analysis of poetry.

 * ars praedicandi - The art of preaching based on rhetorical ideas and introduced during the Medieval rhetorical era during an increasing intersection between rhetoric and religion.

 * artistic proofs - Rhetorically-produced methods for persuasion. For Aristotle, three possibilities would be ethos, pathos, and logos.

 * asyndeton - The deliberate omission of conjunctions that would normally be used.

 * audience - Real, imagined, invoked, or ignored, this is a concept that seems to be at the very center of the intersections of composing and rhetoric.

 * auxesis - To place words or phrases in a certain order to obtain a climactic effect, or to use a word or phrase which disproportionately amplifies something actually of a lesser nature.

 * axioms - The point where scientific reasoning starts. Principles that are not questioned.

B

 * backing - Supporting an argument's merit.

 * barbarismus - Mispronunciation or unnatural word-usage.

 * bases - The issues at question in a judicial case.

 * bathos - An emotional appeal that inadvertently evokes laughter or ridicule.

 * bdelygma - Expression of hatred or contempt.

 * belles lettres - Written works considered quality because they are pleasing to the senses.

 * belletristic movement - Movement of rhetoric in the late 18th and early 19th centuries emphasizing stylistic considerations of rhetoric.  It also expanded rhetoric into a study of literature and literary criticism and writing.

 * bomphiologia - Bombastic speech

 * brachylogia - Brevity of diction.

 * brevitas - Concise expression.

 * burden of proof - Theory of argument giving the obligation of proving a case to the challenging party.

C

 * canon - A term often used to discuss significant literary works in a specific field, used by Cicero to outline five significant parts of the rhetorical composition process.

 * captatio benevoluntatiae - Latin term for the part of a letter which secures the goodwill of the recipient.

 * catachresis - The inexact use of a similar word in place of the proper one to create an unlikely metaphor. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'The power of man is short'" or "'the long wisdom in the man.'"

 * charisma - An attribute that allows a speaker's words to become powerful.

 * circa rem - Latin: The circumstances surrounding the act in one Roman topical system.

 * claim - 1. A primary point being made to support an argument. 2. Stephen Toulmin: the resulting conclusion to an argument.

 * classicism - A revival in the interest of classical antiquity languages and texts.

 * climax - Climax occurs when words or sentences are used to increase weight by mounting degrees in parallel construction.

 * colon - A colon (Greek κῶλον) is a rhetorical figure consisting of a clause which is grammatically, but not logically, complete.

 * common topics - Arguments and approaches useful in rhetorical settings; koinoi topoi.

 * consubstantiality - Substance commonality.

 * conclusio - Latin: A letter's conclusion.

 * confirmatio - Latin: The section of a judicial speech (in Roman rhetorical theory) that offers evidence supporting the claims given during the statement of facts.

 * confutatio - Latin: Counterargument in Roman rhetorical theory.

 * constraints - Referring to "persons, events, objects, and relations which are parts of the situation because they have the power to constrain decision and action needed to modify the exigence." Originally used by Lloyd Bitzer.

 * contingency - In rhetoric, it relates to the contextual circumstances that do not allow an issue to be settled with complete certainty.

 * context - The circumstances surrounding an issue that should be considered during its discussion.

 * conversio - Latin: Varrying sentence structure to discover its most agreeable form.

 * conversation model - The model, in critique of traditional rhetoric by Sally Gearhart, that maintains the goal of rhetoric is to persuade others to accept your own personal view as correct.

 * cookery - Plato believed rhetoric was to truth as cookery was to medicine. Cookery disguises itself as medicine and appears to be more pleasing, when in actuality it has no real benefit.

 * critical theory - Systematically analyzing any means of communication for hidden assumptions and connotations.

 * concession - Acknowlededment of objections to a proposal

D

 * data - Stephen Toulmin. Initial evidence supporting a claim.

 * deconstruction - Analyzing communication artifacts by scrutinizing their meanings and related assumptions, with the goal of determining the social and systemic connotations behind their structure.

 * deduction - Moving from an overall hypothesis to infer something specific about that hypothesis.

 * delectare, - To delight; viewed by Cicero as one of the three goals of rhetoric.

 * delivery - Canon #5 in Cicero's list of rhetorical canons; traditionally linked to oral rhetoric, refers to how a speech is given (including tone of voice and nonverbal gestures, among others).

 * Demos - The population of an ancient Greek state, considered a political entity; population; the common people.

 * dialectic - A rhetorical term that has been defined differently by Aristotle and Ramus, among others; generally, it means using verbal communication between people to discuss topics in order to come to an agreement about them.

 * diallage - Establishing a single point with the use of several arguments.

 * dictamen - The art of writing letters.

 * dispositio - In the classical theory of the production of speech Pronuntiatio dispositio - refers to the stage of planning the structure and sequence of ideas. Often referred to as arrangement, the second of Cicero's five rhetorical canons.

 * dissoi logoi - Contradictory arguments.

 * distribution - Dividing a whole subject into its various parts.

 * divisio - To divide into categories or classes.

 * docere - To teach; viewed by Cicero as one of the three goals of rhetoric.

 * dramatistic - Kenneth Burke.  Way to look at the nature of language stressing on language as an action. ex. uses expressions such as 'thou shalt' and 'thou shalt not."

 * dysphemism - A term with negative associations for something in reality fairly innocuous or inoffensive.

E

 * ecphonesis - A sentence consisting of a single word or short phrase ending with an exclamation point.

 * elocutio - In the classical theory of the production of a speech (Pronuntiatio), elocution - refers to the stage of elaborating the wording of a text, using correct grammar and diction.

 * enthymeme - A type of argument that is grounded in assumed commonalities between a rhetor and the audience.  (For example: Claim 1: Bob is a person.  Therefore, Claim 3: Bob is mortal.  The assumption (unstated Claim 2) is that People are mortal.) A type of syllogism.  Started by Aristotle.

 * enumeratio - Making a point more forcibly by listing detailed causes or effects; to enumerate: count off or list one by one.

 * epanaphora - In rhetoric, repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases for emphasis. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'To you must go the credit for this, to you are thanks due, to you will this act of yours bring glory.'"

 * epideictic - Ceremonial rhetoric, such as might be found in a funeral or victory speech.

 * epiphora - The repetition of a phrase or word at the end of several sentences or clauses. Also see anaphora.

 * epistemology - Philosophical study directed at understanding how people gain knowledge.

 * epistrophe - A succession of clauses, phrases or sentences that all end with the same word or group of words.

 * epithet - A term used as a descriptive and qualifying substitute for the name of a person, place or thing.

 * epizeuxis - Emphasizing an idea using one word repetition.

 * ethos - A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility.

 * ethopoeia - The act of putting oneself into the character of another to convey that persons feelings and thoughts more vividly.

 * euphemism - An innocuous, inoffensive or circumlocutory term or phrase for something unpleasant or obscene.

 * evidence - In rhetoric, facts or testimony used to strengthen a claim.

 * exemplum - The citation of an example, either truthful or fictitious.

 * exigence - A rhetorical call to action; a situation that compels someone to speak out.

 * exordium - The introductory (Lat: exordium, beginning) portion of an oration
 * expression - applying the correct language to an argument.

F

 * fable - A short allegorical story.

 * facetiae - Latin, humor or wit

 * facilitas - The improvising of effective oral or written language to suit any situation.

 * faculty psychology - 18th Century, the mind contains faculties that include understanding, imagination, passion, and will.

 * false consciousness - Jurgen Habermas, a distorted view of reality, people, and the world.

 * feminist rhetoric - Rhetorical theory concerned with feminism and its critique of social structures.

 * fictio - The attribution of rational traits to non-rational creatures.

 * field-dependent - Stephen Toulmin's term, standards for assessing arguments that are specific to a certain field.

 * field-invariant - Stephen Toulmin's term, starndards for assessing arguments that are not determined by the particular field.

 * figure - Unusual arrangement of language that tries to achieve unique meaning for ideas.

 * forensic oratory - speaking in a courtroom.

 * forum - Jim Porter's book on audience introduces this concept as a way to complicate our notions of audience and to help writers consider important factors that affect planning and composing.

G

 * gens - Latin, an influential group of families

 * genera - (Plural of genus) Classification by race, kind, or possession of similarities; discriptive of different types of oratory.

 * graecismus - The use of Greek idiom.

H

 * hermeneutics - The theoretical underpinnings of interpreting texts, usually religious or literary.

 * heteroglossia - The many prolific languages of any culture.

 * heuristics - Determining or applying the proper methods for investigation.

 * homiologia - A tedious style or redundancy of style.

 * homoioteleuton - From the Greek ομοιοτέλευτο (homios, "like" and teleute, "ending"). A figure of speech where adjacent or parallel words have similar endings.

 * horismus - A brief and often antithetical definition.

 * hyperbole - A figure of speech where emphasis is achieved through exaggeration, independently or through comparison. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'His body was as white as snow, his face burned like fire.'"

 * hypophora - When a speaker asks aloud what his/her adversaries have to say for themselves or against the speaker, and then proceeds to answer the question. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'When he reminded you of your old friendship, were you moved? No, you killed him nevertheless, and with even greater eagerness. And then when his children grovelled at your feet, were you moved to pity? No, in your extreme cruelty you even prevented their father's burial.'"

 * hypothesis - An educated guess.

 * hypsos - Great or worthy writing, sometimes called sublime.  Longinus's theme in On the Sublime.

 * hypozeuxis - A sentence in which every clause has its own subject and verb.

I

 * icon - Using imagery to create resemblance.

 * identification - Connecting with a larger group through a shared interpretation or understanding of a larger concept; Kenneth Burke was one of the first people to use the term in this way.

 * ideology - A way of understanding one's external surroundings.

 * ignoratio elenchi - A conclusion that is irrelevant.

 * imitatio - Latin, imitation.

 * inartistic proofs - Discovered information stemming from the raw data of experience.

 * indefinite questions - In Quintlian, questions that are discussed without referring to anything specifically.

 * indignatio - To arouse indignation in the audience.

 * induction - Rhetorical method for coming to general conclusions through specific examples.

 * ingenium - Latin, In Vico- the ability to understand similarities and relationships that is innate in all humans.

 * in re - Latin, arguments concerned with what actually happened.

 * institutio oratoria - Educational and rhetorical principles as described and prescribed in treatise by Quintillian.

 * insultatio - Abusing a person to his/her face by using irony and derisive language.

 * interlacement - Combining the figures Anistrophe and Epanaphora for rhetorical style and emphasis. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'Who are they who have often broken treaties? The Carthaginians. Who are they who have waged ware with severest cruelty? The Carthaginians.'"

 * intersubjective agreements - agreements on the fair conduct of an argument among individuals participating in dialogue.

 * invention - Described by Cicero as the process of determining "valid or seemingly valid arguments;" the first of his five rhetorical canons.

 * invitational rhetoric - (Foss and Griffin) rhetoric that is not intended to persuade.

 * ioci - Jokes, see Cicero's De Oratore and his theory of humor.

 * irony - A deliberate contrast between indirect and direct meaning to draw attention to the opposite.

 * isocolon - A string of phrases of corresponding structure and equal length.

 * issues of definition - Things related to naming an act.

 * issues of fact - Issues related to an act's occurrence.

 * issues of quality - Issues related to the seriousness of an act.

J

 * jargon - Highly technical language used by specific group.
 * jian shi - Traveling political advisors common in ancient China.
 * judicial - Type of oratory used to attack or defend someone.

K

 * kairos - From the Greek word καιρος. Generally means, "timing" or "the right circumstances."
 * kategoria - Greek for Accusation.

 * koinoi topoi - Common topics; in a rhetoric situation, useful arguments and strategies.

 * koinonia - To consult with your opponent or judge.

 * kolakeia - Flattery; telling people what they want to hear while disregarding their best interests; employed by sophistic rhetoricians.

L

 * latinitas - Stylistic feature involving the proper use of language.

 * lexis - Style.

 * literae humanae - Academic disciplines that are known as the liberal arts: languages, philosophy, history, literature, music, art and certain abstact sciences.

 * litotes - Stating a positive by negating the negative — a form of understatement. ("I am not unaware of your difficulties.")

 * localism - A word, phrase, or custom particular to one's location.

 * loci communes - Types of arguments. Quintillian trained orators to learn intellectual habits to access the arguments quickly.

 * locution - Refers to the utterance of a statement.

 * logical fallacy - Misconceptions resulting from faulty reasoning.
 * logical positivism - The effort to make scientific standards applicable for resolving all issues.

 * logical proof - Arguments used to persuade audience. Reasoned.

 * logos - Rhetorical appeals based on logic or reasoning.

 * logology - Kenneth Burke. Study of the specific theological terms used. Not to find the truth or falseness of the statement, but why that particular word was chosen.

M

 * major premise - Statement in a syllogism. Generalization.

 * magnanimity - Doing good to others, "its opposite is meanness of spirit" (from Aristotle's Rhetoric).

 * material fallacy - False notion concerning the subject matter of an argument.

 * maxim - "A saying drawn from life, which shows concisely either what happens or ought to happen in life, for example: 'Every beginning is difficult.'" (from Rhetorica ad Herennium)

 * meiosis - A figure of speech in which a word or phrase diminutively substitutes as a reference for something actually of a greater nature.

 * memory - Described by Cicero as the "firm mental grasp of matter and words;" the fourth of his five rhetorical canons.

 * meta-narratives - Universal theories positing to know all aspects of humanity.

 * Metaphor - A figure of speech where a word that normally applies to one thing is used to designate another for the sake of creating a mental picture. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'...he lightly breathed a favoring breath'".

 * metonym - A figure of speech which substitutes one part for the whole. For example, to count how many cattle in a herd, one counts the heads. To describe the herd, one would say, "There are fifty head of cattle." This does not mean there are only heads, but the head is substituting for the whole animal.

 * metonymy - A figure of speech which substitutes one word or phrase for another with which it is closely associated. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "one should say 'wine' for 'Liber', 'wheat' for 'Ceres'."

 * metron - Greek, measure.

 * minor premise - Statement in an argument.

 * modus inveniendi - Latin, in St Augustine, material used to understand the scriptures.

 * modus proferendi - Latin, in St. Augustine, expressing ideas found within the scriptures.

 * moral reasoning - Reasoning employed in rhetoric that determines a conclusion based on evidence. Used in issues of ethics, religion, economics, and politics.

 * motive - Something that plays a role in one's decision to act.

 * movere - To persuade; viewed by Cicero as one of the three goals of rhetoric.

N

 * narratio - A presentation of essential facts in a judicial speech.

 * narration - Story telling, involving the elements of time, place, actor, action, cause and manner.

 * necessary cause - Cause without which effect couldn't/wouldn't have occurred.

 * negatio - To negate or deny.

 * neoplatonism - School of thought emanating from the works of Plato and Aristotle in early B.C.E. Rome.

 * noema - Speech that is deliberately subtle or obscure.

 * nomos - Greek, a social custom or convention.

 * non sequitur - A statement bearing no relationship to the preceding context.

 * notaries - Secretaries trained in rhetoric for dealing with the agreements that were needed for commercial cities in Italy to function.

O

 * oictos - To show pity or compassion.

 * ominatio - A prophecy of evil.

 * onomatopoeia - Words that imitate the sounds, objects, or actions they refer to. (ex. "buzz", "hullabaloo," "bling")

 * opening - First part of discourse. Should gain audiences' attention.

 * optatio - A wish exclaimed.

 * orcos - An oath.

 * oxymoron - A condensed paradox.

P

 * paradeigma - Greek, argument created by a list of examples that leads to a probable generalized idea.

 * paradox - A self-contradictory statement, which can only be true if it is false, and vice versa.

 * paralipsis - When a rhetor refuses to continue with their current discussion, or passes over the rest of the conversation, or admits that they do not know what else to say. For example, (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'Your boyhood, indeed, which you dedicated to intemperance of all kinds, I would discuss, if I thought this the right time. But at the present I advisedly leave that aside.  This too I pass by, that the tribunes have reported you as irregular in military service.'"

 * parallel syntax - repetition of similar sentence structures.

 * paronomasia - A play on words, often for humorous effect.

 * particular audience - In Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, the actual audience the orator addresses.

 * pathos - Greek, the emotional appeal to an audience in an argument. One of Aristotle's three proofs.

 * perfectus orator - Latin, a complete orator.

 * periphrasis - The substitution of many or several words where one would suffice; usually to avoid using that particular word.

 * peroratio - Latin, the last section of a judicial speech were the speaker is the strongest.

 * personification - A figure of speech that gives human characteristics or inanimate objects, or represents an absent person as being present. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'But if this invincible city should now give utterance to her voice, would she not speak as follows?'"

 * petitio - Latin, in a letter, an announcement, demand, or request.

 * phallogocentrism - Examines the relationship between logos (reason) and the phallus (representative of male genitalia). Just as the phallus is implicitly and sometime explicitly assumed to be the only significant sexual organ, the masculine is the accepted as the central point of reference of validity and authority for a society.

 * phronesis - Greek, practical wisdom; common sense.

 * physis - Greek, the strong will rule over the weak.

 * pian - Ancient China, the art of disputing.

 * pistis - Greek, belief.

 * plausibility - Rhetoric that is believable right away due to its association with something that the audience already knows or has experienced.

 * pleonasm - The use of more words than necessary to express an idea.

 * poetriae, ars - Latin, poetry as an art.

 * polis - Greek, the city-state, especially the people in the city-state.

 * polyphonic - Having multiple voices.

 * polyptoton - The repetition of a word or root in different cases or inflections within the same sentence.

 * polysyndeton - The repeated use of conjunctions within a sentence, particularly where they do not necessarily have to be used.

 * portrayl - Describing a person clearly enough for recognition. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'I mean him, men of the jury, the ruddy, short, bent man, with white and rather curly hair, blue-grey eyes, and a huge scar on his chin, if perhaps you can recall him to memory.'"

 * position - The stance taken by a rhetor that s/he is attempting to prove through argumentation.

 * positivism - Term created by Auguste Comte that posits that science, math, or logic can prove any reasonable claim.

 * postmodernism - Related to rhetoric, a field of inquiry concerned with the ideological underpinnings of commonly held assumptions.

 * praedicandi, ars - Latin, Preaching.

 * pragmatism - Field of thought positing that knowledge was fluid and that traditionally "fixed" entities (like time) were largely contextual; believed that a free society with free individuals was a viable standard for living.

 * presence - In Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, choosing to emphasize certain facts and ideas instead of others, leading the audience along that path.

 * presumption - An idea is reasonable or acceptable only until it is sufficiently challenged.

 * pronuntiato - Latin: The deliverary of an oration or an argument in a manner befitting the subject matter and style, while maintaining control of voice and body.

 * protreptic - Greek, the potential to persuade through language.

 * prudence - Judging practically.

 * psogos - Greek for blame.

 * psychagogos - Greek for a poet.

 * psyche - Greek for the mind or soul.

 * public sphere - Place where individuals can engage in discussion without the political or state interests interfering.

 * purpose - What are we trying to do with our uses of language?

Q

 * quadrivium - The major subjects taught in medieval times: geometry, arithmetic, atronomy, and music.

 * quaestiones - Debatable points around which disputes are centered.

R

 * reasoning by contraries - Where the first statement of two opposite statements directly proves the second. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'Or how should you expect a person whose arrogance has been insufferable in private life, to be agreeable and not forget himself when in power...?'"

 * rebuttal - Stephen Toulmin's term, conditions on the acceptability of a claim.

 * res - Latin: An argument's subtance.

 * rhetor - A person who is in the course of presenting or preparing rhetorical discourse.

 * rhetores - (Greek) Those who make a living by speaking persuasively.

 * rhetoric - The study and practice of good effective expression. Also a type of discourse- focusing on goals of the speech or piece of writing that attempts to sway the mind of the audience.

 * rhetorical audience - Those who can be persuaded by rhetoric.

 * rhetorical discourse - Discourse created within the boundary of the principles of rhetoric.

 * rhetorical opposition - Protagoras's idea that there are two sides to everything.

 * rhetorical situation - A term made popular by Lloyd Bitzer; describes the scenario that contains a speech act, including the considerations (purpose, audience, author/speaker, constraints to name a few) that play a role in how the act is produced and perceived by its audience.  The counterargument regarding Bitzer's situation-rhetoric relationship was made by Richard E. Vatz in "The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation."  He argued for a salience-meaning (or now, agenda-framing-spin) model of persuasion, which emphasized rhetoric as a creative act with increased agent or persuader responsibility for the situation his or her rhetoric creates.  He maintained this added to the importance of rhetorical study.

 * rhetorical theory - The organized presentation of the art or rhetoric, descriptions of the various functions of rhetoric, and clarifications of how rhetoric achieves its goals.

 * rhetoric of fiction - Wayne Booth's idea "the author's judgement is always present" in a narrative.

S

 * Salon - Intellectual assembly in an aristocratic setting; primarily associated with France in the 1600s and 1700s.

 * salutatio - (Latin) A written greeting.

 * sannio - (Latin) the fool. The role to avoid when using humor in a speech.

 * scholasticism - Rhetorical study of Christianity that was intellectually prominent in 11th-15th Century Western Europe, emphasizing rhetorical concepts by Aristotle and a search for universal truth.

 * scientific method - A system of observing and analyzing data through induction; prominent school of thought since the 1600s whose proponents are often critical of rhetoric.

 * scientific reasoning - Moving from axioms to actual conclusions. Also Syllogistic logic.

 * scientism - In Weaver, applying scientific assumptions to subjects that are not completely natural.

 * scientistic - Kenneth Burke.   Way of looking at the nature of language as a way of naming or defining something.  ex.  'It is'  or 'It is not.'

 * second sophistic - Rhetorical era in Rome that dealt primarily with rhetorical style through some of the Greek Sophists' concepts, while neglecting its political and social uses because of censorship.

 * semantics - Philosophical study of language that deals with its connection to perceptions of reality.

 * semiotics - Branch of semantics concerning language and communication as a system of symbols.

 * senatus - Latin for Senate. The group of elders who governed Rome.

 * sensus communis - a society's basic beliefs and values.

 * sententia - Applying a general truth to a situation by quoting a maxim or other wise saying as a conclusion or summary of that situation.

 * shui - Formal persuasion in ancient China.

 * sign - Term from semiotics that describes something that has meaning through its connection to something else, like words.

 * signifying - Term from semiotics that describes the method through which meaning is created with arbitrary signs.

 * simile - A figure of speech that compares unlike things, implying a resemblance between them. For example (from Rhetorica ad Herennium), "'He entered the combat in body like the strongest bull, in impetuosity like the fiercest lion.'"

 * skepticism - Type of thought that questions whether universal truth exists and is attainable by humans.

 * solecismus - Ignorantly misusing tenses, cases, and genders.

 * sophists - Considered the first professional teachers of oratory and rhetoric (ancient Greece 4th Century B.C.).

 * soraismus - The ignorant or affected mingling of languages.

 * Sprezzatura - The ability to appear that there is seemingly little effort used to attain success. The art of being able to show that one is able to deceive. Baldessare Castiglione.

 * starting points - In Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, the place between the speaker and audience where the argument can begin.

 * stasis system - System of finding arguments by means of looking at ideas that are contradictory.

 * status quo - Latin: The generally accepted existing condition or state of affairs.

 * studia humanitas - Latin: Humanistic studies deemed indispensable in Renaissance-era education; rhetoric, poetics, ethics, politics.

 * syllepsis - A word modifying others in appropriate, though often incongruous ways.  This is a similar concept to zeugma.

 * syllogism - A type of valid argument that states if the first two claims are true, then the conclusion is true.  (For example: Claim 1: People are mortal.  Claim 2: Bob is a person.  Therefore, Claim 3: Bob is mortal.)  Started by Aristotle.

 * syllogistic logic - See Scientific Reasoning.

 * symbol - A visual or metaphorical representation of an idea or concept.

 * symbolic inducement - Term coined by Kenneth Burke to refer to rhetoric.

 * sympheron - (Greek) Path that is to one's advantage.

 * synchysis - Word order confusion within a sentence.

 * syncope - The omission of letters from the middle of a word, usually replaced by an apostrophe.

 * synecdoche - A rhetorical device were one part of an object is used to represent the whole.

T

 * tapinosis - Language or an epithet that is debasing. This term is synonymous with meiosis.

 * taste - A learned admiration for things of beauty.

 * tautologia - The same idea repeated in different words.

 * taxis - The distribution of a proper adjunct to every subject.

 * techne - Greek for a true art.

 * terministic screens - term coined by Kenneth Burke to explain the way in which the world is viewed when taking languages and words into consideration.

 * theme - The basic principle pulled from the Bible in order to create a sermon.

 * thesis - The major claim or premise made in an argument to be proved or dis-proved.

 * thesmos - Greek. The law that comes from the authority of kings.

 * tone - The author's voice in an essay through use of figurative language or a style of enunciation in writing (also known as a diction). The way the author expresses himself out loud or through a character.

 * topical systems - Methods for finding arguments.

 * topographia - The description of a place.

 * topothesia - The description of an imaginary or non-existent place.

 * Topos - A line or specific style of argument.

 * Toulmin model - A method of diagraming arguments created by Stephen Toulmin that identifies such components as backing, claim, data, qualifier, rebuttal, and warrant.

 * transgression - Reading a text and looking for the deeper meanings instead of the obvious ones.

 * translative issue - Dealing with procedure of an ensuing case.

 * tricolon - The pattern of three phrases in parallel, found commonly in Western writing after Cicero. For example, the kitten had white fur, blue eyes, and a pink tongue.

 * trivium - (Latin) Grammar, rhetoric, and logic taught in schools during the medieval period.

 * tropes - Figure of speech that uses a word aside from its literal meaning.

U

 * understatement - A form of irony, also called litotes, in which something is represented as less than it really is, with the intent of drawing attention to and emphasizing the opposite meaning.

 * universal audience - An audience consisting of all humankind (most specifically of adult age and normal mental capacity).

 * uomo universale - The universal man.

 * utterance - Statement that could contain meaning about one's own person.

V

 * validity - Apprehension over the structure of an argument.

 * validity claim - Claiming to have made a correct statement.

 * verba - Latin: The part of an argument that advances the subject matter.

 * visual rhetoric - A theoretical framework describing how visual images communicate, as opposed to aural or verbal messages.

 * vir bonus beni dicendi - Latin: The good man speaking well.

 * vita activa - A life lived in active involvement in the political arena.

W

 * warrant - term used by Stephen Toulmin to establish a link between data and a claim.

 * ways and means - One of the five main matters that Aristotle claims political speakers make speeches on. It consists of the speaker's country's revenue and sources, as well as the expenditures of the country.

Z

 * zeugma - From the Greek word ζεύγμα, meaning "yoke". A figure of speech in which one word applies to two others in different senses of that word, and in some cases only logically applies to one of the other two words. This is a similar concept to syllepsis.

title: Appendix:Glossary of rhetoric


text:
invertible matrix

Noun

 * 1)  Any n×n square matrix for which there exists a corresponding inverse matrix (i.e., a second (or possibly the same) matrix such that when the two are multiplied by each other, in either order, the result is the n×n identity matrix).
 * 2) * 1975 [Prentice-Hall], Kenneth Hoffman, Analysis in Euclidean Space, Dover, 2007, page 65,
 * It says that, if A is a singular matrix, then every neighborhood of A contains an invertible matrix. In other words, if A is singular, we can perturb A just a little and obtain an invertible matrix.

Translations

 * Finnish: kääntyvä matriisi
 * German: invertierbare Matrix, reguläre Matrix
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian: matrice invertibile
 * Japanese:
 * Polish: macierz odwrotna
 * Romanian: matrice inversabilă
 * Swedish: inverterbar matris

title: invertible matrix


text:
butterfly bush

Noun

 * 1) Any of several plants that conspicuously attract butterflies
 * 2) Any buddleia, of genus.
 * 3) especially of the species  and.
 * 4)  (, syn. ).
 * 1)  (, syn. ).

Translations

 * Finnish:

 * Dutch: kansenboom
 * Finnish: sinitirsku
 * Japanese: クレロデンドルム・ウガンデンセ, ブルーエルフィン
 * Kikuyu: muunjuga-iria, muunjuga

title: butterfly bush


text:
ystävystyä

Verb

 * 1)  to make friends, befriend

title: ystävystyä


text:
Appendix:Glossary of sculpting

This page describe terms and jargon related to sculpture and sculpting.

A

 * armature: an internal frame or skeleton which supports a modelled sculpture. A typical armature for a small sculpture is made of heavy gauge wire, bent and twisted to form the basic shape. Often the armature is designed to leave one or more pins protruding from the base of the finished sculpture to facilitate attaching it to the plinth

 * assemblage: is a sculpture constructed from found objects. Typically an assemblage does not disguise the original objects used, rather it either tries to show them in a new light, or forms a figurative sculpture from the collection of shapes.

B

 * bozzetto: (Italian) A small terracotta sketch of a sculpture: see maquette.

C

 * carving: One of the oldest sculptural techniques. It is a reductive process; starting with a solid block, the sculptor removes material using chisels and other tools to 'reveal' the finished form. Traditional carving materials include stone, especially marble, and fine grained woods.

 * casting: is a method of producing one or more copies of a sculpture. Typically, the original sculpture is modelled as usual and covered with a moulding material which sets hard when dry. The mould is then separated to release the original sculpture. Once the mould is reassembled, the casting material is poured in to the void and left to set. Traditionally, molten bronze is used as the casting material, but modern alternatives include resin. When the cast sculpture has cooled, or cured, the mould is again separated to release it, and reassembled ready to cast the next copy.
 * The cast sculpture may then require some finishing work to remove mould lines and other imperfections. The sculptor may also wish to patinate the work to produce the final piece.

 * chisel

 * Ciment fondu®: is a proprietary product made by Lafarge Aluminates for industrial use but widely adopted by sculptors. It is a type of calcium aluminate cement used for constructing moulds or outdoor works. Typically ciment fondu needs to be used as a composite material reinforced with fibre glass, building up the mould in series of layers. Fast setting, it achieves its full strength in 24 hours.

 * cold cast bronze: A modern method of casting sculptures in which the casting material is a resin mixed with powdered bronze. The finished sculpture has a surface which looks very similar to a traditionally cast bronze although it tends to be much lighter.

D

 * direct carving: A 20th century term used to describe a less planned approach to carving in which the sculptor carves the finished sculpture without using intermediate models or maquettes. The sculptor either works from memory or works whilst observing the subject. In some respects it can be seen as a return to the direct approach used in primitive art.  This stye of carving as also referred to as taille directe.

F

 * found object'

K

 * kinetic sculpture: A sculpture which is designed to move. The movement can be driven by interaction with the viewer, or automatically using motors or even air currents in the case of a mobile.

M
right|thumb|Adobe [[Ceramic maquette model of a tower. Dated 13th century BCE. Excavated at Chogha Zanbil, Iran.]]

 * maquette: is a small scale model for a finished sculpture. It is used to visualise and test shapes and ideas without incurring the cost and effort of producing a full scale sculpture. It is the analogue of the painter's cartoon or sketch. For commissioned sculptures, especially monumental public sculptures, a maquette may be used to show the client how the finished work will fit in the proposed site. A maquette may also refer to a prototype for a video game or any other type of prototype.

 * modeling: is one of the most common techniques for sculpting. It is an additive process in which material is steadily built up to produce the finished figure. Unlike carving, the sculptor often also has the option of correcting mistakes by removing or reshaping material. Modeling requires a malleable or plastic material which is later cured or fired to set it hard. Typical modeling materials include clay, wax, plaster, and papier-mâché.
 * Frequently the modeling material has limited structural strength and will need the support of an armature.

 * mould: is a reversed impression of a sculpture which is used to cast replica sculptures. The material used to construct the mould needs to accurately reproduce the surface detail of the original sculpture, whilst also being strong enough to keep its shape during casting and resilient enough to retain detail after multiple castings.
 * Typical moulding materials include rubber, especially latex rubber, plaster and composites such as ciment fondu.

P

 * papier-mâché (often mis-spelt paper-maché): A construction material that consists of pieces of paper, sometimes reinforced with textiles, stuck together using a wet paste (e.g. glue, starch, or wallpaper adhesive). The crafted object becomes solid when the paste dries.

 * patina: is a natural or applied surface finish to a sculpture piece. Natural patinas may occur by oxidation due to long exposure to air or earth — the most common of which is verdigris on copper or bronze.  Artificial patinas can be created by application of chemical pastes or (below melting point) firing in a chemical atmosphere.

 * patinate: related to patina.

 * patination: related to patina.

 * plaster

 * plaster cast: A copy of a sculpture, which is cast in plaster. A plaster cast can accurately reproduce the details of the original sculpture, but is usually much less durable.

R

 * roughing out: A term used in stone carving to rescribe the process of carving out the basic shapes of a work before any detail is created.

S

 * sand casting: A method of casting typically used for casting wrought iron, in which the mould is constructed from compacted sand. By its nature, the mould can only be used once and needs to be reformed for each casting.

T

 * terracotta

 * truth to materials: The expression relates to 20th century direct carving in which the sculptor responds to the nature of the block being carved as much as the subject. Changes in colouration and imperfections revealed whilst carving the block are incorporated as features in the finished sculpture. Since the sculptor doesn't know in advance what imperfections will be revealed during the course of carving, a more flexible and fluid approach is required.

title: Appendix:Glossary of sculpting


text:
polymorphemic

Adjective

 * 1)  Made up of multiple morphemes.

Translations

 * Dutch: polymorfemisch
 * Finnish: monimorfeeminen
 * French: polymorphémique
 * German: polymorphemisch
 * Greek:
 * Italian: polimorfemico
 * Polish: wielomorfemowy
 * Portuguese: polimorfémico
 * Spanish: polimorfémico

title: polymorphemic


text:
informationism

Etymology
. This word and (one who practices informationism) are first known to have arisen in the work of a group of Scottish poets in the 1994 book Contraflow on the SuperHighway.

Noun

 * 1) A significant ideology that information has power when disseminated.
 * 2) The use of information as a weapon.
 * 3) The act of countering government propaganda.
 * 4) The act of undermining advertising.
 * 5) Commitment to the idea that the world is fundamentally composed of, supervenes upon, or reduces to, information of some kind.
 * 6) Commitment to the truth of one or another form of informational ontology or informational metaphysics.
 * 7) A primary aesthetic quality of the literary and/or fictional works belonging to the literary subgenre (of science fiction) called informationist science fiction, and a primary aesthetic disposition of the authors of those works or texts. Commonly included in the corpus of informationist science fiction literature are such texts as Samuel R. Delany's Babel 17, and Vernor Vinge's A Fire Upon the Deep

Quotations

 * 2018. Informationism.
 * I mentioned and briefly outlined informationism (of a very specific kind) about mathematical entities and structures. I contrasted my view of structure as an ontic primitive with the structural realist views of Ladyman and Ross (who hold a physico-statisticalist position according to which structures are relations) and French (whose position is one of realism about modality as the ontic ground of the relations constituting structure) and provided a naturalised conception of representations." . p 71
 * 2009. Informationism.
 * In science, informationism involves the implicit recognition of information as a natural as well as a man-made commodity, and the conception of information as a substantive, quantifiable, empirically verifiable entity in all natural sciences, as well as a conceptual and theoretic abstracta for problem solving and elucidation. Scientific informationism is also signified by the increasingly information-centric nature of scientific practice due to advances in digital computer technology and especially software. As Daniel Cordle has observed, Richard Dawkins‘ landmark The Selfish Gene sees gene sequences and DNA as coded information. In The Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins has this to say about life itself from a scientific perspective: "What lies at the heart of every living thing…is information, words, instructions…If you want a metaphor…If you want to understand life, don‘t think about vibrant, throbbing gels and oozes, think about information technology." . p 7
 * 2009. Informationism.
 * What I have called informationism describes the embracing of information-scientific and information-theoretic imperatives, paradigms, tools and principles across numerous human disciplines and epistemes from the sciences to literature and aesthetics. p 7
 * 2006. Kozzmo(blog). Informationism.
 * At present, informationism is considered a form of web-based terrorism, using blogs as a platform to initiate propagandist attacks. This definition, however is that generated by the post-modernist.
 * 2004. Habits of the High-Tech Heart, by Quentin Schultze: (ethicsdaily.com/article Book review by Ethics Daily)
 * Informationism: “a non-discerning, vacuous faith in … information.”
 * 2000. Heroux, Erick. The Ideology of Information & The Tactics of Literature. (Dissertation Abstract, Nov. 1 2000)
 * Informationism is identified as a significant emerging ideology.

title: informationism


text:
knitting chart

Noun

 * 1) A graphical method for depicting a knitted fabric.

title: knitting chart


text:
extracellular matrix

Noun

 * 1)  All the microscopic fibres and other molecular structures that are produced by a particular type of  but are not part of it (that is, that lie outside its ), providing  to the cells and often serving as a co- of the  that they constitute, especially a.

Translations

 * Finnish: soluväliaine
 * German: extrazelluläre Matrix, Extrazellularmatrix,
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: matriz extracelular

title: extracellular matrix