text:
ero

Noun

 * 1)  squirrel

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a bit, a single element, piece, or component of a large mass or collection

Noun

 * 1) difference that which is different between multiple things; characteristic of something that makes it different from something else
 * 2) distinction that which distinguishes; act of distinguishing, discriminating
 * 3) resignation act of resigning
 * 4) discharge, dismissal act of dismissing
 * 5) separation, parting
 * 6)  rid
 * 1) resignation act of resigning
 * 2) discharge, dismissal act of dismissing
 * 3) separation, parting
 * 4)  rid
 * 1) separation, parting
 * 2)  rid
 * 1)  rid
 * 1)  rid
 * 1)  rid

Noun

 * 1) era

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) difference

Related terms

 * See

Verb

 * 1) ; (I) was

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1)  heroin

Adjective

 * 1) angry

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) ; this

Noun

 * 1) hero

Noun

 * 1) earth

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) water, fresh water
 * 2) river, stream

Etymology
Related to Finnish.

Noun

 * 1) difference
 * 2) distinction
 * 3) disagreement

title: ero


text:
è

Letter

 * 1) In French, Italian, Occitan and Catalan the è is pronounced /ɛ/ as opposed to é which is pronounced /e/.
 * 2) In Italian it is used to indicate a stressed e, /ɛ/, at the end of a word.
 * 3) In older writings on Old Icelandic or Old (West) Norse (e.g. A grammar of the Icelandic or Old Norse tongue) è is used instead of the modern é to denote that the phoneme is different in character (a rising diphthong) compared to á, í, ó, ú and ý (falling diphthongs or monophthongs).

Letter

 * My wingèd helmet and my wingèd heel
 * My wingèd helmet and my wingèd heel
 * My wingèd helmet and my wingèd heel
 * My wingèd helmet and my wingèd heel

Etymology
From, from. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Conjunction

 * 1) and

Etymology
From, a distinctly Quebec contracted form of , +.

Phrase

 * 1)  she's, it's:

Letter

 * 1) The letter $⟨e⟩$ in a stressed final syllable when pronounced.

Etymology 2
From, ultimately from.

Verb

 * 1) ; is

Usage notes
The uppercase form is often written as E', especially in print.

Adverb

 * 1) well, see.

Etymology 1
Letter with grave (◌̀) to signify short stressed vowel.

Letter

 * 1) Additional letter, used in some words to denote the short stress on .

Symbol

 * 1)  Phonetic transcription of sound [].

Etymology 2
Letter with grave (◌̀) to signify long stressed vowel.

Letter

 * 1)  Additional letter, used in some words to denote the long stress on e.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: è


text: oeil

title: oeil


text:
occhio

Etymology
Borrowed from. .

Noun

 * 1)  A sound hole

Etymology
From, syncopated from , from , ultimately from ,. , a borrowing.

Noun

 * 1) eye
 * 2)  hilum

Interjection

 * 1) look out! watch out!
 * 2) mind!
 * 3) beware!

title: occhio


text:
눈

Noun

 * 1) eye
 * 2) appreciative eye (for), discerning eye (for)
 * 3) vision, eyesight
 * 4) eyes, gaze; attention
 * 5) point of view, viewpoint
 * 1) vision, eyesight
 * 2) eyes, gaze; attention
 * 3) point of view, viewpoint
 * 1) eyes, gaze; attention
 * 2) point of view, viewpoint
 * 1) point of view, viewpoint
 * 1) point of view, viewpoint
 * 1) point of view, viewpoint

Noun

 * 1) snow

Noun

 * 1)  scale, graduation

Noun

 * 1) bud, shoot, sprout

Etymology 5
Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

Noun

 * 1) eye

Noun

 * 1) snow

title: 눈


text:
spørsmål

Etymology
From. Compare to modern 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a question

Etymology
From. Compare to modern 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a question

title: spørsmål


text:
Wiktionary talk:Categories

Various 2004
This was copied from the Beer parlour:
 * What's about Category:English nouns ? 213.228.42.109 11:24, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"Categories" is a powerful tool which I would be loath to abuse. By categorizing articles according to whim we can only end up with an unworkable mess that is not of much use to anybody. The English nouns category is potentially huge. How would a non-contributing reader use it?

We need some sharing of ideas about how categories can best serve the purposes of Wiktionary before people go off into worlds of their own. Eclecticology 17:36, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, Categories is a bit powerful, especially for something like "English nouns". The Esperanto Wiktionary seems to be using them to replace indices (ex: eo:Kategorio:EN) with subcategories for each initial letter (the list of English words starting with "A" is probably smaller than the list of English nouns, but that's still a lot...).  On the Latin Wiktionary I've been using categories for etymology, (ex: la:Category:Radices Graecas) with subcategories for individual roots (somewhat like the AHD does). This may not amount to smaller categories at the by-language level but I think it is more useful than plain indexing. —Muke Tever 21:37, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * One thing we could be doing with categories that we are currently doing by hand is the Rhymes indices. —Muke Tever 21:37, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Again there are new contributors running around categorising english nouns and pronouns by person but not by number or formality or reflexivness or personal vs other. I really think we need to start talking about this and decide what type of categories we do and don't want, and how wide or narrow the categories should be if we are going to categorise every single entry. — Hippietrail 03:07, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm glad to see another voice in this discussion. I do find it difficult to suggest what might be the best approach to categorizing.  I still think that "English nouns" is wasteful, as it would also be with verbs, adjectives and adverbs, but I would still be more open to conjunctions and prepositions.  Even then the reversed order "Prepositions in English" could be more useful.  Subcategorizing the pronouns spreads things too thin, and you can end up with one item categories.  The items in a category should have something in common; all we are saying about the item in single item category is that it has nothing in common with anything.  The piping symbol in categories is used to force a particular alphabetization. Thus [Category:Pronoun|P] and [Category:Pronoun|R] could be used to force sepearate lists for personal and reflexive pronouns on the category page.  In other circumstances using language code pipes could have a similar effect.

 * Etymology as a cataloguing entry may be more useful for Latin which tends to have a more scholarly approach, but I don't think that most of the English contributors have reached the level of sophistication needed for this.

 * Some time ago I advocated the separation of the pseudonamespaces "Index:" and "Appendix:". The distinction would have had "Index:" used for languages, and "Appendix:" used for other kinds of lists.  I still think that the distinction is a useful one, and would have relieved an already overburdened "Wiktionary:" namespace.  I've hesitated to proceed because of the tremendous amount of work needed to ensure that we would not end up with a lot of broken links. "Concordance:" also came up as a possibility, and our Sherlock Holmes fan made some very strong points in defence of what he was doing; unfortunately he hasn't been actively developing his own idea, so we can ignore that issue in the short term.

 * There has been some discussion of the role of "List of ..." articles in Wikipedia, and whether these are effectively replaced by categories. I don't think so.  A category is a bottom-up representation, and nothing can appear in a category unless it already exists.  This is not the cast with a top-down list "List" whose elements can be items that we merely wish to have.

 * I think that the most important queation to be asked is, "How can a category be most useful to the user?" If a user wants to find certainn information, how does he go about doing this?  If he knows tha work=d and just wants to find out what it means the ordinary search function will do just fine.  I know that extremely long and extremely short categories are mostly useless, but beyond that I'm not sure of what I'm looking for. Eclecticology 16:55, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

If you look in Special:Categories, you will see a number of different types of categories emerging:

1.) Those attempting to include all entries in an open class (like English_nouns or English_slang). 2.) Those attempting to include all entries in an closed class (like English_pronouns). 3.) Those attempting to construct a theme (like Harry Potter). 4.) Ontological categories (like English_parts_of_speech, which includes the articles on noun, verb, etc.) 5.) Thesaurus-like categories (well, there aren't any yet) 6.) Meta categories (like French_index)

For tracking open classes (1), it seems silly to rely on people both putting in the right header in the article and to assign the word to the appropriate category. That is to say, every time someone created a definition for an English noun, they'd have to remember to add it to Category:English_nouns. Also consider what happens when that category is better populated. When a class has hundreds of thousands or millions of members, the category display mechanism: a.) might not be the most computationally efficient way to store and retrieve membership data of, and b.) won't produce a space-efficient or user-friendly layout.

I propose there be a Special page or pages that track open classes (which is useful in certain ways). A script could be periodically run that classifies as an English noun all the articles that have ===Noun=== inside an ==English== section, and so on for all interesting permutations. The appropriate Special page could be a member of Category:English_nouns.

The use of Wiktionary for ontological purposes (4) - essentially making it a wiki-based variant of WordNet or OpenCyc - seems interesting. The category system is a logical choice for making the maintenance of is-a-type-of relationships easy (hyponyms and hypernyms). Arguably, an ontological categories should not be connected to anything outside their strict hierarchy, except by article pages. Depending on licensing terms, the easiest thing to do might be to wikify the open portions of OpenCyc, preferably in an automated fashion.

Categories would also seem to be nice for thesaurus-making purposes; they might even replace "Synonym" and "Antonym" headers. Except that there's not really a way to assign only one sense of a word to a category, as opposed to the whole article.

They also seem handy for defining closed classes, constructing themes, and meta-organization.

Things could get rather ugly in terms of navigation, namespace conflicts, automated extraction, and hierarchy co-mingling. Perhaps we should designate distinct namespaces for each these "projects". Some of them need some relatively strict guidelines to make them useful; others can be more freeform.

-- Beland 05:59, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I am pro a thematic + language categorie:
I am pro a thematic + language categorie:
 * Category:architecture in english
 * Category:architecture in french
 * Category:colors in french
 * Category:jobs in french
 * Category:jobs in english
 * Category:mathematics in english
 * Category:units in english

This allow to see all words to be used in a theme in a language. Moreover, these category, will be linked to the same category explained in another language. see: Category:English units and fr:Catégorie:Lexique en anglais des unités de mesures

62.147.114.112 22:46, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * In response would something like and  be workable.  Remember that the pipe works differently in the category namespace.  It designates the way things will be sorted on the category page. Eclecticology 04:55, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

A suggestion
How about using categories to split entries into different categories. lIke for example the following (i know it has loads f problems, but bear with me here)

 * root level
 * language
 * chinese
 * some form #1
 * some form #2
 * english
 * olde
 * British
 * simplified
 * american
 * type
 * verb
 * tense
 * past
 * present
 * future
 * present continues
 * you get the idea
 * adjective
 * adverb
 * noun
 * something else

imagine how easy that would make it to find a verb in present continues that starts with the letter g and is popular mostly amongst British speakers

or lets say we are looking for a list of adjectives that start with the letter B or something similar.

it seems like a GREAT use for categories - Anonymous

Rather than having any definition directly under a category of the type of speech ("noun"), they should go under categories like "Units of measurement", "Chemicals", "Body parts". Having definitions under the type of speech at all might not be a good idea, though, because more than one type of speech is properly in the same page, most often with noun and adjective. More complicatedly, because of the broken practice of having different words of entirely different meaning and origin under the same page, you run into the problem of having definitions under categories to which they do not belong at all, or are even remotely related to. Which is an incidental reason of why no other dictionary in the world puts words under the same definition simply because of the spelling of it... - Centrx 23:36, 4 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The more I think about it, the more I agree that the parts of speech are not a fruitful way of setting up categories, especially for the major ones of noun, verb, adjective and adverb. There would be just too many in those categories.  Eclecticology 04:35, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that the categories would be too big, but if one is to implement the idea above with a script I think it would be more efficient if it searched for a -tag instead of the suggested nested headers. The tag wouldn't necessarily be visible in the article. That would be more flexible if one wants to add other kinds of classifications, and has the advantage that it doesn't create five lines with category links, as could happen if someone thinks that not only en nouns should be classified. (Think of modem to get an idea about what I'm thinking of...)  \Mike 10:09, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If people find this tagging system too confusing they simply won't bother with it. Making it not visible would add even more complication to the writing.  From a passive user's perspective will the information that he gets fro a long list of English nouns be useful? Eclecticology 08:26, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * That's why I used the big if (maybe not big enough?) :) \Mike 09:48, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that etymological and linguistic categorization is a great idea, but should reined in. Where I think that part of speech categories will go wrong is when words are not subcategorized at all, category:English:Verb could include all verbs, but it could be easily split into category:English:Verb:Transitive|Intransitive:Action|Existence|Occurence etc. making it far more meaningful and navigable.

A missed? opportunity
If you wish to break new ground in dictionaries, consider the outrageous. Use an xml structure to create a universal dictionary:  Extended definition of a single idea  Word

So a simple example:  A color descriptive of visible light in the frequency range of....  red rojo </Entry> </Gestalt>

<Gestalt id="wiki-red:politic"> <Description lang="">A term used for communists by American conservatives in the 20th century</Description> <Entry> <Lang="English">red</Lang> <Lang="Spanish>comunista</Lang> </Entry> </Gestalt>

<Gestalt id="wiki-1234567"> <Description lang="English">To harm oneself by overreacting</Description> <Entry type="metaphor"> <Lang="English"> <Origin>Uncle Bob had a horrible itch on his nose.....</Origin> To cut off your nose despite your face </Lang> </Entry> <Entry> <Lang="English"> <Origin>during the Reformation the Hussites cast off the Catholic church...</Origin> To throw the baby out with the bath water </Lang> </Entry> </Gestalt>

The Gestalt id becomes the universal index of ideas. Translators could use it to translate ideas rather than words. The xml can be extended anyway you like to include everything that has been discussed by everyone.

And you don't have to even have a taxonomy for the gestalt id. It just has to be unique. If it is human readable, it is slightly better. wandadubbayou

 * <Jun-Dai 23:00, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)> The biggest problem (of many) is that it is sort of reverse to how language works. Most precise ideas don't map well to particular words in a language.  Consider things such as 青, which means blue in Japanese.  It can also mean green, but it usually means blue.  Consequently, it doesn't map so affectively to English blue, which we would never use to describe grass.

 <Gestalt id="3456788"> <Description lang="Japanese">青</Description> <Entry> <Lang="English">Usally blue but can mean green. Never used to describe grass.</Lang> </Entry> </Gestalt> -wandadubbayou

 Going further, if you take a single concept, such as a particular color (frequency of light), there are often many words in English that could describe it (red, crimson, ruby, etc.), and what's more, some of the words would only be appropriate in a specific context (e.g., clothing), which this format doesn't seem to encourage.

 <Gestalt id="wiki-crimson" memberOf="wiki-red"> <Description lang="">A color descriptive of visible light in the frequency range of.... only appropriate for clothing</Description> <Entry> <Lang="English">clothing specific ruby</Lang> </Entry> </Gestalt> -wandadubbayou

 * The biggest problem that most translating dictionaries is the limitation with regards to how much space is given to usage, examples, and the specific contexts in which a word in one language can be used and a similar word in the other language cannot (as with 青, which will always have blue as the first item in the translation). I don't know where some people around here are getting the idea that different languages simply have different sets of words that map in some (relatively) easy fashion from one language to another.  Nothing could be further from the truth.

 You obviously have missed the whole point. I am proposing a dictionary of ideas... not creating a dictionary of words. -wandadubbayou

 I would go so far as to say that, outside of cognates and borrowed words (and maybe even including them), there are so few words as to be negligible that are an almost exact equivalent for another word in another language, and most of them are only sloppy equivalents. Furthermore, some concepts cannot be described well in a particular language, and some simply cannot be described at all.

There is, for example, no word in German that has the meaning that is the main sense of the English ambiguity. It simply doesn't exist in German, and you would have to use an awkward phrase to produce a similar meaning (most dictionaries offer die Zweideutigkeit, which roughly means "double meaning").

 <Gestalt id="34545558"> <Description lang="English">ambiguity</Description> <Entry> <Lang="German">[an awkward phrase to produce a similar meaning ]. <UsualTranslation>die Zweideutigkeit</UsualTranslation> <AlternateTranslation when="at birtday parties">dur garbletygookishnieder</UsualTranslation> </Lang> </Entry> </Gestalt> -wandadubbayou

All of this idea of translation mapping is, IMO, pure folly. </Jun-Dai>

Nonsense. XML can describe anything. Take three pages if you need to. All ideas can be communicated across languages, or you presume that people cannot learn new ideas, only use existing ones.

 * <Jun-Dai 01:52, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)> The technology is not the limitation. The problem is with the idea of "translation".  To begin with, there is no such thing as an "accurate translation", despite the fact that some translations can be more accurate than others, or more accurate in particular ways.  That all ideas can be communicated across languages is not at all a given, and nor does the notion that not all ideas can be communicated across languages rely upon the notion that people cannot learn new ideas.  To put it another way, a better way to put that statement would be that not all ideas can be communicated in any given (or even all) existing languages.
 * People clearly can learn new ideas, and yet we often have ideas that cannot be communicated. Sometimes this is because we don't know how to articulate it, but other times it is simply because the language is not up to the task.  Similarly, some languages are better for communicating certain ideas than others.  German, for example, is not a good language for talking about ambiguity.
 * I think there are two points here that you are making that I can agree with, provided that they are kept separate: (1) It would be useful to have a means of mapping various means of expressing particular ideas in any given language (a reverse dictionary), though this would not replace the Wiktionary, or even really overlap with the Wiktionary's aims much. (2) XML would be a superior format for containing this and other (including Wiktionary) information.
 * What I don't agree with is the idea that such an idea could replace or be superior to what the Wiktionary offers. I also don't agree that XML is the appropriate format for something like the Wiktionary, the reason being that while XML is a more useful and extensible language for processing, it is a pain to write in and to maintain manually, which is how data is generated and improved in the Wiktionary.  If computers could write dictionaries, then it would definitely be better.
 * Moreover, the translation mapping that you describe is of limited use for the reasons that I gave. The latest sample that you provided comes closer to something like the Wiktionary in that it is providing a definition for a word, rather than a word for a definition/concept.  You are no longer mapping translations, and the content in that sample looks just like the Wiktionary but in a format that is much more difficult to write, extend, and modify, and would thus never get many contributors.

 I am suggesting mapping ideas. In the case above, 青 is not just a word. It is an idea that is different from the ideas of blue or green. You would take as must realestate as necessary to convey the idea in whatever other languages you were using to convey it in. You could even add a color swatch or pantone number. From your description, and the suggestiveness of the picture I would guess that the idea of 青 is something more like "peaceful color" which should be explained rather than just the scientific description of light frequencies. We might use "cool color" in english, which also means blues and greens.

-wandadubbayou

Currently we don't have enough contributors to make the Wiktionary especially useful, but it's growing, and I believe that it will become a useful resource at some point in the future. What you've proposed would never get enough contributors to be useful, and would probably not even get as many as we have here now. It might be nice to have an XML output format, but having an XML input format would be hell. </Jun-Dai>

Category by XML
As mentioned above, each Wiktionary item would categorize an idea. A convenient taxonomy for realtionships between ideas could be adopted as a starting point and expanded if necessary. Check out the link in the example below, Trigg did pioneering work in hyper-linking. <t:taxonomy for linking> <o n="TriggLinkType"> <r t="TriggLinkType:C-Source">http://www.workpractice.com/trigg/thesis-chap4.html</r> C-source</r> C-pioneer</r> </o>

<o n="TriggLinkType:C-source"> <r t="describedBy">Gives the source of concepts and ideas in order to enable checking and authenticating of data and clams of facts, physical constants, etc.</r> </o> <o n="TriggLinkType:C-pioneer"> <r t="describedBy">Pays homage to pioneers. This is similar to C-source though broader in scope, i.e. one cites the work or a pioneer in a field though the cited work may not be directly relevant.</r> </o> <t:/taxonomy>

The edit page would be auto-generated by a schema to keep editors within the structure of the wiki. Th exml would be invisible and you wouldn't even need wiki ML. The display could be customized by each user by applying custom xslt on the data. Do If someone wanted standard wiki displays it would be available through an xsl.

If you build it, they will come.

--wandadubbayou  wanda at dubbayou.com

Overlap?
Once in xml the data could be displayed as a forward or reverse Dictionary in any and all languages it contained with a simple xsl.

Once in an xml format, a simple engine can be made that actually discovers new relationships and can ask questions to clarify relationships.

Implementation
Wiki already stores text nicely... xml is text. A thin layer applies an xsl to the stream based on user preferences. In edit mode, a thin layer uses a schema for a template to create a form. Data from the form is stored on wiki pages in xml. Linking would be done by browsing in an embedded frame in the edit GUI. All contributions done through the GUI. No ML for anyone. xml can be autogenerated from other DB's for automatic entries. Use a public dictionary for starters and auto generate entries, name the gestalt by the word and definition number.

Publish the schema so that other dictionary groups can standardize and integrate easily. Let the computers do what computers do well, and ask contributers to clarify relationships. Assign a reliability index to each contributor that indicates a trust level based on history. The wiki then could answer the question, "Who said so, and should I trust it?" Policing becomes easier.

A data driven search engine runs in the background looking for relationships based on rules made by contributors. As it discovers possible relationships, they are published to a question page. Users answer the questions which then validate the links. The engine knows who to trust. If the responders are unknown, the question is asked of several people. A relaibility threshold must be reached before the change is made.

Eventually a search engine is added that can browse the internet looking for possible links. They are validated by asking users questions.

Wiki is the perfect venue for such a project. And something like Wiktionary is exactly where it would have to happen.

page Wiktionary:Categories was virtually empty, so I created a new entry
The page was virtually empty, so I created a new page describing how categories are used in Wiktionary. I did delete the reference to the latin word for categories, since this page is in the Wiktionary: namespace, not the main content space. Then, to my surprise, I find a great length of discussion associated with the page. But the history shows it never had any content ? Strange.--Richardb 10:15, 21 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * There was no reference to the Latin word for categories. That was an interlanguage link to the article on the same topic in the Latin Wiktionary.  They appear on other wiktionary:, category:, and article pages as well. Please do not delete such links.  —Muke Tever 18:35, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

After Real Thought
A proposal for Wiktionary structure

The proposed structure is designed to capitalize of the strength of Wiki and handle every type of categorization. I propose one Gestalt node per wiki page. <Gestalt id="" type=" gestaltIdRef"> <Relationships> <Relation gestaltRef="">gestaltRef</Relation> <Relation gestaltRef="">gestaltRef</Relation> </Relationships> <Symbolics> <Symbol lang="" type="gestaltRef">Best definition of the Gestalt in the lang</Symbol> <Symbol lang="" type="gestaltRef"> Best definition of the Gestalt in the lang</Symbol> <Symbolics> </Gestalt>

1. Gestalt – an atomic universal idea. Its id attribute is universally unique. The idea has only one meaning. It is language independent, even though a language may be used to assign the id for readability purposes. It’s type is a reference to another Gestalt that is a member of a type taxonomy. Much can be discussed about the taxonomy, but it is envisioned that it has elements like pureIdea, instanceOfAnIdea, IdeaOfaRealObject, InstanceOfaGestaltOfARealObject, etc. These also might be able to be handled by Relationships.

2. Relation – A relation describes a relationship to another Gestalt. The attribute id a reference to a relationship Gestalt and the value is the other Gestalt. Much of the text in definitions just tells about relationships to other things. I suspect that more than half of the definition will be contained in the relations which are language independent.

<Gestalt id="gestalt:red" > <Relationships> <Relation gestaltRef="containedBy">gestalt:colors</Relation>

3. Symbol – A Symbol is an expression of the idea. Words and sentences are not ideas, just symbols of the ideas. Symbols vary in each language, but the ideas can be shared. Translation attempts to change the symbols from one language into the symbols of another in an efficient accurate manner. Communication attempts to move an idea from one mind to another in a precise manner. The Symbol type attribute is a reference to a structure contained in another Gestalt. The structure will change from language to language to accommodate structural difference in languages.

For English, the structure would contain elements for nouns, verbs, etc. In Greek it would include declensions. In Tok Pisin, it would include inclusive and exclusive pronoun types.

Each might have translation hints, etymology, etc. Did we forget something? No problem just add it to the type taxonomy with wiki.

Wiki should not limit the kinds of information, but provide a structure to include and make useful all information.

Use xml behind the scenes. The GUI should provide only those parts of the Gestalt that each user wants to see. They can expand and contract the view at will. The view is populated with the symbols from the other gestaltRefs so that the relational parts of the definition are actually written by the wiki at the time the information is requested.

The GUI editor creates an html form from the viewer schema based on the user’s preference. The user can edit those parts. The GUI also allows browsing in another frame so that Gestalt linking make relationship definitions easy.

I believe this is an infinitely flexible yet wholly managable idea. I also believe you will get more people to participate since the wiktionary will have value to AI engines in this form.

 * <Jun-Dai 01:48, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)> An additional problem, which I didn't mention earlier, is that this relies on the two assumptions: (1) ideas can be wholly language-independent (by no means obvious or proven) and (2) language-independent ideas can truly be articulated in language without absorbing additional meaning. The first one is mostly a matter of belief--it's not really provable.  The second one is, IMO, clearly wrong, though there may be some question as to whether we can come close enough for practical purposes.  Ultimately, the distinction between two closely-related ideas is in many cases going to depend on language that the ideas are being articulated in, and the culture connected to that language.  The question then becomes how to define a particular gestalt.  If we are defining it in English, then the basic meaning for the term blue would be a gestalt, and the Japanese word 青 would be on the list for translations.  If we are defining it in Japanese, then 青 would be a gestalt, and the English words blue and green would both be mapped to it, with blue being the main term.  In Japanese, there simply isn't a single concept that maps to the English idea of blue.  In English, there simply isn't a single concept that maps to the idea of 青.  To say that the English term peaceful was involved would give too much emphasis to the affect of the color, when in Japanese it really just refers to the color (much like how blue could be defined to some extent in terms of mood or affect, but for most purposes it is simple a color with little emotional connection being made on the part of the speaker).  Nevermind the fact that in Japanese culture, the very color itself is going to have subtly different cultural associations. </Jun-Dai>

I think you are hung up on the symbols... All you have done is make an excellent case that "blue" and 青 are symbols for different gestalts. Why would you attempt to insist that the gestalt was one or the other? The two gestalts will share some relationships and have others that differ.

And I will leave all the philosophising to you. The topic was how to categorize. Whether you think an ideal idea dictionary can be attained is not at all at stake. The proposal overcomes your objections to an xml structure based on editing in xml. So now you wish to raise philosophical objections.

So if you want to talk philosophy there currently is no reason for anyone to participate in wiktionary unless thay are a member of a group that speaks an obscure language. All the major languages already have online dictionaries offering what wiktionary purports to be its highest goal. Namely " a collaborative project to produce a free multilingual dictionary in every language, with definitions, etymologies, pronunciations and quotations."

Online dictionaries already offer all this and more when combined with search engines. At least wikipedia is a great social experiment. Wiktionary is just redundant grunt work in its present form.

Do something bigger.

 * <Jun-Dai 15:34, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)> You've missed my point again. It's not that 青 and blue correspond to different gestalts, it's that blue refers to a number of gestalts that simply cannot be expressed in Japanese, and 青 similarly cannot be expressed in English.  They overlap in a number of ways.  Articulating the areas of overlap and the areas that each distinctly covers is going to be culturally-specific, and following that route logically, you'll no longer be talking about gestalts, per se, but simply blue <gestalt_ref>some long-ass explanation in Japanese</gestalt_ref> --i.e., a translational mapping dictionary, which is essentially what we have, but without all the bulky XML.</Jun-Dai>

 * <Jun-Dai 16:54, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)> Also, the Wiktionary, as we have it, has the potential to be useful in a number of ways. To begin with, it is capable of including and defining a number of words that have not made it into dictionaries yet (e.g., google).  It is also capable of a much more extensive explanation with regards to the ways in which words are used, and the connotations that they bring with them into a particular context (this is especially true for the foreign terms).  We have a long way to go before we are really very useful, but I'm fairly convinced that we'll get there.  We will certainly see some sort of technology shift before we get there.  The backend of that may be XML, it may not be (XML is very slow).  But the user should never see the XML, and the XML should never be as intrusive as the schema that you've laid out--it should only contain large sections, which are editing and wiki-marked-up by users in some sort of text field.  GeraldM's notion of a Universal Wiktionary is not a bad one.  What I'd prefer to see would be some sort of master Wiktionary containing core elements of a term, such as its pronunciation (in international symbols), its conjugation, and its translation into various languages, with links to those terms.  Think of it as a universal templating system for all the Wiktionaries out there.  Would XML play a role?  possibly.  But I don't see much benefit to what you've described.  If you really believe in it, however, then build it, and if you are right, then people will come to work on it.  As there is very little overlap with the English Wiktionary, what you describe really needs its own MediaWiki instance, or possibly some other software, built from scratch, in which case it is a discussion for the meta-wiki. </Jun-Dai>

Dag, I am really missing something here. How is all this significantly different from Special:Export/blue vs. Special:Export/青? The Special pages link on the bottom left of your screen should get you to where you can find the "Export pages" link... Or are you saying you want the wiki software to parse the "=" headings down further into xml for you? --Connel MacKenzie 17:12, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Or is perhaps the suggestion then that the Special:Export feature should be more prominently touted? --Connel MacKenzie 22:55, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * <Jun-Dai 23:04, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)> I think the problem is that the export is just an export of the article with the entire text in one XML tag. This person wants a number of tags covering all the functions, as well as an integration between the various language wiktionaries, and article entries that correspond to some kind of language-independent concept, rather than a word in a language.  Basically something that is much, er, bigger than what we have here. </Jun-Dai>

I am simply offering a structure that can accomodate cataloguing what you have, and have plenty of flexibility for bigger things. I apologize for having vision. Since you seem to own this thing, do what you want, and I'll butt out.

 * <Jun-Dai 01:00, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)> Neither me nor Connel could really be said to own this thing. I think that what you describe is an interesting proposal, and it certainly would fill a niche that doesn't currently exist.  Does that make it "bigger" than this project?  no.  More importantly, what you describe would not be well suited to the particular software that we have in place, though it would be good with a similar sort of collaborative environment.  What's more, my understanding of the licensing for the Wiktionary content would lead me to believe that you should be able to "suck" the content from the Wiktionary as a means of initially populating your project.  If you have vision enough, you'll find a way to implement this idea on a more appropriate platform, and I'll happily sign up as one of your first contributors. </Jun-Dai>

In this short "discussion", you first objected to the unsuitability of xml to wiki. When that objection was overcome, you then object based on linguistic philosophies. Then you first use the term "bigger", and when I repeat it, you argue with me about its usage. You have lots of arguement. Then another admin makes derogotary remarks about being anonymous, when anyone who has actually read anything I posted can get my e-maiil address, and I have personally invited you for offline dialog in e-mail or irc. I expect cheap shots on here, but not from admins. Good luck and good bye.

<Jun-Dai 02:09, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)>
 * I objected to (and still object to) the unsuitability of xml as a user-inputted format for wiki, which seems/seemed to be what you were suggesting. I also feel that XML is slow, and not necessarily the best storage/backend solution for the Wiktionary data, though it is a great format for manipulating, mining, and drawing connections through that data.  This objection has in no way been overcome.  I also feel that the basic idea behind the proposal is problematic at best insofar as separating ideas from language is concerned.  Though the proposal has in itself a kind of linguistic ideology, it doesn't seem to be based in solid linguistic principles of any sort.
 * As for bigger, I was referring to your statement "do something bigger," which, in context, was a snide remark about the Wiktionary itself. You expressed the opinion that the Wiktionary offers nothing new (which I refuted, with no response from you) and is simply a bunch of grunt work.  Your proposal, on the other hand, you seem to feel offers the opportunity to create something that hasn't been done before.  This last part is, IMO, a valid point, but I see no need for it to replace the Wiktionary as it stands.  Better yet, let it complement the Wiktionary.
 * I fail to see where I've made any cheap shots here. You, on the other hand, have dodged around most of my points, and in the end have taken an ad hominem position with a somewhat melodramatic finale ("I expect cheap shots on here, but not from admins.  Good luck and good bye").  Why?

</Jun-Dai>

ad hominem
[] Regular Ad Hominem

1. A makes claim B;  2. there is something objectionable about A   3. therefore claim B is false.

It does not appear that WD has used any ad hominem attacks. Had she made an ad hominem attack, she would have said

"blank is a bleep and therefor nothing blank says is valid. "

Instead WD made a claim (which may or may not be precise) that JD has shifted the topic repeatedly rather than address the technical issues being proposed.

JD replies by accusing WD of dodging other issues and being melodramatic.

<Jun-Dai 01:01, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)>
 * You're talking about ad hominem argument, my friend. I was referring to your position as being ad hominem.  You were making comments on the personal character of your interlocutors in what seemed to me an attempt to invalidate or make dubious your interlocutors' assertions.  You did this by referring to me and Connel as having made "cheap shots" and thereby implying that we were not of the (moral?) character that you would expect admins to be.  I admit readily that this is reading into your statement, and that you didn't explicitly make any such point.  It seems pretty clear to me, however.  What's more, I don't see any cheap shots that we have made.
 * Moreover, I don't think I've avoided addressing any of the technical issues you've proposed. On the contrary, you have shifted the argument repeatedly, and I have responded accordingly.  I never argued that XML wouldn't work as a backend format, though I did point out that it wouldn't be ideal for performance reasons.  My only argument with regards to XML was that it would be terrible as a user-inputted format, which wasn't overcome so much as made irrelevant by the fact that you qualified the proposal to make it clear that you were thinking of XML as running behind the scenes rather than something the user would be inputting.
 * My philosophical points were present from the very first statement I made, and I have merely expanded on them. You avoided those comments with the statement "I will leave all the philosophising to you."  Well, the problem with that is that the whole idea being proposed is based on certain assumptions about the nature of language and ideas.
 * What's more, I will readily admit that I took the discussion to my interlocutor (ad hominem) by calling her/his final statement melodramatic. I didn't intend for this to be a judgement on my interlocutor's previous statements or proposal in general, though I accept that it can be interpreted that way.  Regardless, I stand by my judgement.  It was a melodramatic statement to make.
 * In any case, would you kindly point out what it is that I have dodged? I certainly can't see anything along those lines in the discussion above.
 * Also, I've seen the admins here make comments about anonymous posting, but I'm really not seeing it in this discussion. Where did it happen, and who said it?

</Jun-Dai>

Flamewar and hurt feelings aside, I still agree that the Special:Export feature should be more prominently touted. If/when Wanda devises a dynamic re-parser, perhaps she could demonstrate it here? Or even better, help it make its way into the wiki source code tree? --Connel MacKenzie 18:59, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cognates and derivations
There are several examples of cognates listed as derivation, cf. for instance brown and mild, does someone know an easy way to fix it up? Wakuran 12:48, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Entry layout explained suggests the heading ===Descendants===. Is that what you are asking?  --Connel MacKenzie 16:37, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, no, on the example mild, the English word is listed as a Danish (etc.) derivative, when the truth is that the Danish word is just a cognate. It seems the only way to fix that is to manually edit all incorrect pages. Wakuran 19:09, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:Categories


text:
peloso

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) hairy

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) hairy

title: peloso


text:
stoopid

Etymology
Perhaps imitative of the American pronunciation of, or implying the referent would spell the word that way.

Adjective

 * 1)   used as an emphatic form of the word.

title: stoopid


text:
Eis

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Eis is the 39607th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 555 individuals. Eis is most common among White (93.69%) individuals.

Etymology
From and, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  ice
 * 2)  ice cream

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from , from. .

Noun

 * 1) ice
 * 2)  ice cream

Usage notes

 * The plural forms are used for the sense “ice cream”, but are often avoided.

Noun

 * 1)  E sharp

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) ice

Etymology
From and, from , from , from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ice

title: Eis


text: OTT

title: OTT


text:
reservar

Verb

 * 1) to reserve, to book
 * 2) to reserve, to store in reserve
 * 3) to reserve (judgment)

Verb

 * 1) to reserve to keep in store for future or special use
 * 2) to reserve to book in advance

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to reserve, keep, save
 * 2) to put aside, set aside
 * 3) to put off, postpone
 * 4) to exempt, exonerate
 * 5) to conceal, keep secret
 * 6) to book
 * 7)  to reserve, to retain one's right to something or one's judgment/opinion
 * 8)  to be reserved, to be set aside

title: reservar


text:
kumquat

Etymology
From or. Related to – same second character.

Noun

 * 1) A small, orange citrus-like fruit which is native to Asia (, syn. ).

Derived terms

 * lemonquat
 * mandarinquat ( × )
 * sunquat
 * mandarinquat ( × )
 * sunquat
 * sunquat
 * sunquat

Translations

 * Arabic: بُرْتُقَال ذَهَبِيّ
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 柑橘
 * Hokkien: 金棗, 金桔仔, 桔仔, 金柑
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech: kumquat, kumkvat
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: fortunelo, kumkvato
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hawaiian: kamakuaka
 * Hebrew: קומקוואט
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Indonesian: kimkit
 * Irish: cumcuat
 * Italian: kumquat, mandarino cinese
 * Japanese:, キンカン
 * Khmer: ផ្លែកុមខ្វាត់
 * Korean: 금귤(金橘)
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: kumquat
 * Romanian: kumquat
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: кумкват
 * Latin: kumkvat
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Thai: ส้มจี๊ด
 * Turkish:, altın portakal, çin portakalı, kamkuat
 * Uyghur:
 * Vietnamese: kim quất (金橘), ,

Etymology
, from.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  small orange fruit

title: kumquat


text:
가

Etymology 1
is the first consonant and is the first vowel in the ordering of hangul.

Noun

 * 1)  border, edge, end
 * 2)  around, nearby, beside
 * 3) brim of a vessel
 * 1)  around, nearby, beside
 * 2) brim of a vessel
 * 1)  around, nearby, beside
 * 2) brim of a vessel
 * 1) brim of a vessel
 * 1) brim of a vessel
 * 1) brim of a vessel

Usage notes

 * In compounds, it takes the genitive.

Etymology 3
.

Noun

 * 1)  family, household
 * 2)  dynasty, lineage, household, House
 * 1)  dynasty, lineage, household, House

Suffix

 * 1) -er, -ist

Etymology 4
.

Noun

 * 1)  allowed; permitted
 * 2) aye, for in meetings, etc.
 * 1) aye, for in meetings, etc.
 * 1) aye, for in meetings, etc.
 * 1) aye, for in meetings, etc.

Etymology 5
.

Suffix

 * 1) price
 * 2)  valence

Etymology 6
.

Suffix

 * 1)  street

Etymology 7
.

Prefix

 * 1) false
 * 2) temporary

Etymology 8
.

Etymology 9
From ; see the main entry for more.

Etymology 10
Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

title: 가


text:
이

Preposition

 * 1) the locative particle: in; at

Etymology 1
. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Numeral

 * 1) two

Etymology 2
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Determiner

 * 1) this

Etymology 1
From, from. and other Dravidian terms.

Determiner

 * 1) this

Pronoun

 * 1)  this, this thing, this person
 * 2)  here
 * 1)  here
 * 1)  here
 * 1)  here
 * 1)  here

Usage notes
In spoken Korean, the word is used only as a determiner. To say "this person", "this thing", etc., a noun must be present:, , etc.

Etymology 2
, from the reading, from.

Numeral

 * 1)  two

Etymology 3
Compounds still retain the original form.

Pronunciation
In isolation or as the initial element of a compound:

As the non-initial element of a compound:

Noun

 * 1) tooth, teeth
 * [[File:Ko-이 없으면 잇몸으로 산다.ogg]]
 * 1) the teeth of a saw or a similar jagged surface
 * 2)  mechanical joint
 * [[File:Ko-이 없으면 잇몸으로 산다.ogg]]
 * 1) the teeth of a saw or a similar jagged surface
 * 2)  mechanical joint
 * 1)  mechanical joint
 * 1)  mechanical joint

Usage notes

 * In South Korea, the compounded form is written to reflect the actual pronunciation. In North Korea, it is written  for consistency. The pronunciation is the same in both countries except if spelling pronunciation interferes for some North Koreans.

Etymology 4
From.

Dependent noun

 * 1)  person, man (in the gender-neutral sense)

Etymology 5
Compounds still retain the original form.

Pronunciation
In isolation or as the initial element of a compound:

As the non-initial element of a compound:

Noun

 * 1) louse tiny bloodsucking insect

Usage notes

 * In South Korea, the compounded form is written to reflect the actual pronunciation. In North Korea, it is written  for consistency. The pronunciation is the same in both countries except if spelling pronunciation interferes for some North Koreans.

Etymology 6
, Middle Korean reading and.

Proper noun

 * , the second most common Korean surname, used by roughly 7.3 million people in South Korea as of 2015

Usage notes

 * 98.5% of South Koreans with this surname romanize it as "Lee". North Koreans tend to romanize it as "Ri".

Etymology 7
, from the Middle Korean reading, from.

Noun

 * 1)  , the underlying ordering principle of the cosmos

Usage notes

 * In the case of this specific word, the pronunciation is common even in South Korea. The reason may be to avoid homophony with other Chinese characters, given the context of East Asian philosophy where single-character Chinese terms are common.

Etymology 8
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  profit, benefit
 * 2)  interest
 * 1)  interest
 * 1)  interest

Etymology 9
From.

Numeral

 * 1)  one-hundredth, 10-2

Etymology 12
Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

Etymology 13
Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters in isolation or as the first element of a compound. As the non-initial element of a compound, they are read as.

After a language reform in North Korea in the mid-twentieth century intended to make Sino-Korean readings uniform, they are always read as in all environments.

Etymology 14
Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters in isolation or as the first element of a compound. As the non-initial element of a compound, they are read as.

After a language reform in North Korea in the mid-twentieth century intended to make Sino-Korean readings uniform, they are always read as in all environments.

title: 이


text:
volucripes

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) swift-footed

title: volucripes


text:
今朝

Noun

 * 1)  this morning
 * 2)  today; now; at the present time
 * 1)  today; now; at the present time
 * 1)  today; now; at the present time
 * 1)  today; now; at the present time

Etymology 1
From. Originally a compound of.

The initial is an alternative form of the initial  (, “this”) seen in words such as  or, and the final  is a contraction from * to  with the medial  falling out, as Old Japanese did not permit vowel clusters.

It is the same element found in.

The use of the kanji instead of  is an example of.

Adverb

 * 1) this morning

Noun

 * 1) this morning

Etymology 2
→

From compound. The →  sound shift is a regular phonological change.

Noun

 * 1) this morning

title: 今朝


text:
olim

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) the records of judgments rendered by the king's court during the reigns of St. Louis, Philip the Bold, Philip the Fair, Louis the Hutin, and Philip the Long

Adverb

 * , in, , , ,

Etymology
For ōle, olle, ōlus, ollus, archaic forms of, with locative ending -im, =.

Adverb

 * 1) at that time
 * 2)  once upon a time
 * 3)  one day, once, at some (future) time
 * 4) often, for some time

title: olim


text:
wichtig

Adjective

 * 1)  important, significant, weighty
 * 2)  of importance, of significance

Etymology
From the same root as, thus pertaining to. See also, a (formal or elevated) synonym of wichtig. Weight is often used as a metaphor for importance; compare 🇨🇬, as well as 🇨🇬,.

Adjective

 * 1) important, relevant, significant, weighty

title: wichtig


text:
bouger

Etymology
, a frequentative based on. Compare Catalan bellugar.

Verb

 * 1) to move
 * 2) to budge

title: bouger


text:
au-dessus

Adverb

 * 1) above

title: au-dessus


text: Le Caire

title: Le Caire


text:
coup

Etymology
(Re)borrowed in modern times from modern, from , from , from. . The same Old French word had been borrowed into Middle English as (with different pronunciation).

Noun

 * 1) A quick, brilliant, and highly successful act.
 * 2)  A blow against an enemy delivered in a way that shows bravery.
 * 3) A coup d'état.
 * 4)  A takeover of one group by another.
 * 5) A single roll of the wheel at roulette, or a deal in rouge et noir.
 * 6)  One of various named strategies employed by the declarer to win more tricks, such as the Bath coup.
 * 1)  A blow against an enemy delivered in a way that shows bravery.
 * 2) A coup d'état.
 * 3)  A takeover of one group by another.
 * 4) A single roll of the wheel at roulette, or a deal in rouge et noir.
 * 5)  One of various named strategies employed by the declarer to win more tricks, such as the Bath coup.
 * 1) A coup d'état.
 * 2)  A takeover of one group by another.
 * 3) A single roll of the wheel at roulette, or a deal in rouge et noir.
 * 4)  One of various named strategies employed by the declarer to win more tricks, such as the Bath coup.
 * 1)  A takeover of one group by another.
 * 2) A single roll of the wheel at roulette, or a deal in rouge et noir.
 * 3)  One of various named strategies employed by the declarer to win more tricks, such as the Bath coup.
 * 1) A single roll of the wheel at roulette, or a deal in rouge et noir.
 * 2)  One of various named strategies employed by the declarer to win more tricks, such as the Bath coup.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:, сполучлив удар
 * Czech: bravurní kousek, skvělý tah
 * German:
 * Maori: tukipoto
 * Serbo-Croatian:

 * Dutch:
 * German:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:

Verb

 * 1)  To make a coup.

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * A, a coup d'état, a putsch.
 * A, a quick, surprising, brilliant move or action.
 * A, a quick, surprising, brilliant move or action.

Etymology
,, from , syncopated form of , from.

Noun

 * 1) blow, hit, strike
 * 2) sound of the action
 * 3) physical consequences of the action (marks)
 * 4)  fast and instantaneous action
 * 5)  load, shot
 * 6) bit small quantity
 * 7) planned action
 * 8)   lay
 * 1)  load, shot
 * 2) bit small quantity
 * 3) planned action
 * 4)   lay
 * 1) planned action
 * 2)   lay
 * 1)   lay

Descendants

 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian:

Etymology
Perhaps related to English.

Verb

 * 1)  To overturn.

title: coup


text:
pulmonary embolism

Noun
(abbreviation PE)

 * 1)  The embolism or obstruction of a pulmonary artery, usually by a detached blood clot from a leg or pelvic vein, which causes a stoppage of blood into the lungs; symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting, and sometimes death.

Translations

 * Esperanto: pulma embolio
 * Finnish: keuhkoveritulppa
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: lungnablóðrek
 * Irish: eambólacht scamhóige
 * Polish: zatorowość płucna
 * Spanish: tromboembolismo pulmonar
 * West Frisian: longembolie

title: pulmonary embolism


text: くも

title: くも


text:
経度

Noun

 * 1)  a longitude

title: 経度


text:
arc-en-ciel

Adjective

 * 1) rainbow

Noun

 * 1) rainbow

title: arc-en-ciel


text:
Talk:能

This character originally has no meaning of possessive.

 * I have it on good authority that it does. If not, can you tell me which kanji was/were used for the possessive "no" before hiragana was standardized for the use of particles and okurigana? — Hippietrail 15:27, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * 之/乃 are used for possessive "の". Japanese is the language that distinguish long and short vowel. 能 is always long, possessive "の" is always short.

 * I am open to being wrong if it's discussed. I don't know very much about Japanese after all. Here is part of a reply I received today, before I started posting changes to Wiktionary, in answer to a question of mine, on the topic of Korean and Japanese particles before Hangul and Hiragana:

 * "I should point out, though, that some spellings were much more common in Japanese than others: e.g., no was normally 能, though other spellings existed (乃廼笶篦)." (Marc Miyake www.amritas.com)

 * I actually expected 之 to be the answer but since he has a phd in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese linguistics, I've just taken his word for it. I wasn't worried by the vowel length since I'm used to kanji having several different readings anyway. — Hippietrail 16:09, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * -- this character was one of the several that was used to spell no.  See the Wikipedia article for more, at .
 * That said, used this way were purely phonetic and had no meaning component, so the  character did not itself embody any meaning of possession.  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 23:48, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

"To can"
Is "to can" proper grammar? It sounds quite strange, as opposed to just the bare "can". Audacity (talk) 04:32, 19 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Fixed. --Anatoli T. (обсудить/вклад) 04:41, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

"Skill"
Can this also be translated as "skill" in Chinese? 98.123.38.211 20:41, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:能


text:
Talk:nō

Can anybody verify that noh/no, the Japanese drama style is capitalised in English? Why would this be? Not finding much with Google so far. — Hippietrail 15:41, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * J/E dict uses "Noh"; Noh uses capitalization, while the page it references uses both Noh  and noh .  AHD and M-W use No ("Noh" as variant).    As for why... it is probably because it is perceived as a name.  (Technically, I suppose it is, as "nō" means "skill, talent" first, but that doesn't explain things like "Kabuki".)  —Muke Tever 20:23, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:nō


text:
Talk:frapen

Is this really "commonly" used? The first hit in Google is a Wiktionary mirror (always a bad sign, that)... outside of directory names, in the first couple pages of Google results I find it at  as "FRAPEN" (one of many ), and  as "FraPen" (pp. 22, 27, 28, also among others). There is no Wikipedia page for Green ash (redlinked from Ash tree), so. —Muke Tever 19:23, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

RFV discussion: January–June 2017
Type of ash tree. It seems that this isn't really a general-purpose common noun, as entered, but a rather obscure abbreviation used within something called the "Fire Effects Information System". Equinox ◑ 15:15, 17 January 2017 (UTC)

RFV-failed Kiwima (talk) 03:19, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:frapen


text:
да

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) vein, sinew

Etymology
, from.

Preposition

 * 1) before
 * 2) to, up to, till, until
 * 3) with respect to, concerning, regarding
 * 1) with respect to, concerning, regarding

Etymology 1
From.

Particle

 * : yes

Etymology 2
From (in the conjunction sense), related to the first etymology.

Conjunction

 * : used to mark an infinitive, (or in some other cases, such as with modal verbs, it is not translated)
 * 1) if
 * 1) if
 * 1) if
 * 1) if
 * 1) if
 * 1) if
 * 1) if
 * 1) if

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1)  father

Etymology 2
See the verb дан.

Verb

 * 1) to do

Etymology
Cognate to Standard 🇨🇬

Adjective

 * 1) big

Conjunction

 * 1) and
 * 2) and (connecting verb phrases)
 * 3) but, however
 * 1) but, however

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Particle

 * 1) yes
 * 2) so, well, indeed (emphatic particle)
 * 3) yes?, right?, isn't it?
 * 1) yes?, right?, isn't it?
 * 1) yes?, right?, isn't it?

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  father

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Particle

 * 1) yes

Conjunction

 * 1) and
 * 2) but
 * 3) because, since
 * 4) even though, although

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1)  yes

Conjunction

 * 1) if

Usage notes

 * This word is used in the sense of "if" mostly when the following verb is in the past tense or conditional mood or expresses an unrealistic scenario. Otherwise, "ако" tends to be used.

Interjection

 * 1) really

Particle

 * 1) to (particle)
 * 2) let, may
 * 1) let, may
 * 1) let, may

Etymology
From.

Conjunction

 * 1) in order to
 * 2) that
 * 3) to

Etymology
. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Conjunction

 * 1) and
 * 2) so that

Particle

 * 1)  may...

Etymology 1
, from.

Adverb

 * 1) yes

Descendants

 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:
 * North Karelian:
 * South Karelian:

Interjection

 * 1) yes
 * 2) right, isn't it
 * 3) really
 * 1) really
 * 1) really
 * 1) really

Noun

 * 1) a "yes"
 * 2) an affirmation in support of a cause (as used in slogans or appeals)
 * 1) an affirmation in support of a cause (as used in slogans or appeals)

Particle

 * 1) let, may

Conjunction

 * 1)  and
 * 2) but
 * 1) but
 * 1) but
 * 1) but

Usage notes
Often used in idioms.

Descendants

 * South Karelian:
 * South Karelian:
 * South Karelian:

Usage notes
Can in many cases (but not all) be understood by replacing with "Oh".

Prefix

 * 1) da, deca- (x 10)

Etymology
, probably old imperative of the word, itself from.

Conjunction

 * 1) that
 * 2) in order to, to
 * 3) to (when the subjects of both clauses are not the same)
 * 4)  to (when the subjects of both clauses are the same; for western Serbo-Croatian use infinitive instead of  + present tense)
 * 5)  if (= )
 * 6) (with ) as if, like
 * 7) ( +  + ) without
 * 8) ( +  + ) even if
 * 9) lest
 * 1)  if (= )
 * 2) (with ) as if, like
 * 3) ( +  + ) without
 * 4) ( +  + ) even if
 * 5) lest
 * 1) ( +  + ) without
 * 2) ( +  + ) even if
 * 3) lest
 * 1) ( +  + ) even if
 * 2) lest
 * 1) ( +  + ) even if
 * 2) lest
 * 1) lest

Particle

 * 1) yes

Adverb

 * 1) now

Etymology
Related to Yakut ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Particle

 * 1) even
 * 2) With interrogative pronouns, forms negative indefinites.
 * 3) ... да ... да = both ... and ...

title: да


text:
нет

Noun

 * 1) intention

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  the web, the net internet

Etymology
Akin to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) louse

Etymology
,, from + , short form of  +.

Interjection

 * 1) no

Adverb

 * 1) not

Predicative

 * 1) there is not, there are no

Usage notes
The past tense of is, and the future tense is.

title: нет


text:
Talk:その

"sono" and "ano" are not synonyms. "sono" means near the listener, "ano" means neither the speaker nor the listener.

"sono" and "sore" are not synonyms. They have different grammatical functions. "sono" must be followed by a noun: "sono hon wa nan desu ka?"
 * (in English we might call this an adjective or a determiner)

"sore" cannot be followed by a noun: "sore wa nan desu ka?"
 * (in English we might call this a pronoun)

I'd prefer to include the parts-of-speech used by Japanese grammarians as well. — Hippietrail 05:19, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

楽園
楽園 (らくえん) are read as either 園 or 苑 (both その) in the "CHA-LA HEAD-CHA-LA 1st Dragon Ball Z Opening Theme" http://www.daizex.com/multimedia/lyrics/jap-cha_la_head_cha_la.html --Backinstadiums (talk) 12:51, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * This is similar to manga practice, where words are spelled one way and read another. This is usually not lexical (i.e. it's not the kind of thing that is ever added to dictionaries).  ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 01:11, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:その


text:
拼音

Noun

 * 1) romanisation system; transcription system
 * 2)  Pinyin (Hanyu Pinyin), a system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese
 * 1)  Pinyin (Hanyu Pinyin), a system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese

Verb

 * 1) to spell; to phoneticize
 * 2) to combine sounds into syllables

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Pinyin

Usage notes
Since the character is not in the original JIS X 0208 specification, it may be written as  instead.

title: 拼音


text:
Talk:ero

Is "ero" a slang abbreviation of eroina? If so, I think a slang translation should be provided (eg, H or horse). — Paul G 07:30, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:ero


text:
superfluous

Etymology
From, from , from , from +. Compare and, also from Latin. Literally corresponds to, which is from Germanic, rather than Latin.

Adjective

 * 1) In excess of what is required or sufficient.

Derived terms

 * superfluous interval
 * superfluous man

Translations

 * Armenian:
 * Asturian: superfluu
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:, nadbytečný
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto: superflua
 * Finnish:, , ylitsevuotavainen,
 * French:
 * Galician: superfluo
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: περισσός
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Icelandic: ofaukinn,
 * Ido:
 * Irish: iomarcach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Latin: supervacuus, superfluus, supervacāneus, superforāneus
 * Latvian: lieks
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: overflødig
 * Persian:
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:, de prisos
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: су̏вӣшан
 * Roman:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: за́йвий
 * Vietnamese: dư thừa

title: superfluous


text:
Talk:酷

What does the "transliteration: cool" section mean? — Hippietrail 09:12, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it means this is the ateji used to represent/transliterate the borrowed English colloquial word "cool". —Muke Tever 13:52, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah that makes sense - I don't think it's clear enough in the article though. Ateji is the wrong word by the way - ateji is a Japanese concept but the sound is similar to "cool" only in Mandarin Chinese. I think it's different to ateji anyway, it's closer to being the Chinese equivalent of spelling foreign words using katakana in Japanese. Possibly just called "意译". — Hippietrail 11:55, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

爱酷
Is there a slang Mandarin term 爱酷? 71.66.97.228 07:34, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:酷


text:
Talk:county

This article is currently quite broken. — Hippietrail 10:02, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Old French comté
Am trying to cite Old French, but I can't find it. Google's insensitivity to accents doesn't help either. Mglovesfun (talk) 15:01, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

UK usage
I've tried to put the UK usage back to how it was before this set of edits. The official names of the county councils are e.g. "Kent County Council", which means "Kent" "County Council", not "Kent County" "Council" - that is the point that the usage note is explaining. The version I replaced was utterly mangled. 109.155.172.74 21:25, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

county
Adjective. I don't think this is attestably used as an adjective in any way distinguishable from attributive use of county. DCDuring TALK 14:18, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's comparable, but it seems to be modified by the adverbs purely: and solely:. I've added citations. I think the usage notes belong with the noun, though. — Pingkudimmi 15:13, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Focus adverbs (from which an anon removed [[solely]] by deleting the context/grammar tag), are not a discriminating test for this purpose, IMHO. DCDuring TALK 15:33, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Oh. Well, it didn't seem that great a test the first time. See your comments at WT:RFV. I'd like to know what the difference is, precisely. — Pingkudimmi 16:16, 17 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think I can explain without risking violating CGEL's copyright. But, to see the problem, take a look at . You can substitute most nouns and get some hits.
 * I'm trying to read up a bit on syntactic and lexicographical classes and may eventually be able to offer an explanation. DCDuring TALK 16:24, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

deleted -- Liliana • 21:48, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

RFV discussion: September 2016–May 2017
The adjective - looks more like an attributive sense to me. DonnanZ (talk) 14:43, 8 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Though the citation does seem to be adjectival, not that I can work out the meaning from it. Renard Migrant (talk) 21:19, 8 September 2016 (UTC)
 * There's definitely attributive uses of the noun, such as county boundary, county court, county council and county town. DonnanZ (talk) 22:59, 8 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Brief GBC searches for "county style", "county girl", and "county man" suggest both attributive and adjectival senses: typical of a county (or a specific county, e.g. "This York County man who executed the fewest stones is…"[1]) and indicating a relationship or rôle (e.g. "…he uses form 4 in reporting the deficit to his county man.[2]) I did not find cites suggesting, exclusively, noble association. - Amgine/t·e 14:32, 11 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The "York county man" cite looks like York County man rather than York County man. Otherwise, the capitalization makes no sense. The rest of the cites are mostly of the same sort: [Xyz County/county] man, with a few where the context suggests a typo for country, and some with "county man" referring to someone associated with "the county". I see no adjectival usage in your links at all- just attributive. As for the quote in the entry, it's hard to tell exactly what it means- you have to wonder if it's a typo or a scanno for something else ("tall and county"?). Chuck Entz (talk) 04:34, 12 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is what I said. The "York County man" is indicating the man is "typical of a county (or a specific county..."

 * The "county man" of the 1917 government manual refers to the local official at the county governmental level to whom farmers may address federal agricultural reports and filings. It is used adjectivally to make the distinction between municipal, county, state, regional, and federal levels of governance within agriculture, and was exactly the sense I thought of when I saw this RFV, having grown up in a rural setting myself. - Amgine/t·e 23:25, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

RFV-passed Kiwima (talk) 03:27, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:county


text:
orangery

Etymology
From ; equivalent to.

Pronunciation

 * AHD: /ôr'ĭnj-rē/
 * AHD: /ôr'ĭnj-rē/

Noun

 * 1) A greenhouse in which orange trees are grown.
 * 2) A garden or plantation where orange trees are grown.

Translations

 * Finnish: kasvihuone appelsiineille
 * French:
 * Italian: aranciera
 * Kazakh: жылыжай
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: laranjal
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Swedish:
 * Tamil: ஆரஞ்செரி
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian:

 * Finnish: appelsiinitarha, appelsiiniviljelmä
 * French:
 * Polish:

title: orangery


text:
murex

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Any of the genus  of marine gastropods.

Hypernyms

 * muricine

Hyponyms

 * false venus comb,

Translations

 * Czech: ostranka
 * Japanese: ミューレックス, 骨貝

Etymology
From.

Etymology
. Perhaps a derivative of, whence. Alternatively, together with 🇨🇬 borrowed from a Mediterranean language.

Noun

 * 1) A shellfish used as a source of the dye Tyrian purple; the purple-fish
 * 2) Tyrian purple, the purple dye, a purple color, made from the juice of the purple-fish
 * 3) A sharp murex shell used as a bridle bit.
 * 4) A pointed rock or stone.
 * 5) A caltrop.
 * 6) An iron spike.
 * 1) An iron spike.

title: murex


text:
caltrop

Etymology
From, from , from , from or  +.

Noun

 * 1)  A small, metal object with spikes arranged so that, when thrown onto the ground, one always faces up as a threat to pedestrians, horses, and vehicles (also used as a heraldic charge).
 * 2)  The starthistle,, a plant with sharp thorns.
 * 3) Any of a number of flowering plants in the family, including several members of the genus  and the species , native to warm temperate and tropical regions.
 * 1)  The starthistle,, a plant with sharp thorns.
 * 2) Any of a number of flowering plants in the family, including several members of the genus  and the species , native to warm temperate and tropical regions.
 * 1) Any of a number of flowering plants in the family, including several members of the genus  and the species , native to warm temperate and tropical regions.

Synonyms

 * knapweed
 * knapweed

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: кальчатка, чычак, драцяны вожык
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: jalkapiikki, kavioansa
 * French:, pied de corbeau
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, Fußangel
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: τρίβολος
 * Hungarian: vassulyom, lábtövis
 * Irish: grán catha
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: 鉄菱
 * Korean: 마름쇠
 * Latin: mūrex, tribulus
 * Macedonian:
 * Middle English: calketrappe
 * Mongolian:
 * Portuguese:, , miguelito
 * Russian:, про́волочный ёж
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman: vranina nòga
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian:
 * Vietnamese: chông sắt

 * Bulgarian: бодлива метличина
 * Catalan:, cagatripa, card vermell
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 紫星薊
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: piikkikaunokki
 * French: ,
 * Hungarian: úti imola
 * Middle English: calketrappe
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: василёк колючеголо́вый
 * Spanish: encojaperros, garbanzo del cura

 * Arabic: حَسَك
 * Armenian:
 * Old Armenian: տատասկ
 * Azerbaijani: dəmirtikan
 * Bulgarian: бабини зъби
 * Catalan: tríbol
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: კუროსთავი, ტატაში
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian: tribulo comune
 * Japanese: ハマビシ
 * Kabardian: жьэныпэуц
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: xencere
 * Latin: tribulus
 * Macedonian: ба́бин за́б
 * Navajo: shash nátʼoh
 * Persian: خارخاسک
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: я́корец сте́лющийся, я́корец назе́мный
 * Spanish: abrojo terrestre, cadillo, cuerno de chivo, tribulo, cruz maltesa
 * Tamil:, , கிட்டிரம்
 * Turkish: çobançökerten,

title: caltrop


text:
pundit

Etymology
Borrowed from /, from. .

Noun

 * 1) An expert in a particular field, especially as called upon to provide comment or opinion in the media; a commentator, a critic.
 * 2) A learned person in India; someone with knowledge of Sanskrit, philosophy, religion and law; a Hindu scholar.
 * 3)  A native surveyor in British India, trained to carry out clandestine surveillance beyond British borders.
 * 1)  A native surveyor in British India, trained to carry out clandestine surveillance beyond British borders.
 * 1)  A native surveyor in British India, trained to carry out clandestine surveillance beyond British borders.

Translations

 * Arabic: خَبِير
 * Armenian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 權威人士
 * Czech: ,
 * Dutch: opinieleider, ,
 * Finnish:
 * Galician:
 * German:, ; , ;
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:, , , , megmondóember, , ,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 博学者
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, , , учёный муж
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish: comentarista experto
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: ,

 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 班智達
 * Finnish: pundiitti, pandiitti
 * French: ,
 * German: Pandit
 * Gujarati: પંડિત
 * Hindi:, प॰
 * Hungarian:, hindu tudós
 * Japanese: パンディット
 * Kannada:
 * Khmer:, អន្ទិត
 * Lao: ບັນດິດ, ປັນດິດ
 * Malayalam: പണ്ഡിതന്
 * Marathi: पंडित
 * Mongolian: бандид
 * Pali: paṇḍita
 * Portuguese: pandita, pandito, pândita
 * Russian:
 * Sanskrit:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman:
 * Spanish: pandito, pandit
 * Tamil:
 * Telugu:
 * Thai:
 * Urdu: پنڈت

 * Czech: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: ,
 * Turkish: ,
 * Urdu:

title: pundit


text:
User:Markhurd/monobook.css

/* make the background behind the content area and the tabs a light grey */
 * 1) content, #content table
 * 2) p-cactions ul li a { background: #f5f5f5; }

/* use the book background */
 * 1) content { background: none; }

title: User:Markhurd/monobook.css


text:
User:Markhurd

See my Wikipedia user page.

title: User:Markhurd


text: homophones

title: homophones


text: かお

title: かお


text: あたま

title: あたま


text:
静か

Etymology
Compound of. The shizu portion is cognate with the shizu in and. This shizu might also be related to.

First attested in the  of 720.

Adjective

 * 1) inaudible, quiet, silent
 * 2) calm, tranquil
 * 3) still, stopped and not moving
 * 4) not busy
 * 1) calm, tranquil
 * 2) still, stopped and not moving
 * 3) not busy

Usage notes
For degree, corresponding to the English, both and  can be used, but  may be more common. Note that shizukesa derives from the related archaic adjective.

Related terms

 * : a calm and quiet mind
 * : quietly, softly, calmly
 * : to sink; to set ; to become depressed
 * : to become still or quiet
 * : to make still or quiet; to appease; to soothe, to relieve; to quell, to put down
 * : a shrine where a is honored and offerings are made

title: 静か


text: しんかんせん

title: しんかんせん


text:
新幹線

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) (Japanese) shinkansen, Japan's high speed railway
 * 2) (Japanese) bullet train; shinkansen

Noun

 * 1)  shinkansen
 * 2)  shinkansen

title: 新幹線


text: えいが

title: えいが


text:
映画

Noun

 * 1) movie, film

title: 映画


text: たべもの

title: たべもの


text:
へび

Noun

 * 1)  snake

title: へび


text: おんがく

title: おんがく


text:
音楽

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) music
 * 2) * 1927, 堀辰雄, ルウベンスの偽画:

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Not used in actual Okinawan.

Noun

 * 1)  music

title: 音楽


text:
くま

Noun

 * 1)  bear

Noun

 * 1)  corner, nook, recess
 * 2)  shade, shadow, dark area
 * 3)  dark circles under one's eyes. often clarified as 目の下のくま.

Noun

 * 1)  bear

title: くま


text:
hippocampus

Etymology
From, from. The anatomy sense is so named from its resemblance to the seahorse.

Noun

 * 1)  A mythological creature with the front head and forelimbs of a horse and the rear of a dolphin.
 * 2)  A part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe, consisting mainly of grey matter. It is a component of the limbic system and plays a role in memory and emotion.
 * 1)  A part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe, consisting mainly of grey matter. It is a component of the limbic system and plays a role in memory and emotion.

Synonyms

 * HIPP

Translations

 * Dutch:, hippokampos
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: Hippokamp
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ἱππόκαμπος
 * Italian:
 * Portuguese: hipocampo
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: hipocampo
 * Ukrainian: гіпока́мп

 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 海馬體
 * Czech: hipokampus
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: hipokampo
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German:, Ammonshorn
 * Greek:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: гиппокамп
 * Portuguese: hipocampo
 * Romanian:
 * Slovene: hipokampus
 * Spanish: hipocampo
 * Ukrainian: гіпока́мп
 * Vietnamese: hồi hải mã

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a seahorse

title: hippocampus


text:
hippodromos

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) a hippodrome

title: hippodromos


text:
Talk:bouger

Hippietrail, you could put the information that "bouger" is cognate with "to budge" in the etymology, once it is written. — Paul G 11:08, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:bouger


text:
Talk:massacre

this is sometimes colloquially used to mean wreck or injure (badly), ie "My leg got massacred when I fell off my bike."

Etymology and definition
Would someone like to discuss these?--Mrg3105 22:16, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

It doesn't make much sense to me to include "..of civilised people". Who is "civilised"? Civilised people don't commit massacres?
 * Although the etymology seems plausible, it is not what TLFi gives as the etymology of the word (Celtic not Germanic) => add source + macecler *matteu-culare first being cognate with massue, machete second possibly col throat, same meaning as cut-throat, coupe-gorge

I would like to comment, yes...first, on your point made on the definition-I completely agree. in To further clarify what i believe to be the same point i would make, i'd like to speak in the first person as if i were the author of that particular definition...here goes :)

that particular word serves to differentiate the class/type/etc. of person that would (or only could, by virtue of being of the type not indicative of one who would be considered to be civilized) commit this specific act from the (same/parallel distinctive noun/adjective, e.g. "class" of person, spec. "civilized") person who could not possibly commit the same act simply by virtue of being determined to be "civilized". to rephrase for the sake of brevity, and to not appear as though i may be classified as one who can be described as being pedantic by bombastic digressions, loquaciously making aplenty copious amounts of arbitrary verbosity with circumlocutory rhetoric ramblings-on, all the while randomly veering off onto garrulous tangents, and in an attempt to articulate my (specifically the second) point succinctly, let me simply say this: if one were to expect to belong in a class of people known to be civilized, that person's (hypothetical for the sake of making clear the intention of specifying who the "civilized" class of people are by defining actions taken or acts done to accomplish the same end, but by a different means, a means that, when carried out, the perpetrator could not be defined as being "civilized". For further edification/clarification, it may behoove you to refer to the definition of the verb form of "massacre", which specifically makes clear the intention for distinction between the two classes of people, coining the term "nations of people" in lieu of aforementioned sentiments and/or specific terms describing the same class of people.

in conclusion (collusion, confusion, whatever), if one is to be considered as being civilized, or being a natural representative of a nation defined my masses of people belonging to the same class(es), or of the same persuasion, if said person commits multiple acts of murder, all in the same (ambiguous) time period, has no particular reason and has nobody specifically in mind, said person would need to lie about all of that; after all, only sociopaths and those considered to have borderline personality disorder massacre people---we civilized people of nations simply kill a bunch of people, and pretend to have a reason.

C1sc0M4n1971 (talk) 01:13, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:massacre


text:
strongyla

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a bust

title: strongyla


text: balaena

title: balaena


text:
Talk:how are you

I think we should include the "?" in the title like we do with other question phrases. — Hippietrail 11:59, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I agree. Polyglot 14:40, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

An informal greeting, not requiring a literal response
Could somebody elabarate on this? Thanks!

 * It means that how are you is usually not actually asking about your health, but it is simply a formal hello. When someone says how are you, you can just answer with hi or hello, or you may answer "Fine, thanks" (even if you are not well), and you usually should not mention ill health or other woes. —Stephen 16:39, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Kurdish
A friend of mine said that how are you in Kurdish is pronounced: cho(r)ny bashi, I don't know for sure if the "r" is pronounced. Does anyone recognize this dialect? Mallerd 19:45, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * That would be چۆنی باشی, çonî başî, a longer form of چۆنی. —Stephen 16:57, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Thank you, is there a language you don't know ;) Mallerd 18:08, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Hmong
The various Hmong translations should be checked. - -sche (discuss) 22:19, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Stresses
ˌHow ˈare you? (greeting) vs (ˈFine.) ˌHow are ˈyou? (reply) --Backinstadiums (talk) 19:18, 9 August 2021 (UTC)

Only used as greeting? Translations checked if they are greetings?
Is that phrasing only used as a greeting? How do English native speakers actually ask about someone's well-being? Were the translations checked if they are used as simple greetings? Many of them just seem to be literal translations. Universal-Interessierter (talk) 21:55, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

For Phrase Book it serves mainly as a general greeting. -- A health question would use the phrase in a sentence. "So tell me, how are you now?" for instance. Replies would then be "Much better, thank you." -- "So, so" -- "I seem to be getting worse rather than better." etc. -- A LGRIF  talk 09:18, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:how are you


text:
אם

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1)  mother one’s female parent
 * 2) mother, feminine originator or codifier
 * 1) mother, feminine originator or codifier

Etymology 2
From.

Conjunction

 * 1) if, whether
 * 2) in case, if
 * 3) or
 * 1) or
 * 1) or

Usage notes

 * Unlike English, future tense commonly occurs after.

title: אם


text:
Talk:いぎりす

Should this even exist? Are foreign borrowings every really writeen in Hiragana? — Hippietrail 13:02, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * No, hardly ever. Foreign borrowings normally written in katakana.

 * I've heard that words can be written in katakana for emphasis, perhaps like bold or italic in English - can the reverse occur? Writing words in hiragana which would normally be written in katakana? — if not there's little reason for this article to remain even as a redirect. What does anybody else think? — Hippietrail 14:03, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Certain borrowings are occasionally written in hiragana, ie たばこ. I'm not sure about this one, but it does have a kanji equivalent: 英吉利. いぎりす in hiragana gives 3790 hits on google, so I think it should probably stay. --Vladisdead 06:09, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:いぎりす


text:
anno

Etymology
Borrowed from, ablative of.

Adverb

 * 1) in the year

Etymology
Borrowed from. The additional "n" was added to distinguish from.

Noun

 * 1) red bean paste

Etymology
, ablative of. Compare 🇨🇬.

Adverb

 * 1)  in the year of

Noun

 * 1) year
 * 2) * 2012, Panorama in Interlingua, September-October, p. 24:

Derived terms

 * New Year

Etymology
From, from , from , probably from.

Noun

 * 1) year

Etymology 1
Alternative form of, from.

Etymology 2
From.

Verb

 * 1) to pass or live through a year

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) year

Etymology
From, ablative of , from , from , from.

Adverb

 * 1)  in the year (of)

Etymology
From, from , from , probably from.

Noun

 * 1) year

Etymology
, ablative of.

Adverb

 * 1)  from the year (of), in the year (of)

title: anno


text: Rhymes:Italian/anno

title: Rhymes:Italian/anno


text:
pelo

Etymology 1
From a contraction of the preposition + neuter singular article.

Contraction

 * 1) by means of the

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) hair mass of hairs
 * 2) fur

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  hair

Etymology 1
From. As with the Portuguese cognate, the preservation of single /l/ in intervocalic position is irregular and may be the result of analogy with < Latin.

Noun

 * 1) hair (individual strand)
 * 2) hair (collectively, on the head)
 * 3) fur
 * 1) fur
 * 1) fur

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) skin

Etymology 1
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) hair
 * 2) surface
 * 3) fur
 * 4)  woman's pubic hair; vulva
 * 5)  group of sexy womans

Noun

 * 1) heart

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology 1
From, from +.

Contraction

 * 1)  ; by the; for the; through the

Etymology 2
From, from , from. The retention of single Latin /l/ in intervocalic position is irregular and may be the product of analogy with the near-synonym < Latin.

Noun

 * 1)  hair filament which grows on the skin of mammals, except hair on top of humans’ heads, which is called
 * 2)  hair an animal’s hair as a whole
 * 3)   any filament which grows on plants and non-mammals
 * 1)   any filament which grows on plants and non-mammals
 * 1)   any filament which grows on plants and non-mammals
 * 1)   any filament which grows on plants and non-mammals

Noun

 * 1) heart

Etymology 1
, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hair (a single hair)
 * 2) hair (all hair on the head)
 * 3) fur
 * 1) fur

Noun

 * 1) dog

title: pelo


text: fanno

title: fanno


text:
少年

Noun

 * 1) early youth from ten to sixteen years old
 * 2) juvenile; youngster
 * 3)  young man; boy
 * 1)  young man; boy

Adjective

 * 1)  young

Etymology
→ →

Borrowing from. Compare modern 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Originally referred to young people of either gender. The meaning has narrowed in modern usage to more commonly refer to boys of elementary school or middle school age.

Noun

 * 1) a boy, a young man

title: 少年


text:
Rhymes:French/y

Pronunciation
/-y/, /-y/

One syllable

 * bu
 * cru, crue, crus, crues
 * crû, crûe, crûs, crûes
 * crue
 * crûs, crût
 * cul, culs
 * dru, drue, drus, drues
 * du
 * dû, due, dus, dues
 * dus, dut
 * eu, eue, eus, eues
 * eus, eut
 * fus, fut
 * fût
 * grue, grues
 * jus
 * lu, lue, lus, lues
 * mu, mue, mus, mues
 * mus, mut
 * mût
 * nu, nue, nus, nues
 * plu, plue, plus, plues
 * plus
 * pus
 * pu, put, pût
 * pu, pus
 * pue, puent, pues
 * ru, rus
 * rue, rues, ruent
 * su, sue, sues, sus, sut, sût
 * sue, suent, sues
 * tu
 * tue, tues, tuent
 * tus, tut, tût
 * vu, vus, vue, vues
 * vue, vues

Two syllables

 * barbu
 * battu
 * conclu
 * connu
 * couru
 * cousu
 * déplu
 * déçu
 * élu
 * exclu
 * fendu
 * fichu
 * fondu
 * foutu
 * inclu
 * insu
 * mordu
 * moulu
 * occlu
 * paru
 * pendu
 * perdu
 * poilu
 * reçu
 * rendu
 * rompu
 * tendu
 * tenu
 * têtu
 * tordu
 * vaincu
 * vécu
 * vendu
 * venu
 * vêtu
 * voulu

Three syllables

 * abattu
 * absolu
 * apparu
 * attendu
 * combattu
 * comparu
 * contenu
 * convaincu
 * convenu
 * corrompu
 * débattu
 * décousu
 * défendu
 * dépendu
 * descendu
 * détenu
 * dévêtu
 * disparu
 * dissolu
 * émoulu
 * entendu
 * étendu
 * inconnu, inconnue
 * méconnu
 * moustachu
 * prétendu
 * reconnu
 * recousu
 * réélu
 * remoulu
 * répandu
 * reparu
 * répondu
 * résolu
 * revenu
 * revêtu
 * survécu
 * transparu

Four syllables

 * interrompu

de:Reim:Französisch:-y

title: Rhymes:French/y


text:
bu

Noun

 * 1) rice
 * 2) food in general
 * Ka lheuh pajôh bu?
 * Have you eaten yet?

Noun

 * 1) night

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) dog canine

Etymology
From Compare 🇨🇬.

Determiner

 * 1) this, these

Usage notes

 * When used as a determiner modifying nouns, bu is not declined for case and number, as opposed to when it is used as a pronoun (see below).

Pronoun

 * 1) this
 * 2) he, she
 * 1) he, she
 * 1) he, she

Noun

 * 1) water

Pronoun

 * 1) this

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ox

Participle

 * J'ai bu deux verres de vin. - I have drunk two glasses of wine.
 * As-tu bu? - Have you been drinking?
 * As-tu bu? - Have you been drinking?

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) you (second person singular).

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  mam

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) a unit of length equal to 1.818 metres (歩)
 * 2) a unit or area equal to 3.306 metres2 (歩)

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) a tenth (decimal) (分)

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) mother

Etymology
From, construct state of.

Noun

 * 1)  father

Usage notes

 * The word had the same syntactic constraints as, which compare.
 * As in Arabic, the word was often used figuratively to associate a person with some object or activity. Therefore, in the remaining compounds typically means “the one with...”, “the one that is...”, “the one who always...”, rather than literally “father”.

Noun

 * 1) water

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) nest

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) hair
 * 2) fur
 * 3) feather

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology 1
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 (whence 🇨🇬).

Verb

 * 1)  to live (have permanent residence), stay
 * 2)  to be, to dwell, to be in
 * 3)  to prepare

Etymology 2
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) an estate, belongings

Etymology 3
From, from. Akin to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  booth, stall, small storage room or building
 * 2)  a shop or a workshop

Etymology 4
From.

Interjection

 * 1) boo!.

Noun

 * 1) chest; thorax

Noun

 * 1) (woman's) breast

Noun

 * 1) fur

Etymology
From, from ; related to. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (whence modern 🇨🇬), 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to suck, to suckle

Etymology
.

Interjection

 * 1) an onomatopoeic interjection imitating the sound of crying, usually written with two or more 'u's

Interjection

 * 1) boo loud exclamation intended to scare someone

Etymology
.

Interjection

 * 1) sound made by an ox
 * 2) hoot; sound made by an owl

Noun

 * 1) bow

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) this

Usage notes

 * Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh, the form is used.

Noun

 * 1) water

Interjection

 * 1) boo!

Interjection

 * 1) boo; a loud exclamation intended to scare someone, usually a child.
 * 2) boo; an exclamation used to indicate derision or disapproval of what has just occurred.

Noun

 * 1) water

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) smell

Noun

 * 1) rice

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) smell

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) nest

Etymology
From, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) this

Pronoun

 * 1) this demonstrative pronoun used to indicate a thing in the immediate vicinity of the speaker

Determiner

 * 1) this

Verb

 * 1)  to assemble, to gather into one place

Etymology
From *dvu, related to 🇨🇬.

Numeral

 * 1) two

Noun

 * 1) knee

Verb

 * 1)  to hide

Noun

 * 1) nest
 * 2) cottage, hut

Noun

 * 1) cooked rice

title: bu


text:
lettre

Etymology
, inherited from.

Noun

 * 1) letter written character
 * 2) letter written message
 * 3)  the literal meaning, the plain meaning of something
 * 1)  the literal meaning, the plain meaning of something

Etymology
From ; ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) letter (of the alphabet), character
 * 2) letter (for communication)
 * 3) report, request, or other formal instrument of communication
 * 4) written text, especially that used as a resource
 * 5) wording, literal reading

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) letter written character
 * 2) letter written message

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  letter written character, written message

title: lettre


text:
mettre

Etymology
, from, from , probably from.

Verb

 * 1)  to put; to place
 * 2)  to put on
 * 3)  to set (to lay a table)
 * 4)  to start (+ ) (something / doing something), to get around to doing something
 * 1)  to set (to lay a table)
 * 2)  to start (+ ) (something / doing something), to get around to doing something
 * 1)  to start (+ ) (something / doing something), to get around to doing something
 * 1)  to start (+ ) (something / doing something), to get around to doing something

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to put; to place

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to put

title: mettre


text:
naître

Etymology
, from, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to be born

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to be born

title: naître


text:
cul

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  bottom, behind, butt
 * 2)  anus
 * 3)  the bottom, rear

Etymology
From, from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).

Adjective

 * 1) narrow

Etymology
, from, from , from , zero-grade without s-mobile form of.

Noun

 * 1)  butt, bum, ass, arse
 * 2)  anus, arsehole, asshole
 * 3) * 1785, Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, Les 120 journées de Sodome, ou l'École du libertinage
 * "fr"
 * 1) * 1785, Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, Les 120 journées de Sodome, ou l'École du libertinage
 * "fr"

- Elle a treize ans et son frère quinze; ils vont chez un homme qui contraint le frère à foutre sa sœur, et qui fout alternativement en cul tantôt le garçon, tantôt la fille, pendant qu'ils sont aux prises ensemble.

 * 1)  the bottom, rear
 * 2)  sex
 * 3)  good luck or good fortune
 * 4)  roach
 * 1)  roach
 * 1)  roach

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  ass, bottom, buttocks, butt

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  butt, arse, bum

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) testicle
 * 2) reproductive bulb
 * 3) marble
 * 4) penis

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  arse, ass; anus

Etymology
Mainly attested in glossaries. Maybe from, derived from. Compare words derived from the same root: 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a chariot, or some part of the chariot, most likely a wheel

Etymology
, (compare 🇨🇬).

Adjective

 * 1) narrow

title: cul


text:
renaître

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to be reborn, to be born again
 * 2)  to reappear, to resurface
 * 3)  to rekindle

title: renaître


text:
dû

Noun

 * 1) what is owed, what is due, money's worth

Etymology
From, from ,. Compare 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1)  hard

Etymology
From, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Etymology
From the. Doublet of.

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

title: dû


text:
nu body

Noun

 * 1)  nucleosome

title: nu body


text:
Talk:nu

unnamed first paragraph
— Paul G 14:45, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Is the Yiddish used for making tag questions? In that case, translations would be "isn't it", "haven't you", etc, depending on the preceding subject and verb.
 * 2) The Greek entry does not belong on this page, which is for "nu" spelled using the Latin alphabet.
 * 3) "A measure of constringence in lenses or prisms." - Is this actually a noun, or just a symbol? In other words, do people talk about "the nu of this lens is" and "that prism has a nu of..."?  If it is a symbol, then it does not belong on this page.

Yiddish nu
Hi! It seams to be untranslatable see an article by Michael Wex Michael Wex because of the multitude of meanings and usage. See also. Regards no bias — קיין אומוויסנדיק פּרעפֿערענצן — keyn umvisndik preferentsn talk contribs 06:47, 19 July 2019 (UTC)

Polish 'nu'
There's no word in Polish like 'nu'. It doesn't figure on polish wiktionary either. Either give me a reason why should it stay here or remove it. 89.206.27.142 09:50, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I find nu and nuże in my little Polish dictionary, as an interjection meaning on! or forward!. In this Polish text, I find exhorlat. nu! nuże! and A nuże {"fde anu, nu!)- A ciszej z panią matką! —Stephen 13:31, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Page Edit
The page should be edited to include that the German word nu was also the archaic or obsolete form, and not only colloquial. For example, it is almost the only form used in the 1545 Luther bible. Also, I didn't see excessive vandalism done before the page was protected, and should not be set to indefinite immediately.

Particle

 * 1) then, now

--Balder777 (talk) 15:43, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Done. —Aryamanarora (मुझसे बात करो) 18:06, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Etymology 1
The Greek letter nu comes from the same source as the Hebrew letter nun - in fact, the former was derived from the latter.

title: Talk:nu