text:
Irish

Etymology
From (12th c.), from, from , from , from  (modern 🇨🇬), further origin heavily debated but probably from , from , from , akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1)  The Gaelic language indigenous to Ireland, also known as Irish Gaelic.
 * 2)  The Irish people.
 * 1)  The Irish people.

Usage notes

 * Use Irishman, Irishwoman, Irish person, etc for one singular person.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Arabic: أَيِرْلَنْدِيّ
 * Hijazi Arabic: ايرلندي
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian:
 * Basque: ,
 * Belarusian: ірла́ндская мо́ва, ірландскі, ірля́ндзкая мо́ва, ірляндзкі
 * Breton:
 * Catalan:, gaèlic irlandès
 * Valencian:, gaèlic irlandés
 * Cherokee: ᎢᎤᎳᏂ
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Cornish: Godhalek
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: irlanda lingvo
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese:
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:, ირლანდიური ენა
 * German:, ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish:, Gaelainn, Gaedhilg, Gaeilge na hÉireann
 * Classical Gaelic: Gaoidhealg
 * Italian:, gaelico
 * Japanese:
 * Khmer:
 * Korean: 아일랜드어
 * Latvian: īru valoda, īru
 * Lithuanian: ,
 * Macedonian: ирски
 * Maltese: Irlandiż
 * Manx: Yernish
 * Marathi: आयरिश
 * Navajo: Aárish bizaad
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk:
 * Persian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scots: Erse
 * Scottish Gaelic: Gaeilge
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: и̑рскӣ
 * Roman:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Tigrinya: አይሪሽ
 * Ukrainian: ірла́ндська мо́ва, ірландський
 * Urdu: آئرستانی, آئرش
 * Volapük: Lireyänapük
 * Welsh:

 * Afrikaans: Iere
 * Arabic: إِيرْلَنْدِيّ, إِيرْلَنْدِيَّة
 * Belarusian: ірла́ндзец, ірла́ндка, ірля́ндзец, ірля́ндка
 * Bulgarian: ирла́ндец, ирла́ндка
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: ,
 * Faroese: íri
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician: irlandeses
 * Georgian: ირლანდიელები, ირლანდიელი
 * German: ,
 * Hawaiian: ʻIlelani
 * Hebrew: אירים
 * Icelandic: Írlendingar
 * Irish:, Gael
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Latvian: īrs, īriete
 * Macedonian: Ирци, Ирец, Ирка
 * Marathi: आयरिश
 * Navajo: Dághaałchííʼ dineʼé
 * Old Norse: írar
 * Persian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, ,
 * Scots: Erse
 * Scottish Gaelic: Èireannaich
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: И́рац, И̏ркиња
 * Roman:, Ȉrkinja
 * Slovak: Ír, Írka
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Ukrainian: ірла́ндець, ірла́ндка
 * Urdu: آئرستانی, آئرش
 * Welsh:, Gwyddyl

Noun

 * 1)  A board game of the tables family.
 * 2)  Temper; anger, passion.
 * 3)  Whiskey, or whisky, elaborated in Ireland.
 * 1)  Whiskey, or whisky, elaborated in Ireland.
 * 1)  Whiskey, or whisky, elaborated in Ireland.
 * 1)  Whiskey, or whisky, elaborated in Ireland.

Translations

 * Polish: tryktrak irlandzki

 * Breton:
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: irlandanoj
 * Estonian: iirlased
 * Faroese: íri
 * Italian:
 * Lithuanian: ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: Éireannach
 * Swedish: ,

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to or originating from Ireland or the Irish people.
 * 2) Pertaining to the Irish language.
 * 3)  nonsensical, daft or complex.
 * 1) Pertaining to the Irish language.
 * 2)  nonsensical, daft or complex.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: إِيرْلَنْدِيّ
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian:
 * Azerbaijani: irland
 * Basque: irlandar
 * Belarusian: ірла́ндскі, ірля́ндзкі
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian: ирла́ндски
 * Burmese: အိုင်ယာလန်
 * Catalan:
 * Valencian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: irlanda
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese: írskur
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German: ,
 * Hawaiian: ʻIlelani
 * Hebrew: אִירִי
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: írskur
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish:, Gaelach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: ирланд
 * Khmer: អៀរឡង់
 * Korean:
 * Kyrgyz: ирланд
 * Lao: ອຽກລັງ
 * Latvian: īru, īrisks
 * Lithuanian: ,
 * Macedonian: ирски
 * Malay:
 * Maltese: Irlandiż
 * Marathi: आयरिश
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: ирланд
 * Mongolian: ᠢᠷᠯᠠᠨᠳ
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scots: Erse
 * Scottish Gaelic: Èireannach
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: и̑рскӣ
 * Roman:
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Tajik:, ирландиягӣ
 * Tatar: ирланд
 * Thai: ,
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen: irland
 * Ukrainian: ірла́ндський
 * Urdu: آئرستانی, آئرش
 * Uyghur: ئرېلاندىيە
 * Uzbek:, irlandiyalik
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: Gwyddelig

 * Afrikaans:
 * Asturian:
 * Breton:
 * Catalan:
 * Valencian:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: irlandlingva
 * Faroese: írskur
 * Finnish: iirinkielinen, iirin, irlanninkielinen, irlannin
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:
 * Hawaiian: ʻIlelani
 * Irish: Gaelach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: アイルランド語の
 * Latvian: īru, īrisks
 * Macedonian: ирски
 * Marathi: आयरिश
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scots: Erse
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: и̑рскӣ
 * Roman:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Thai:
 * Urdu: آئرستانی, آئرش
 * Welsh:

 * Breton:
 * Icelandic:
 * Persian:
 * Romanian:

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from , from (modern ), from , from , from.

Proper noun

 * 1) the Goidelic language indigenous to Ireland, also known as Irish Gaelic

Noun

 * 1) an Irishman or Irishwoman

Adjective

 * 1) pertaining to or originating from Ireland or the  people
 * 2) pertaining to the Irish language

Etymology 2
From. Also a corruption of.

Etymology
From, from , from (modern 🇨🇬).

title: Irish


text:
Talk:Irish

For the first noun def. I'm fairly sure the term was first used in Alexender Barclay's translation of "Shyp of Folys" (1509) if anyone wants to go and find a quote. --Imran

Irish & Scottish Gaelic translations
I removed Gaedhlaing, Gaolainn & Gaedhilge because they are not standard words for Irish. The first two are dialect forms and the third is just an old spelling. Do we really need to list every spelling variant in the translation section??? Furthermore Gaolainn is often used to refer just to the Munster form of Irish.

In Scottish Gaelic, Irish is usually referred to as Gàidhlig na hÈireann (lit. Gaelic of Ireland) just as Scottish Gaelic is called Gaeilge na hAlban (lit. Gaelic of Scotland) in Irish. They use the native words, not each others words.

☸ Moilleadóir 17:08, 21 October 2007 (UTC)☏

Irish (ugh) Gaelic
I think this expression is a particularly American one. Irish people in general don’t talk about Irish Gaelic, it’s just Irish. Furthermore, opponents of language revival in Ireland have been known to use the word Gaelic to imply that it’s something almost foreign (the usual meaning of Gaelic in Ireland & the UK is Scottish Gaelic) so it has become somewhat politically charged. In the same way people in Scotland have referred to Gaelic (in a derogatory sense) as Erse (i.e. Irish).

I think the phrase "also known as Irish Gaelic" should be removed as it doesn’t add anything to the meaning at all. But it is a fact (however sad) that people do call it that. Does that make it a usage note? ☸ Moilleadóir 14:34, 30 January 2008 (UTC) ☏

 * Hello, again. It seems to be exactly what should be in a Usage note and it sounds like you would be the right one to do it. I'd be happy to read it and ask questions if I'm confused. Do "Irish Gaelic" and "Scottish Gaelic" merit their own WT entries (or already have them) with the appropriate usage note and cross-references so folks know what they might be reading or saying when they use the words? Is there a good Wikipedia article on the linguistic controversy? DCDuring TALK 16:24, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh. five or six different WT entries on Gaelic languages. They don't look as full as they might be, especially with respect to usage notes. DCDuring TALK 16:28, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * In America, yes, we tend to call lit Gaelic, but that is because when when many of the Irish-Americans emigrated from Ireland, they still referred to it as Gaelic. When my grandparents learned Irish, they wrote in the old alphabet (an cló Gaelach), and in English they still called it "Gaelic." The younger Americans and non-Irish learned to call the language by the name of the people they knew who were familiar with it. When I say "Irish" to people, they have no idea what I'm talking about. They think I mean an Irish accent. I prefer to call the language Irish, as well, so I usually start off by calling it Irish, and then clarifying automatically that is Gaelic, and then refer to it as Irish more consistently. Sometimes I just stick to calling it Gaelic, as most Americans know what that means. --Daiv (talk) 07:29, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

collective sense of Nationalities
The following is copied from the discussion in the Tea Room.--Brett 12:33, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Should we treat "the whole people of a country" as a separate, proper noun sense that is distinct from the plural of the common noun nationality (cf "two Chinese" vs. "the Chinese")? We list this sense in a few places, but only for entries where it is common in English to include "the" beforehand. This is generally with nationalities whose plural is the same as the singular (see Chinese and Maltese) and where we refer to the people as a whole by a different word (we use "the Irish" not "the Irishmen"). Should we add this sense only to these types of entries (its lacking at Japanese, Kyrgyz and Swiss for example) or to all plurals (Canadians and Germans) and just note the lack of the definite article? I would be quesy adding the collective sense to Germans because you can generally always use the plural of a common noun to refer to the collective ("toys are for children"). --Bequw → ¢ • τ 19:02, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I would only do that for the "singular" forms that function that way, because it is unexpected. We don't need to do that for "plural" forms (like the Russians), because any plural noun can refer to all members of a class, including common nouns. --EncycloPetey 19:05, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure they're proper nouns; to take your example, "many Irish" is well attested. And it's not the only such; the same is true of "blacks", where *"a black" (or *"a blacks") and *"two blacks" are awkward at best, but "the blacks" and "many blacks" are just fine (given the right context, anyway). I don't know what the right term is. It's almost as though "Irish" and "blacks" and so on were uncountable pluralia tantum, with singulatives like "Irishman" and "black person" being used for individuals and small numbers. BTW, am I the only one who finds ?"a Chinese" and ?"two Chinese" to be unacceptable? I've heard them a number of times, but it always jumps out at me. —Ruakh TALK 20:11, 29 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Oddly, to me, "a black" sounds wrong but "two blacks" somewhat okay. Same for "Chinese". —  msh210  ℠  20:25, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Jumping back to normal size — I feel silly carrying on a whole conversation in small — I find that they get more and more acceptable as the number goes up and up: "a million blacks/Chinese/whatever" sounds almost perfectly normal. Similarly for other collectives: "two cattle" sounds ridiculous to me (it's "two head [of cattle]"), but "a million cattle" sounds almost fine. I still slightly prefer "a million black/Chinese/whatever people", "a million head [of cattle]", and so on, but I don't think I'd even notice the other ones in normal conversation. I don't know why that should be; my understanding is that in languages with true singulatives, like Arabic and Russian, it's more like English "snow"–"snowflake" or "sand"–"grain [of sand]", where no matter how many grains of sand you're talking about, you can't jump over to *"a billion sand". Maybe it has to do with the fact that "Irish" etc. are treated as plural, whereas "snow" etc. are treated as uncountable-singular? —Ruakh TALK 20:56, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Since you can say "many Irish", that indicates they're not uncountable nouns. Since you use plural verbs with "Irish" even in American English, I think that indicates they're not Collective nouns. So are they pluralia-tantum count nouns instead of proper nouns? (is that what you meant Ruakh?) Does anyone have the CGEL? --Bequw → ¢ • τ 01:01, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Re: "Since you can say 'many Irish', that indicates they're not uncountable nouns.": I'm not sure. Usually "uncountable" implies "grammatically singular", at least in English; but I think all English pluralia tantum take "many" rather than "much" (even things like "suds", I think, where *"one sud" is not only ungrammatical, but also IMHO uninterpretable; though "much suds" does get some Google-hits, so apparently some speakers disagree with me). The distinction between countable and uncountable pluralia tantum, if it exists at all, doesn't seem nearly so rigid as with singulars, but personally I think I'd put "Irish" more on the "uncountable" side, as it goes.
 * Re: "they're not Collective nouns": Right, I agree. (To clarify, by "collectives" I was alluding not to "collective noun", but rather to "collective number". I don't think English has true collectives and singulatives, but I don't know the right terms, so I was grasping a bit. As you say, the CGEL would be helpful here.)
 * —Ruakh TALK 01:26, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

According to the CGEL, Irish is always an adjective, and never a noun. Nationalities are discussed from p. 1694 of the CGEL. On p. 1696, Irish is categorized as "class 2", and as such it has the name of the country (a noun) Ireland, the adjective Irish, and the inhabitant noun Irishman. The examples discussed above, the Irish and many Irish, would be analyzed under the CGEL system as follows: They are both noun phrases (NPs) the adjective Irish is functioning as a fused-head (fusion of internal modifier and head) in both NPs, which have no actual nouns in them. Fused heads are discussed from p. 410. A relevant example is given on p. 417: "[The French ] do these differently from [the Dutch ]".--Brett 01:47, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, that makes sense. Thanks! —Ruakh TALK 15:30, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I guess I'll change the entries and add usage notes. I'll have to work up some info on fused-heads though. --Bequw → ¢ • τ 01:20, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Irish as a derogatory term
So what if Irish meaning nonsensical or complicated goes against rfv, surely what matters is if people use it and it can be sourced. Obviously I haven't got a source for it, but I'm sure it can be found. 'Bad' meanings cannot be just edited out of the dictionary! 92.20.197.8 16:51, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

 * If it can be sourced, why don't you find a source for it? We need sources or anyone could add any old nonsense they made up unchallenged. Equinox ◑ 19:49, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

The thing is, language doesn't exist in a vacuum. I can't be the only one who knows this meaning. 92.20.173.38 07:13, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * You're not. It's actually quite common, but, like most informal usage, it's almost impossible to find a cite for. There's too many other uses that clog up the searches.  BTW, I don't consider it derogatory, it's more comical than nasty.--Dmol 09:58, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Is it is widespread colloquial use in some context? Is there "mention" of such usage? Though I've haven't heard it personally, it would certainly not be surprising, fitting into mostly historical patterns of ethnic abuse. DCDuring TALK 14:16, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

RFV
Rfv-sense (adjective): (informal, derogatory, dated) Nonsensical, illogical.

I am fairly sure that this is based on the fairly common collocation "Irish logic", which I take to be "a type of logic typical of or attributed to the Irish." It is not always derogatory and does not seem especially dated. I doubt that this is ever used as a true adjective or, indeed, used in the sense given except in the expression "Irish logic" or its synonyms.

 * 1) Is it a true adjective? See English adjectives.
 * 2) Is it ever used in this sense except in "Irish logic" or synonyms thereof?
 * 3) Is there any usage that could not be included in a definition limited to "Typical of or attributed to the Irish"?

There are a large number of demonymic stereotypes that provide widely used pejorative senses of virtually every demonym. We seem quite arbitrary in how we treat these. As descriptivist adherents to "all senses of all words in all languages" we would seem compelled to have such senses, but we don't. Can we simply finesse the matter by having "Typical of or attributed to the X" for any demonym "X"? DCDuring TALK 17:21, 17 May 2010 (UTC) Incidentally, the OED doesn't mention "Irish logic" at all in their entry. —Ruakh TALK 23:23, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh I know this one. I may be difficult to cite because of the other meanings that will be used in texts a lot, but I've used it and heard it used. Mglovesfun (talk) 12:04, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It is a question of presentation. I feel faced with a choice between the most natural way of presenting pejorative (and certain other) senses of demonyms and avoiding fanning flames of hostility and ethnic defensiveness. We need not make every pejorative sense explicit if we show a sense of "relating to the X people, their culture, and language(s)". If someone has a pejorative view of the "X people, their culture, and language(s)", then the non-evaluative sense arguably includes the pejorative associations they have. The shifts in the way the word "black" has been used by both blacks and non-blacks is interesting, but it seems more encyclopedic than lexicographic. Similarly, with the implicit racism in the (dated) expression "That's damned white of you, Thomas!". It seems to me that there is a long appendix on the sociolinguistics of demonyms and ethnic slurs. Any particular nuances for a given demonym seem more like usage notes material than definitional material. DCDuring TALK 15:43, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Provided I (or anyone) can cite it, this seems very different from "from or pertaining to Ireland". It can refer to concepts as well as people, an "Irish idea", and "Irish suggestion". Now... I just note to prove it. Mglovesfun (talk) 16:06, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The OED has this meaning as a separate meaning to the other ones. Mglovesfun (talk) 15:50, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * What would you expect from those stereotyping Edwardian logophilic Gaelophobes? I wonder whether they see fit to include "perfidious Albion". DCDuring TALK 19:53, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm hoping this is a joke rather than a shot at Oxford. Anyway it's turning out to be a bastard to cite, as there are so many uses of Irish to mean 'relating to Ireland or the Irish people' that finding three citations is gonna be hard. Let's be honest here, RFV is about whether entries are cited, not citable. I'd like to see this kept as good faith, but we'll need more opinions than just mine. Mglovesfun (talk) 09:03, 30 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Re: the OED: I'm looking through their entry online — they're currently making it available for free, briefly, to advertise its new appearance — and I don't see such a separate sense. The closest I see is sense A. 3, “Irish in character or nature; having what are considered Irish characteristics. spec. Used of seemingly contradictory statements.” Most of the citations are of people saying something seemingly contradictory and themselves pointing it out, such as “followed by anticipation (to speak Irish)” and “Isaac and I went alone (that seems rather Irish)”. So the true sense is something like “ Seemingly contradictory” — not at all what our current definition sounds like.

 * RFV-failed. It's a colloquial sense, as Mglovesfun says, but I haven't been any more able to cite it than you have. - -sche (discuss) 16:47, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

RFD
Sense: "(as plural) The Irish people." Couldn't this be a sense of any adjective? Feed the hungry, read to the blind, etc. This is just the (sense #5) plus an adjective. Plus, take away the the and you get something awkward like "Irish have faced many hardships." Ultimateria 04:40, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

 * It’s a plural noun. There are a lot of demonyms that have this pattern: the Irish, the English, the French, the Chinese, the Choctaw, the Cherokee, the Navajo...but, the Danes, the Russians, the Americans, the Germans, the Mexicans. I think the rule is that if the singular takes -man or -woman, as Irishman, Englishman, then the plural can take any of several forms: Irishmen, Irish people, or the Irish. The "regular" pattern does not take -man or -woman, and the plural doesn’t need people: a Dane, the Danes; a German, the Germans; an American, the Americans. Americans Indians seem to be a special case, and most tribal names are invariable and can refer to an individual or the whole nation: a Cherokee, the Cherokee; a Navajo, the Navajo. All of these are nouns, but adjectives can also be used: German people, Irish people, English children, Choctaw women, Danish men, American teenagers. —Stephen (Talk) 07:53, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't completely agree with Stephen, but I find much more acceptable than ?"feeds many hungry" or *"reads to many blind" (the latter seems out-and-out ungrammatical, actually, though it may be citeable per the CFI; here's one use), so I think it may be worth covering this sense as a plural-only noun even if it's still technically just an adjective. (That said, if we do keep it, we need to improve the def. "Many Irish immigrated" doesn't mean "many the Irish people immigrated".) —Ruakh TALK 11:20, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Your three examples all sound very wrong to my ears. the nomination sounds about right. But if cites say Irish is used as in feeds many hungry, then I suppose we should keep. Or at least if it's widely used that way. —msh210℠ (talk) 17:11, 29 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Like Stephen, I would analyse it as a noun, but that may be under the influence of German, where the division is clear (die studierende und die trinkende Menschen sind..., die Studierende sind...). It passes the lemming test, however; dictionary.com, Merriam-Webster and the American Heritage Dictionary all analyse it as a noun meaning roughly "inhabitants of Ireland". Notably, Dictionary.com and Merriam-Webster include descendants: "the inhabitants of Ireland and their descendants elsewhere", "natives or inhabitants of Ireland or their descendants especially when of Celtic speech or culture". - -sche (discuss) 18:49, 26 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Kept. — Ungoliant (Falai) 15:27, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Regarding words like this and deaf (see Talk:deaf), I just noticed that we do have the following definition at [[the]]: "Used before an adjective, indicating all things (especially persons) described by that adjective." - -sche (discuss) 00:18, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Irish


text:
archaeastronomy

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  The historical, especially archeological, study of astronomy; the study of the astronomical systems and methods of ancient cultures often embracing the astrology and cosmology of the past.

Translations

 * Basque: arkeoastronomia
 * Catalan: arqueoastronomia
 * Finnish: arkeoastronomia
 * French:
 * German: Archäoastronomie
 * Icelandic: fornleifastjörnufræði, forsögustjörnufræði
 * Irish: aircéiréalteolaíocht
 * Italian: archeoastronomia
 * Norwegian: arkeoastronomi
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese: arqueoastronomia
 * Romanian: arheoastronomie
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: археоастроно̀мија
 * Roman:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: arkeoastronomi

title: archaeastronomy


text:
defining vocabulary

Noun

 * 1)  A restricted set of words used to define all other terms in a dictionary.

title: defining vocabulary


text:
second

Etymology 1
From, , , , borrowed from , , from , from root of , from. . Displaced native and partially displaced native  (from ).

Adjective

 * 1) Number-two; following after the first one with nothing between them.
 * 2) Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior.
 * 3) Being of the same kind as one that has preceded; another.
 * 1) Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior.
 * 2) Being of the same kind as one that has preceded; another.
 * 1) Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior.
 * 2) Being of the same kind as one that has preceded; another.
 * 1) Being of the same kind as one that has preceded; another.

Adverb

 * 1)  After the first; at the second rank.
 * 2) After the first occurrence but before the third.
 * 1) After the first occurrence but before the third.

Noun

 * 1) Something that is number two in a series.
 * 2) Something that is next in rank, quality, precedence, position, status, or authority.
 * 3) The place that is next below or after first in a race or contest.
 * 4)  A manufactured item that, though still usable, fails to meet quality control standards.
 * 5)  An additional helping of food.
 * 6) A chance or attempt to achieve what should have been done the first time, usually indicating success this time around. (See second-guess.)
 * 7)  The interval between two adjacent notes in a diatonic scale (either or both of them may be raised or lowered from the basic scale via any type of accidental).
 * 8) The second gear of an engine.
 * 9)  Second base.
 * 10) The agent of a party to an honour dispute whose role was to try to resolve the dispute or to make the necessary arrangements for a duel.
 * 11) A Cub Scout appointed to assist the sixer.
 * 12)  A second-class honours degree.
 * 1) The second gear of an engine.
 * 2)  Second base.
 * 3) The agent of a party to an honour dispute whose role was to try to resolve the dispute or to make the necessary arrangements for a duel.
 * 4) A Cub Scout appointed to assist the sixer.
 * 5)  A second-class honours degree.
 * 1)  A second-class honours degree.
 * 1)  A second-class honours degree.

Verb

 * 1)   To agree as a second person to (a proposal), usually to reach a necessary quorum of two. (See etymology 3 for translations.)
 * 2) To follow in the next place; to succeed.
 * 3)  To climb after a lead climber.
 * 1)  To climb after a lead climber.
 * 1)  To climb after a lead climber.
 * 1)  To climb after a lead climber.

Translations

 * Danish:
 * Finnish:

Etymology 2
From, , borrowed from , from , short for.

Alternative forms

 * s, sec; s, sec
 * arcsec, "

Noun

 * 1) A unit of time historically and commonly defined as a sixtieth of a minute which the International System of Units more precisely defines as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of caesium-133 in a ground state at a temperature of absolute zero and at rest.
 * 2) A unit of angle equal to one-sixtieth of a minute of arc or one part in 3600 of a degree.
 * 3)  A short, indeterminate amount of time.

Synonyms

 * sec
 * Appendix:Words used as placeholders to count seconds
 * Appendix:Words used as placeholders to count seconds

Translations

 * Breton: adverb, ,
 * Estonian:, , , , , , ,
 * Interlingua: ,
 * Manchu:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ,
 * Roman:, sekund
 * Slovak:, , , ,

Etymology 3
From, from.

Pronunciation

 * Transfer temporarily

 * Assist, Agree

Verb

 * 1)   To transfer temporarily to alternative employment.
 * 2)  To assist or support; to back.
 * 3)   To agree as a second person to (a proposal), usually to reach a necessary quorum of two. (This may come from etymology 1 above.)
 * 4)  To accompany by singing as the second performer.
 * 1)  To assist or support; to back.
 * 2)   To agree as a second person to (a proposal), usually to reach a necessary quorum of two. (This may come from etymology 1 above.)
 * 3)  To accompany by singing as the second performer.
 * 1)   To agree as a second person to (a proposal), usually to reach a necessary quorum of two. (This may come from etymology 1 above.)
 * 2)  To accompany by singing as the second performer.
 * 1)  To accompany by singing as the second performer.
 * 1)  To accompany by singing as the second performer.

Translations

 * Danish: afløse
 * Finnish:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian: (/), , ,
 * Italian: ,
 * Russian:, ,

 * Danish: understøtte, assistere
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Spanish: ,
 * Urdu: مدد

 * Danish: støtte,, bakke op
 * Dutch: ,
 * Estonian: toetama
 * Finnish:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Interlingua: secundar
 * Irish: cuidigh
 * Italian:, , ,
 * Norman: s'gonder
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Slovak: podporiť, vyjadriť súhlas
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:, , ,
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: підтри́мати, підтри́мувати, двоїни́ти
 * Vietnamese: ,

Noun

 * 1) One who supports another in a contest or combat, such as a dueller's assistant.
 * 2) One who supports or seconds a motion, or the act itself, as required in certain meetings to pass judgement etc.
 * 3)  Aid; assistance; help.
 * 1) One who supports or seconds a motion, or the act itself, as required in certain meetings to pass judgement etc.
 * 2)  Aid; assistance; help.
 * 1) One who supports or seconds a motion, or the act itself, as required in certain meetings to pass judgement etc.
 * 2)  Aid; assistance; help.
 * 1)  Aid; assistance; help.

Translations

 * Czech: sekundant
 * Danish: sekundant
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ,
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: セコンド
 * Macedonian: секунда́нт
 * Maori: tatao, piki
 * Norwegian: sekundant
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Slovene: sekundant
 * Swedish: ,
 * Ukrainian: секунда́нт, секунда́нтка
 * Vietnamese: (người) phụ tá,

 * Danish: støtte
 * Dutch: ondersteuner
 * Finnish:
 * Hindi: ,
 * Norwegian:
 * Sindhi: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Vietnamese: ,

Etymology
,, , borrowed as a semi-learned term from ; related to. , which was inherited.

Usage notes
For added "precision and elegance", the French Academy recommends using second when only two items are being considered, reserving for other situations, i.e. when more than two items are being considered; although this rule is not mandatory. The Academy however advises against ever replacing second with deuxième in fixed idioms such as or.

Noun

 * 1) assistant, first mate

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Etymology
From, , , , borrowed from , , from , from root of , from.

title: second


text:
century

Etymology
From, from , from , from. The most common modern use is a shortening of century of years.

Noun

 * 1) A period of 100 consecutive years; often specifically a numbered period with conventional start and end dates, e.g., the twentieth century, which stretches from (strictly) 1901 through 2000, or (informally) 1900 through 1999. The first century AD was from 1 to 100.
 * 2) A unit in ancient Roman army, originally of 100 army soldiers as part of a cohort, later of more varied sizes (but typically containing 60 to 70 or 80) soldiers or other men (guards, police, firemen), commanded by a centurion.
 * 3) A political division of ancient Rome, meeting in the Centuriate Assembly.
 * 4) A hundred things of the same kind; a hundred.
 * 5)  A hundred runs scored either by a single player in one innings, or by two players in a partnership.
 * 6)  A score of one hundred points.
 * 7)  A race a hundred units (as meters, kilometres, miles) in length.
 * 8)  A banknote in the denomination of one hundred dollars.
 * 1)  A hundred runs scored either by a single player in one innings, or by two players in a partnership.
 * 2)  A score of one hundred points.
 * 3)  A race a hundred units (as meters, kilometres, miles) in length.
 * 4)  A banknote in the denomination of one hundred dollars.
 * 1)  A race a hundred units (as meters, kilometres, miles) in length.
 * 2)  A banknote in the denomination of one hundred dollars.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Amharic: ክፍለ ዘመን
 * Arabic: ,
 * Egyptian Arabic: جيل
 * Aragonese:
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian: ,
 * Aymara: patacmara
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Bashkir: быуат, ғасыр
 * Basque: mende, gizaldi
 * Belarusian: век, стаго́ддзе
 * Bengali:
 * Breton:
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Burmese: ,
 * Carpathian Rusyn: сторо́ча
 * Catalan: ,
 * Cebuano: gatosan, kagatosan, siglo
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 世紀
 * Dungan: шыҗи
 * Hokkien:
 * Mandarin:
 * Chuvash: ӗмӗр
 * Cornish: cansbledhen
 * Corsican:
 * Crimean Tatar: yüz
 * Czech:
 * Danish: ,
 * Dhivehi:
 * Dutch:
 * Eastern Mari: курым
 * Esperanto: jarcento, centjaro
 * Estonian:
 * Evenki: няма̄дӣ анӈанӣл
 * Extremaduran: sigru
 * Faroese: øld
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:, centuria
 * Georgian: საუკუნე, ასწლეული
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Greenlandic: ukiut hundredikkuutaat, ukiut hunnorujukkuutaat
 * Gujarati: સૈકું
 * Hausa:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:, ,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Hunsrik: Joherhunnerd
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Ingrian: voossata, sajanti
 * Interlingua: seculo
 * Irish: ,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Javanese:
 * Karelian: vuozisada
 * Kazakh: ғасыр
 * Khmer: សតវត្ស
 * Komi-Permyak: ним
 * Komi-Zyrian: нэм
 * Korean:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: سەدە, قەرن
 * Northern Kurdish:, ,
 * Kyrgyz:, гасыр , жүзжылдык
 * Ladino: sekolo, siekolo
 * Lao:
 * Latin:, centennium
 * Latvian: gadsimts
 * Limburgish: iew
 * Lithuanian: ,
 * Livonian: sadāāigastõd
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Macedonian: век, столетие
 * Malay: ,
 * Jawi:, قرون
 * Malayalam: ,
 * Maltese: seklu, ċentinarju
 * Manx: eash
 * Maori: rautau
 * Marathi: शतक
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Ngazidja Comorian: karne
 * Norman: siaeclle, siécl'ye , syekly , syiclle
 * Northern Sotho: ngwagakgolo
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * O'odham: siant ahithag
 * Occitan:
 * Old English: ieldu
 * Old Prussian: mettasimtan
 * Oromo: jaarraa
 * Ossetian: ӕнус
 * Papiamentu: siglo
 * Pashto: ,
 * Persian:, ,
 * Plautdietsch: Hundatjoa
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Quechua: pachak
 * Romani: शुल ब्रेश, šul breš
 * Romanian: ,
 * Romansch: tschientaner, secul
 * Russian: ,
 * Sanskrit:
 * Scots: year-hunder, yeirhunder, centurie
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ве̑к, вије̑к, сто̀леће, сто̀љеће
 * Roman:, , stòleće, stòljeće
 * Shor: чӱс чыл
 * Sinhalese: සියවස
 * Slovak: storočie
 * Slovene:
 * Somali: qarni, qarnigii
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: stolěśe
 * Upper Sorbian: lětstotk, lětstotk
 * Southern Altai: јӱс јыл
 * Spanish: ,
 * Sudovian: simtmetis
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: dantaon, siglo
 * Tajik: аср, қарн
 * Tamil:
 * Tatar:
 * Telugu:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Turkmen:
 * Ukrainian: столі́ття, сторі́ччя,
 * Urdu: صدی
 * Uyghur: ئەسىر
 * Uzbek:
 * Veps: voz'sada
 * Vietnamese: (世紀)
 * Volapük:
 * Võro: aastagasada
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh:
 * West Frisian: ieu
 * Yakut: үйэ
 * Yiddish:
 * Zazaki: seser
 * Zhuang: seiqgeij

 * Albanian:
 * Bulgarian: центу́рия
 * Catalan:
 * Danish: centurie
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: tsentuuria
 * Finnish: kenturia
 * French:
 * Galician: centuria
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: קנטוריה
 * Italian:
 * Latin:
 * Lithuanian: centurija, šimtinė
 * Macedonian: центурија
 * Marathi: सेंचुरी
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: стотина
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: stotina
 * Slovene: stotnija
 * Spanish:
 * Turkmen: senturiýa
 * Welsh:

 * Albanian:
 * Catalan:
 * Dutch:
 * French:
 * Galician: centuria
 * Italian:
 * Latin:
 * Lithuanian: centurija
 * Macedonian: центу́рија
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:

 * Finnish: satamäärä,

 * Hindi:
 * Marathi: शतक
 * Telugu: సెంచరీ

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:

 * Breton: ,

title: century


text:
clock

Etymology 1
c. 1350–1400,, , , from , from , from , probably of origin, from  (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), either  or from  (compare 🇨🇬).

Related to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

.

Noun

 * 1) A chronometer, an instrument that measures time, particularly the time of day.
 * 2)  A common noun relating to an instrument that measures or keeps track of time.
 * 3)  The odometer of a motor vehicle.
 * 4)  An electrical signal that synchronizes timing among digital circuits of semiconductor chips or modules.
 * 5) The seed head of a dandelion.
 * 6) A time clock.
 * 7)  A CPU clock cycle, or T-state.
 * 8)  A luck-based patience or solitaire card game with the cards laid out to represent the face of a clock.
 * 1) The seed head of a dandelion.
 * 2) A time clock.
 * 3)  A CPU clock cycle, or T-state.
 * 4)  A luck-based patience or solitaire card game with the cards laid out to represent the face of a clock.
 * 1)  A CPU clock cycle, or T-state.
 * 2)  A luck-based patience or solitaire card game with the cards laid out to represent the face of a clock.
 * 1)  A luck-based patience or solitaire card game with the cards laid out to represent the face of a clock.
 * 1)  A luck-based patience or solitaire card game with the cards laid out to represent the face of a clock.

Usage notes
Clock originally denoted a mechanical timekeeping device that was able to mark the time with chimes or another sounding mechanism, distinguished from a which had no such mechanism and a  and other terms inclusive of sundials, clepsydras, and similar devices. Clock is now the general term for all timekeeping devices, inclusive of aspects of software that tracks and displays the time, but as a physical object it is still sometimes distinguished from a small portable and from nonmechanical timekeeping devices.

Synonyms

 * See

Translations

 * Catalan: comptaquilòmetres
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French: indicateur de vitesse,
 * German: ,
 * Hungarian:, kilométer-számláló
 * Italian:, , odometro
 * Japanese: 走行距離計
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Luxembourgish: Tacho
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: contor de parcurs
 * Slovak: tachometer
 * Spanish:

 * Catalan:
 * German: Taktsignal
 * Japanese: クロック
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: такт
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: hodinový impulz
 * Slovene: tiktakanje
 * Spanish:
 * Ukrainian: такт

 * Tamil:, , ,

Verb

 * 1)  To measure the duration of.
 * 2)  To measure the speed of.
 * 3)  To hit (someone) heavily.
 * 4)  To notice; to take notice of (someone or something).
 * 5)  To recognize; to assess.
 * 6)  To identify (someone) as having some attribute.
 * 7)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 8)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To notice; to take notice of (someone or something).
 * 2)  To recognize; to assess.
 * 3)  To identify (someone) as having some attribute.
 * 4)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 5)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To recognize; to assess.
 * 2)  To identify (someone) as having some attribute.
 * 3)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 4)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To identify (someone) as having some attribute.
 * 2)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 3)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 2)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 2)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 2)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To falsify the reading of the odometer of a vehicle.
 * 2)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To beat a video game.
 * 1)  To beat a video game.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: измервам време
 * Catalan:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ottaa aikaa,
 * Interlingua: chronometrar
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Norwegian: ta tiden på
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * Bulgarian: измервам скорост
 * Catalan: la velocitat de
 * Interlingua: mesurar le velocitate de
 * Japanese: ,
 * Portuguese: medir a velocidade de
 * Spanish: medir la velocidad de

 * Spanish:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Portuguese:

Etymology 2

 * designs may have originally been bell-shaped and thus related to Etymology 1, above.

Noun

 * 1) A pattern near the heel of a sock or stocking.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: багет
 * Finnish:
 * Italian: baghetta

Verb

 * 1)  To ornament (e.g. the side of a stocking) with figured work.

Noun

 * 1) A large beetle, especially the European dung beetle.

Etymology 4
From, from , ultimately ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  To make the sound of a hen; to cluck.
 * 2)  To hatch.

Verb

 * 1) to hatch an egg

title: clock


text:
millisecond

Noun

 * 1) ; one one-thousandth of a second. Symbol:.
 * The suggestion that pulsars were rotating neutron stars was put forth independently by Thomas Gold and Franco Pacini in 1968, and was soon proven beyond reasonable doubt by the discovery of a pulsar with a very short (33-millisecond) pulse period in the Crab nebula.undefined
 * The suggestion that pulsars were rotating neutron stars was put forth independently by Thomas Gold and Franco Pacini in 1968, and was soon proven beyond reasonable doubt by the discovery of a pulsar with a very short (33-millisecond) pulse period in the Crab nebula.undefined

Synonyms

 * millisec

Translations

 * Arabic: مِيلِي ثَانِيَة
 * Armenian: միլիվայրկյան
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: milisekunda
 * Danish: millisekund
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: მილისეკუნდი
 * German:
 * Greek: μιλιδευτερόλεπτο
 * Haitian Creole: milisgond
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic: millisekúnda
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ミリセカント
 * Korean: 밀리초, 밀리세컨드
 * Lithuanian:
 * Maltese: millisekonda
 * Norwegian: millisekund
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: milisekunda
 * Slovene: milisekunda
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: milisaniye
 * Ukrainian: мілісеку́нда
 * Vietnamese: một phần nghìn giây

title: millisecond


text:
polytheism

Etymology
From, from and , corresponding to.

Noun

 * 1) The belief in the existence of multiple gods.

Translations

 * Arabic: شِرْك, تَعَدُّد الْآلِهَة
 * Armenian: ,
 * Asturian:
 * Azerbaijani: politeizm, çoxallahlılıq, çoxtanrıçılıq
 * Belarusian: шматбо́жжа, мнагабо́жжа, палітэі́зм
 * Bengali: বহুঈশ্বরবাদ
 * Breton:
 * Bulgarian: политеи́зъм, многобожие
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 多神教
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: polyteismus
 * Danish: polyteisme
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: politeismo
 * Estonian: polüteism
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: პოლითეიზმი, მრავალღმერთიანობა
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: פוליתאיזם
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: fjölgyðistrú
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: ildiachas
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: көпқұдайлық, көптәңірлік
 * Khmer: ពហុទេពនិយម
 * Korean: ,
 * Latvian: politeisms
 * Lithuanian: politeizmas
 * Macedonian: многубо́штво, политеи́зам
 * Maltese: politeiżmu
 * Manx: yl-jeeaghys
 * Occitan:
 * Persian: چندخدایی,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: ioma-dhiadhachd
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: политеизам, многобоштво
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak: mnohobožstvo, polyteizmus
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: upolitheisti, ushirikina
 * Swedish:
 * Tajik:
 * Tamil:
 * Telugu:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: політеї́зм,
 * Urdu: شرک, کثرت پرستی, بت پرستی
 * Uyghur: كۆپ خۇدالىق دىن
 * Vietnamese: thuyết đa thần (說多神)
 * Volapük: mödagod
 * Welsh: amldduwiaeth
 * Yiddish: פּאַליטייזאַם

title: polytheism


text:
Japan

Etymology
First attested in English as in Richard Willes's 1577 The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies (cited in 's Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery, pp. 156–57), translating a 19 February 1565 letter of the Portuguese Jesuit missionary  as "Of the Ilande of Giapan".

with possible influence from, both from either or both: With readings, such as  /  or  /  from, also from.
 * , from, from.
 * 🇨🇬, from , from.

Compare also modern 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 /, 🇨🇬 , 🇨🇬.

The earliest form of Japan in Europe was 's, from some form of synonymous.

Proper noun

 * 1) * 1889 Jan.,, The Decay of Lying: An Observation", The Nineteenth Century:
 * Vivian: If you set a picture by, or , or any of the great native painters, beside a real Japanese gentleman or lady, you will see that there is not the slightest resemblance between them. The actual people who live in Japan are not unlike the general run of English people; that is to say, they are extremely commonplace, and have nothing curious or extraordinary about them. In fact the whole of Japan is a pure invention. There is no such country, there are no such people... if you desire to see a Japanese effect, you will not behave like a tourist and go to Tokio. On the contrary, you will stay at home and steep yourself in the work of certain ists, and then, when you have absorbed the spirit of their style, and caught their imaginative manner of vision, you will go some afternoon and sit in the Park or stroll down Piccadilly, and if you cannot see an absolutely Japanese effect there, you will not see it anywhere.
 * 1) * 1985 February,, interview with David Sheff, :
 * Japan’s very interesting. Some people think it copies things. I don’t think that anymore. I think what they do is reinvent things. They will get something that’s already been invented and study it until they thoroughly understand it. In some cases, they understand it better than the original inventor... That strategy works only when what they’re working with isn’t changing very much—the stereo industry and the automobile industry are two examples. When the target is moving quickly, they find it very difficult...
 * 1) * 2008 November 21, Graham Linehan, , Season 3, Episode 1:
 * Nolan: You do know Japan have expressed concern? Douglas: What, the whole country? Nolan: No, not the whole... Mr Yamamoto. Douglas: He's important, isn't he? Nolan: He's the major shareholder.
 * 1) * 2008 November 21, Graham Linehan, , Season 3, Episode 1:
 * Nolan: You do know Japan have expressed concern? Douglas: What, the whole country? Nolan: No, not the whole... Mr Yamamoto. Douglas: He's important, isn't he? Nolan: He's the major shareholder.

Etymology
From, from , from 日本.

Etymology
From or, from , from  日本.

Etymology
From either or both:
 * , from, from.
 * 🇨🇬, from , from.

Descendants

 * See further descendants at 🇨🇬.
 * See further descendants at 🇨🇬.

Etymology
From, from or , from , from  日本.

Etymology
From or, from , from  日本.

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From or, from , from  日本.

Proper noun

 * Ég fer til Japans.
 * I'm going to Japan.
 * Hvar er Japan staðsett á kortinu?
 * Where is Japan located on the map?
 * Where is Japan located on the map?

Etymology
From or, from , from  日本.

Etymology
From or, from , from  日本.

Etymology
From or, from , from  日本.

Etymology
From or, from , from  日本.

title: Japan


text:
computer science

Noun

 * 1) The study of computers and their architecture, languages, and applications, in all aspects, as well as the mathematical structures that relate to computers and computation.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian: shkencë kompjuterike
 * Arabic: عِلْم الْحَاسُوب, حَاسُوبِيَّات, عِلْم الْكَمْبْيُوتَر
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Belarusian: інфарма́тыка
 * Bengali: কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান
 * Breton: ,
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese: ကွန်ပျူတာသိပ္ပံပညာ
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 電腦科學
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto: komputiko, komputoscienco, informa scienco
 * Estonian: arvutiteadus, informaatika
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: ინფორმატიკა, კომპიუტერული მეცნიერება
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: कंप्यूटर विज्ञान, संगणिकी, संगणन शास्त्र, संगणक विज्ञान, संगणन सिद्धान्त, कंप्यूटर-साइंस
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:, komputocienco
 * Indonesian: ilmu komputer,
 * Irish: ríomheolaíocht, eolaíocht ríomhaireachta
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, コンピュータサイエンス, , コンピュータ科学
 * Kannada: ಗಣಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ
 * Kazakh: информатика
 * Khmer: វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រកុំព្យូទ័រ
 * Korean: 컴퓨터 과학,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:, zanista kompûteran
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Lao: ວິທະຍາສາດຄອມພິວເຕີ
 * Latin: informatica
 * Latvian: datorzinātne, informātika
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: информатика
 * Malay: sains penkomputeran,
 * Maltese: informatika, xjenza kompjuteriżata
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: компьютерын ухаан
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Pashto: کمپیوټر ساینس
 * Persian: عُلومِ رایانِه, عُلومِ کامْپْیوتِر
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, ciências da computação ,
 * Romanian: știința calculatoarelor, știința computerelor,
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: рачунарство, рачунарска знаност, информа̀тика
 * Roman:, računarska znanost,
 * Sindhi:
 * Slovak: počítačová veda,
 * Slovene: računalništvo, informatika
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: informatika
 * Spanish:, , ciencia de la computación, ciencias computacionales
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: panuusing agham, agham panpanuos
 * Tajik:, улуми компютерӣ
 * Tamil: kanipori arivial
 * Tatar: информатика
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen:
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: عِلْمِ کَمْپْیُوٹَر, کَمْپْیُوٹَر سائِنْس
 * Uyghur: كومپيۇتېر ئىلمى
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese: khoa học máy tính
 * Welsh:

title: computer science


text:
IRC

Verb

 * 1)  To participate in Internet Relay Chat.

title: IRC


text:
few

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Also related with 🇨🇬 and, from which latter and ; see these.

Determiner

 * 1)  An indefinite, but usually small, number of.
 * There are a few cars (=some, but a relatively small number) in the street.
 * Quite a few people  (=a significant number) were pleasantly surprised.
 * I think he's had a few drinks. [This usage is likely ironic.]
 * 1)  Not many; a small (in comparison with another number stated or implied) but somewhat indefinite number of.
 * I was expecting a big crowd at the party, but very few people (=almost none) turned up.
 * 1)  Obscuring one to two oktas (eighths) of the sky.
 * NOAA definition of the term "few clouds": An official sky cover classification for aviation weather observations, descriptive of a sky cover of 1/8 to 2/8. This is applied only when obscuring phenomena aloft are present--that is, not when obscuring phenomena are surface-based, such as fog.
 * 1)  (US?) Having a 10 percent chance of measurable precipitation (0.01 inch); used interchangeably with isolated.
 * 1)  Obscuring one to two oktas (eighths) of the sky.
 * NOAA definition of the term "few clouds": An official sky cover classification for aviation weather observations, descriptive of a sky cover of 1/8 to 2/8. This is applied only when obscuring phenomena aloft are present--that is, not when obscuring phenomena are surface-based, such as fog.
 * 1)  (US?) Having a 10 percent chance of measurable precipitation (0.01 inch); used interchangeably with isolated.
 * 1)  (US?) Having a 10 percent chance of measurable precipitation (0.01 inch); used interchangeably with isolated.

Usage notes

 * is used with plural nouns only; its synonymous counterpart is used with uncountable nouns.

 * Although indefinite in nature, a few is usually more than two (two often being referred to as "a couple of"), and less than "several". If the sample population is say between 5 and 20, a few would mean three or four, but no more than this. However, if the population sample size were in the millions, a few could refer to several hundred items. In other words, few in this context means a very very small percentage but far more than the 3 or 4 usually ascribed to it in its use with much much smaller numbers.

 * is grammatically affirmative but semantically negative, and it can license s. For example, anything usually cannot be used in affirmative sentences, but can be used in sentences with.

 * He didn't do anything to help us.
 * *He did anything to help us. (ungrammatical)
 * Few people did anything to help us.
 * *A few people did anything to help us. (ungrammatical, since a few is a different unit of meaning from few and does not license NPIs)

 * Few alone emphasises smallness of number, while a few emphasises some. For example: He's a dull man with few ideas; He's a clever man with a few ideas.

Translations

 * Abkhaz: маҷк
 * Adyghe: макӏэ
 * Albanian:, i fijë
 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: قليل, شوية
 * Hijazi Arabic: قَليل, شُوَيَّة
 * Armenian: ,
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Balinese: kikit
 * Bashkir: әҙ, аҙ
 * Belarusian:, , няшма́т, нямно́га
 * Bengali: কম
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Eastern Min: 少
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:, , jen pár
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, , een paar
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian:, vähesed
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:
 * Friulian: pôc
 * Georgian: ცოტა
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍃
 * Greek: λίγοι (pl. of ),
 * Ancient: ὀλίγος
 * Guaraní: mbovy
 * Hawaiian: kakaikahi
 * Hebrew: אֲחָדִים
 * Hindi:, ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: fáir
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: beag,
 * Old Irish: úathad, terc
 * Istriot: puoco
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kabardian:
 * Kazakh:
 * Khmer:
 * Korean: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: کەم
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Lao: ນ້ອຍ
 * Latgalian: nazcik, kuri nakuri, drupeit
 * Latin: paucus
 * Latvian: nedaudz, daži
 * Lithuanian: nedaug
 * Lombard: ,
 * Macedonian:
 * Malay:
 * Maori: okotahi, ruarua, toru toru, itiiti, kōtahitahi, ngōuruuru, ouou, tokoiti, tokoitiiti
 * Mongolian: хэдэн
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Occitan:
 * Old Turkic: 𐰀𐰕
 * Ottoman Turkish: آز
 * Papiamentu: poko
 * Pashto:
 * Persian: ,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romagnol: pöc
 * Romanian:, puțini, puține
 * Romansch: pauc
 * Russian:, ,
 * Sanskrit: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: beagan,, corra, deannan
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: мало
 * Roman:
 * Sicilian:
 * Sindhi: ٿورا
 * Sinhalese:
 * Slovak:, zopár, niekoľko
 * Slovene: ,
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: mało
 * Spanish:
 * Sundanese: sakedik
 * Swedish:
 * Tajik:
 * Talysh: kam
 * Tarantino: pìcche
 * Tat: kəm
 * Tatar:
 * Telugu: ,
 * Thai:
 * Tocharian B: totka
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen:
 * Ukrainian:, , небага́то
 * Urdu: کچھ, کم
 * Uzbek:
 * Venetian: puòco, poco
 * Vietnamese:
 * Waray-Waray: gu-ti, di-to
 * Welsh:
 * Yagnobi: кам
 * Yiddish: ווייניק, עטלעכע
 * Zealandic: weinig

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian: ,
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Georgian:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὀλίγος
 * Hindi:
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: beag,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Khmer:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: کەم, کەمێ
 * Latin:
 * Macedonian:, малку́мина
 * Maori: okotahi, ruarua, toru toru, itiiti, kōtahitahi, ngōuruuru, ouou, tokoiti, tokoitiiti
 * Mongolian:, цөөхөн, цөөн тооны
 * Ngazidja Comorian: shashi
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian:, ,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:
 * Sanskrit: ,
 * Slovak: nemnohí
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish:
 * Urdu: کم
 * Vietnamese:
 * Yiddish: ווייניק, אַ פּאָר
 * Zealandic: weinig

 * Finnish:
 * French: ,

Pronoun

 * 1) Few people, few things.
 * Many are called, but few are chosen.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Indonesian:
 * Maori: tokoitiiti, tokoiti
 * Mongolian:
 * Persian:
 * Sundanese: sakedik
 * Swedish:
 * Tocharian B: totka

title: few


text:
meat

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

A -ja- derivation from the same base is found in 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, from which 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 derive, respectively. Compare also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, which are probably from the same root.

Noun

 * 1)  The flesh (muscle tissue) of an animal used as food.
 * 2)  A type of meat, by anatomic position and provenance.
 * 3)  Food, for animals or humans, especially solid food. See also.
 * 4)  A type of food, a dish.
 * 5)  A meal.
 * 6)  Meal; flour.
 * 7)  Any relatively thick, solid part of a fruit, nut etc.
 * 8)  A penis.
 * 9)  The best or most substantial part of something.
 * 10)  The sweet spot of a bat or club (in cricket, golf, baseball etc.).
 * 11)  A meathead.
 * 12)  A totem, or  a clan or clansman which uses it.
 * 13) * 1993, J. Janson, Gunjies
 * That’s a beautiful goanna.. He’s my meat, can’t eat him.
 * 1)  A meal.
 * 2)  Meal; flour.
 * 3)  Any relatively thick, solid part of a fruit, nut etc.
 * 4)  A penis.
 * 5)  The best or most substantial part of something.
 * 6)  The sweet spot of a bat or club (in cricket, golf, baseball etc.).
 * 7)  A meathead.
 * 8)  A totem, or  a clan or clansman which uses it.
 * 9) * 1993, J. Janson, Gunjies
 * That’s a beautiful goanna.. He’s my meat, can’t eat him.
 * 1)  The best or most substantial part of something.
 * 2)  The sweet spot of a bat or club (in cricket, golf, baseball etc.).
 * 3)  A meathead.
 * 4)  A totem, or  a clan or clansman which uses it.
 * 5) * 1993, J. Janson, Gunjies
 * That’s a beautiful goanna.. He’s my meat, can’t eat him.
 * 1)  A totem, or  a clan or clansman which uses it.
 * 2) * 1993, J. Janson, Gunjies
 * That’s a beautiful goanna.. He’s my meat, can’t eat him.
 * 1) * 1993, J. Janson, Gunjies
 * That’s a beautiful goanna.. He’s my meat, can’t eat him.
 * 1) * 1993, J. Janson, Gunjies
 * That’s a beautiful goanna.. He’s my meat, can’t eat him.
 * That’s a beautiful goanna.. He’s my meat, can’t eat him.

Usage notes

 * The sense "flesh of an animal used as food" is often understood to exclude fish and other seafood. The exclusion of poultry from the category of meat has become outdated.

Synonyms

 * ; See also Thesaurus:meat
 * see Thesaurus:penis
 * , ; See also Thesaurus:gist

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh:
 * Korean:
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian:
 * Malay:
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: carici
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Latin:
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian:
 * Vietnamese:

 * Albanian:
 * Breton:
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Inari Sami:
 * Indonesian:
 * Kuna:
 * Latin: ,
 * Maltese:
 * Northern Sami:
 * Pitjantjatjara:
 * Skolt Sami:
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:
 * Telugu:
 * Tetum:
 * Tibetan:
 * Vietnamese:

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) meatus

title: meat


text:
I love you

Phrase

 * 1) An affirmation of affection or deep caring, especially to a family member.
 * 2) An affirmation of romantic feeling to a lover or spouse.
 * 3) A platonic expression of strong inclination or liking to a friend.
 * 1) A platonic expression of strong inclination or liking to a friend.
 * 1) A platonic expression of strong inclination or liking to a friend.

Translations

 * Adangme: i suɔ mo
 * Albanian: ;
 * Alutiiq: qunukamken
 * American Sign Language: ILY@Side-PalmForward
 * Amharic: አፈቅርሻለሁ ; አፈቅርሀለሁ
 * Arabic: أُحِبُّكَ ; أُحِبُّكِ
 * Egyptian Arabic: بحبك, بحبك
 * Gulf Arabic: اَحِبِّكْ, اَحِبِّچْ
 * Hijazi Arabic: أحبك, أحبك
 * Assamese: মই তোমাক মৰম কৰোঁ
 * Asturian: te quiero, quiérote
 * Azerbaijani: səni sevirəm
 * South Azerbaijani: من سنی سئویرم
 * Belarusian: я цябе́ каха́ю
 * Bikol Central: namumutan taka
 * Breton: da garan, ,
 * Bulgarian: оби́чам те
 * Catalan: t'estimo, t'estime, t'estim
 * Cebuano: nahigugma ko nimo, gihigugma ti ka
 * Chichewa: ndimakukonda
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 我愛你, 我好鍾意你
 * Hakka: 𠊎愛你
 * Hokkien: 我疼汝
 * Mandarin:
 * Wu: 我愛儂
 * Cornish: My a'th kar
 * Czech:
 * Danish: jeg elsker dig
 * Dutch: ,
 * Erzya: вечктян, мон тонь вечктян
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: mina armastan sind,
 * Faroese: eg elski teg
 * Finnish:, rakastan sinua
 * Franco-Provençal: jo t'amo ben, jo vos amo ben
 * French:, je vous aime
 * Galician: quérote, quérovos, ámote, ámovos
 * Georgian: მე შენ მიყვარხარ, მიყვარხარ
 * German: ich mag dich,, Ich habe dich lieb
 * Greek: σε αγαπώ,
 * Ancient: ἀγαπῶ σε
 * Greenlandic: asavakkit
 * Gujarati: હું તમને પ્રેમ કરું છું, હું તને પ્રેમ કરું છું
 * Hebrew: אֲנִי אוֹהֵב אוֹתָךְ,  אֲנִי אוֹהֵבֵת אוֹתְךָ,  אֲנִי אוֹהֵב אוֹתְךָ,  אֲנִי אוֹהֵבֵת אוֹתָךְ
 * Hiligaynon: palangga ta ka
 * Hindi: मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ, मैं तुमसे प्यार करती हूँ, मैं तुझसे प्यार करता हूँ, मैं तुझसे प्यार करती हूँ
 * Hungarian:, (én) szeretlek téged
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido: me amas tu
 * Indonesian: aku sayang kamu, aku menyayangimu, aku mengasihimu, aku cinta padamu
 * Ingrian: miä suvvaan sinnua
 * Interlingua: io te adora, io vos adora
 * Irish: tá grá agam duit, tá grá agam dhuit
 * Italian: ti voglio bene,  Vi voglio bene
 * Japanese:
 * Kabyle: Hamlaγk,  Hamlaγkem
 * Kapampangan: kaluguran daka, palsintan daka, pangaibugan daka, pakamalan daka, pangairugan daka
 * Karo Batak: keleng ateku kam
 * Korean: 사랑해요
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: من تۆم خۆش ئەوێ
 * Kyrgyz: мен сени сүйөм
 * Latin: tē amō
 * Lithuanian: aš tave myliu
 * Lombard: te vòj ben, te veuli ben
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Macedonian: те сакам, те љубам
 * Malay: aku sayang akan engkau
 * Maltese: nħobbok
 * Mi'kmaq: kesalul
 * Nahuatl: tlazohtla
 * Navajo: ayóóʼánííníshʼní
 * Nepali: मलाई तिम्रो माया लाग्छ (I care for you), मलाई तिमी मन पर्छ
 * Northern Sami: mun ráhkistan dū
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: jeg er glad i deg
 * Ojibwe: gizaagi'in
 * Old English: iċ lufiġe þē
 * Old Norse: ek elska þik, ek ann þér
 * Old Tupi: oroaûsub, ixé oroaûsub
 * Oneida: kunolúkhwa'
 * Persian: دوستت دارم
 * Sistani Persian: دل می‌باله ترا
 * Pipil: nimetztasujta
 * Polish: kocham cię
 * Portuguese: adoro-te, te amo , amo você
 * Quechua: munayki
 * Romanian: te iubesc, te ador
 * Romansch: jau hai tai gugent
 * Russian:
 * Samoan: ʻou te alofa iate ʻoe
 * Sanskrit: त्वयि प्रेम करोमि
 * Scots: A loue ye
 * Scottish Gaelic: tha gaol agam ort,  tha gaol agam oirbh
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: волим те, ја те волим
 * Roman: vȍlīm te, ja te volim
 * Simalungun Batak: holong do uhurhu bamu
 * Slovene: rad te imam,  rada te imam,  rad vaju imam,  rada vaju imam,  rad vas imam,  rada vas imam
 * Sotho: ke a go rata
 * Spanish: te adoro, te amo , os adoro , os amo , les amo , les adoro
 * Sranan Tongo: mi lobi yu
 * Sundanese: abdi nyaah ka anjeun
 * Swahili: ninakupenda
 * Swazi:
 * Swedish:
 * Sylheti: ꠝꠥꠁ ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠄꠀ ꠇꠞꠤ / ꠀꠝꠤ ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠄꠀ ꠇꠞꠤ, ꠝꠥꠁ ꠔꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠄꠀ ꠇꠞꠤ, ꠀꠝꠤ ꠔꠞꠦ ꠝꠣꠄꠀ ꠇꠞꠤ
 * Tagalog: mahal kita, iniibig kita
 * Thai: ฉันรักเธอ
 * Toba Batak: holong do rohangku tu ho
 * Turkish:, sana aşığım
 * Udmurt: мон тонэ яратӥсько
 * Ukrainian: я тебе́ коха́ю
 * Uzbek: men sizni sevaman
 * Vietnamese: (pronoun for speaker) + + (pronoun for listener), e.g., bố thương con, con thương bố , mẹ thương con , con thương mẹ , ông thương cháu , cháu thương ông , bà thương cháu , cháu thương bà , anh thương em , em thương anh , chị thương em , em thương chị , tớ thương cậu
 * Welsh: rydw i'n dy garu di
 * Xhosa: ndiyakuthanda
 * Yakut: Мин эйигин таптыыбын
 * Yup'ik: kenkamken
 * Zazaki: Ez to sinena
 * Zulu: ngiyakuthanda

 * Adangme: i suɔ mo
 * Afrikaans: ek het jou lief, ek is lief vir jou
 * Akan: mo dow
 * Albanian: ,
 * Alemannic German: ich lieb dich, i liäbä di, i ha di gärn, ich han dich gärn
 * Alutiiq: qunukamken
 * American Sign Language: ILY@Side-PalmForward
 * Amharic: እወድሻለሁ,  እወድሃለሁ
 * Ancient Greek: σὲ φιλῶ, σὲ ἀγαπῶ, ἐγὼ σὲ φιλῶ, ἐγὼ σὲ ἀγαπῶ
 * Arabic: أُحِبُّكَ, أُحِبُّكِ
 * Egyptian Arabic: بحبك, بحبك
 * Moroccan Arabic: كنبغيك, كنحبك
 * North Levantine Arabic:
 * Aragonese: te quiero
 * Armenian: ես քեզ սիրում եմ, ես սիրում եմ քեզ, ես քեզ կը սիրեմ,  ես կը սիրեմ քեզ
 * Assamese: মই তোমাক ভাল পাওঁ
 * Asturian: te quiero, quiérote
 * Azerbaijani: səni sevirəm
 * Bashkir: мин һине яратам
 * Basque: maite haut, maite zaitut,  maite zaituztet
 * Belarusian: я цябе́ каха́ю,  я вас каха́ю,  я цябе́ люблю́,  я вас люблю́
 * Bengali: আমি তোমাকে ভালোবাসি
 * Bhojpuri:
 * Bikol Central: padaba taka, padangat taka
 * Breton:, me 'gar ac'hanout
 * Bulgarian: оби́чам те
 * Burmese: ခင်ဗျားချစ်တယ်, ရှင်ကိုချစ်တယ် , နင်ကိုငါချစ်တယ် , ချစ်ပါတယ်
 * Buryat: би шамдаа дуратайб
 * Caló: te camelo
 * Catalan: t'estimo, t'estime, t'estim
 * Cebuano: gihigugma ko ikaw
 * Chechen: суна хьо еза,  суна хьо веза
 * Cherokee: ᎬᎨᏳᎯ
 * Chichewa: ndimakukonda
 * Chickasaw: chiholloli
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 我愛你, 我好鍾意你
 * Dungan: вә нэ ни
 * Hakka: 𠊎愛你
 * Hokkien: 我疼汝, 我愛汝
 * Mandarin:
 * Wu: 我愛儂
 * Chittagonian: আঁই তুয়ানরে বেশি গোম লাগে
 * Chukchi: гымнан гыт ы’ԓгу тыԓгыркынигыт
 * Chuvash: эпӗ сана юрататӑп
 * Cia-Cia: indau pe'elu iso'o
 * Cornish: My a'th kar
 * Corsican: ti tengu cara,  ti tengu caru
 * Czech:, ,  miluji vás, miluju vás
 * Danish: jeg elsker dig
 * Dhivehi:
 * Dolgan: мин энигин таптыыбын
 * Dutch:, , , ,  , ,   ,
 * Egyptian:,  ,  ,
 * Erzya: вечктян, мон тонь вечктян
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: mina armastan sind,
 * Ewondo: ma ding wa
 * Faroese: eg elski teg
 * Finnish:, rakastan sinua
 * Franco-Provençal: jo t'amo, jo vos amo
 * French:, je vous aime , je t'adore , je vous adore
 * Old French: je t'aim
 * Galician: ámote
 * Georgian:, (plural), მიყვარხარ, მიყვარხართ
 * German:, ich habe dich gern, ich habe dich lieb, ich liebe euch,  ich habe euch gern,  ich habe euch lieb,  ich liebe Sie, ich habe Sie gern, ich habe Sie lieb
 * Alsace: ich hoan dich gear
 * Bavaria: i mog di narrisch gern
 * Cologne: isch han dich leev, isch han dich jään
 * High Saxonian: isch hab dsch gerne
 * Swabian: i mog di, i han di oifach gern
 * Greek: σε αγαπώ
 * Greenlandic: asavakkit
 * Guaraní: rohayhu
 * Haitian Creole: mwen renmen ou
 * Hausa: ina sonki
 * Hawaiian: aloha wau iāʻoe
 * Hebrew: אֲנִי אוֹהֵב אוֹתָךְ,  אֲנִי אוֹהֵבֵת אוֹתְךָ,  אֲנִי אוֹהֵב אוֹתְךָ,  אֲנִי אוֹהֵבֵת אוֹתָךְ
 * Hiligaynon: ginahigugma ko ikaw, palangga ta ka
 * Hindi: मैं तुमसे प्यार करता, मैं तुमसे प्यार करती हूँ , मैं तुम्हैं बहुत चाहता हूँ, मैं तुम्हैं बहुत चाहती हूँ
 * Hopi: nu’ umi unangwa’ta
 * Hungarian:, (én) szeretlek téged, (én) szeretem önt/magát
 * Ibaloi: pipiyam taka
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido: me amoras tu
 * Igbo: afulu m gi na anya, Ahuru m gi na anya
 * Inari Sami: mun rähistâm tuu
 * Indonesian: aku cinta kamu, aku sayang kamu, aku suka sama kamu, saya cinta kamu,  aku cinta padamu,  aku cinta kepadamu; gua suka sama lu, aku mencintaimu
 * Interlingua: io te ama
 * Inuktitut: ᓇᒡᓕᒋᕙᒋᑦ
 * Irish: tá grá agam duit, tá grá agam dhuit, mo ghrá thú
 * Italian: ti amo,  vi amo
 * Jamaican Creole: mi love yuh, mi check fi yuh
 * Japanese:, 君を愛している, 愛してる, 俺はお前のことが好きだ , 俺はお前が好きだ , 好きよ , 私はあなたが好きだ, アイ・ラブ・ユー
 * +: 好いとんねん, 好きやねん
 * Javanese: kula tresna sampeyan, aku tresna sampeyan
 * Jingpho: nang hpe ngai tsaw ra ai
 * Kabardian: фӏыуэ узолъагъу
 * Kabyle: Hamlaγk,  Hamlaγkem
 * Kalmyk: би чамд дуртав
 * Kankanaey: laylaydek sik-a
 * Kannada: ನಾನು ನಿನ್ನನ್ನು ಪ್ರೀತಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ, ನಾನು ನಿನ್ನನ್ನು ಇಷ್ಟಪಟ್ಟಿರುವೆ
 * Kapampangan: kaluguran daka, palsintan daka
 * Karachay-Balkar: мен сени сюеме
 * Karelian: minä armastan sindai
 * Kashmiri: مےٚ چھِ چٲنؠ ماے
 * Kazakh: мен сені сүйемін, мен сені жақсы көремін, мен саған ғашықпын
 * Khakas: мин сағаа хынчам, мин сағаа кӧӧленчем
 * Khmer: បងស្រឡាញ់អូន,  អូនស្រឡាញ់បង, ខ្ញុំស្រលាញ់អ្នក
 * Komi-Zyrian: ме тэнӧ радейта
 * Korean: 당신을 사랑해요, 나는 당신을 사랑합니다, 나는 당신을 무척 좋아합니다, 나는 그대가 좋아, 나는 그대를 사랑합니다, 나는 너를 사랑합니다, 그대를 향한 내 마음 알지, 좋아해요,, 사랑해요,
 * Koryak: гымнан гыччи ылӈу тыкулӈыги
 * Kristang: Em t' amo'b
 * Kumyk: мен сени сюемен
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: من حەزم لێتە, من عاشقی تۆم, من عاشقتم
 * Northern Kurdish:, , , , , , , , , ,
 * Kyrgyz: мен сени сүйөм
 * Lao: ຂ້ອຍຮັກເຈົ້າ
 * Latin: te amo,  vos amo,  amo te,  ego amo te
 * Latvian: es mīlu tevi, es tevi mīlu
 * Lezgi: заз вун кӏанзава
 * Lingala: nalingí yɔ̌
 * Lithuanian: aš tave myliu, aš myliu tave, myliu tave
 * Lombard: ,
 * Louisiana Creole French: mo laime toi
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: ik leev di, ik heff di geern, ik heff di leef
 * Luo: aheri
 * Lushootseed: ʔəsx̌aƛ̕tubicid čəd
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Macedonian: те сакам, те љубам
 * Malay: saya cintakan mu, saya sayangkan mu, saya sayangkan engkau, saya cintakan awak, saya cintamu, saya sayangmu, saya cinta kamu, aku cinta padamu
 * Malayalam: ഞാൻ നിന്നെ പ്രേമിക്കുന്നു, ഞാൻ നിന്നെ സ്നേഹിക്കുന്നു
 * Maltese: nħobbok
 * Manx: ta graih aym ort
 * Maori: kei te aroha au i a koe
 * Marathi: माझं तुझ्यावर प्रेम आहे
 * Mari:
 * Eastern Mari: мый тыйым йӧратем
 * Mohawk: konoronhkwa
 * Moksha: келькте, мон тонь келькте
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: би чамд хайртай
 * Moore: mam nonga fo
 * Navajo: ayóóʼánííníshʼní
 * Neapolitan: ti amo
 * Nepali: म तिमीलाई माया गर्छु।
 * Northern Sami: mun ráhkistan du
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: eg elskar deg
 * Occitan: t'aimi, que t'aimi, t'estimi
 * Odia: ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଭଲପାଏ
 * Ojibwe: gizaagi'in
 * Old English: iċ lufiġe þē
 * Old Tupi: oroaûsub, ixé oroaûsub
 * Pangasinan: inaro taka
 * Papiamentu: Mi stima bo
 * Pashto: تا سره مينه کوم
 * Persian: عاشقتم, دوستت دارم
 * Phuthi: Giyakutshadza
 * Pipil: nimetztasujta, nimetzneki
 * Polish: kocham cię
 * Portuguese: amo-te, te amo, amo você
 * Punjabi:
 * Gurmukhi: ਮੈਂ ਤੈਨੂੰ ਪਿਆਰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹਾਂ, ਮੈਂ ਤੈਨੂੰ ਪਿਆਰ ਕਰਦੀ ਹਾਂ
 * Shahmukhi: میں تُہانوں پیار کردا ہاں, میں تُہانوں پیار کردی ہاں
 * Quechua: qanta munani,  Canda munani
 * Romanian: te iubesc
 * Romansch: jau hai tai gument
 * Russian: я вас люблю́ ,
 * Sanskrit: त्वयि स्निह्यामि
 * Scots: A luive ye
 * : Eh loe ye
 * Scottish Gaelic: tha gràdh agam dhut,  tha gaol agam ort,  tha gràdh agam dhuibh
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: во̏лӣм те, ја те во̏лӣм
 * Roman: vȍlīm te, ja te volim
 * Shona: Ndinokuda
 * Shor: мен саға кӧленчам
 * Sindhi: ,
 * Sinhalese: මම ඔයාට ආදරෙයි, මම ඔබට ආදරෙයි
 * Skolt Sami: mon rääʹǩǩstam tuu
 * Slovak: ľúbim ťa, milujem ťa, mám ťa rád, mám ťa rada
 * Slovene: ljubim te, ljubim vaju, ljubim vas
 * Somali: Waan ku jeclahay
 * Sotho: ke a go rata
 * Southern Altai: мен сени сӱӱп јадым
 * Spanish: te quiero,  te amo
 * Sundanese: Abdi bogoh ka anjeun
 * Swahili: nakupenda, ninakupenda
 * Swedish:
 * Sylheti: ꠝꠥꠁ ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞꠦ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠙꠣꠁ, ꠀꠝꠤ ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞꠦ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠙꠣꠁ
 * Tabasaran: узуз уву ккунжазуз
 * Tagalog: mahal kita, iniibig kita, iniirog kita
 * Tahitian: ua here vau ia oe
 * Tajik: ман туро дӯст медорам, туро нағз мебинам, дӯстат дорам, ошиқатам
 * Tamil: நான் உன்னைக் காதலிக்கிறேன், நான் உன்னைக் காதலிக்கின்றேன்
 * Tatar: мин сине яратам
 * Telugu: నేను నిన్ను ప్రేమిస్తున్నాను
 * Thai:,  , ฉันรักเธอ , รักนะ
 * Tok Pisin: mi lavim yu
 * Tswana: ke a go rata
 * Tumbuka: nkhukutemwa
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen: men seni söýýärin
 * Udmurt: мон тонэ яратӥсько
 * Ukrainian: я тебе́ коха́ю, я вас коха́ю , я тебе́ люблю́, я вас люблю́
 * Urdu: مجھے تمسو محبت ہے, میں تمسے محبت کرتا ہوں
 * Uzbek: men seni sevaman, men seni yaxshi koʻraman
 * Venetian: te amo, te vojo ben
 * Vietnamese: (pronoun for speaker) + + (pronoun for listener), e.g., em yêu anh, anh yêu em , tớ yêu cậu , mình yêu bạn , ngộ ái nị
 * Volapük: Löfob oli
 * Welsh: 'Rwy'n dy garu di, Yr wyf i yn dy garu di, Yr wyf i yn dy garu di chwi, Dw i'n dy garu
 * West Frisian: ik hâld fan dy
 * White Hmong: kuv hlub koj
 * Xhosa: ndiyakuthanda
 * Yakut: мин эйигин таптыыбын
 * Yiddish: איך ליבע דיך, איך האָב דיך ליב
 * Yoruba: mo nife e
 * Yup'ik: kenkamken
 * Zazaki: ez to sinena
 * Zulu: ngiyakuthanda

 * Albanian: të kam xhan
 * American Sign Language: ILY@Side-PalmForward
 * Basque: Maite haut, Maite zaituztet
 * Catalan: t'estimo, t'estime, t'estim
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 我鐘意你
 * Hokkien: 我愛汝
 * Mandarin: 我很喜歡你
 * Danish: jeg kan godt lide dig
 * Dutch: ik heb u graag
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian: sa meeldid mulle
 * Finnish:, rakastan sinua
 * Greek: σε αγαπώ
 * Ido: me amas vu
 * Irish: tá mé go maith duit, tá cion agam ort, is breá liom thú
 * Italian: ti voglio bene,  vi voglio bene
 * Kapampangan: buri daka, buri raka
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: تۆم خۆش ئەوێ
 * Mauritian Creole: mo kontan twa
 * Navajo: ayóóʼánííníshʼní
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: jeg er glad i deg
 * Old Tupi: oroaûsub, ixé oroaûsub
 * Persian: دوستت دارم
 * Polish: kocham cię
 * Portuguese: gosto de ti, estou gostando de você , gosto de você
 * Romanian: te ador
 * Russian: ты мне нра́вишься, вы мне нра́витесь
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: волим те, ја те волим
 * Roman: vȍlīm te, ja te volim
 * Sotho: ke a go rata
 * Spanish: me caes bien, me gustas
 * Swedish: jag gillar dig, jag tycker om dig
 * Yup'ik: kenkamken
 * Zazaki: ez to ra hes kena

 * Acholi:
 * Akan:
 * Alas-Kluet Batak:
 * Angkola Batak:
 * Antillean Creole:
 * Awadhi:
 * Aymara:
 * Baluchi:
 * Bambara:
 * Bari:
 * Bemba:
 * Bulu (Cameroon):
 * Central Dusun:
 * Chakma:
 * Chamorro:
 * Dairi Batak:
 * Duala:
 * Dutch Low Saxon:
 * Franco-Provençal:, ,
 * Friulian:
 * Fula:
 * Gujarati:
 * Ibaloi:
 * Ik:
 * Ilocano:
 * Indonesian:
 * Kongo:, ,
 * Kpelle:
 * Ladin:
 * Ligurian:
 * Luba-Kasai:
 * Luganda:
 * Maithili:
 * Malagasy:
 * Mandailing Batak:
 * Maore Comorian:
 * Neapolitan:
 * Northern Ndebele:
 * Northern Sami: mun ráhkistan dū
 * Oromo:
 * Ossetian:
 * Q'eqchi:
 * Romani:
 * Rukiga:
 * Rwanda-Rundi:
 * Réunion Creole French:
 * Santali:
 * Sinhalese:
 * Southern Ndebele:
 * Swahili:
 * Telugu:
 * Tibetan:
 * Tupuri:
 * Uyghur:
 * Walloon:
 * Wolof:
 * Zhuang:

title: I love you


text:
Talk:I love you

The Page Itself and Formatting
I found this list on w:Talk:Computer music. I have no idea what it was doing there. I deleted it from that page, but it seemed like a waste to get rid of it entirely (even though I suspect it ended up in a bunch of other random places, too). This is the best place I could think of to put it. -- Merphant 04:58 Jan 18, 2003 (UTC)

If some languages need explanation, cannot they be linked to the appropriate page instead? And the accent a' is it existing in this sample? Ces 22:01, 25 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, it would be good to move the language explanations to their own pages. Even if a definition doesn't exist for that language yet, it would make a good start anyway.

 * It looks like the page is in the process of being converted from plain ASCII to a wiki bulleted list. Maybe all the instances of a' got converted to á in the process. I'm too lazy to do a find and replace, so I guess it's up to you :) -- Merphant 06:39, 26 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ancient Greek
The correct spelling in Ancient Greek are "σέ φιλῶ", "σέ ἀγαπῶ", "ἐγώ σέ φιλῶ", "ἐγώ σέ ἀγαπῶ".

Arabic
Wouldn't "more than one male or female to..." be a translation of "we love you"?

Czech
Although I am Czech, I have never heard "miluju faldimora". In fact, the word "faldimora" sounds very very strange. I cannot say, that nobody use it. However, it is clear, that the majority of Czechs do not understant it.(If someone do) --Nereus124 16:53, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

So I tried to find faldimora on Google and the only answer was just the word on English Wikitionary. The only colloquial form I know is Miluju tě(other inflection), that is very often used because we usually use colloquial inflections. The another form is Mám tě rád(see Slovak), but it means rather an expression of a pleasure(similar to German Ich habe dich gern, while Miluji/u tě is similar to Ich liebe dich). However, it is also very often used. --Nereus124 15:07, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

French
As far as I know, "Je vous aime" does not exist in French. This is because saying "I love you" to someone shows informality. I didn't want to delete it immediately, but can someone else verify the existence of the phrase? 88.106.154.54 02:11, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

"Je vous aime" is a beautiful and meaningful phrase, indicating deep respect. "Je vous aime, madame/monsieur" would be used to give greater meaning in a formal situation such as a wedding anniversary.

 * With a million and a half google hits, I’d say it’s here to stay. Besides, if a partner in a ménage à trois isn’t allowed to blurt out "je vous aime, mes chéries !" once in a while, it would be a travesty. —Stephen 03:31, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

I would say "Je t'aime".

The form "je vous aime" could be acceptable if you were talking to a group of people, and "I love you" does generally express informality so they are both acceptable.

Normal German
I find that the sentence "Ich mag dich." should be added for "I love you" in German. It can be said to a person who you like or who you are in love with.

I think "Ich liebe dich" is often only used in a very serious relationship. That's why many people use "Ich mag dich" or "Ich hab' dich gern" to tell the person they have fallen in love with that they love him/her.

 * "Ich mag dich" and "Ich hab dich gern" both mean "I like you", not "I love you in German". Maybe kids having their first crush say "Ich mag dich" instead of "Ich liebe dich", but that's the same in English. Angr 18:00, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

edit by an Austrian =)

Yes, "Ich mag dich" equal to "Ich hab dich lieb" means "I like you" but it's more used between good friends and family members. Of couse too between young kids, having their first crush. "Ich mag dich" is the first thing you say to a person you like, eg you know someone for some day. "You are very nice, I like you" but it isn't very common. when you really like one, eg you mum or your best friend you say "Ich hab dich lieb" or when you know a person a bit longer but it is to early to say "Ich liebe dich"

well, enough for now^^ I hope there are not so many mistakes, my english is not that good...

Norwegian
"Jg elskr dg" is a pretty unserious slang form for "i love you," i don't really think it should be here, but i don't really feel "qualified" to remove it. —This unsigned comment was added by 80.212.27.19 (talk • contribs) 2006-06-12 22:17:28.

 * The fact that you recognized it as teenage slang qualifies you to remove it. :-) I removed it for you, though. Thanks. Rod (A. Smith) 03:30, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

"Jeg elsker deg", is the correct form ;)

jg elskr dg would be text-speek, to be perfectly clear about what it is... not slang, it wouldn't be pronounced verbally.

also, I'd like to submit that "eg elskar deg" should also be there, seeing as we have two written languages that are recognised as equal by the law. Cheers. -Eirik-

Sanskrit
This page is missing "I love you" in Sanskrit.

How to write "I love you" in Sanskrit? do any body here know?--67.15.34.250 10:07, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

"Tvayi Snehiyami"

I think the above one ("Tvayi Snehiyami") means the Universal love like saying. not exactly "I love You" kinda meaning. अनुराग anuraaga, प्रणय praNaya, अनुराग anuraaga, काम kaama, etc... will be well suited.

त्वां कामयामि (tvaaM kaamayaami) = I love you

Spanish (Madrid)
The term "me molas, tronca/tronco" is a slang way to say "I love you", yes, but so unserious that can be understood as an offensive, male chauvinist/feminist way to say that. I think it should be better delete that term. In fact, "molar" (the infinitive form of "molas", that is second person of the present simple) is a colloquial synonym of "gustar", that means "like", but it can also be used to express love (I don't know if that's also common in English). "Me" is the complement that indicates who receives the action of the verb (in this case, I, the first person), totally common in slang and formal language, and "tronco/a" (masculine and femenine forms, respectively) stands for "guy" (as "I love you, guy"), but very, very tacky.

So, as a madrileño, I never said that to my beloved. ;)

 * I agree. —Stephen 17:42, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Or you can simply say "Yo te amo".

THAT'S IT!

The correct translation for the phrase "I LOVE YOU", in Spanish (from any Spanish speaking country), is:  "YO TE AMO".

That's that! Don't go around the bush... there is NO OTHER CORRECT TRANSLATION IN SPANISH FOR THIS PHRASE.

Thank you very much, and have a nice day.

Mayra C. Coll September 18, 2011, 1:14 AM 65.6.165.27 05:16, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, maybe if you insist on a word-for-word translation... But unless there's been a sudden worldwide change since I went to sleep last night, Spanish is a pro-drop language... do you mean to suggest that "te amo" isn't a valid translation of "I love you"? —  [Ric Laurent] — 12:15, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

 * A pro-drop language? --Rockpilot 12:24, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Subject-pronoun-dropping, basically. Less basically: . I dunno if pro-drop can exist by itself... I mean maybe, but for now I'll make pro-drop language —  [Ric Laurent] — 12:33, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

Welsh
Although the Welsh 'Rwy'n dy garu di is correct and often uttered, no-one ever says Yr wyf i yn dy garu di (chwi) -- it's ridiculously formal. Could it be removed, please? Thanks. 163.1.137.26 20:35, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Can you go into more detail please? Would it have been used in formal situations in the past? Is it too literal a translation from English? Is it the choice of words or the syntax or what which gives this impression?
 * If it's a legitimate formal translation we should keep it.
 * If it's just a non-native speaker's attempt at translating into Welsh that has never been used, we should get rid of it. — Hippietrail 02:48, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

"Rwy'n dy garu di" is the current colloquial Welsh form. "Yr wyf i yn dy garu di" is the literary equivalent (that is, a fossilisation of the spoken form some centuries back) and the modern colloquial form derives from this. You would be unlikely however to find "Yr wyf i yn dy garu di" in any modern text, except maybe as a joke (for example, making fun of a learner who has learnt a high register of Welsh and uses it in inapproriate situations). Maybe it could be kept, and labelled - not in modern use; base form of the current colloquial form

Also the "chwi" form (formal "you" equivalent to French "vous") would not be preceded by "dy", but by "eich". "Yr wyf i yn eich caru chwi". The colloquial form is "Rwy'n ych caru chi". But I cannot imagine this ever having been used to one person only. If someone is at this stage in an amorous relationship he / she would long since have passed to the "ti" form (equivalent to French "tu"). Since "chi" is also "you" in addressing two or more people, it could conceivably be used in the sense "I love you (all)"

"Rwy'n dy garu di" is distinctly southern, but it is an acceptable written colloquial form. In the south "Rwy" is often / usually reduced to "W i". Thus "W i'n dy garu di" (but this is too informal, though it might appear in dialogues in novels, film scripts, etc). In the north "rwy" is not used; there is an equivalent form with infix "-yd-" which is "rydw i" (from the literary form "yr ydwyf i"). This is usually shortened to "Dw i" (and also expanded to "mi rydw i"!) In North Wales the natural form is "Dw i'n dy garu di".

Ianto Glan Tawe 13 Tachwedd / November 2004

I have to agree. It should be changed to: Rwy'n dy garu di [dialectal]; Dw i'n dy garu di[dialectal]; Rydw i'n dy garu di [more standard].

David - Mai 5 08

Re. Ianto's statement: To describe "Yr wyf i yn dy garu di" as a fossilisation is perhaps misleading as it is a perfectly acceptable, although formal, statement in modern Welsh. It would be unusual to use it, as "I love you" is typically said in informal contexts. Further, all "rwy'n, dw i'n, w i'n, (mi) rydw i'n, yr wyf i'n" are contractions of "yr ydwyf i yn", so any of these before "dy garu (di)" should be acceptable and appropriate. J - Ionawr/January 23 2012.

Zulu
The Zulu translation (in romantic) seems completely wrong. It should be "ngiyakuthanda". http://www.zulu-culture-history.com/zulu_dictionary.htm

RFD
A word and phrase dictionary, or a word and phrase and sentence dictionary? Randy6767 01:25, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep (phrasebook entries). Note: do not combine nominations into a single section!  --Connel MacKenzie 01:42, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Why not? Randy6767 20:13, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It may be deceitful. \Mike 20:25, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Because we have Category:Phrasebook, for exactly these types of entries. Furthermore, the entry "I love you" was en.wikt's #1 translated entry, last time I checked.  So you'd need some pretty hefty arguments to make us take the nomination seriously - the phrasebook is a very long-standing, established feature.  It has been a part of en.wikt longer than I've been involved with en.wikt.  --Connel MacKenzie 14:54, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep. bd2412 T 02:22, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep. \Mike 20:25, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep. —Stephen 11:15, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep!!!! :D. I love this entry.  The translations section alone is worth a king's fortune.  Incidentally, I think it might be worthwhile to make a I love you/Japanese entry and link to that in the translations instead of what is currently done, just because the phrase in Japanese uses completely different grammar (literally retranslated, "(you) (are) beloved"), and because there are ten million different phrases entered for the Japanese translation :D   *Signed Language Lover*
 * The above comments are about I love you. I abstain concerning I hate you.. though maybe I'm biased there since I love everyone and everything ;-)  *Signed Language Lover*

I love you kept. Any objections to keeping I hate you? DAVilla 06:55, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Delete. I hate it.  It's a sum-of-parts phrase obvious in meaning, not idiomatic, contrary, or significantly different in any way to what hate means.--Halliburton Shill 04:11, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Move all to Appendix:Phrasebook or subpages thereof. This is not what the mainspace is for, per WT:CFI. -- Visviva 02:49, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Deletion debate (2)
In principle, this seems sum of parts. It is not that I personally want to get this deleted, but, as long as the idiomaticy in CFI is read as non-sum-of-part-ness, I don't see what could rescue this entry. See also. --Dan Polansky 09:20, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It is a common phrase and one that lots of people like to look up from time to time. It is very useful for English Phrasebook. Keep. If some policy disapproves of it, the policy is defective and should be fixed. —Stephen 09:36, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * See Phrasebook. Unfortunately no changes have been made to WT:CFI to reflect this project, and God only knows what those changes should be. Mglovesfun (talk) 09:47, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree with you, Stephen, but fact is that dictionaries usually exclude this kind of material, at least those listed in OneLook. Having a list of model dictionaries that do include this kind of entries would strengthen the case for including them. --Dan Polansky 10:07, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I have always assumed that users would appreciate our provision of phrasebooks. We don't have much of an ethos of service to our users. Thus, nobody seems to wish to take the trouble to suggest any criteria for such terms, suggestions about forms, format, etc. Thus, we don't have anything very useful.
 * A phrasebook seems to me clearly most broadly useful when it is portable and bilingual (the speaker's native language and the target language), with phrases grouped by situation for rapid use or refreshing of one's repertoire before entering a situation. That is not the format we offer. Nor do we offer a convenient way for a normal user to produce or extract such a usable format from our data. Our entries could be useful as the raw material for generating accessible bilingual phrasebooks in electronic and print form. DCDuring TALK 12:42, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Uh, did anyone even bother to read the part about the phrasebook in CFI? From CFI: "Phrasebook entries are very common expressions that are considered useful to non-native speakers. Although these are included as entries in the dictionary (in the main namespace), they are not usually considered in these terms. For instance, What's your name? is clearly a summation of its parts." Phrasebook entries are supposed to be SoP. --Yair rand 19:20, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Not only did we read it, we understood to be a complete punt, totally inadequate inasmuch as it depends on the term "useful". For whom? How determined? After all any attestable collocation is ipso facto useful to the three independent sources that used it. Are we supposed to vote on each entry? DCDuring TALK 21:15, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * There is no consensus on how to work the phrasebook, and CFI is left entirely ambiguous to reflect that. The only thing we do know is that a phrasebook should be included, it should include SoP phrases, and the phrases should be "common" (whatever that means). Until someone draws up a possible set of criteria, then yes, we do have to vote on each entry when it is RFD'd. It's not the only part of Wiktionary that no one has the slightest clue how to deal with. --Yair rand 21:26, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that the phrasebook should be in appendices, as I assume that we don't want sentences such as Where can I change some money? as normal pages. But I love you should be kept as a page, because it's a set phrase, unlike Where can I change some money? (the brain has to build this sentence). Lmaltier 21:50, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The one thing it is not is a set phrase. We can coordinate each term. "I love and despise you." "Joe and I love you." "I love you and your whole family". Pronouns can't readily be modified, but "I love you madly." shows that the verb can be. DCDuring TALK 23:31, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Nonetheless, in its simple form, the brain has not to build it from its parts,it already knows it. Lmaltier 06:27, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
 * At Yair Rand: My mistake in overlooking the phrasebook passage in CFI, added to CFI in this edit in January 2008, and not voted upon AFAIK. I have posted more in Beer parlour. --Dan Polansky 10:21, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Yes, Wiktionary is portable - it is available via a Blackberry or an iPhone. Bilingual would be useless unless we had a distinct set of entries for translations from every language to every language. We should, therefore, absolutely have phrasebook entries if that serves the increasingly wired-up world. bd2412 T 02:21, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It's not a set phrase or even close to one. The entry is really only useful for its translations, but for a phrasebook entry, that doesn't bother me. Mglovesfun (talk) 09:04, 16 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The problem with our current format is that one-entry-at-a-time is useful for decoding only. A situation/context orientation would give someone a repertoire of expressions of possible use to efficiently prep for or deal with the situation at hand. Also, paper is remarkably useful, especially in situations where wireless internet coverage is not available and for those lazy indigents who do not have a wireless internet device. Or is this only for people affluent like us? DCDuring TALK 12:47, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Kept. --Yair rand 03:40, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

Templates
Hey guys, we have way too many empty templates. TeleComNasSprVen 03:19, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * You have to be more specific. I don’t see any templates. —Stephen 05:01, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh, sorry. I meant categories. (What was I thinking that day?) TeleComNasSprVen 21:08, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh. The categories are just there as a way for translators and linguists of a given language to find pages where their attention is needed. As soon as each language is checked and approved, that category goes away. —Stephen 21:33, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Afrikaans
Hello, Afrikaans translation gives ek is lief vir jou and ek het jou lief. However, ek het jou lief definition is I Know you. Is it a mistake? Pamputt 17:42, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I don’t see "I know you" anywhere. ek het jou lief means I love you, although it is less commonly used than ek is lief vir jou. —Stephen 02:58, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

 * It was vandalism, which I reverted immediately. -- Prince Kassad 09:55, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

RFV discussion
I'm fascinated how this is Portuguese. --Rising Sun talk? contributions 20:42, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm removing this (and above) because... using an English sentence in the writing of another language doesn't make it part of that language. This is just...ugh. :) — [ R·I·C ] opiaterein — 22:33, 10 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I'd consider it Portuguese if it's used in Portuguese context. --Yair rand 00:10, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Speedily removed several months back by and. —Ruakh TALK 13:32, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Site
Perhaps this comes in handy site. I can't really tell if all the entries are correct but I suppose someone else can. 81.68.255.36 08:36, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

capitalization
Several languages have entries which begin with uppercase letters, even though this would not seem to be appropriate, e.g. Old English, Romansch, Luxembourgish, West Frisian, Welsh. - -sche (discuss) 23:29, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

 * In the second gloss ALL translations can be converted to lower case, IMO, including transliteration. Care should be taked with diacritics, though. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 23:50, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:I love you


text:
Talk:defining vocabulary

Creating defining vocabulary
The problem with this is not whether we should have one. It is whether we have someone willing and able to do the tremendous amount of work that may be required for its development. Eclecticology 07:00 Jan 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * I think by now we can say with some confidence that we don't need one. This shouldn't come as a surprise, since other dictionaries don't have them either (at least not explicitly), and even if we did it would surely be roundly ignored by people actually making entries.

 * That's not to say that we can't make our definitions more clear. There is certainly ample room for that.  I just don't think that that particular approach to clarity is appropriate for Wiktionary.  As far as I can tell, it's not a very common approach anyway, the exception being Longmans.  I found this discussion of the virtues of a defining vocabulary here:

 * A quick look at a dictionary that does not have a defining vocabulary shows how useful it is to have one. The Collins English Dictionary (1986) gives the following definition for the word unscrupulous:

 * unscrupulous adj. without scruples; unprincipled.

 * ''Reading this definition, the first problem is the word 'scruples' . If you don' t know what unscrupulous means, how can you possibly know what 'scruples' mean? Collins' definition for scruple is:

 * scruple n (often pl.) a doubt or hesitation as to what is morally right in a certain situation.

 * This definition seems to show that unscrupulous means 'without any doubts or hesitation about what is morally right in a certain situation'. Unfortunately, this is not actually very close to the real meaning.

 * Compare the Collins definition with the one in the Longman Essential Activator (1997), which uses a defining vocabulary of two thousand words.

 * unscrupulous [adj] someone who is unscrupulous uses dishonest and unfair methods to get what they want, and does not care if they cause problems for other people: Some unscrupulous employers hire illegal migrants to work for low wages. Unscrupulous landlords.

 * The Longman definition shows two important features of unscrupulous. Firstly, an unscrupulous person is willing to use unfair and dishonest methods to get what they want. Secondly, an unscrupulous person does not care about causing problems for other people. Because the definition uses only words from the defining vocabulary, the meaning is shown in a clear way that students can easily understand.

 * While I completely support the goal of producing easily understandable definitions, I find the examples above almost entirely specious. The problem with the Collins definition isn't the lack of a defining vocabulary, it's that the definition of unscrupulous as lacking scruples is just not a very good definition.  Defining it as dishonest, liable to use unfair methods without regard to others or something similar would probably be fine.

 * There could still be value in a defining vocabulary: terms like liable and without regard to could be replaced by more accessible terms like likely and without caring about. Such editing seems like a good idea, but is certainly not a sine qua non for a dictionary.

 * Another interesting feature of the Longman approach — again quite independent of the notion of "defining vocabularly" — is that it abandons the generally terse "dictionary-speak" style in favor of a more discursive style. Again, this may not be a bad idea, but as a practical mattter it isn't the style that Wiktionary uses, and switching to it this far along would be impractical.  As it is, we tend to re-word discursive definitions into terse ones, most likely precisely because they jar.

 * In short, using the wiki approach to construct a Longman-style dictionary might well be an interesting and useful program, but it's not the one we've taken on. -dmh 21:44, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The aims of the defining vocabulary seem to be comparable with those of Simple English. Both aim to restrict themselves to a vocabulary of a thousand or two words to maximise their possible user bases. Would it not be wiser to create a Longman-esque dictionary at simple.wiktionary.org, much like Wikipedia has a seperate Simple English project. --OldakQuill 21:08, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

defining vocabulary
This would seem to be a vocabulary used for defining or that defines, especially as it is only used in the "lexicography" context. DCDuring TALK 01:31, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * IMO it depends how accurate the definition is. Better wording would certainly help, as currently, I'm not really sure what it means. Mglovesfun (talk) 02:00, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Keep given it is attestable, which seems to be the case: . The current def reads "A relatively small set of words used to define all other terms in a dictionary", which is at least in part comprehensible even if a bit incomplete or worthy of further explanation. The definition can be read in several ways. It can be (a) a set of undefined terms in terms of which all other terms can be defined. Alternatively, (b) it is a minimal set of terms such that all other terms are free from cycles in definitions. This can be understood in terms of the dyadic relation definitionDependsOn(Term, Term), which generates a directed graph, but one that is not necessarily acyclic. If "cat" is defined as "a meowing animal", then definitionDependsOn("cat", "animal") and definitionDependsOn("cat", "meow"). On yet another reading, (c) it is a set of terms allowed in definitions, so no other terms are allowed in definitions. Whatever the definition of "defining vocabulary", it cannot be directly inferred merely from reading the term "defining vocabulary" word per word. --Dan Polansky 09:38, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Almost a technical term, no? Seems idiomatic as well, per Dan, if weakly. Overall I'd say keep. DAVilla 05:38, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

kept -- Liliana • 14:34, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:defining vocabulary