text:
turn over

Etymology
to +

Verb

 * 1) To flip over; to rotate uppermost to bottom.
 * 2)  To relinquish; give back.
 * 3)  To transfer.
 * 4)  To produce, complete, or cycle through.
 * 5)  To generate (a certain amount of money from sales).
 * 6)  To mull, ponder
 * 7)  To spin the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine using the starter or hand crank in an attempt to make it run.
 * 8)  To give up control (of the ball and thus the ability to score).
 * 9)  To cause extensive disturbance or disruption to (a room, storage place, etc.), e.g. while searching for an item, or ransacking a property.
 * 1)  To generate (a certain amount of money from sales).
 * 2)  To mull, ponder
 * 3)  To spin the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine using the starter or hand crank in an attempt to make it run.
 * 4)  To give up control (of the ball and thus the ability to score).
 * 5)  To cause extensive disturbance or disruption to (a room, storage place, etc.), e.g. while searching for an item, or ransacking a property.
 * 1)  To give up control (of the ball and thus the ability to score).
 * 2)  To cause extensive disturbance or disruption to (a room, storage place, etc.), e.g. while searching for an item, or ransacking a property.
 * 1)  To cause extensive disturbance or disruption to (a room, storage place, etc.), e.g. while searching for an item, or ransacking a property.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese: লুটিওৱা
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Esperanto: renversi
 * Finnish: kääntää ympäri
 * French: ,
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ἀναστρέφω
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: ,
 * Ladin: drusé
 * Portuguese:
 * Quechua:
 * Russian:, , ,

 * Finnish:
 * Italian: ,

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:, ,

 * Finnish:
 * Russian:

 * Finnish:

 * Bulgarian: (1)
 * French: (1),  (2),  (3)
 * Portuguese: virar de cabeça para baixo (1), (2),  (3)
 * Swedish: (på) (1),  (2)

title: turn over


text:
spam

Etymology
The original sense (canned ham) is a proprietary name registered by Geo. A. Hormel & Co. in U.S., 1937. It is presumed to be a conflation of either "spiced ham" or "shoulder of pork and ham" but was soon extended to other kinds of canned meat. Hormel spells the trademarked name in all upper case.

The use for unsolicited and unwanted email derives from a Monty Python sketch (Flying Circus, Episode 25). In the 1970 sketch, a group of Vikings in a restaurant repeatedly chant the word "spam". The earliest recorded real-life use for this sense occurs around 1993 which finds reference in a newsgroup post dated March 31, 1993.

The term appears to have been used earlier in a different sense in relation to "Multi-User Dungeons" (MUDs), a kind of multi-user computer gaming environment before widespread use of the Internet, in the 1980s.

Pronunciation

 * also
 * also
 * also

Noun

 * 1)  Unsolicited bulk electronic messages.
 * 2)  Any undesired electronic content automatically generated for commercial purposes.
 * 3) * Long title, Spam Control Act (Cap. 311A, R. Ed. 2008)
 * An Act to provide for the control of spam, which is unsolicited commercial communications sent in bulk by electronic mail or by text or multi-media messaging to mobile telephone numbers, and to provide for matters connected therewith.
 * 1)  Excessive, often unwanted and repeated online messages.
 * 2)  A type of tinned meat made mainly from ham.
 * 1)  Any undesired electronic content automatically generated for commercial purposes.
 * 2) * Long title, Spam Control Act (Cap. 311A, R. Ed. 2008)
 * An Act to provide for the control of spam, which is unsolicited commercial communications sent in bulk by electronic mail or by text or multi-media messaging to mobile telephone numbers, and to provide for matters connected therewith.
 * 1)  Excessive, often unwanted and repeated online messages.
 * 2)  A type of tinned meat made mainly from ham.
 * 1)  A type of tinned meat made mainly from ham.

Translations

 * Arabic: بَيَانٌ مُزْعِج, سُخَام
 * Armenian: ,
 * Bulgarian: спам
 * Catalan: correu brossa
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, 垃圾信
 * Czech:
 * Danish: spam
 * Dutch:, ongewenste elektronische post, spamboodschap, ongewenste mail
 * Esperanto:, trudaĵo
 * Estonian: spämm
 * Faroese: spamm
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:, , ,
 * German:, unerwünschte elektronische Massenpost
 * Hebrew: ,
 * Hindi: स्पैम
 * Hungarian: szpem
 * Icelandic: ruslpóstur
 * Ido:
 * Interlingua: spam
 * Irish: turscar
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: スパム, 迷惑メール
 * Korean: 스팸
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian: brukalas, šlamštas
 * Macedonian: спам
 * Marathi: स्पॅम
 * Norwegian: søppelpost
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, lixo eletrônico
 * Russian:, нежела́тельная по́чта
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman: neželjena pošta
 * Spanish:, correo no deseado
 * Swedish: ,
 * Thai: สแปม
 * Turkish:, yığın mesaj
 * Yiddish: בליצמיסט

 * Catalan: contingut brossa
 * Finnish: ,

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Hebrew:
 * Japanese: スパム
 * Korean: 스팸
 * Marathi: स्पॅम
 * Navajo: Bilagáana bikʼos, atsįʼ yikʼáni, atsįʼ béé átʼáhí
 * Polish: konserwa turystyczna,
 * Russian:
 * Yiddish: ספּאַמפֿלייש

 * Turkish:, ,

Verb

 * 1)  To send spam (i.e. unsolicited electronic messages.)
 * 2)  To send spam (i.e. unsolicited electronic messages) to a person or entity.
 * 3)  To send messages repeatedly, often with disruptive effect; to flood.
 * 4)  To do something rapidly and repeatedly.

Translations

 * Czech: spamovat
 * Esperanto: rubleteri
 * Estonian: spämmima
 * Faroese: spamma
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * German: spammen
 * Interlingua: spammar
 * Italian: spammare
 * Maori: hītini
 * Norwegian: sende søppelpost
 * Portuguese: spamear, spammar
 * Russian:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: spamlemek

 * Estonian: spämmima
 * Faroese: spamma
 * Finnish: ,
 * Italian: spammare
 * Maori: hītini
 * Norwegian: sende søppelpost
 * Russian:, спа́ммить
 * Turkish: spamlemek

Etymology 1
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  Spam.

Etymology 2
See.

Etymology 1
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) spam undesired electronic content

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  meat
 * 2)  spam

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  spam

Noun

 * 1)  spam

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  spam

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  spam (unwanted messages)

Etymology
.

Etymology
Borrowed from. Earliest attested in 1997.

Noun

 * 1)  (unsolicited electronic messages)

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  spam

Usage notes
As the word starts with two consonants, some Turkish people will have difficulties to spell it correctly. It may be spelled also .

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  spam

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: spam


text:
propolis

Etymology
From, from Hellenistic (apparently because the material was used by bees to extend their hives), from  +.

Noun

 * 1) An aromatic glue-like substance produced by honeybees from tree resin, waxes, and their own secretions, used in the construction of their hives.

Translations

 * Arabic: عُكْبُر, عِكْبَر
 * Armenian:
 * Bashkir: елем, бал ҡорто елем
 * Bats: დინდგლაჸო
 * Catalan: pròpoli
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: kittivaha
 * French:
 * Galician: própole, propoleo
 * Georgian: დინდგელი
 * German:
 * Irish: gliú beach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: プロポリス
 * Korean: 봉교, 프로폴리스
 * Laz: დინდგუ
 * Mingrelian: დინდგილი
 * Polish: kit pszczeli,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Slovene: propolis, zadelavina
 * Spanish: ,
 * Vietnamese: keo ong

Etymology
, from Hellenistic, from +.

Etymology 1
Cognate with 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) bee-glue, propolis

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) bee glue,

Etymology
.

title: propolis


text: honeybee

title: honeybee


text:
kibi-

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) The IEC prefix meaning 210 = 1,024. Compare kilo-, meaning 103 = 1,000, a thousand. Abbreviation: Ki

title: kibi-


text:
mebi-

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) The IEC prefix meaning 220 = 1,0242 = 1,048,576. Compare to mega-, meaning 106 = 1,0002 = 1,000,000, a million.

Usage notes
Currently not in widespread use, this binary multiple prefix was established to make various units used in computing precise.

title: mebi-


text:
gibi-

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) The IEC prefix meaning 230 = 1,0243 = 1,073,741,824. Compare giga-, meaning 109 = 1,0003 = 1,000,000,000, a billion.

Usage notes
Not yet in widespread use, this binary multiple prefix was established to make various units used in computing precise. See for discussion.

title: gibi-


text:
tebi-

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) The IEC prefix meaning 240 = 1,0244 = 1,099,511,627,776. Compare tera-, meaning 1012 = 1,0004 = 1,000,000,000,000, a trillion.

Usage notes
Not yet in widespread use, this binary multiple prefix was established to make various units used in computing precise.

title: tebi-


text:
fathom

Etymology 1
From, , , from , , from , from , from ,.

 * 🇨🇬, (whence English )
 * 🇨🇬 (modern 🇨🇬, )
 * 🇨🇬, (🇨🇬,, , modern 🇨🇬)
 * 🇨🇬 (modern 🇨🇬, )
 * 🇨🇬, (🇨🇬,, , modern 🇨🇬)
 * 🇨🇬, (🇨🇬,, , modern 🇨🇬)
 * 🇨🇬, (🇨🇬,, , modern 🇨🇬)
 * 🇨🇬, (🇨🇬,, , modern 🇨🇬)

Noun

 * 1)  A man's armspan, generally reckoned to be six feet (about 1.8 metres). Later used to measure the depth of water, but now generally replaced by the metre outside American usage.
 * 2)  A measure of distance to shore: the nearest point to shore at which the water depth is the value quoted.
 * 3)  An unspecified depth.
 * 4)  Depth of insight; mental reach or scope.
 * 5) The act of stretching out one's arms away from the sides of the torso so that they make a straight line perpendicular to the body.
 * 6) Someone or something that is embraced.
 * 7)  Control, grasp.
 * 1)  An unspecified depth.
 * 2)  Depth of insight; mental reach or scope.
 * 3) The act of stretching out one's arms away from the sides of the torso so that they make a straight line perpendicular to the body.
 * 4) Someone or something that is embraced.
 * 5)  Control, grasp.
 * 1) Someone or something that is embraced.
 * 2)  Control, grasp.
 * 1)  Control, grasp.

Usage notes

 * At sea, the fathom is exclusively a measure of water depth. Therefore, a boat that is 100 fathoms offshore is not 600 feet from the shore, but rather at the nearest point to shore where the water depth is 600 feet.

Translations

 * Aklanon: dupa
 * Arabic: قامة
 * Bulgarian: фатом, клафтер
 * Catalan: braça
 * Cebuano: dupa
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 英寻, 英尋
 * Czech:
 * Danish: favn
 * Dutch:
 * Erzya: сэль
 * Esperanto: klafto
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese: favnur
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: საზღვაო საჟენი, ზღვის საჟენი
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὀργυιά
 * Hebrew: ,
 * Higaonon: dupa
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Ilocano: deppa
 * Irish: feá
 * Isnag: dappa
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ファゾム,
 * Malay:
 * Mansaka: dupa
 * Maori: aronui, mārō, whanganga
 * Norman: brache
 * Occitan:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:, ,
 * Russian:, , морская са́жень
 * Sanskrit:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: хва̑т)
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: siaha
 * Slovene: seženj
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: dipa
 * Telugu:
 * Tetum: roha
 * Thai:
 * Tocharian B: keṣe
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: фатом, сажень
 * Welsh: gwrhyd, gwryd

Etymology 2
From, , from , from , from : see further at etymology 1.

Verb

 * 1)  To measure the depth of (water); to take a sounding of; to sound.
 * 2)  To encircle (someone or something) with outstretched arms; specifically, to measure the circumference or  length of something.
 * 3)  Often followed by out: to deeply understand (someone or something); to get to the bottom of.
 * 4)  To embrace (someone or something).
 * 5) To measure a depth; to sound.
 * 6)  To conduct an examination or inquiry; to investigate.
 * 1)  To embrace (someone or something).
 * 2) To measure a depth; to sound.
 * 3)  To conduct an examination or inquiry; to investigate.
 * 1) To measure a depth; to sound.
 * 2)  To conduct an examination or inquiry; to investigate.
 * 1)  To conduct an examination or inquiry; to investigate.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Czech: měřit hloubku
 * Finnish:
 * French:, ,
 * German:, ,
 * Ido:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: де́лать проме́р лотом,
 * Slovene: izmeriti
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:

 * Catalan:
 * Finnish:
 * Galician: abrazar
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Occitan:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: objať, obsiahnuť
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: famna om,
 * Ukrainian: обхопити, обійняти

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 理解
 * Czech: porozumět do hloubky,, ,
 * Danish: begribe, fatte
 * Dutch:, , ,
 * Estonian:, hoomama,
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Georgian: ჩასწვდება, სწვდება
 * German:, ,
 * Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌽
 * Hungarian:, , ,
 * Italian: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:, , , , , ,
 * Slovak: obsiahnuť, pochopiť, zvládnuť
 * Slovene: dognati
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Ukrainian: осягати, збагнути, усвідомлювати, здогадуватися

title: fathom


text:
fathomable

Adjective

 * 1) able to be fathomed

Translations

 * Danish: begribelig
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Manx: so-huntal, so-feaysley
 * Russian:
 * Swedish: ,

title: fathomable


text:
unfathomable

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) Impossible to fathom or understand.
 * 2) Difficult to penetrate.
 * 1) Difficult to penetrate.
 * 1) Difficult to penetrate.
 * 1) Difficult to penetrate.
 * 1) Difficult to penetrate.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan: incomprensible
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍀𐌹𐌻𐌻𐍉𐌸𐍃
 * Italian: insondabile, ,
 * Japanese: 理解できないほど
 * Latin: indēspectus
 * Occitan: insasisable,
 * Polish: niezgłębiony
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: de neînțeles
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:, ,

 * Czech: neproniknutelný
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: läpitunkematon
 * French:
 * Spanish:

title: unfathomable


text:
unfathomed

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Of unknown depth.
 * 2) Not explored or understood.
 * 1) Not explored or understood.
 * 1) Not explored or understood.

title: unfathomed


text:
in-

Etymology 1
From, from , from , from. More at.

Prefix

 * 1) in, into, towards, within.
 * 2)  Inward (direction)
 * is occurring on an inward beat, is to bend or curve inwards,  is to cave inward
 * 1)  Within (position)
 * is to produce or generate within, is burning within,  is a circle within a polygon
 * is occurring on an inward beat, is to bend or curve inwards,  is to cave inward
 * 1)  Within (position)
 * is to produce or generate within, is burning within,  is a circle within a polygon

Derived terms

Translations

 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Greek: εισ-,
 * Italian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Portuguese: ,

Etymology 2
From, borrowed (in words of Latinate origin) from , from , from (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French, originally from.

Prefix

 * 1) in, into
 * Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
 * il- before l, e.g. illusion
 * im- before b, m, or p, e.g. imperil
 * ir- before r, e.g. irrigate
 * 1)  Into
 * is to form into a band or bands, is to bar in,  is to store in a barn
 * 1)  Doing; forming verbs.
 * is to make blind, is to cloister
 * 1)  Having, possessing
 * is having banners, is to have a halo,  is be crimson

Usage notes

 * In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by, , rather than Germanic ; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include /, /, /.

Derived terms

Etymology 3
From, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from. Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). .

Prefix

 * 1)   Used with certain words to reverse their meaning.
 * Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:
 * ig- before n, e.g. ignoble
 * il- before l, e.g. illegal
 * im- before b, m, or p, e.g. improper
 * ir- before r, e.g. irresistible
 * 1)   Added to adjectives to mean not.
 * inedible
 * inaccurate
 * 1)  Added to nouns to mean lacking or without.
 * incredulity
 * ineptitude
 * 1)  Cannot, unable.
 * is that cannot be annihilated, is that cannot be appealed against,  is that cannot be assimilated

Derived terms

Translations

 * Armenian: ան-
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Greek: ,
 * Hebrew: ,
 * Ido: ne-
 * Indonesian: in-
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, , , mis-
 * Nynorsk:, u-, van-, mis-
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) ; un- reversal of meaning or lack of an attribute

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby
 * 2) prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: ,

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) ; un- indicates negation

Etymology 1
Ultimately from, from. More at and.

Prefix

 * 1)  in, inside, interior

Usage notes

 * is more frequent in nominalisations of verbal phrases: →,  → . However, these formations cannot be considered to involve a prefix, but rather the preposition  directly.

Etymology 2
.

Prefix

 * 1)  in, into

Etymology 3
.

Prefix

 * 1)  in-, un- indicates negation

Etymology
From, from , from.

Prefix

 * : used with certain words to reverse their meaning.

Etymology 1
From.

Prefix

 * 1)  able to, -able
 * 2) able to, -able, fit for, fit to be
 * 1) able to, -able, fit for, fit to be
 * 1) able to, -able, fit for, fit to be
 * 1) able to, -able, fit for, fit to be

Etymology 2
A prefixed form of the preposition. Partly inherited from, e.g. , but most words with this suffix are loans or loan translations of ultimately Latin or Greek origin, e.g. ‚.

Prefix

 * 1) en-,, , ,
 * 2) endo-
 * 3) intra-

Etymology 1
From, a prefixation of , ultimately from.

Usage notes

 * The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derive causative verbs from adjectives or nouns:
 * Examples:

 * When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”:
 * Example:
 * (cfr. 🇨🇬)
 * In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation:
 * Example:

Etymology 2
From, from , zero grade form of the sentence negative.

Prefix

 * 1) ; un-; in-; a-

Usage notes

 * The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived):
 * Examples:

 * More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns:
 * Example:

Etymology 1
From, from , form of the negative particle. Akin to, ,.

Prefix

 * 1) un-, non-, not

Usage notes
Affixed primarily to adjectives.

The pronunciation or spelling of the prefix may be changed in some situations:
 * Before b, p or m, it may become . The spelling in- is also found in this context.
 * or.
 * or.
 * or.
 * Before l or r, it may become or, respectively. These assimilations only became usual in post-Augustan Latin: until a late date, the usual Roman spellings were inl- and inr-.
 * (post-Augustan) or.
 * (post-Augustan) or.
 * Before gn and sometimes n, it becomes (pronounced ).
 * Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced ).
 * Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes.
 * Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced ).
 * Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes.
 * Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes.
 * Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes.

Descendants

 * (sometimes, or before p, b and m)
 * ( before p or b,  before l, n, or m, and  before r)
 * ( before p, b or m, before l, and  before r)
 * ( before p or b, before l, and  before r)
 * ( before p or b,  before l, n, or m, and  before r)
 * ( before p, b or m, before l, and  before r)
 * ( before p or b, before l, and  before r)
 * ( before p or b, before l, and  before r)

Etymology 2
Prefixation of the preposition.

Prefix

 * 1) in, within, inside
 * 2) against; into; on, upon; to, towards
 * 1) against; into; on, upon; to, towards
 * 1) against; into; on, upon; to, towards

Usage notes
Affixed primarily to verbs.

The same spelling rules apply as for Etymology 1 above; see the usage notes there.

Not to be confused with Etymology 1 above, which means "not".

Etymology 3
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬 (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).

Prefix

 * 1) after

Usage notes

 * Used before the letter . For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
The variant form is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

Etymology 1
From. More at in.

Prefix

 * 1) in, into
 * 2) internal, inside
 * 1) internal, inside

Etymology 2
From, from , from.

Prefix

 * 1)  very

Etymology 1
From conflated and ; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of. Conflated with quite early.

Prefix

 * 1) in

Usage notes
Very frequently replaced by in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.: Sometimes replaced by in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

Prefix

 * 1) able to, -able
 * 2) able to, -able, fit for, fit to be
 * 1) able to, -able, fit for, fit to be
 * 1) able to, -able, fit for, fit to be

Etymology 3
From. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.

Usage notes
Used before d and g and occasionally other sounds.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Prefix

 * 1) un-; not

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) not negation

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
The variant form is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
The variant form is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

Etymology
From.

Usage notes
The variant form is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v). Before l, m or n, the prefix becomes.

title: in-


text:
im-

Etymology 1
From, assimilated form of used before.

Usage notes
Widely used in borrowings (from French and Latin). Somewhat productive (appended as prefix to existing English words).

Etymology 2
From, from. Also from later, partly by confusion with of Latin origin (on which see above).

Usage notes
Both used in borrowings (from French and Latin), and productive (appended as prefix to existing English words), as in, , , , , ; and similarly.

Prefix

 * to him, her, it or them; for him, her, it or them
 * he, she, it or they
 * him, her, it or them
 * his, her, its or their
 * him, her, it or them
 * his, her, its or their
 * his, her, its or their
 * his, her, its or their

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Prefix

 * 1)  round, round about
 * 2)  repeatedly, over again, re-
 * 3)  in another way
 * 4)  to the ground, down, over

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) a form of the prefix, used before b, m and p

Etymology
From, from , from.

Prefix

 * 1) about, around, peri-

Prefix

 * 1) great, very

Etymology
Assimilated form of, before b-/p-/m-.

Etymology
Assimilated form of, before b-/p-/m-.

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) you, thou (second-person, singular, subject proclitic pronoun)

Pronoun

 * 1) your, thy (second-person, singular, possessive pronoun)

Etymology
.

Prefix

 * 1) a form of the prefix, used before b and p

Prefix

 * 1) a form of the prefix, used before b and p

title: im-


text:
ir-

Etymology
From, assimilated form of used before.

Translations

 * Czech:
 * Ido: ne-
 * Polish:

Etymology
Variant of by assimilation, used before r.

Prefix

 * 1) not; negation

Etymology
Assimilated form of, before.

Etymology
Assimilated form of, before.

Usage notes

 * Used before the letter . For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Prefix

 * 1) not; negation, equivalent to  in English

Prefix

 * 1) equivalent to  in English

Prefix

 * , used before.

Prefix

 * , used before.

title: ir-


text:
colloquialism

Noun

 * 1) A colloquial word or phrase; a common spoken expression.
 * 2) Colloquial style of speaking.

Translations

 * Arabic: عَامِّيَّة, دَارِجَة
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Finnish: puhekielen ilmaus, puhekielinen ilmaus
 * French: expression familière
 * Georgian: კოლოკვიალიზმი, სასაუბრო სიტყვა, სასაუბრო გამონათქვამი, სალაპარაკო გამონათქვამი
 * German: Umgangssprachausdruck
 * Greek: κοινολεξία
 * Japanese: 口語表現, ,
 * Korean: ,
 * Latvian: vienkāršruna, sarunvalodas izteiciens, sarunvalodas vārds
 * Maori: kīwaha
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: hverdagsuttrykk
 * Nynorsk: kvardagsuttrykk
 * Polish:, , wyrażenie potoczne
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:, разгово́рное выраже́ние
 * Spanish: coloquialismo,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: pansalitaan

 * German:, , , volkstümlicher Sprachgebrauch
 * Polish: język potoczny, mowa potoczna, język obiegowy, język pospolity, język swobodny, język powszechny

title: colloquialism


text:
motu

Etymology
From a descendant of.

Noun

 * 1) A reef islet formed by broken coral and sand, surrounding an atoll.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Motu language

Derived terms

 * compounds

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a man, an adult male

Etymology
From (compare with 🇨🇬) from  (compare with 🇨🇬), possibly from.

Noun

 * 1) island, country, land, nation, clump of trees, ship; anything separated or isolated
 * 2) cut, wound

Verb

 * 1) to sever, cut, cut off, set free, separate
 * 2) to be separated, moved to a distance - especially in the phrase
 * 3) to be set free, escape
 * 4)  to be cut, severed

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) island

Etymology
From (compare with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬) from  (compare with 🇨🇬), possibly from.

Noun

 * 1) island (usually a small islet)

Etymology
From (compare with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬) from  (compare with 🇨🇬), possibly from.

Noun

 * 1) island

Etymology
From (compare with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬) from  (compare with 🇨🇬), possibly from.

Noun

 * 1) island

title: motu


text:
Mars rover

Noun

 * 1) Any of a number of small unmanned remote-controlled vehicles sent to the planet Mars to do scientific research.

Translations

 * Dutch: Marsverkenner
 * Georgian: მარსმავალი
 * German: Mars-Rover
 * Marathi: मंगळ रोव्हर
 * Russian:
 * Ukrainian: марсохі́д

title: Mars rover


text:
tok

Etymology 1
An onomatopoeia, similar to Italian.

Verb

 * 1) to cut or hit meat to mince it or make meatballs
 * 2) to sharpen (scythe or sickle)
 * 3) knock
 * 4) to hit (or handshake) someone's hand to greet them, toast someone by clinking glasses
 * 1) knock
 * 2) to hit (or handshake) someone's hand to greet them, toast someone by clinking glasses
 * 1) to hit (or handshake) someone's hand to greet them, toast someone by clinking glasses
 * 1) to hit (or handshake) someone's hand to greet them, toast someone by clinking glasses

Etymology 2
A semantic variation of the above mentioned verb.

Adverb

 * 1) together

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  current

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) flow

Noun

 * 1) train

Noun

 * 1) holder
 * 2) case
 * 3) cover
 * 4) sheath

Etymology 2
. Perhaps borrowed from, probably before the times of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries). Compare also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) sturgeon a type of fish

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bird

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) such

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) process
 * 2) course
 * 3)  train
 * 4) current
 * 5)  courtship display
 * 1) current
 * 2)  courtship display
 * 1)  courtship display

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1)  toque

Etymology 1
. Cognate to e-grade.

Noun

 * 1) flow
 * 2) stream, current
 * 3) flux
 * 4)  spatial movement (as opposed to temporal movement, compare )
 * 1)  spatial movement (as opposed to temporal movement, compare )
 * 1)  spatial movement (as opposed to temporal movement, compare )

Etymology 2
From (compare 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1)  sheath, scabbard

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) flow
 * 2) current

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) current

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) holder
 * 2) case

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Etymology
Dialectal, perhaps of origin.

Noun

 * 1) crazy person, fool, wacko (stupid and/or crazy (and silly) person)
 * 2) shrubby cinquefoil (short form of ölandstok)
 * 1) shrubby cinquefoil (short form of ölandstok)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) message; news; speech; announcement
 * 2) rumour
 * 3) word
 * 4) language
 * 1) language

Related terms

 * toktok

Verb

 * 1)  to speak, talk

Related terms

 * tokim

Etymology
,  from, from  or.

🇨🇴

Adjective

 * 1) Not hungry; sated, full.
 * 2)  thickly, densely woven
 * 3)  deep and loud
 * 1)  thickly, densely woven
 * 2)  deep and loud

Etymology
From, from , from , related to , from ; cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) doll

title: tok


text:
asperity

Etymology
From, , from , from , from. .

Noun

 * 1) The quality of being harsh or severe in the way one speaks or behaves toward people.
 * 2) * 1583, Christopher Rosdell (translator), A Commentarie upon the Epistle of Saint Paul to the Romanes by, London: John Harrison and George Bishop, Chapter7,
 * But least he shoulde offend the Iewes with the asperitie of the word, if hee had said that the lawe was dead, hee vsed a digression, or deflection, saying, we are dead to the law.
 * 1) The quality of being difficult or unpleasant to experience.
 * 2) * 1750,, , No.32, Volume1, London: J.Payne and J.Bouquet, 1752, p.278,
 * if punishment fall upon innocence, patience  is much easier, since our pain is then without aggravation, and we have not the bitterness of remorse to add to the asperity of misfortune.
 * 1) The quality of having a rough or uneven surface.
 * 2) * c. 1553, (translator), The Treasury of Healthe, London: William Coplande, “A Boke conteyning the names of compound medecines,”
 * Oyle of swete Almondes and of sisami taketh away the asperitie and roughenesse of the throte.
 * 1)  Something that is harsh and difficult to endure.
 * 2)  An area that protrudes from a surface.
 * 3)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1) * 1750,, , No.32, Volume1, London: J.Payne and J.Bouquet, 1752, p.278,
 * if punishment fall upon innocence, patience  is much easier, since our pain is then without aggravation, and we have not the bitterness of remorse to add to the asperity of misfortune.
 * 1) The quality of having a rough or uneven surface.
 * 2) * c. 1553, (translator), The Treasury of Healthe, London: William Coplande, “A Boke conteyning the names of compound medecines,”
 * Oyle of swete Almondes and of sisami taketh away the asperitie and roughenesse of the throte.
 * 1)  Something that is harsh and difficult to endure.
 * 2)  An area that protrudes from a surface.
 * 3)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1)  Something that is harsh and difficult to endure.
 * 2)  An area that protrudes from a surface.
 * 3)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1)  An area that protrudes from a surface.
 * 2)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.
 * 1)  A section of a fault line with high friction, such that there is no movement along this part of the fault except during an earthquake.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Irish: gairge

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch:
 * French:
 * Ido:
 * Italian:
 * Russian:

 * Bulgarian:

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Russian:, ,

title: asperity


text:
eremite

Etymology
Borrowed from, , from , from. .

Noun

 * 1) A hermit; a religious recluse, someone who lives alone.

title: eremite


text:
Appendix talk:Place names in Spain

Some place names have English equivalents. The Spanish forms should be replaced by these anglicised versions, with cross-references to the English pages.

Eg:

. ..
 * Corunna
 * La Coruña

which will list both the Spanish and English names, with the Spanish name cross-referenced to the English name.

Likewise with Saragossa/Zaragoza, etc. I'll leave this to be done by someone who knows the English and Spanish names. -- Paul G 11:05, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

title: Appendix talk:Place names in Spain


text:
Talk:nigger

Interpretation
Another word whose use is controversial. I have added a usage note along the lines of the one at "queer" (qv). It is my interpretation of the use of the term. Would other members please look at this and modify it if necessary. Thanks. -- Paul G 12:14, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * The note says about what it should, but it's a bit long. -dmh 04:45, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * How about replacing most of that with a tag or a manual link to the rather lengthy Nigger (word) article on Wikipedia? -- Muffuletta 22:53, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

I don't believe this is a 100% correct definition, for many people (including some that are prominent African-Americans) state that "Nigger" simply means a dull, ignorant person. It does not necessarily mean "A black person", though usually when saying "Nigger" in the definition I have stated above, it is referring to an African-American who acts in such a way to ruin the name of the rest of their culture; whereas variations are given to other races and ethnicies (i.e, "Wigger" for a Caucasian, "Chigger" for an Asian, "Spigger" for a Hispanic, etc.).

I would agree with your sentiments. --BoJackson34 00:34, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

It IS a very offensive term for dark-skinned people and always was
...At least in the US and Canada. Cable TV stations that don't censure the word 'fuck' will often still bleep 'nigger'. Most people I know whose vernacular includes 'motherfucker' will still substitute the phrase 'the N-word'. And even those African-Americans who have tried to reclaim it typically make a clear distinction between 'nigga' and 'nigger' and consider 'nigga' acceptable only when used by black people. The individual above who said '...many people (including some that are prominent African-Americans) state that "Nigger" simply means a dull, ignorant person' is completely wrong. I did a thorough google search using various permutations and found zero reference to this use. When I first read this page I felt that the offensiveness of the word was too, er, buried in it. I felt it really should be made clearer that, at least in the US & Canada, it is completely taboo (at least for people who are not of African descent). But I also realize that it is a very controversial word and there are many differing opinions on it, and that its connotations may be different in other parts of the world, even English-speaking parts (this, in fact, is a large part of the reason I thought its seriousness in North America should be clear...in case someone from another culture comes to this page wanting to learn its acceptability in the US). So my compromise was to just make a couple small changes. I changed the 'see also' at the very top so that readers understand that Wiktionary's 'Nigger' page just gives you the German definition, that they are in the right place to learn what nigger really means (including context). I removed 'now' from the first definition which previous read "(now offensive, ethnic slur, vulgar, see usage notes) A dark-skinned person..." Again, this seems like trying to mitigate the word's offensiveness. It is also untrue. Nigger has ALWAYS been offensive (at least in my part of the world). From www.tolerance.org/magazine/fall-2011/straight-talk-about-the-nword: ‘We know that as early as the 17th century, “negro” evolved to “nigger” as intentionally derogatory, and it has never been able to shed that baggage since then.’ Per Merriam-Webster (www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nigger), ‘The word was first included in a Merriam-Webster dictionary in 1864, at which time it was defined as a synonym of Negro, with a note indicating that it was used "in derision or depreciation." There has never been a definition like "an ignorant person" for this word in any subsequent dictionary published by this company. Nor do we know of such a definition in any earlier dictionary.’ Historic examples that some will cite as instances where the word is used benignly or even positively typically use a very similar form such as negro or negar or niger. In a smaller percentage of instances where the word's use seems benign or positive, it is being used facetiously or as subtle social commentary (e.g. Huckleberry Finn).Niccast (talk) 23:04, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

A somewhat technical question
Is there really a difference between "highly", "extremely" and "strongly" offensive?

Is the definition as "badass" helpful? "badass" is itself defined as a "mean-tempered or belligerent person" - if that's what's meant it might be better to put that in directly. (I'm not from the US so I'm unfamiliar both with this use of "nigger" and with any use of "badass")

"A person of Negro descent who acts in an unapproved manner, usually a badass."
I see my entry for #3 was deleted pretty quickly, perhaps because I am new and one of my first edits was to a controversial page. However, I don't see how this isn't an appropriate entry. In the first entry, the word means "You are black, and being black is bad." The second entry refers to when the word connotes "you are black, and that is cool." My third, proposed entry would reflect another meaning; "You are black, and you think being a badass is cool, and this is bad." The other two entries just don't work for Chris Rock's "I love black people, but I hate niggers." And it's been used that way by others too. Citizen Premier 01:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry. That was me.  I looked again at your definition. It's valid.  Please feel free to put it back.  --Dvortygirl 03:17, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Recent changes.
I'm learning so plese for give any transgressions.

I changed the etymology trying to make it a little more general. I don't know the extent of slavery but it was not restricted to the south.

I don't know the full scope of slave activity but it was not restricted to platations.

I did not change the regional reference from America to North America or even the United States because I'm not complete sure of the scope of slavery and the orgin of the word in question with in the scope of slavery but I do feel that America is a bit generic and discounts the importants of Centeral and South America by presuming it refers to North America, if as I suspect that is infact the proper region for the etymological orgins of this word.

Page Protection
I'm new to Wiktionary, though I've been editing on Wikipedia for awhile. I was going to indicate that the word's usage is considered "highly" offensive rather than simply "offensive," yet when I went to make this minor change, I noticed the page was protected. I fail to understand why this is the case. In looking at the edit history, it appears the actions that prompted the current protected status were 3 edits made by 2 people spread over 3 days. Could someone please explain why the threshold for protecting pages is so much lower here than at Wikipedia?

The protection of this page seems to be at least partly a result of the conversation that is now at Beer parlour archive/April 06. Rod (A. Smith) 22:58, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The threshold isn't much higher, actually. It's just that people forget from time to time to unprotect pages :-). Unprotected now. — Vildricianus 23:02, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Um no, this attracts far too much vandalism to ever leave less than semi-protected. The user (above) is certainly capable of editing the semi-protected page now.  Because it is such a sensitive page, I've re-semiprotected it.  --Connel MacKenzie T C 00:36, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Adding the Portuguese equivalent
Since there are the equivalents of "nigger" in other languages, thought i would add the portuguese definition too: nego(it should be noted this is slang). Thank you.

New Translation?
I was wondering if someone could please add the Chinese translation 黑鬼 (hēi guǐ) for me, if it meets Wiktionary's standards... I'm not sure what kind of sources I'm supposed to cite, but I'll try to explain it. I've heard this used in three different dialects (Fuzhou dialect, Mandarin, Cantonese) with their respective pronounciations. This is a better translation than 黑人 (hēi rén) considering that, when this term emerged, Chinese immigrants were entering the United States and many had never seen dark-skinned people in their lifetime. Furthermore, only American-born and raised "second generation" Chinese citizens like myself use 黑人 (hēi rén)in respect for the other ethnic group. As for usage, it's used very casually and not considered offensive - like Americans would use "African-American" or "black person."  Please and thank you in advance.  EDIT: I'm also unsure of the Hanzi I used... I'm only familiar with spoken Chinese, not written. Could someone verify the Hanzi please?

Japanese: 黒いやつ (roumaji: kuroiyatsu)

As far as I can tell, it's used similarly.

"Mayate"
According to the WordReference forums, the RAE dictionary, and even Wiktionary itself, the Spanish word mayate generally refers to either a type of beetle or a homosexual man. Looking at the forum thread, it seems that only in California does the word refer to black people. I'm not sure whether this was known when the translation was added or if somebody was trying to be mischievous by calling black people homosexuals. Either way I suppose this comment is more of a warning or usage note for the word than some sort of call to action, so I may add something to the mayate entry.

Hawaiian "Nika"
The Hawaiian language word for nigger is "nika" according to the Mary Kawena Pukui & Samuel H. Elbert Hawaiian Dictionary, which has been for many years the definitive Hawaiian-English dictionary. It's obviously a loan word modified to fit Hawaiian phonology but I think someone should add it. 98.151.32.223 20:41, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation
will someone please add  please?Acdcrocks 03:22, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

RFV in which this came up
This came up during the RFV of niggering; see Talk:niggering. - -sche (discuss) 22:00, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

When did the "dictionary" remove the TRUE definition that follows:
A person of dull, ignorant, dim-witted and lazy in spirit whose activities are most noted by taking credit for other people's work. It is not exclusive of or determined by race. It is not an ethnic or racial slur in its true definition.

 * Do you not think that perhaps this definition was intentionally created as a deflection from the words original roots? Allowing supremacists to deny racism by saying, "It just means ignorant." This definition is fairly pervasive. I have even heard black people say it. I would say it was most likely created for this reason.

 * It makes no difference who invented the incorrect definition. It’s not the meaning, so nobody is interested in it. It’s nonsense. —Stephen (Talk) 05:46, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Sounds like you made it up. It was never "removed". Equinox ◑ 01:13, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

 * actualy its not made up when i was a kid thats what i read in a webster dictionary so yes it has been removed and we as representatives of the people want to know why

 * Unlikely. Find the exact dictionary and prove it. Equinox ◑ 17:49, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

 * What comes to mind is... prove it. If you're so sure of yourself, it should be no trouble at all. Renard Migrant (talk) 17:52, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Funny because this is the EXACT Definition i was raised with, Nigger was defined as any person (PERSON) Showing ignorance or a lack of education. That was out of my Merriam Websters Dictionary, (removed moronic and irrelevant ranting) and yes, the original definition was removed... in the 2010 draft of the new revised edition, look at the unabridged version and you will find it
 * Why don't you find it for us? —CodeCat 23:16, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You are correct^^^^^^ In my dictionary that I grew up using Merriam Websters Dictionary, it clearly was defined as "An ignorant person" this unsigned comment by User:32.209.76.148 21:25, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

I am glad to see that there are others who remember this definition in the dictionary also. I clearly remember looking up the word in my dictionary many years ago and it was a short definition, "An ignorant person." I remember just as clearly looking up the word faggot and it said, "a bundle of sticks", and bitch and it said, "a female dog". Few things in my life have I remembered with such clarity.Hisstory1 (talk) 08:07, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Since you cannot produce the dictionary, it is as though it never existed. —Stephen (Talk) 09:19, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The 1903 Century dictionary has several definitions of nigger that we don't currently reflect, but none like the one you mention. See the following section. - -sche (discuss) 00:03, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The dictionary I grew up with also said "An ignorant person" or "To act "Nigardly" with ignorance" or " I know lots of people have different feelings on this but it IS what I grew up reading::::::: (Color has no bearing of the meaning)
 * There is no such dictionary. You have repeatedly failed to name it or prove it. Stop lying. Equinox ◑ 13:09, 26 August 2015 (UTC)

This is not a lie. That was the definition and the only one for it that I found then. There seem to have been changes to the definition over time due to the offensive nature of the word so proving it will require someone who currently has a copy of that edition to photograph it and upload it online and currently I do not have a copy readily available to do so. Hisstory1 (talk) 08:19, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Sorry, you have to be able to identify the exact dictionary so we can see for ourselves. If you cannot, then for all practical purposes it doesn't exist. —Stephen (Talk) 09:19, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Besides that, the word niggard is not related to the word nigger. To act niggardly means to act in a stingy or miserly way. While nigger is ultimately from Latin, niggard is Germanic, and has nothing to do with nigger. —Stephen (Talk) 12:22, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure when they added it, but Merriam-Webster now has a note specifically stating that the belief that nigger originally meant or was defined as "an ignorant person" is bogus, and that such a definition has never appeared in a Merriam/Webster dictionary (pace the claims above), and is not found in any earlier dictionary, either. - -sche (discuss) 10:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

1903 Century definitions
FWIW, the 1903 Century dictionary has the following definitions, some of which we are missing (but only some of which may be attested):
 * 1) A black man; a negro.
 * 2) A native of the East Indies or one of the Australian aborigines.
 * 3) A black caterpillar, the larva of Athalia centifolia, the turnip saw-fly.
 * 4) A kind of holothurian common off the coast of Cornwall, England: so called by Cornish fishermen.
 * 5) A steam-capstan on some Mississippi river boats, used to haul the boat over bars and snags by a rope fastened to a tree on the bank.
 * 6) A strong iron-bound timber with sharp teeth or spikes protruding from its front face, forming part of the machinery of a sawmill, and used in canting logs, etc.
 * 7) An impurity in the covering of an electrical conductor which serves to make a partial short circuit, and thus becomes sufficiently heated to burn and destroy the insulation. [Colloq.]
 * - -sche (discuss) 00:03, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * ✅ I can find "mentions" at least for all of them, and uses for most. I've added all the senses and they can undergo RFV if needed. Equinox ◑ 17:07, 5 May 2015 (UTC)

Alternative forms
Could somebody add niggah and nigguh to an "Alternative forms" section? (And I guess maybe nigga too? It's clearly a different word as well but is also used as an alternative form to this word IMHO) WurdSnatcher (talk) 13:58, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

 * ✅ Equinox ◑ 22:52, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

‘A friend’
Is the ‘a friend’ usage not strictly confined to the idiom ‘my nigger’? I suspect it can never ever be used with this meaning without preceding ‘my’, so this is a fixed noun phrase, not an independent noun, if this thinking is correct. CecilWard (talk) 17:16, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

‘darkie’
Is this word actually used with hatred or derogatory intent? Citations? I have very occasionally heard it used by very elderly, white, non-racist, working-class, rural speakers in England who used it possibly affectionately and certainly with no hint of hatred, disdain, racism or negativity simply to refer to a black person factually. I heard this extremely dated term used by people born in the years 1915-1930 who have very rarely met a black person. CecilWard (talk) 17:15, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

non disparaging meaning / Irish are the niggers of Europe
3. a victim of prejudice similar to that suffered by blacks; a person who is economically, politically, or socially disenfranchised. Definition 3 is not normally considered disparaging - as in "The Irish are the niggers of Europe" from Roddy Doyle's The Commitments. https://www.wordreference.com/definition/nigger --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:25, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Another example is, which Lennon insisted had this meaning, but it's not clear that it's actually a distinct sense rather than an assertion that the Irish / women / whoever function as "niggers" in some capacity in the specified context, a simple simile/metaphor not unlike Appendix:Snowclones/X is the new Y: saying that "X are the Jews of Y" or "A are the women of B" is equally common:
 * 1997, Jack Salzman, Cornel West, Struggles in the Promised Land: Toward a History of Black-Jewish Relations in the United States, Oxford University Press on Demand (ISBN 9780195088281), page 400:
 * You might say women are the Jews of the world, or Blacks are the Jews of America, or vice versa all around. Despite most Jews having white skin, and despite most Blacks being Gentile, both groups remain perennial outsiders, ...
 * 2015, Nelly Las, Jewish Voices in Feminism: Transnational Perspectives, U of Nebraska Press (ISBN 9780803277045), page 52:
 * [In] 1982, the journalist Letty Cottin Pogrebin lists the similarities between the oppression of the Jews and that of women: "Time and again I heard the phrase 'Jews are the women of the world,' or its converse, 'Women are the Jews of the world.'"
 * Also: while it may not be intended to disparage the Irish/women/etc, it is generally received as offensive to/by black people, since among other things it erases that there are already women who are black, and indeed Irish women who are black, etc. (Another one I've seen recently, which is considered offensive for different reasons, is "Republican is the new gay".)
 * - -sche (discuss) 17:16, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I do see that a few other dictionaries have this, marked as (now) offensive, and one does have a quote from Ron Dellums which is at least not of the "the X are the niggers of Y" simple 'metaphor' format: "It's time for somebody to lead all of America's niggers," [he said at the Capitol Hill press conference when Shirley Chisholm announced her campaign for president,] "and by this I mean the young, the black, the brown, the women, the poor—all the people who feel left out of the political process. If we can put the nigger vote together, we can bring about some real change in this country." - -sche (discuss) 14:18, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

"person...of Negro descent" vs "person of Negro descent who acts in an unapproved manner"
I'm thinking about the first two senses, "a dark-skinned person [...] of Negro descent; a black person" and "a person of Negro descent who acts in an unapproved manner". Is the latter really best handled as a separate definition of the word? I'm on the fence: maybe it is, but ... I can think of other cases where someone (especially from within the community a term denotes, but by extension also those who see themselves as allies / fellow-travellers) contrasts a reclaimed (offensive) term approbatively with a 'mainstream' term, where we handle that with e.g. usage notes. For example, in American queer circles I sometimes see the line "[I'm] not gay as in 'the Supreme Court gave me my right to get married', but queer as in 'trans women throwing bricks at cops gave me my right to get married'", which our usage note about queer sometimes being more radical and contrasted with gay being more assimilationist seems to handle, probably better than a separate sense at queer would. Other dictionaries I checked don't have our sense 2. (Dictionary.com has a rather opposite sense, for a "person of any racial or ethnic origin regarded as contemptible, inferior" etc, which I would think was just an attempt as the sense mentioned in the section above this one except that they also have another sense that's clearly that one.) - -sche (discuss) 14:26, 21 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think a separate sense is ideal, but what about a subsense? The first two cites are also a bit at odds with the suggested meaning of "bad-ass"; instead they seem to be about people who hold other black people back (a bit like respectability politics). The third one definitely does have a positive connotation.
 * Also, isn't Negro too dated and offensive to be used in this place? Other online dictionaries don't use it. ←₰-→  Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  14:32, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks for pointing that out, that more of the cites are negative. I changed "usually a badass" to "(whether positive or negative)" (which could, I suppose, just be dropped). And "black African descent" certainly seems like an improvement over "Negro". - -sche (discuss) 20:37, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The phenomenon of contrasting a non-slur (with neutral or positive valence) with a slur (with negative valence) is obviously also broader than just this word; e.g. Louis CK (...yeah...) had a skit contrasting "gay guys" (neutral valence) with "faggots" (negative), similar in tone to the two negative citations contrasting "black people" and "niggers". I continue to be unsure and on the fence about whether it's a separate sense. Ehh. - -sche (discuss) 06:27, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Maybe it could be justified to split the current subsense into two, if a separate subsense "black bad-ass" is citable; getting an accurate chronology of the two types of uses doesn't seem doable, but I'm curious whether one is considerably older than the other. Using an offensive, derogatory term to specifically denote an unappreciated subgroup appears to be a bit of a thing for some people when they encounter offensive slurs. Perhaps it a folk-linguistic impulse, "if its a bad word it must apply (or it must be okay to apply it) to bad people"?
 * I missed this one the previous time, but "dark-skinned" isn't quite the most culturally sensitive phrasing either, even though many online dictionaries use it. Do you think it's okay to change it? ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  07:42, 27 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh, very good point. Surely even light-skinned black people have been called "niggers" by hateful people for at least the last two hundred years. We really need to split definition 1 into — or at least have subsenses for — two different senses which both old dictionaries like Century (whose entry I posted further up this page) and modern ones distinguish: one ≈ "a black person" (Century oddly limits it to "a black man", and I suppose if there was a time when it was ever truly restricted in that way, that might merit either a subsense or a usage note), and another ≈ "a member of another dark-skinned racial group", such as someone from the East Indies or an Aborigine. For the latter, I suspect we may want to say "[...] another typically dark-skinned racial group" or something, if (as I suspect) the sort of people who would call them "niggers" would apply that term indiscriminately to light-skinned as well as dark-skinned ones. Also, other dictionaries do not label the non-black sense dated, but I wonder if it is: it's still used in compounds, like "sand niggers", but I wonder if "nigger"="black" has crowded out use of bare "nigger" to mean anything else like "Aborigine". I don't know. - -sche (discuss) 09:37, 28 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, that's not what I meant (my comment was about the subsense "black person acting in an unapproved manner" and some phrasing), but I agree it's a good idea to split the two. Maybe Australian, Canadian or (post-)colonial British sources have evidence of recent use of the word in relation to non-black peoples. (Also, I don't understand where you get the patience to argue so politely with people ranting about "the TRUE meaning of nigger"; I'd just say "look at the etymology and think for a moment, crackpot".) ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  18:52, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * It is a transitionary sense to the same sense said of any person. Edgy right-wingers in the US use it like that in my experience: “You got banned because you were a total nigger”. That is, even if they aren’t of the view that Negros always act in an unapproved or inferior way (e.g. if they also tolerate actual Negros in the group where the white has been banned). In general it is a term of abuse in circles with 4chan-like manners. Here on a random forum someone writes this: Similar quotes at 4chan archives for “total nigger”. Also the many web hits for “you fucking nigger" are apparently the same. (One might say it’s a juvenile abuse of a word still having the by-meaning of comparison with the imagined stereotypical Negro, but in my first example from my memory some old experienced rightist had a detached clear concept of it. Also I think it warrants a US label.) Naturally, the audience to accept such a usage is too limited for it to be easily found in published works. But who knows what gets printed these days. Fay Freak (talk) 22:12, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * It does seem like some people think there's a non-race-specific sense. As I mention above, Dictionary.com has not one but two non-race-specific definitions: one for a "person of any racial or ethnic origin regarded as contemptible, inferior", and then a separate(!?) one for the "woman is the nigger of the world" sense discussed in the section above this one. Clearly, the citations we have under the sense discussed in this section are referring specifically to black people, and "woman is the nigger..." citations also seem to be invoking black people most of the time, although see the "nigger vote" citation above, which is explicitly broader. There don't seem to be enough non-race-specific citations yet to merit a sense, but if we could find more... - -sche (discuss) 09:37, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Similarity of pronunciation to
In my experience as a Mandarin Chinese student, it has sometimes been mentioned to me that this English language word and a very commonly used word in Mandarin Chinese are perceived as easy to confuse due to apparent similarity in pronunciation. In these articles, we see an example of that: (actual event: ). Here are some other discussions and articles about this similarity: (I do not endorse any offensive content). I suggest potentially adding nèige or as a 'see also' on this page (or adding a note somewhere of some other kind in some similar capacity) on the basis of the perceived similarity of pronunciation between the terms. I have used Template:also to document similar seeming "overlaps" of pronunciation between Chinese languages and English before, albeit they were much more mundane than this. Template:also says, "Less common usage includes links to pages that do not contain the same number of letters, but may nevertheless be confused." I imagine this page gets a high volume of evil people coming by making bad edits, so I thought I would just make a suggestion here and let you all determine what should be done. This suggestion is my respectful attempt to help identify and document a well-known linguistic phenomena of similarity of pronunciation between two terms, one of which is violently racist and one of which is totally innocuous. I don't mean disrespect to anybody anywhere by pointing out this similarity, and in the end there may actually be no need to make any changes to Wiktionary main space. Let's make Wiktionary a place for pure knowledge and ideas. Thanks for your time reading my comment. --Geographyinitiative (talk) 09:59, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

 * It wouldn't be appropriate to link 那個 and nigger via, since no-one is likely to confuse them in writing and is not used to link homophones. ( is used for that, but only within languages.) I am sceptical that we want even a "usage note" or "see also" listing every harmless word in another language which sounds like this one (there is one in Korean, too). If the similarity is to be noted anywhere, I would think it would be in the Chinese entry, somewhat similar to how false friends are noted in the foreign language's entry. - -sche (discuss) 10:16, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Interjection
I think when we begin a sentence with it, it does not mean we address the person as nigger. Today when I looked into the RFV for blat and seeing people italicizing what was seen as unitalicized I thought of course “nigga, what?” as the typical person who hangs around the internet too much and sees a lot of unruly people chatting, coming thus to the conclusion that it is an interjection (in either spelling), this being in such context more likely than any of the meanings under the section ”noun”. It is just like the word, which we already have declared as interjection. Especially evident is its character as an interjection if it is said to a woman, where I come to the next topic below … Fay Freak (talk) 20:46, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I suppose it comes down to citations...? I'm familiar with the use of it in ephemeral internet places which gets defended and/or derided as a "gamer word", used by (let's not beat around the bush) racists, whether they feel their racism is "ironic", "edgy", or dead serious. No idea whether that use has made it into print (Usenet, maybe?). Citations would also help determine the part of speech; it seems like nearly any vulgar word could be used as an interjection (just, shouting it in isolation), but using it as a sort of ?vocative? as in your example sentence does seem different enough that, if attested, it would prrrobably be the sort of thing we seem to cover with distinct senses in other cases, although often as a noun...? - -sche (discuss) 00:31, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

A werman, as opposed to a woman
It appears to me that the term specifically means a male, in environments where there aren’t whites to consider (that is, the bulk of London …). The other day I came again upon the relevant song in the later part of which a rapperess repeats the assertion of “taking your nigger” (no woman recites in the non-remixed original). Due to the other meanings of the word it is of course hard to find again, but totally likely too. In the end it is just like the word  which by origin means a human and got narrowed to “werman” (btw an “actual word” neoreactionaries use to be clear, not only a former word). Fay Freak (talk) 20:46, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

 * There definitely exists a non-gendered sense by which black women (etc) can also be slurred as niggers, so we shouldn't remove the current gender-nonspecific sense, but it does seem like there is also a male-specific subsense, yes. Some other old and new dictionaries (mentioned above) also record a male-specific sense, and it doesn't even seem to be recent, though recent use seems like it might come from a different place than older use (when some people contrasted a [male] nigger with a niggress or negress etc, and in general contrasted male terms with -ess terms). We do have two (or, like, one and a half) male-specific senses at nigga. - -sche (discuss) 23:49, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Highly Contentious (Possibly Completely Made-Up) Definition
While I would like to be bold and simply fix this with an edit, I've found that racial issues bring out the worst in editors and result in revert wars, so instead I'm bringing this up in the talk page.

Definition 4 was changed 4 months ago by Llywelynll to say "(figuratively) A person of any kind, particularly (African-American Vernacular) recognizing shared oppression or (highly offensive) used as a term of abuse for someone seen as a lazy, self-serving mooch."

The part that was changed was the "recognizing shared oppression" aspect being added, which I find to be highly irregular. I have never, ever heard nigger used this way in my life, and expect that this is also the experience of many others. Typically, nigger is used this way to refer to a person of great audacity, and has nothing to do with "recognizing shared oppression." The included quote, from Dave Chappelle's The Closer is so misattributed in this context that it makes me question if this edit is actually intentionally wiki vandalism. Dave Chappelle has been nothing if not clear in his belief that transgender people are not particularly oppressed, even if one simply looks only so far as the special this quote is from, in which he both expresses envy at the progress trans rights have achieved and also tells trans people not to punch down on comedians, meaning he considers comedians to be the subject of more systemic oppression in the United States than trans people.

This aside has only been to illustrate the highly questionable context of this edit and provide a basis for my extreme skepticism that nigger is ever used as a term that "recognizes shared oppression" (other than when it's used to refer to fellow black people, which is already covered by definition 3). I propose the definition be returned to its previous description "(figuratively, highly offensive) used as a term of abuse for someone seen as a lazy, self-serving mooch," and that any suggestion that the word is ever used as a way to recognize the shared oppression of (non-black) people be removed. Uchiha Itachi 25 (talk) 12:21, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree the citation doesn't support that clause (at best it supports the preceding, more general clause, "any person"). I also don't think it makes much sense to combine "positive AAVE use recognizing shared oppression" and "highly offensive use to slur someone". I am tempted to WT:RFVE it (independent of splitting it off as a separate thing), but possibly it's just a matter of clarifying it (WT:TR?) Btw, on the topic of AAVE / Black use, we're missing the AAVE use specifically for a male, which Fay Freak noted further up this page, and which we cover at nigga. - -sche (discuss) 01:37, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Etymology: Late 17th century alteration of Negro
Used in a derogatory manner since at least the Revolutionary War. In turn, negro < Mid-16th century Spanish and Portuguese negro. JMGN (talk) 11:37, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

RFV discussion: January–March 2024
Tonight's newly added sense: "Someone, regardless of race, whose behavior is considered to align with any of the negative stereotypes of black people." I gather the comedian Chris Rock famously distinguished between "niggas" and "niggers". But this could certainly use good citations. Equinox ◑ 05:19, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * For lack of somewhere better to say this: I also haven't been able to find the Clark/King quote used to support the sense A member of a group that is oppressed or marginalized in the manner of black people. that was added in diff either. Other dictionaries do have that sense, but they support it primarily by asserting that the common phenomenon of saying "(women|Jews|the Irish) are the niggers of (the world|Europe|our time|etc)" is that sense, whereas I think that's questionable—it seems like a simple comparison; it's easy to alternatively find "women are the Jews of (the world|gender)" or "Jews are the women of (the world)", and I don't know that this means we should define "Jew" and "woman" as "one who is oppressed like a Jew/woman"... - -sche (discuss) 08:16, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * We do have tons of entries of that kind ("you're the X of Y"): Albert Einstein etc. Equinox ◑ 09:08, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I think I know what kind of usage the editor bespoke: You behave like an absolute nigger. And that “collocation” enables you to find the worst kind of websites. Fay Freak (talk) 08:46, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Hmm, if that's the kind of usage which is meant, then adding this sense seems like a misunderstanding on the editor's part, since that's just using the regular sense of X to make a comparison... if I say "he behaves/smells like a goat", I am not using "goat" to mean "someone, regardless of species, whose behaviour/scent is consistent with the stereotype of how goats smell"! - -sche (discuss) 19:56, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If we posit that this is meant to cover people directly saying "you nigger!" or "quit being such a nigger!" or the like to people they know aren't black... well, then it's back to being a question of whether or not cites exist, as discussed previously... - -sche (discuss) 19:59, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * These also work, I mean “quit being such a nigger!”, which feels like something I have read in the 2016–2018 period in places which you shouldn’t enter, though even there suspect to be more occasional than lexicalized, hence I don’t find it on the web—or more like because this formulation is too contrived. “I banned you two because you were absolute niggers.”—something like that would be understood in some American circles; yet the overall frequency is so low that  has zero hits while   has some chans. Your argument about comparison and stereotypes works the same way whether or not the word like is used. I tend to be more restrictive about it however; with “are like a nigger” it would totally be the case of being a more-pragmatic-than-semantic simile, with “behave” I don’t think so whether or not like follows.
 * So we would have to think what kind of search removes the noise. People complained about what kind of slurs we cite from self-published trash literature. Then again it surprises me that a similar usage is claimed for AAVE: “This piece-of-shit car is such a nigger.“ You already put forward an example according to which with “such a” in your opinion it counts.
 * I agree with the cite part—though it has been relaxed a bit after 2020—, for this is so marginal that quotes are required to pacify readers.
 * These discussions at least for now document that we do know about senses we have been struggling with. Fay Freak (talk) 22:57, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Well, since it's been almost two months since this discussion started (and even more, since the last discussion of this) and we still don't have any cites from which to just whether the definition provided was right or should be altered, RFV-failed. - -sche (discuss) 04:31, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:nigger


text:
Talk:swede

Bre & de translations of common noun need attention. -- Paul G 12:17, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:swede


text:
breit

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Adjective

 * 1) broad, wide
 * 2)  wide
 * 3)  drunk or high on marijuana; stoned
 * 1)  wide
 * 2)  drunk or high on marijuana; stoned
 * 1)  drunk or high on marijuana; stoned

Etymology
From.

title: breit


text:
such is life

Translations

 * Albanian: kështu e ka jeta
 * Arabic: هكذا الدنيا
 * Libyan Arabic: هِكِّي الدِّنْيَا
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian: asina ye la vida
 * Basque: horrela da bizitza, horrelakoa da bizitza
 * Belarusian: тако́е жыццё́
 * Bulgarian: такъ́в е живо́тът
 * Catalan: així és la vida
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 這就是生活, 生活就是這樣
 * Czech: takový je život, to je život
 * Danish: sådan er livet, c'est la vie
 * Dutch: zo is het leven
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish: elämä on, sellaista elämä on, minkäs teet, c'est la vie
 * French:, la vie est ainsi faite
 * Georgian: ასეთია ცხოვრება
 * German: so ist das Leben
 * Greek: έτσι είναι η ζωή
 * Hebrew: אֵלֶּה הַחַיִּים
 * Hungarian: ilyen az élet
 * Icelandic: svona er lífið
 * Indonesian: begitulah hidup
 * Irish: sin an saol
 * Italian: così è la vita, che sarà sarà (not grammatically correct in Italian)
 * Jamaican Creole: a suh it guh, a suh di ting set
 * Japanese: 人生はそういうものだ, 人生はそういうものです, それが人生, 仕方がない, しょうがない
 * Korean: 그게 인생이야
 * Lao:
 * Latin: ita vita
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian: toks gyvenimas, toks jau gyvenimas
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: so is dat Leven
 * Macedonian: таков е животот
 * Mongolian: амьдрал бол амьдрал
 * Navajo: iiná ʼéí ʼákótʼé
 * Norwegian: sånn er livet
 * Persian: زندگی همینه, دنیا همینه دیگه, زندگی همین است
 * Polish: samo życie
 * Portuguese: assim é a vida
 * Romanian: asta-i viața
 * Russian: такова́ жизнь
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: такав је живот
 * Roman: takav je život
 * Slovak: taký je život
 * Slovene: tako je življenje
 * Spanish: así es la vida, es lo que hay
 * Swahili: hivyo ndivyo maisha yalivyo
 * Swedish:
 * Tamil:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: işte hayat, hayat böyle, hayat böyledir, olur böyle şeyler
 * Ukrainian: таке́ життя́
 * Welsh: fel'na mae hi

title: such is life


text:
倉頡輸入法

Noun

 * 1) Cangjie, an input method for Chinese based on character shape

title: 倉頡輸入法


text:
User:Rfc1394

Well, this is my page here. Most of my time is spent on Wikipedia so you can also find me there, or on my talk page there.

title: User:Rfc1394


text:
Talk:sonne

For German nouns it might also be interesting to indicate how the diminutive is formed and the plural of the diminutive. Polyglot 16:47, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:sonne


text:
窗口

Noun

 * 1) window
 * 2) window
 * 3) window interval or opportunity
 * 4)  window
 * 1) window interval or opportunity
 * 2)  window

Synonyms

title: 窗口


text:
trial

Etymology 1
From, , from , , from +. More at English.

Noun

 * 1) An occasion on which a person or thing is tested to find out how well they perform or how suitable they are.
 * 2) The testing of a product or procedure.
 * They will perform the trials for the new equipment next week.
 * 1)  A research study to test the effectiveness and safety of a drug, medical procedure, etc.
 * A randomized, controlled trial (RCT).
 * 1) An event in which athletes’ or animals’ abilities are tested as they compete for a place on a team, or to move on to the next level of a championship, for example.
 * soccer trials; sheepdog trials
 * 1)  A piece of ware used to test the heat of a kiln.
 * 2)  An internal examination set by.
 * 3)  An occasion on which armies or individuals meet in combat.
 * 4) A meeting or series of meetings in a court of law at which evidence is presented to a judge (and sometimes a jury) to allow them to decide on a legal matter (especially whether an accused person is guilty of a crime).
 * 5) * 2020,, , New York: Pantheon, ActVI,
 * Your Honor, we object to all of this. The whole thing. This mock trial. The entire justice system is rigged against my client.
 * 1) A difficult or annoying experience or person;  such an experience seen as a test of faith and piety.
 * 2)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1) A meeting or series of meetings in a court of law at which evidence is presented to a judge (and sometimes a jury) to allow them to decide on a legal matter (especially whether an accused person is guilty of a crime).
 * 2) * 2020,, , New York: Pantheon, ActVI,
 * Your Honor, we object to all of this. The whole thing. This mock trial. The entire justice system is rigged against my client.
 * 1) A difficult or annoying experience or person;  such an experience seen as a test of faith and piety.
 * 2)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1) * 2020,, , New York: Pantheon, ActVI,
 * Your Honor, we object to all of this. The whole thing. This mock trial. The entire justice system is rigged against my client.
 * 1) A difficult or annoying experience or person;  such an experience seen as a test of faith and piety.
 * 2)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1) * 2020,, , New York: Pantheon, ActVI,
 * Your Honor, we object to all of this. The whole thing. This mock trial. The entire justice system is rigged against my client.
 * 1) A difficult or annoying experience or person;  such an experience seen as a test of faith and piety.
 * 2)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)
 * 1)  The action of trying (to do) something, especially more than once. (This sense is still current in the expression trial and error.)

Translations

 * Arabic: تَجْرِبَة, مُحَاوَلَة
 * Armenian: ,
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Belarusian: выпрабава́нне,, про́ба, до́след, эксперыме́нт
 * Bulgarian:, , ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:, , , , ,
 * French:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, ,
 * Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: πεῖρα
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Irish: tástáil
 * Italian:, , ,
 * Japanese: ,
 * Khmer: បរីក្សា
 * Korean:
 * Latin:, experimentum
 * Macedonian: о́пит, о́бид, про́ба
 * Malay: percubaan
 * Malayalam:
 * Mongolian:
 * Ottoman Turkish: فتنه
 * Plautdietsch: Proow
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Sanskrit:
 * Scottish Gaelic: dearbhadh
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: по̀кус, про́ба
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak: skúška
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Swedish:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: випро́бування,, експериме́нт, спро́ба
 * Urdu: جانْچ,
 * Vietnamese:

 * Finnish: karsinnat

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic:
 * Armenian: ,
 * Aromanian: giudicatã, giudets
 * Azerbaijani: ,
 * Belarusian: суд, разгля́д, разбо́р, працэ́с
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: přelíčení
 * Danish: rettergang
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto: proceso
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: სასამართლო, სასამართლო პროცესი
 * German: ,
 * Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰
 * Greek: ,
 * Hawaiian: hoʻokolokolo
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Khmer: ក្តី, ជំនុំជំរះក្តី
 * Korean:, 공판(公判)
 * Malay: perbicaraan
 * Malayalam:
 * Maori: whakawākanga
 * Mongolian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: rettergang
 * Nynorsk: rettargang
 * Occitan: ,
 * Persian: ,
 * Plautdietsch: Vehia
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:, ,
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: paglilitis
 * Tajik: маҳкама
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian:, ро́згляд,
 * Vietnamese: phiên toà

 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: выпрабава́нне
 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: prøvelse
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German:, , , , ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:, , , ,
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Malayalam:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: випро́бування
 * Urdu:

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to a trial or test.
 * 2) Attempted on a provisional or experimental basis.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: test-
 * Finnish: koe-,
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Polish:
 * Russian: ,
 * Swedish: test-, prov-

 * Bulgarian:
 * Danish: provisorisk
 * Finnish:, koe-, kokeilu-
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Polish:
 * Russian:, ,
 * Swedish: ,

Verb

 * 1)  To carry out a series of tests on (a new product, procedure etc.) before marketing or implementing it.
 * 2)  To try out (a new player) in a sports team.
 * 1)  To try out (a new player) in a sports team.
 * 1)  To try out (a new player) in a sports team.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: koestaa,
 * German:
 * Malayalam:
 * Maori: whakamātau, whakamāhunga
 * Ukrainian: ,

 * Maori: para whakawai

Etymology 2
From (stem of ) +, on the pattern of.

Adjective

 * 1) Characterized by having three (usually equivalent) components.
 * 2) Triple.
 * 3)  Pertaining to a language form referring to three of something, like people. (See  for an example.)
 * No language has a trial number unless it has a dual.
 * No language has a trial number unless it has a dual.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech:
 * Greek:
 * Italian:

 * Dutch: trialis
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German: Trialis
 * Japanese: 三数
 * Latin: trialis
 * Navajo: tááʼ dóó baʼąą
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Thai: ไตรพจน์

Noun

 * 1)  The trial number.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) Cross with small but sturdy and very versatile,  or

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  trials (motorcycle etc.)

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  (legal procedure)

Usage notes

 * due to lack of attestation, the precise meaning is uncertain

title: trial


text: 语言

title: 语言


text:
Talk:语言

What is the difference between:

语言 (language)

and

语 (language) 213.148.152.250 17:08, 17 January 2004 9UTC)
 * 语言 is an individual word, whereas 语 is more like a part of a word (morpheme). This is similar to how we regard "hydro" vs. "water," or "lingua" vs. "language" in English.

A-cai 02:11, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:语言


text:
archaeologist

Noun

 * 1) Someone who studies or practises archaeology.

Derived terms
{{col-auto|en|arkeologist|bioarchaeologist|ethnoarchaeologist|geoarchaeologist|nonarchaeologist|osteoarchaeologist|zoarchaeologist|zooarchaeologist}|media archaeologist}}

Translations

 * Albanian: ,
 * Arabic: عَالِم آثَار
 * Aragonese: arqueologo
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian: arqueólogu
 * Belarusian: архео́лаг, архэо́лёг
 * Bulgarian: археоло́г, археоло́жка
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto: arĥeologo
 * Estonian: arheoloog
 * Extremaduran: arqueólogu
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician:, arqueóloga
 * Georgian: არქეოლოგი
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:, ארכאולוגית
 * Hindi: पुरातत्वज्ञ
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish: seandálaí
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:, ,
 * Latin: archaeologista, archaeologistus
 * Latvian: arheologs, arheoloģe
 * Lithuanian: archeologas, archeologienė
 * Macedonian: археоло́г
 * Manx: shenndaalee
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk:
 * Occitan:
 * Persian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: àrsair
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: археолог
 * Roman:
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:, arqueóloga
 * Swahili: mwanaakiolojia
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: arkeologo
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian:
 * Volapük:, hivönotavan, jivönotavan

title: archaeologist


text:
exclamation mark

Noun

 * 1) The punctuation mark “!” (generally used to denote excitement, surprise or shock).
 * 2) * 2006 Feb. 3, Graham Linehan, , Season 1, Episode 2:
 * Subject: Fire... Dear Sir-stroke-Madam: Fire. Exclamation mark. Fire. Exclamation mark. Help me. Exclamation mark. 123 Carendon Road. Looking forward to hearing from you. All the best, Maurice Moss.

Synonyms

 * , ; shriek ; bang ;  ; mark of admiration ; note of admiration ; note of exclamation ; note of interjection ; pling ; astonisher; screamer, interjection point

Translations

 * Afrikaans: uitroepteken
 * Arabic: عَلَامَةْ تَعَجُّب, عَلَامَةْ هُتَاف
 * Armenian:
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܘܼܘܕܵܥܵܐ ܕܩܪܵܝܬܵܐ
 * Azerbaijani: nida işarəsi
 * Bashkir: өндәү билдәһе
 * Belarusian: клі́чнік, клі́чны знак
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: signe d'exclamació, signe d'admiració
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Crimean Tatar: nida işareti
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: krisigno
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese: rópitekn
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: ძახილის ნიშანი
 * German:, ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: comhartha uaillbhreasa
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ビックリマーク
 * Khmer: ឧទានសញ្ញា, វិម្ហយសញ្ញា
 * Korean:
 * Latvian: izsaukuma zīme
 * Lithuanian:
 * Lü: ᦺᦙᧉᦉᦐᦳᧅ
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Macedonian: извичник
 * Malay: tanda seru
 * Malayalam:, ആശ്ചര്യചിഹ്നം
 * Maori: tohu karanga, tohuhā, tohuoho
 * Mongolian: анхаарлын тэмдэг
 * Norman: point d'excliamâtion, mèrque d'excliamâtion
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi: ਵਿਸਮਕ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ
 * Romanian: semn de exclamare, semn de exclamație
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: clisg-phuing
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: у̀скличнӣк, у̀звичнӣк
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak: výkričník
 * Slovene:
 * Southern Altai: кыйгылу темдек
 * Spanish: signo de exclamación, signo de admiración
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: tandang padamdam
 * Thai: ,
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: окли́чний знак, знак о́клику
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: ,

title: exclamation mark


text:
dermatologist

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) A person who is skilled in, professes or practices dermatology.

Translations

 * Armenian:
 * Catalan: dermatòleg
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 皮膚病醫生
 * Czech:
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto: dermatologo
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: dermatólogo
 * German:, , ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic: húðsjúkdómafræðingur
 * Irish: deirmeolaí
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: тері ауруының дәрігері, дерматолог
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Latin: dermatologista, dermatologistus
 * Luxembourgish: Hautdokter
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: hudlege
 * Nynorsk: hudlege
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: kožiar, kožiarka, kožný lekár, kožná lekárka, ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:, hudläkare
 * Tagalog: palabalat, dermatologo
 * Turkish:

title: dermatologist


text:
psychiatrist

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A medical doctor specializing in psychiatry.

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: طَبِيب نَفْسَانِيّ
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian: siquiatra
 * Azerbaijani: psixiatr
 * Belarusian: псіхія́тр, псыхія́тар
 * Bulgarian: психиа́тър
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 精神病醫生
 * Cornish: medhek brys, medhoges brys
 * Czech:
 * Danish: psykiater
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: psühhiaater
 * Finnish:
 * French: psychiatriste,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: ფსიქიატრი
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: मनश्चिकित्सक
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: síciatraí
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: психиатр
 * Korean: 정신과의(精神科醫)
 * Kyrgyz: психиатр
 * Lao: ຈິດຕະແພດ
 * Latin: psychiatrista, psychiatristus
 * Latvian: psihiatrs, psihiatre
 * Lithuanian: psichiatras
 * Macedonian: психија́тар, психија́тарка
 * Maori: mātanga mate hinengaro, rata mate hinengaro
 * Navajo: ntsáhákees nideiłkaahígíí
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: psykiater
 * Nynorsk: psykiater
 * Persian:
 * Plautdietsch: Psiekiata
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: lighiche-inntinn
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: психѝја̄тар, психѝја̄трица
 * Roman:, psihìjātrica
 * Slovak: psychiater, psychiatrička
 * Slovene:, psihiatrinja
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Tajik: психиатр, равонпизишк
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: психіа́тр
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese: nhà tâm thần học
 * Welsh: seiciatrydd
 * Yiddish: פּסיכיאַטער

title: psychiatrist


text:
Egyptologist

Noun

 * 1) A person; one who is skilled in or professes or practices Egyptology.

Translations

 * Azerbaijani: misirşünas
 * Bulgarian: египтолог, египтоложка
 * Catalan: egiptòleg
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, 埃及學家
 * Czech: egyptolog
 * Dutch: Egyptoloog, Egyptologe
 * Finnish: egyptologi
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian: Egittogista, Egittogisto
 * Latin: Aegyptologista, Aegyptologistus
 * Macedonian: египтоло́г
 * Persian: مصرشناس
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:, egiptóloga
 * Tajik: мисршинос
 * Uzbek: misrshunos
 * Volapük: Lägüptänavan, hi-Lägüptänavan, ji-Lägüptänavan

title: Egyptologist


text:
Talk:such is life

I've added a definition which I think is fairly accurate but would appreciate other Wiktionarian's modifications or comments. -- Paul G 17:55, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Probably should be noted that Ned Kelly famously said this, after he was sentenced I think. --Vladisdead 13:57, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I went to add the Ned Kelly quote but see you beat me to it. But I think it was his last words before hanging.--Dmol 09:19, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Misfortune?
Does "such is life" necessarily have to imply a reaction to misfortune? I was at a Reggae Sunsplash concert where the host looked out at the cheering crowd, broke out in a big smile, and said "Yes indeed my friends! Such is life!"

title: Talk:such is life


text:
-ist

Etymology
From, , from and , from , from. Equivalent to.

Suffix

 * 1) Added to words to form nouns denoting:
 * 2) a person who studies or practices a particular discipline;
 * botanist, one who studies plants
 * psychiatrist, one who practices psychiatry
 * 1) a person who uses a device of some kind;
 * violinist, one who plays a violin
 * bicyclist, one who rides a bicycle
 * autoist, one who drives an automobile
 * pianist, one who plays the piano
 * vapist, one who uses a vaping device
 * 1) one who engages in a particular type of activity;
 * adventurist, one who takes risks or goes on adventures
 * artist, one who makes art
 * bigamist, one who commits bigamy
 * terrorist, one who causes terror
 * tourist, one who tours
 * Note, many of these are related to -isms: adventurism, terrorism, tourism
 * 1) one who suffers from a specific condition or syndrome
 * autist, egoist
 * Note, these are related to -isms: autism, egoism
 * 1) one who subscribes to a particular theological doctrine or religious denomination;
 * Buddhist, Baptist, monotheist
 * Note, these are related to -isms: Buddhism, monotheism
 * 1) one who has a certain ideology or set of beliefs;
 * Marxist, modernist, nihilist, existentialist, fascist, pacifist, activist, environmentalist,
 * Note, these are related to -isms: Marxism, modernism, nihilism, existentialism, fascism, pacifism
 * 1) one who owns or manages something;
 * capitalist; industrialist
 * Note, these are related to -isms: capitalism; industrialism
 * 1) a person who holds bigoted, partial views.
 * sexist, racist: Note, these are related to -isms: sexism, racism

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian: -ական, -իստ
 * Bulgarian: -ист
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 主義者
 * Czech: -ista, -istka
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: -anto,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: -ისტი
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Hebrew: יסט
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: -isti
 * Interlingua: -ista, -ista
 * Italian: -ista
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: -주의자(主義者)
 * Latin: -ista
 * Malay: -is
 * Norwegian: -ist
 * Persian:
 * Polish:, , -istka, -ystka
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, -и́стка
 * Slovak: -ista, -istka
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: -isti, mwana-, m-
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: -іст, -їст, -íстка, -їстка, -ист, -истка
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh: ,
 * Yiddish: ־יסט

 * Armenian: -գետ, -բան
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Greek:
 * Interlingua: -ista
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Swahili: mwana-
 * Welsh: ,
 * Yiddish: ־יסט

 * Catalan:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Greek: ,
 * Interlingua: -ista
 * Japanese:
 * Polish:, , -istka, -ystka
 * Spanish: -isto,
 * Welsh: ,
 * Yiddish: ־יסט

 * Catalan:
 * Czech: -ista, -istka
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Greek: ,
 * Interlingua: -ista
 * Polish:, , -istka, -ystka
 * Welsh: ,

 * Interlingua:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:

Suffix

 * 1) appended to a word, it yields a noun which signifies the subject who performs something related to that word

Etymology
, reinforced by.

Suffix

 * 1) -ist

Usage notes

 * The suffix is productive in German, but generally only with non-native words or proper nouns. Exceptions include, ,.

Suffix

 * knowist, sendist, bitakist
 * knowist, sendist, bitakist

Etymology
From, from , from , alternative form of , from , probably from.

Suffix

 * 1) used to form nouns, usually relating to people.

Etymology
From, from , from.

Suffix

 * 1) used to form nouns, usually relating to people.

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: -ist


text:
-ism

Etymology
Ultimately from either, a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in (whence 🇨🇬); or from the related suffix , which more specifically expressed a finished act or thing done.

Many English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in, often via Latin and French, such as , a learned English formation from Latin attested from ca. 1500 and ultimately from. In, the suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus  (whence 16th c. ) in Tertullian, a trend continued in , with e.g.  attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin or proper names.

Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. ). Reflecting this productivity, use of as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as (1932) or  (1936) and productive since the 1970s.

Suffix

 * baptism (1300), aphorism (1528), criticism (1607), magnetism (1616)
 * Lutheranism (1560), Calvinism (1570), Protestantism (1606), Congregationalism (1716), Mohammedanism (1815),: Palamism (1949)
 * atheism (1587), ruffianism (1589), giantism (1639), fanaticism (1652), theism (1678), religionism (1706), patriotism (1716), heroism (1717), despotism (1728), old-maidism (1776), capitalism (1792), nationism (1798), romanticism (1803), conservatism (1832), sexualism (1842), vegetarianism (1848), externalism (1856), young-ladyism (1869), opportunism (1870), blackguardism (1875), jingoism (1878), feminism (1895), dwarfism (1895)
 * Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886)
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981)
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism
 * aleydigism, daturism, senilism, teratism, cocainism, climatism, humorism

Translations

 * Afrikaans: -isme
 * Albanian: -im, -izëm
 * Arabic: ـِيَّة
 * Aragonese: -ismo
 * Armenian: իզմ
 * Asturian: -ismu
 * Azerbaijani: -izm
 * Basque:
 * Belarusian: -і́зм, -ы́зм
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian: -и́зъм
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: ,
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese: -isma
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: -იზმი
 * German:
 * Alemannic German: -ismus
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: ־יזם
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: -stefna; -ismi, -ismus
 * Indonesian:
 * Interlingua: -ismo
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Khmer: ,
 * Korean: ,
 * Ladino: -izmo
 * Lao:, ນິຍົມ
 * Latin: -ismus, -isma
 * Latvian: -isms
 * Lithuanian: -izmas
 * Macedonian: -и́зам
 * Malay:
 * Maltese: -iżmu
 * Norman: -isme
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: -isme
 * Occitan: -isme
 * Persian: ـیسم, ,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi: -ਵਾਦ
 * Romanian:
 * Cyrillic: -исм
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: -изам
 * Roman: -izam
 * Sicilian: -ìsima, -ìsimu,
 * Slovak: -izmus
 * Slovene: -izem
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Thai: ,
 * Tagalog: -ismo
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: -і́зм, -и́зм
 * Vietnamese: (主義)
 * Volapük:
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh: ,
 * Yiddish: ־יזם
 * Zazaki: -izm
 * Zhuang: cujyi

 * Corsican:
 * Icelandic:
 * Interlingua:
 * Latin:
 * Low German:
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Sardinian:
 * Sicilian: -ìsima, -ìsimu
 * Slovene:
 * Sundanese:
 * Tibetan:

Etymology
,, ultimately from.

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: -ism


text:
яблоко

Etymology
From, from , diminutive of , equivalent to the non-existent **ябло +  -ко. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) apple
 * 2) eyeball
 * 1) eyeball
 * 1) eyeball
 * 1) eyeball
 * 1) eyeball

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) apple

title: яблоко


text:
hype

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1)  Promotion or propaganda; especially exaggerated claims.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: haipima
 * Finnish:, ylimainonta, hypetys
 * French: matraquage publicitaire,, , battage médiatique
 * German:
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish:, propaganda exagerada,
 * Swedish:, hype
 * Ukrainian: шуми́ха; хайп,

Verb

 * 1)  To promote heavily; to advertise or build up.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:, ylimainostaa
 * French:
 * German:
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

Adjective

 * 1)  Hyped; excited.
 * 2)  Excellent, cool.

Noun

 * 1)  A drug addict.
 * 1)  A drug addict.
 * 1)  A drug addict.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hype

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  hype

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hip

Etymology
.

Noun

 * °N, °W
 * °N, °W

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)   exaggerated excitement or enthusiasm around something

title: hype


text:
hydrologist

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Someone who is skilled in or practises hydrology.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: хидролог, хидроложка
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 水文學者
 * Czech: hydrolog
 * Danish: hydrolog
 * Dutch:, hydrologe
 * Esperanto: hidrologo
 * Finnish:
 * French: hydrogiste
 * German: ,
 * Ido:
 * Italian:, idrologa
 * Latin: hydrogista, hydrologistus
 * Portuguese: hidrologista, hidrólogo
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: hidrólogo

title: hydrologist