text:
about

Alternative forms

 * abowt; a.,  ab.,*  abt.

Etymology
Preposition and adverb from, , from , , from , itself from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective from.

Preposition

 * 1) In a circle around; all round; on every side of; on the outside of.
 * 2) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Proverbs, iii, 3
 * Let not mercy and truth forsake thee: bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart:
 * 1) Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout.
 * 2)  See about to.
 * 3)  On the point or verge of.
 * 4) Concerning; with regard to; on account of; on the subject of; to affect.
 * 5) * 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)
 * Well, let’s not talk about yesterday.
 * 1) Concerned with; engaged in; intent on.
 * 2) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Luke, ii, 49
 * And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business?
 * 1) * 2013 March 14, , season 5, episode 16, Bailout:
 * RON: And I’ll have the number 8.
 * WAITER: That’s a party platter, it serves 12 people.
 * RON: I know what I’m about, son.
 * 1) Within or in the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place.
 * 2) On one’s person; nearby the person.
 * 3)  In or near, as in mental faculties or  in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.
 * 1) * 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)
 * Well, let’s not talk about yesterday.
 * 1) Concerned with; engaged in; intent on.
 * 2) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Luke, ii, 49
 * And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business?
 * 1) * 2013 March 14, , season 5, episode 16, Bailout:
 * RON: And I’ll have the number 8.
 * WAITER: That’s a party platter, it serves 12 people.
 * RON: I know what I’m about, son.
 * 1) Within or in the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place.
 * 2) On one’s person; nearby the person.
 * 3)  In or near, as in mental faculties or  in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.
 * 1) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Luke, ii, 49
 * And he said unto them, How is it that ye sought me? wist ye not that I must be about my Father's business?
 * 1) * 2013 March 14, , season 5, episode 16, Bailout:
 * RON: And I’ll have the number 8.
 * WAITER: That’s a party platter, it serves 12 people.
 * RON: I know what I’m about, son.
 * 1) Within or in the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place.
 * 2) On one’s person; nearby the person.
 * 3)  In or near, as in mental faculties or  in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.
 * 1) On one’s person; nearby the person.
 * 2)  In or near, as in mental faculties or  in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.
 * 1) On one’s person; nearby the person.
 * 2)  In or near, as in mental faculties or  in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.
 * 1)  In or near, as in mental faculties or  in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.
 * 1)  In or near, as in mental faculties or  in the possession of; under the control of; at one's command; in one's makeup.

Usage notes

 * In modern English, always followed by an infinitive that begins with to ("I am about to bathe"); see about to. In the past, it was possible to instead follow the about with the present participle ("I am about swimming"), but this format is no longer used or widely understood.
 * Used as a function word to indicate what is dealt with as the object of thought, feeling, or action.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: حولين
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani:, ətrafında
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:, , rundt om
 * Dutch:, , ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: გარშემო
 * German: um... (herum)
 * Greek: γύρω από
 * Ancient: περί (+ acc.), ἀμφί (+ dat.)
 * Hebrew:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Irish: timpeall, um
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:, , ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Kyrgyz:, ,
 * Latvian: apkārt
 * Macedonian: околу
 * Maltese: madwar
 * Mòcheno: um
 * Northern Sami: birra
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Old English: ymb
 * Persian:
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese: ao redor de, nas redondezas de
 * Romanian: în jurul + genitive
 * Russian:, ,
 * Scots: aboot
 * Scottish Gaelic: mun cuairt, mu chuairt
 * Serbo-Croatian: ,
 * Cyrillic: о̏ко
 * Roman:
 * Slovak: okolo
 * Slovene: okoli, okrog
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: wokoło
 * Spanish: de,
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Turkish: etrafında, çevresinde,
 * Ukrainian: навкруги
 * Zulu: nga- + locative

 * Azerbaijani: ətrafında
 * Danish:, rundt om
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:, ĉirkaŭe en,
 * Finnish:, ; paikkeilla, vaiheilla
 * French: ,
 * German:
 * Hebrew: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latvian:, apkārt
 * Macedonian: наоколу
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: mun cuairt, mu chuairt
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Slovak: okolo
 * Spanish: encima de
 * Swedish:, runt om
 * Turkish: tarafta ; etrafında, çevresinde, ;
 * Ute: (Chemehuevi)

 * Asturian: a puntu de
 * Catalan: a punt de
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish:, på vej til
 * Dutch: op het punt staan
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French: sur le point
 * Galician:
 * German: bereit zu
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: -नेवाला
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Irish: ar tí
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latin: futurus sum, iturus sum
 * Latvian: tūlīt, tūliņ, tikpat kā
 * Macedonian: само што не, штотуку не
 * Norwegian: på veg til
 * Portuguese: prestes a
 * Russian:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: på väg att
 * Vietnamese:

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: عن
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian:
 * Azerbaijani:, barədə
 * Bashkir: тураһында, хаҡында, турала
 * Basque:
 * Belarusian: пра, аб
 * Bengali: ,
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:, , angående
 * Dutch:, in verband met
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: ; olla kyse, olla kysymys
 * French:, , ,
 * Galician:, ,
 * Georgian: -ზე
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Ancient: περί
 * Hebrew:, על אודות,
 * Hindi: के बारे
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: について
 * Khmer: ,
 * Korean: ~에 대한, ~에 대해, ~에 관한, ~에 관해
 * Lao: ກ່ຽວກັບ
 * Latin:
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Macedonian: за, околу
 * Malay:
 * Jawi: تنتڠ, مڠناءي, برکاءيتن دڠن, برکناءن دڠن, دريحال
 * Rumi:, mengenai, berkaitan dengan, berkenaan dengan, darihal
 * Malayalam: ,
 * Maltese: dwar
 * Mongolian:
 * Ngazidja Comorian: uhusu
 * Northern Sami: birra
 * Norwegian:, angående
 * Occitan:
 * Old English: be
 * Persian:, راجع به, در مورد,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, (+ prepositional case),  (+ accusative case),  (+ genitive case)
 * Scottish Gaelic: mu dheidhinn
 * Serbo-Croatian:, о, u vezi s
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: wó
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Swahili: kuhusu
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: tungkol sa
 * Talysh: ,
 * Tamil:
 * Thai: ,
 * Tibetan: སྐོར, དབང་དུ་ཤོར་ན
 * Turkish: (+ genitive pronouns, but no endings on nouns),
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: بارے میں, متعلق, بابت, در بارہ, باب میں, در باب, سلسلہ,, نسبت, مورد
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese:
 * Volapük:
 * Welsh:
 * Yiddish:
 * Zulu: nga-

 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: عن
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese: -অৰ কথা, -অৰ বিষয়ে
 * Asturian:
 * Basque:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Galician: ,
 * Georgian:
 * German: ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: के बारे में
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Italian:, ,
 * Japanese: に関して, について
 * Khmer: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latin: ,
 * Latvian:
 * Macedonian: за, околу
 * Maltese: dwar
 * Norwegian:
 * Pennsylvania German: deswegge, dewegge
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese: preocupado/lidando com
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: mu dheidhinn
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swahili: kuhusu
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: کے بارے میں

 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani:, yaxınlığında
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, , in de buurt
 * Esperanto:, (2, on one’s person)
 * Finnish:, läheisyydessä,
 * French: aux environs de
 * Hebrew: באזור, בסביבת
 * Hindi: के बग़ल में, के पास, के नज़दीक
 * Ido:
 * Irish: i dtrátha
 * Italian:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latvian:
 * Macedonian: близу
 * Maori:, tata ki te ...., āwhiwhi ki te ...
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian: در اطراف
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: mun cuairt, mu chuairt
 * Slovak: pri
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: поряд,
 * Zulu: nga- + locative

 * Azerbaijani:
 * Bashkir: янында
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, in de buurt van
 * Finnish: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Slovak: pri

 * Finnish:
 * Portuguese:

 * Albanian:, , , ,
 * Bengali:, ,
 * Indonesian:, , , ,
 * Interlingua: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:, , ,
 * Lithuanian: ,
 * Telugu: ,
 * Vietnamese:, , , , , , , , , , ,
 * Volapük:

 * Arabic: حَوَالِي
 * Egyptian Arabic: حوالي
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani: təxminən, təqribən, hardasa
 * Bashkir: тирәһе, самаһы
 * Belarusian: з
 * Burmese:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:, ,
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:, ,
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: בְּעֵרֶךְ,
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Italian: vicino a
 * Japanese: ,
 * Khmer: ,
 * Korean:, ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:, ,
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Latin: circiter
 * Macedonian: приближно, околу
 * Maori:
 * Ngazidja Comorian: upara
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: por volta de, perto de
 * Scottish Gaelic: mu, mu chuairt air
 * Slovak: okolo
 * Slovene: okoli
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Turkish:

Adverb

 * 1) On all sides; around.
 * 2) Here and there; around; in one place and another; up and down.
 * 3) From one place or position to another in succession;.
 * 4) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, 1 Timothy, v,13,
 * And withal they learn to be idle, wandering about from house to house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not.
 * 1) Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence in quality, manner, degree, quantity, or time; almost.
 * 2) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Matthew, xx, 3,
 * And he went out about the third hour, and saw others standing idle in the marketplace
 * 1) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Exodus, ix, 18
 * Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.
 * 1) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Exodus, xxxii,28:
 * And the children of Levi did according to the word of Moses: and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men.
 * 1) Near; in the vicinity.
 * 2) To a reversed order; half round; facing in the opposite direction; from a contrary point of view.
 * 3)  To the opposite tack: see.
 * 4)  In succession; one after another; in the course of events.
 * 5) * 1818, James Hogg, published in The Scots Magazine, Vol. 86, p. 218, "On the Life and Writings of James Hogg" [Quoted in the OED]
 * When he had finished, he drew his plaid around his head, and went slowly down to the little dell, where he used every day to offer up his morning and evening prayers, and where we have often sat together on Sabbath afternoons, reading verse about with our children in the Bible.
 * 1)  In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; in circumference.
 * And he went out about the third hour, and saw others standing idle in the marketplace
 * 1) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Exodus, ix, 18
 * Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.
 * 1) * 1769, King James Bible, Oxford Standard text, Exodus, xxxii,28:
 * And the children of Levi did according to the word of Moses: and there fell of the people that day about three thousand men.
 * 1) Near; in the vicinity.
 * 2) To a reversed order; half round; facing in the opposite direction; from a contrary point of view.
 * 3)  To the opposite tack: see.
 * 4)  In succession; one after another; in the course of events.
 * 5) * 1818, James Hogg, published in The Scots Magazine, Vol. 86, p. 218, "On the Life and Writings of James Hogg" [Quoted in the OED]
 * When he had finished, he drew his plaid around his head, and went slowly down to the little dell, where he used every day to offer up his morning and evening prayers, and where we have often sat together on Sabbath afternoons, reading verse about with our children in the Bible.
 * 1)  In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; in circumference.
 * 1)  To the opposite tack: see.
 * 2)  In succession; one after another; in the course of events.
 * 3) * 1818, James Hogg, published in The Scots Magazine, Vol. 86, p. 218, "On the Life and Writings of James Hogg" [Quoted in the OED]
 * When he had finished, he drew his plaid around his head, and went slowly down to the little dell, where he used every day to offer up his morning and evening prayers, and where we have often sat together on Sabbath afternoons, reading verse about with our children in the Bible.
 * 1)  In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; in circumference.
 * 1)  In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; in circumference.

Synonyms

 * around

Translations

 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: ĉirkaŭe
 * Finnish:, , ympärille
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: מסביב
 * Irish: thart
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Macedonian: наоколу
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese: ao redor, em volta
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: mun cuairt, mu chuairt
 * Slovene: okrog
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: навколо

 * Danish:
 * Dutch: rond-
 * Esperanto: ĉirkaŭe
 * Finnish:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: thart
 * Italian:
 * Korean: ,
 * Macedonian: ваму-таму
 * Polish:, , ,
 * Portuguese: por aí
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: mun cuairt, mu chuairt
 * Serbo-Croatian:, tu i tamo
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

 * Arabic: حَوَالِي
 * Egyptian Arabic: حوالي
 * Armenian:, , ,
 * Belarusian: прыблі́зна, блі́зка
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:, ,
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto: proksimume,
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:
 * Georgian:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: בערך
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: næstum því
 * Ido: ,
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Khmer:
 * Korean:, , ,
 * Latin: circiter
 * Latvian: aptuveni, apmēram
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: речиси
 * Malayalam:
 * Maori:
 * Mari:
 * Eastern Mari: иктаж
 * Mongolian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Odia:
 * Old English: hūhwega, nēah
 * Plautdietsch: onjefäa
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:, ,
 * Slovak: asi, približne
 * Slovene: približno, okoli
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: kadiri ya
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tamil:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: прибли́зно, ,
 * Vietnamese:, , ,

 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * Old English: nēah
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish:

 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, in tegenovergestelde richting
 * Esperanto: returnen
 * Finnish:
 * Korean:
 * Macedonian: о́братно
 * Old English: wiþersīnes
 * Polish:
 * Russian:
 * Slovene:

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: toiselle halssille

 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:, ,
 * Russian:

 * Danish: i omkreds
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: ĉirkaŭe
 * Finnish:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew: מסביב
 * Ido:
 * Korean: 둥글게
 * Macedonian: околу
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish: wkoło
 * Portuguese: ao redor
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: mun cuairt, mu chuairt
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

 * Albanian:, , , ,
 * Indonesian:, , , , ,  , ,
 * Vietnamese:, , , , , , ,

 * Finnish:

Adjective

 * 1) Moving around; astir.
 * 2) In existence; being in evidence; apparent.
 * 3) * 2006, Great Britain Parliament: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee, Energy: Meeting With Malcolm Wicks MP,
 * Is not this sudden interest in capturing CO2 — and it has been about for a little while — simply another hidey-hole for the government to creep into?
 * 1) Near; in the vicinity or neighbourhood.
 * 1) * 2006, Great Britain Parliament: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee, Energy: Meeting With Malcolm Wicks MP,
 * Is not this sudden interest in capturing CO2 — and it has been about for a little while — simply another hidey-hole for the government to creep into?
 * 1) Near; in the vicinity or neighbourhood.
 * 1) * 2006, Great Britain Parliament: House of Lords Science and Technology Committee, Energy: Meeting With Malcolm Wicks MP,
 * Is not this sudden interest in capturing CO2 — and it has been about for a little while — simply another hidey-hole for the government to creep into?
 * 1) Near; in the vicinity or neighbourhood.

Derived terms
See also: Category:English phrasal verbs formed with "about"

Adverb

 * 1) about around, approximately, roughly

Noun

 * 1)  the extremity of a metallic or wooden element or piece

title: about


text:
about-sledge

Noun

 * 1) The largest hammer used by smiths.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: about-sledge


text:
above

Etymology

From, , , from , , from + , (akin to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬) from  + ; also cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

The preposition, adjective and the noun derive from the adverb.

Preposition

 * 1) Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing.
 * 2) In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface.
 * 3) Farther north than.
 * 4) Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise.
 * 5)  Higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; higher in measure, degree, volume, or pitch, etc. than; out of reach; not exposed to; not likely to be affected by; incapable of negative actions or thoughts.
 * 6) Higher in rank, status, or position.
 * 7)  In addition to; besides.
 * 8) Surpassing in number or quantity; more than.
 * 9) In preference to.
 * 10) Too proud to stoop to; averse to; disinclined towards;
 * 11) Beyond; on the other side.
 * 12)  Upstage of.
 * 1) Higher in rank, status, or position.
 * 2)  In addition to; besides.
 * 3) Surpassing in number or quantity; more than.
 * 4) In preference to.
 * 5) Too proud to stoop to; averse to; disinclined towards;
 * 6) Beyond; on the other side.
 * 7)  Upstage of.
 * 1)  In addition to; besides.
 * 2) Surpassing in number or quantity; more than.
 * 3) In preference to.
 * 4) Too proud to stoop to; averse to; disinclined towards;
 * 5) Beyond; on the other side.
 * 6)  Upstage of.
 * 1) In preference to.
 * 2) Too proud to stoop to; averse to; disinclined towards;
 * 3) Beyond; on the other side.
 * 4)  Upstage of.
 * 1) Beyond; on the other side.
 * 2)  Upstage of.

Usage notes

 * passing into the adverbial sense.

Translations

 * Abenaki: Tasiwi
 * Arabic: أَعْلَى
 * Egyptian Arabic: فوق
 * Hijazi Arabic: فوق
 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Central Sierra Miwok: líl·e-m·yˀ
 * Cornish: a-ugh dhe
 * Dutch:
 * Egyptian:
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:, ,
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὑπέρ
 * Hindi:
 * Macedonian: над
 * Mbyá Guaraní: áry
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Ojibwe: ishpayi'ii
 * Ottoman Turkish: یوقاری
 * Pennsylvania German: owwe
 * Portuguese:
 * Quechua: pata
 * Romanian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: nad,, iznad
 * Slovak:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tibetan: ཐོད་ལ, ཐོག་ལ

 * Albanian: ,
 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: فوق
 * Aromanian: disuprã, prisuprã
 * Belarusian: над
 * Bulgarian:, отгоре на, по-високо от
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 喺…上便
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: ovenover, ovenpå, oppe over,
 * Dutch:, hoger dan
 * Egyptian:
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:, , , ylempänä, ylemmäs
 * French: au-dessus de
 * Friulian: sore
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Haitian Creole: anlè
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:, , ,
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: os cionn
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Jeju: 우
 * Korean: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:, li hindavî,
 * Latin: ,
 * Latvian: virs
 * Malay:
 * Maori: runga
 * Marathi: वरती
 * Mbyá Guaraní: áry
 * Navajo: bikáaʼgi
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Ottoman Turkish: یوقاری
 * Polabian: boven
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: acima de, em cima de,
 * Romanian:
 * Romansch: sura, survart, soura, sesura, süsur
 * Russian:
 * Scots: abune, aboon
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: над
 * Roman: nad
 * Sicilian: ,
 * Slovak: nad
 * Slovene:
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: górjejce
 * Spanish:, , encima de
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: ibabaw
 * Tamil:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: yukarıya
 * Ukrainian: над
 * Urdu: اوپر
 * Venetian: sovra,
 * Vietnamese:
 * Walloon: ,
 * Welsh: uwchben
 * Yoruba: lórí

 * Arabic: شَمَالِيّ
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 喺…上便
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: ten noorden van
 * Finnish: pohjoisempana

 * Finnish:

 * Arabic: أَعْلَى
 * Belarusian: вы́шэй, па-на́д
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latin: ,
 * Maori: whakatamatama
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese: acima de
 * Russian:
 * Scots: abune, aboon
 * Slovak: nad
 * Slovene:
 * Tagalog: itaas
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: понад, поза
 * Walloon:

 * Dutch: een trapje hoger, met een hogere rang
 * Finnish:
 * Slovak: nad

 * Dutch: ,
 * Egyptian:
 * Finnish:

 * Arabic: أَكْثٰر
 * Bulgarian: освен това, още повече
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French: plus de
 * German:
 * Hebrew:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latin: ,
 * Marathi:
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: acima de, mais que, mais de
 * Russian:
 * Scots: abune, aboon
 * Slovak: nad,
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Turkish:
 * Walloon: ,

 * Arabic:
 * Finnish: mieluummin (kuin)
 * Slovak: pred

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:, taaempana

 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish:
 * German: ,

 * Afrikaans:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 不屑於
 * Interlingua:
 * Italian:
 * Korean:
 * Maltese:
 * Marathi: वरती
 * Telugu: (1),  (2)
 * Turkish:

Adverb

 * 1) Directly overhead; vertically on top of.
 * 2) Higher in the same page; earlier in the order as far as writing products go.
 * 3) Into or from heaven; in the sky.
 * 4) In a higher place; upstairs; farther upstream.
 * 5) Higher in rank, power, or position.
 * 6)  In addition.
 * 7) More in number.
 * 8) Above zero; above freezing.
 * 9)  On the upper half or the dorsal surface of an animal.
 * 1)  In addition.
 * 2) More in number.
 * 3) Above zero; above freezing.
 * 4)  On the upper half or the dorsal surface of an animal.
 * 1)  On the upper half or the dorsal surface of an animal.
 * 1)  On the upper half or the dorsal surface of an animal.

Derived terms

 * above-cited
 * above-described
 * above-given
 * above-mentioned
 * above-named
 * above-quoted
 * above-said
 * above-specified
 * above-written

Translations

 * Cebuano: ibabaw
 * Chickasaw: aba'
 * Cornish: a-vann
 * Farefare: zuum
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌰
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ἐπάνω
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: os cionn
 * Italian:
 * Latin:, insuper
 * Lombard:
 * Manggarai: eta
 * Mansaka: taas
 * Tocharian B: kauc
 * Ugaritic: 𐎓𐎍𐎐
 * Walloon: ,
 * Western Bukidnon Manobo: bavew
 * Yiddish: אויבן, אויוון

 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German:, ,
 * Latin:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: vyššie
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Walloon:, , cial ådzeu

 * Chickasaw: aba'
 * Finnish:
 * Walloon: å hôt,

 * Belarusian: наве́рсе, уве́рсе, ўве́рсе
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chamicuro: i'yijku shana
 * Chickasaw: aba'
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German:, ,
 * Greek:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish: thuas, os cionn
 * Latin: ,
 * Navajo: bikáaʼgi
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, para cima
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, ,
 * Slovak: hore, vyššie, povyše
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Ukrainian: вище
 * Urdu: اوپر
 * Walloon:, ,
 * Welsh: uwchben, uwchlaw
 * Yiddish: אויבן

 * Bulgarian:, с по-висок ранг
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Finnish: ylempänä,, olla ylempiarvoinen kuin
 * German: ,
 * Latin:
 * Norwegian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Walloon:, pus hôt

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish: yli nollan

 * Finnish:

 * Afrikaans:
 * Interlingua:
 * Italian:
 * Vietnamese:, , , , , , , ,

Adjective

 * 1) Of heaven; heavenly.
 * 2)  Being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page.

Usage notes

 * Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word said, mentioned, quoted, or the like:
 * the above(-said) observations
 * the above(-cited) reference
 * the above(-quoted) articles

Translations

 * Dutch: in de lucht
 * Finnish:

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish: ovenstående
 * Dutch:, eerder genoemd,
 * Finnish: ylempänä (oleva)
 * French:
 * Latvian: augšā
 * Polish:
 * Slovak: predchádzajúci

Noun

 * 1) Heaven.
 * 2) Something, especially a person's name in legal documents, that appears higher on the same page or on a preceding page.
 * 3) Higher authority.
 * 4)  betterment, raised status or condition.
 * 1)  betterment, raised status or condition.

Usage notes
The preposition above is often used further elliptically as a noun by omitting the associated noun, where it is should be clear what is omitted: e.g. See the above.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: гореспоменат
 * Czech:
 * Finnish: ,
 * Hungarian: fentemlített
 * Latvian: iepriekšminētais
 * Russian:

title: above


text: aboveboard

title: aboveboard


text:
above-cited

Adjective

 * 1) Cited before, in the preceding part of a text.

Translations

 * Dutch:

title: above-cited


text:
abovedeck

Adverb

 * 1)  On deck.

Adjective

 * 1)  Located on deck.

Noun

 * 1) The area on a boat that is abovedeck.

Translations

 * Dutch:

title: abovedeck


text:
above-mentioned

Adjective

 * 1) Mentioned or named before; aforesaid.

Translations

 * Arabic: الْمَذْكُورُ آنِفًا, السًّابِقُ ذِكْرُهُ, السَّابِقُ الذِّكْرِ
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: výše zmíněný, výše uvedený
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: ülalnimetatud, eelmainitud, ülalmainitud
 * Finnish:
 * French:, ,
 * Georgian: ზემოხსენებული, ზემოაღნიშნული, ზემოთქმული, ზემოთხსენებული, ზემონაჩვენები, ზემოდასახელებული
 * German: obengenannt,, obenerwähnt, , ,
 * Greek: προαναφερθείς
 * Hungarian: fent említett
 * Indonesian: tersebut di atas, dijelaskan di atas
 * Irish: thuasluaite
 * Italian:, , suindicato, summenzionato
 * Japanese:, 上で述べた,
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: ovennevnt
 * Old English: bufansprecen, fōrsprecen
 * Polish:, wyżej wymieniony, wyżej ukazany
 * Portuguese: supracitado,
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian: gore spomenuti, gore navedeni
 * Spanish: sobredicho,
 * Swedish:
 * Tamil:, மேலே குறிப்பிட்டுள்ள

title: above-mentioned


text:
abovesaid

Adjective

 * 1) Mentioned or recited before.

Translations

 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: eelmainitud
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:, ,
 * German:, , oben gesagt
 * Greek: προλεχθείς, προαναφερθείς
 * Japanese:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:

title: abovesaid


text:
abox

Adverb

 * 1)  Braced aback

Translations

 * Dutch: vanachter aangespannen

Adjective

 * 1)  Braced aback

title: abox


text:
abracadabra

Etymology
From, a word used in magical writings, of origin. Relationships have been suggested with, and with various Aramaic or Hebrew terms , ; , but there is little supporting evidence.

Noun

 * 1) A use of the mystical term ‘abracadabra’, supposed to work as part of a healing charm or a magical spell; any spell or incantation making use of the word.
 * 2) Mumbo jumbo; obscure language or technicalities; jargon.
 * 1) Mumbo jumbo; obscure language or technicalities; jargon.
 * 1) Mumbo jumbo; obscure language or technicalities; jargon.

Translations

 * Czech: simsalabim
 * Dutch:
 * German:
 * Greek:, ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:, csiribí-csiribá, csiribú-csiribá
 * Japanese: アブラカダブラ
 * Korean: 아브라카다브라
 * Maori: mangamangaiatua
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, simsalabim
 * Polish:
 * Russian:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Turkish:

 * Dutch: ,
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Polish:
 * Russian:

 * Vietnamese: ,

Translations

 * Czech:
 * Danish: abrakadabra, abracadabra
 * Esperanto: abrakadabra
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: აბრაკადაბრა
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ἀβρακαδάβρα
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: アブラカダブラ
 * Maori: mangamangaiatua
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, hokus pokus
 * Persian: اجی مجی لاترجی
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: abracadabra
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: абракадабра
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:, abra kadabra
 * Telugu:
 * Turkish:
 * Vietnamese:

Interjection

 * 1) abracadabra

Noun

 * 1) an unspecified magical formula
 * 2)  a mystical word from kabbalism

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Etymology
. See.

Interjection

 * 1)  used to indicate that a magic trick or other illusion has been performed

Etymology
or.

Usage notes

 * The treats this word as a masculine noun. For the gender, compare other words of Greek origin that end in -a, such as  or.

title: abracadabra


text:
abradant

Noun

 * 1) A material used for grinding, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc.; an abrasive.

Translations

 * Dutch: schuurmiddel

Adjective

 * 1) Tending to abrade; causing irritation; abrasive.

Translations

 * Dutch: wegschurend

title: abradant


text:
abrade

Etymology 1
From, from +. First attested in 1677.

Verb

 * 1)  To rub or wear off; erode.
 * 2)  To wear down or exhaust, as a person; irritate.
 * 3)  To irritate by rubbing; chafe.
 * 4)  To cause the surface to become more rough.
 * 5)  To undergo abrasion.
 * 1)  To undergo abrasion.

Translations

 * Arabic: كَشَطَ, قَشَطَ
 * Hijazi Arabic: كَشَط, قَشَط
 * Bulgarian:, , , ,
 * Czech: obrousit, odřít
 * Danish: afskrabe
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Ingrian: heertää
 * Latin: abrādō
 * Maori: kauhoro, kauoro, kauoroi, okoi, pākanikani, weku
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: skure, slipe, avskrape
 * Nynorsk: skure, slipe
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: abraza
 * Russian:, , , , , , ,
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch:

 * Vietnamese:, ,

Etymology 2
From. See.

title: abrade


text:
Abrahamic

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch.
 * 2)   Descended from the religious tradition of Abraham.
 * Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baháʼí Faith are all Abrahamic religions.
 * 1)   Descended from the religious tradition of Abraham.
 * Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baháʼí Faith are all Abrahamic religions.
 * Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baháʼí Faith are all Abrahamic religions.
 * Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baháʼí Faith are all Abrahamic religions.
 * Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Baháʼí Faith are all Abrahamic religions.

Usage notes
Not all religions that revere Abraham are considered Abrahamic. The term always covers Christianity, Islam and Judaism, and often includes the Baháʼí Faith. Other faiths descended from these religions, such as Rastafari and Mandaeism, are sometimes not described as Abrahamic even if they consider Abraham holy.

Translations

 * Asturian:
 * Catalan: abrahàmic
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: abrahamilainen
 * French:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: abraâmico
 * Romanian: avraamic
 * Spanish:

 * Asturian:
 * Catalan: abrahàmic
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 亞伯拉罕諸教, 亞伯拉罕宗教
 * Finnish: abrahamilainen
 * French:
 * German: abrahamitisch
 * Hungarian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: abraâmico
 * Romanian: avraamic

Noun

 * 1) A member of an Abrahamic religion (usually Christians and Muslims, and also Jews).

title: Abrahamic


text:
Abrahamitic

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to the patriarch Abraham.

title: Abrahamitic


text:
Abraham man

Etymology
Britain pre-1561. From patients claiming, genuinely or not, to be temporarily discharged from the Abraham ward at Bethlem Royal Hospital (also known as Bedlam)—a psychiatric hospital in London, Kingdom of England—for the purpose of begging.

Possibly an allusion to a story in Luke 16, in which the beggar Lazarus ends up in Abraham's bosom.

First attested in The Fraternity of Vagabonds (1561) by.

Noun

 * 1)  A mentally ill beggar.
 * 2)  By extension, any beggar who pretends to be ill, physically or mentally, to obtain alms.

title: Abraham man


text:
abraid

Etymology 1
From, , from , from + , from , , equivalent to. Related to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  To wrench (something) out.
 * 2)  To wake up.
 * 3)  To spring, start, make a sudden movement.
 * 4)  To shout out.
 * 5)  To rise in the stomach with nausea.
 * 1)  To shout out.
 * 2)  To rise in the stomach with nausea.

Etymology 2
From. More at.

Usage notes
The standard modern form is in the indicative and  in the subjunctive.

Etymology 1
Nonce corruption from, from.

Verb

 * 1) to upbraid, criticize severely

title: abraid


text:
abranchial

Adjective

 * 1)  Lacking gills.

title: abranchial


text:
abranchiata

Etymology
From, from +  +.

Noun

 * 1)  An order of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration, usually including Oligochaeta.
 * 2)  Any of a number of other groupings of gill-less animals.

Synonyms

 * Abranchia

title: abranchiata


text:
abranchiate

Etymology

 * First attested in the 19th century.

Adjective

 * 1)  Without gills.

Noun

 * 1)  An organism that does not have gills.

title: abranchiate


text:
abrase

Etymology
From, perfect passive participle of , from +.

Adjective

 * 1)  Rubbed smooth or blank.

Verb

 * 1)  To wear down; rub clean; smoothen; abrade.

title: abrase


text:
abrasion

Etymology
. From (attested since 1611), from, from. See also abrade.

Noun

 * 1) The act of abrading, wearing, or rubbing off; the wearing away by friction.
 * 2)  The substance thus rubbed off; debris.
 * 3)   The effect of mechanical erosion of rock, especially a river bed, by rock fragments scratching and scraping it.
 * 4) An abraded, scraped, or worn area.
 * 5)   A superficial wound caused by scraping; an area of skin where the cells on the surface have been scraped or worn away.
 * 6)  The wearing away of the surface of the tooth by chewing.

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:injury

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan: abrasió
 * Dutch: afschuring
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: გაცვეთა, გახეხვა, ცვეთა
 * German:, Abschürfen, Abtragen,
 * Greek:, εκτριβή
 * Hindi: रगड़न
 * Indonesian:, pengampelasan
 * Italian:
 * Latin: abrāsiō
 * Macedonian: три́ење
 * Malay: pelelasan
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Romagnol: abrașiôn
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Slovak: odieranie, obrusovanie
 * Spanish:

 * Dutch:, brandingserosie
 * Finnish: hiomapöly, hiomajäte
 * Indonesian:
 * Malay: lelasan

 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:, , Abtrag
 * Greek: αποξύρηση
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: scríobchaitheamh
 * Latvian: abrāzija, viļņgrauze
 * Macedonian: абра́зија
 * Malay: lelasan
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian: abrázija
 * Slovak: abrázia
 * Spanish: ,
 * Vietnamese: sự bào mòn

 * Finnish:
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: τρῖμμα
 * Indonesian:
 * Macedonian: гребна́тина
 * Malay: lelasan
 * Serbo-Croatian:

 * Armenian:
 * Bulgarian: ожулване
 * Catalan: abrasió
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: hiertymä
 * French:
 * Georgian:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:, ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Japanese:
 * Khmer: ការដាច់រយះ
 * Lithuanian: nubrozdinimas
 * Macedonian: жу́лење
 * Maori: riwha
 * Mongolian: шалбархай,
 * Polish: przetarcie
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: odrenina
 * Spanish:, , raspadura
 * Swedish:
 * Thai:
 * Vietnamese: chỗ bị trầy

 * Finnish:
 * Slovak: abrázia

 * Interlingua:
 * Italian:
 * Vietnamese:, , ,

Etymology
.

title: abrasion


text:
abrasive

Adjective

 * 1) Producing abrasion; rough enough to wear away the outer surface.
 * 2) Being rough and coarse in manner or disposition; overly aggressive and causing irritation.
 * An abrasive person can grate on one's sensibilities.
 * Despite her proper upbringing, we found her manners to be terribly abrasive.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:, , абразивен
 * Catalan:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:, , , , , dörzs-
 * Occitan: abrasiu
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian: ȁbrazīvan, а̏бразӣван
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

 * Dutch:, ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Serbo-Croatian:, oštra jezika
 * Spanish: ,

 * Vietnamese:, ,

Noun

 * 1) A hard inorganic substance or material consisting in powder or granule form such as sandpaper, pumice, or emery, used for cleaning, smoothing, or polishing.
 * 2)  Rock fragments, sand grains, mineral particles, used by water, wind, and ice to abrade a land surface.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch: schuurmiddel, slijpmiddel
 * Finnish: hankausaine, hioma-aine
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:, , ,
 * Italian:
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: abrasivmedel
 * Ukrainian:

 * Vietnamese:

title: abrasive


text:
abraum

Etymology
From, from  +.

Noun

 * 1) A red ocher used to darken mahogany and for making chloride of potassium.

title: abraum


text:
abraxas

Etymology
Mistaken spelling of Abrasax.

Noun

 * 1)  abraxas

title: abraxas


text:
abray

Etymology
Back-formation from the preterite,. More at.

title: abray


text:
abreast

Etymology
From. , meaning “breasts (chests) in line, side-by-side and exactly equally advanced”; roughly “breast-by-breast”.

Adverb

 * 1) Side by side and facing forward.
 * 2)  Alongside; parallel to.
 * 3) Informed, well-informed, familiar, acquainted.
 * 4) Followed by of or with: up to a certain level or line; equally advanced.
 * She believes it is important to keep abreast of new scientific developments.
 * 1)  Breast high (of an advancing wave).
 * The west wind blew a tempest, and, according to the common expression, brought in the water [of the Solway] three foot abreast.
 * 1)  Side by side; also, opposite; on a line with the vessel's beam.
 * 2)  At the same time; simultaneously.
 * The west wind blew a tempest, and, according to the common expression, brought in the water [of the Solway] three foot abreast.
 * 1)  Side by side; also, opposite; on a line with the vessel's beam.
 * 2)  At the same time; simultaneously.

Usage notes

 * Abreast is followed by the word of.
 * Abreast is followed by of.
 * Abreast is followed by of.
 * Abreast is followed by of.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:, един до друг, на един ред, рамо до рамо
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: bok po boku, vedle sebe
 * Dutch: zij aan zij, naast elkaar
 * Finnish:, , vierivieressä
 * French:
 * German:, , Seite an Seite
 * Irish: gualainn ar ghualainn
 * Italian:, di pari passo
 * Maori: upane
 * Polish: obok siebie
 * Portuguese: lado a lado
 * Russian:,  , ,
 * Scots: abreest
 * Serbo-Croatian:, rame uz rame
 * Spanish: de lado a lado
 * Turkish:

 * Dutch: op de hoogte,, goed ingelicht, , met zijn tijd mee
 * Estonian: kursis
 * Finnish:, ajan tasalla
 * French:
 * German: auf dem Laufenden
 * Greek: δίπλα-δίπλα
 * Italian:, , al passo, al corrente
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: bem informado
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:

 * Finnish: kyljittäin
 * German: auf gleicher Höhe
 * Italian: al traverso
 * Russian:, на тра́верзе, борт о́ борт

 * Czech: na výši, na úrovni
 * Dutch: gelijke tred houdend,
 * Finnish: tasalla
 * German:, auf dem Laufenden , auf der Höhe

 * Interlingua:
 * Vietnamese: ,

Adjective

 * 1) Side by side, facing forward.
 * 2)  Alongside; parallel to.
 * 3) Informed, well-informed, familiar, acquainted.
 * 4) Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced
 * to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science.
 * 1)  Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel's beam.
 * 1)  Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel's beam.

Preposition

 * 1) Abreast of; alongside.
 * This ship sank abreast the island.

title: abreast


text:
abreggen

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) To lessen either quantity or amount.
 * 2) To shorten or reduce in duration or time.
 * 3) To abridge or condense; to make into less words.
 * 4) To palliate, mitigate, or ameliorate; to make less dire.
 * 5) To terminate, stop, or block; to cause the end of.
 * 6)  To restrict one's rights or privileges.
 * 7)  To lessen in length or distance.
 * 8)  To change to take less time.
 * 9)  To release from something.
 * 1)  To release from something.

title: abreggen


text:
abrenounce

Etymology
, from +.

Verb

 * 1)  To renounce; to contradict.

title: abrenounce


text:
abrenunciation

Etymology
From either or from, from , from.
 * See abrenounce.

Noun

 * 1)   Absolute renunciation; repudiation; retraction.

Translations

 * Dutch: ,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: abrenúncio

title: abrenunciation


text:
abreption

Etymology
From, perfect passive participle of ; from +.

Noun

 * 1)  A snatching away.

title: abreption


text:
abreuvoir

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) A cold water drinking fountain (for people) typically found in a public location; more generally, any fountain or water source (including for animals like birds, horses etc).
 * 2)  The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a watering hole or place for animals
 * 2)  a drinking fountain

Noun

 * 1)  a watering place.

title: abreuvoir


text:
abricock

Noun

 * 1)  apricot

title: abricock


text:
abridge

Etymology
From, , , from , , from. .

Verb

 * 1)  To deprive; to cut off.
 * 2)  To debar from.
 * 3)  To make shorter; to shorten in duration or extent.
 * 4)  To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense; to epitomize; to condense.
 * 5)  Cut short; truncate.
 * 6)  To curtail.
 * 1)  Cut short; truncate.
 * 2)  To curtail.
 * 1)  Cut short; truncate.
 * 2)  To curtail.

Usage notes

 * Usually used with to or sometimes with from as, to abridge someone of his rights.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Belarusian: скарача́ць, скараці́ць
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:, sammendrage
 * Dutch:, , ,
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: συντέμνω
 * Hungarian:, , ,
 * Italian:, ,
 * Latin: abbreviō
 * Maori: whakapoto
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: forkorte, sammendra
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: giorraich
 * Serbo-Croatian: skraćívati,
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Ukrainian: скоро́чувати, скороти́ти

 * Belarusian: скарача́ць, скараці́ць
 * Bulgarian:
 * Danish:, sammendrage
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Ido:
 * Italian:
 * Maori: whakapoto
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: forkorte, sammendra
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: giorraich
 * Serbo-Croatian: skraćívati, скраћи́вати
 * Spanish: ,
 * Ukrainian: скоро́чувати, скороти́ти

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch: beroven (van),
 * Finnish: ,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Italian: ,
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: avkorte
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Spanish:

 * Interlingua: ,

title: abridge


text:
abridger

Noun

 * 1) One who abridges.

Translations

 * Dutch: samenvatter, inkorter
 * Portuguese: resumidor

title: abridger


text:
abridgment

Etymology
First attested in 1494. From, from. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  The act of abridging; reduction or deprivation
 * an abridgment of pleasures or of expenses
 * 1)  The state of being abridged or lessened.
 * 2)  An epitome or compend, as of a book; a shortened or abridged form; an abbreviation.
 * 3)  That which abridges or cuts short; hence, an entertainment that makes the time pass quickly
 * 4)  Any of various brief statements of case law made before modern reporting of legal cases.
 * 5)  The leaving out of certain portions of a plaintiff's demand, the writ still holding good for the remainder.
 * 1)  Any of various brief statements of case law made before modern reporting of legal cases.
 * 2)  The leaving out of certain portions of a plaintiff's demand, the writ still holding good for the remainder.
 * 1)  The leaving out of certain portions of a plaintiff's demand, the writ still holding good for the remainder.

Usage notes

 * In current usage this spelling is about as common as in the US, but much less common in the UK.
 * Notes on near-synonyms:
 * An abridgment is made by omitting the less important parts of some larger work; as, an abridgment of a dictionary.
 * A compendium is a brief exhibition of a subject, or science, for common use; as, a compendium of American literature.
 * An epitome corresponds to a compendium, and gives briefly the most material points of a subject; as, an epitome of history.
 * An abstract is a brief statement of a thing in its main points.
 * A synopsis is a bird's-eye view of a subject, or work, in its several parts.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * French:
 * German: Kürzen,, , Beschneiden, Verkürzen,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic:

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch: ingekorte versie
 * German:
 * Japanese:
 * Portuguese:
 * Scottish Gaelic:

 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * German:, ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ἐπιτομή
 * Japanese:
 * Latin: breviārium
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, , , , oppsummering
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic:
 * Spanish:, versión abreviada

 * Interlingua:, ,
 * Irish:
 * Italian:
 * Norwegian: ,
 * Spanish:

title: abridgment


text:
abroach

Etymology
From, from , from. Equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1)  To set abroach; to let out, as liquor; to broach; to tap.

Adverb

 * 1)  Broached; in a condition for letting out or yielding liquor, as a cask which is tapped.
 * 2) * 1709,, , No.146, 16March, 1709, Glasgow: Robert Urie, 1754, p.115,
 * Jupiter, in the beginning of his reign, finding the world much more innocent than it is in this iron age, poured very plentifully out of the tun that stood at his right hand; but as mankind degenerated, and became unworthy of his blessings, he set abroach the other vessel, that filled the world with pain and poverty
 * 1)  In a state to be diffused or propagated.
 * 2) * 1761,, The Genius, No.6, 20August, 1761, in Prose on Several Occasions, London: T. Cadel, 1787, Volume1, p.64,
 * When a person of high rank is destined for the victim, an emissary is dispatched to set the story abroach at some obscure coffee-house in the city, whence it speedily marches to its head quarters near the court:
 * 1) * 1761,, The Genius, No.6, 20August, 1761, in Prose on Several Occasions, London: T. Cadel, 1787, Volume1, p.64,
 * When a person of high rank is destined for the victim, an emissary is dispatched to set the story abroach at some obscure coffee-house in the city, whence it speedily marches to its head quarters near the court:
 * When a person of high rank is destined for the victim, an emissary is dispatched to set the story abroach at some obscure coffee-house in the city, whence it speedily marches to its head quarters near the court:

Adjective

 * 1) Tapped; broached.
 * 2) Astir; moving about.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch:
 * German:

 * Dutch: verspreidensklaar

title: abroach


text:
abroad

Etymology
First attested in mid 13th century. From, from +. Equivalent to.

Adverb

 * 1) Beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign countries.
 * 2)  At large; widely; broadly; over a wide space.
 * 3)  Without a certain confine; outside the house; away from one's abode.
 * 4)  Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; moving without restriction.
 * 5) Not on target; astray; in error; confused; dazed.
 * 6)  Played elsewhere than one's home grounds.
 * 1)  Without a certain confine; outside the house; away from one's abode.
 * 2)  Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; moving without restriction.
 * 3) Not on target; astray; in error; confused; dazed.
 * 4)  Played elsewhere than one's home grounds.
 * 1)  Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; moving without restriction.
 * 2) Not on target; astray; in error; confused; dazed.
 * 3)  Played elsewhere than one's home grounds.
 * 1) Not on target; astray; in error; confused; dazed.
 * 2)  Played elsewhere than one's home grounds.
 * 1)  Played elsewhere than one's home grounds.

Translations

 * Arabic: فِي الْخَارِج, اِلَى الْخَارِج
 * Egyptian Arabic: بره
 * Azerbaijani: xaricdə
 * Belarusian: за мяжо́й, за мяжу́
 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Catalan: a l'estranger
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech: ;
 * Danish: udenlands
 * Dutch: ;
 * Finnish:,  ulkomaille
 * French: à l'étranger
 * Georgian: საზღვარგარეთ, უცხოეთში
 * German: ;
 * Greek: στο εξωτερικό
 * Ancient Greek: ἔκδημος
 * Haitian Creole: aletranje
 * Hebrew: חוּ״ל
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian: ;  külföldre
 * Icelandic: í utlöndum, erlendis
 * Igbo: na ùfèsị
 * Irish: thar sáile, thar lear
 * Italian: all'estero
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean: 국외,
 * Latvian: ārzemēs;  uz ārzemēm
 * Maltese: msiefer
 * Manx: ass y cheer
 * Ngazidja Comorian: udjenini
 * Norman: à l'êtrangi
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, utlandet
 * Nynorsk: utanlands, utlandet
 * Old English: ūtanlandes
 * Polish: ;
 * Portuguese:, ;  , ;  , ;  ,
 * Russian: за грани́цей, за рубежо́м,  за грани́цу, за рубе́ж, за кордо́ном, на чужби́не
 * Scottish Gaelic: thall thairis, an cèin,  a-null thairis
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: иностранство
 * Roman: inostranstvo,
 * Spanish: en el extranjero, en el exterior;  al extranjero
 * Swedish: ,
 * Ukrainian: за кордо́ном, за кордо́н

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch: wijd uiteen, ver van elkaar
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:, dans toutes les directions
 * Latvian: plaši, visur
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Spanish: por todas partes, en todas direcciones

 * Bulgarian:, извън къщи
 * Dutch: in het rond, naar alle kanten,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Latvian: ārā, ārpus
 * Portuguese: fora de casa
 * Russian:, на у́лице, , , на у́лицу
 * Spanish: al exterior

 * Dutch:, de kluts kwijt
 * Finnish:

 * Dutch: op verplaatsing, uit-
 * Finnish: vieras-
 * French:

 * Esperanto:
 * Ido:
 * Interlingua:
 * Italian:
 * Romanian: în străinătate
 * Swedish:
 * Welsh:

Noun

 * 1)  Countries or lands abroad.
 * 2) * 1929, King George V, widely (and variously) quoted:
 * I hate abroad, abroad’s bloody.
 * 1) * 2001 March 13, The Earl of Onslow, speaking in the House of Lords, quoted in Hansard:
 * That is not a xenophobic remark. I am a xenophiliac; I love abroad. I love foreigners. I just do not like the way that they are running the European agricultural policy.
 * That is not a xenophobic remark. I am a xenophiliac; I love abroad. I love foreigners. I just do not like the way that they are running the European agricultural policy.

Translations

 * Basque: atzerri
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: უცხოეთი, საზღვარგარეთი
 * German:
 * Hebrew: חוּץ לָאָרֶץ, חו״ל
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese:, , 在外
 * Latvian: ārzemes
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian:

Preposition

 * 1) Throughout, over.

Translations

 * Arabic: فِي اَلْخَارِج
 * Egyptian Arabic: برا
 * Dutch: alover, over de ganse lijn
 * Finnish:

title: abroad


text:
abrogable

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Adjective

 * 1) capable of being abrogated.

Translations

 * Dutch: ophefbaar, intrekbaar, afschafbaar
 * Galician: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: abrogabil, abrogabilă
 * Spanish:

Adjective

 * 1)  capable of being abrogated

title: abrogable


text:
abrogate

Etymology
First attested in 1526, from, from , perfect passive participle of , formed from +. See.

Verb

 * 1)  To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or her or his successor; to repeal; — applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc.
 * 2)  To put an end to; to do away with.
 * 3)   To block a process or function.
 * 1)  To put an end to; to do away with.
 * 2)   To block a process or function.
 * 1)  To put an end to; to do away with.
 * 2)   To block a process or function.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Dutch:, , abrogeren
 * Esperanto: abrogacii
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:, , , ,
 * Ido:
 * Irish: aisghair
 * Norwegian: oppheve, ,
 * Ottoman Turkish: بوزمق
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:, ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:, ,
 * Spanish: ,
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: ,

 * Danish: ophæve,
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ,
 * German: zunichte machen,, rückgängig machen
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: cuir deireadh le
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian:

Adjective

 * 1)  Abrogated; abolished.

title: abrogate


text:
abrogation

Etymology
First attested in 1535. From, from , from , from +.

Noun

 * 1) The act of abrogating.
 * 2) A repeal by authority; abolition.
 * 3)   The blocking of a molecular process or function.
 * 1)   The blocking of a molecular process or function.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Basque: indargabetze
 * Catalan:
 * Dutch:, , , ongeldigverklaring
 * Galician:
 * German:, , , , , Zurücknahme, , , Annullieren
 * Greek: ,
 * Ancient: ἀθέτησις
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: aisghairm
 * Italian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romagnol: abrugaziôn
 * Spanish:
 * Turkish: yürürlükten kaldırma,

Etymology
, from, from , from +.

Noun

 * 1) abrogation; repeal

title: abrogation


text:
abrogative

Adjective

 * 1) Tending or designed to abrogate.

Translations

 * Italian:
 * Portuguese:

title: abrogative


text:
abrogator

Noun

 * 1) Agent noun of abrogate; one who abrogates.

Translations

 * Dutch:, opheffer

title: abrogator


text:
abrood

Etymology
From, equivalent to.

Adverb

 * 1)  Upon a brood; on a hatch.
 * 2)  Mischief.
 * 1)  Mischief.

Adjective

 * 1)  Upon a brood; hatching eggs.
 * 2)  Mischief.

title: abrood


text:
abrook

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) To brook; to endure.

title: abrook


text:
User:The Anome/Webster's Dictionary (1913)

I have written a script to import entries from the public domain 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary. The source material is the 1999 Project Gutenberg transcription.

The markup on the original is not perfect, and my machine-wikification leaves something to be desired, but is at least a good first pass for later work.

Link generation:

 * I have linked words in definitions, that are:
 * five or more letters long
 * not in a list of the 4000 most common words taken from a sample of the dictionary's own definitions.
 * Sources are linked as follows: Shakespeare.
 * Parts of speech are linked as follows: Noun.

For an example, see abate.

-- The Anome 22:53 Dec 15, 2002 (UTC)

See also Public domain dictionary and Webster


text:
abrupt

Etymology
First attested in 1583. Borrowed from, perfect passive participle of , formed from +.

Adjective

 * 1)  Broken away (from restraint).
 * 2) Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious.
 * 3) Curt in manner.
 * 4) Having sudden transitions from one subject or state to another; unconnected; disjointed.
 * 5)  Broken off.
 * 6) Extremely steep or craggy as if broken up; precipitous.
 * 7)  Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate.
 * 1) Having sudden transitions from one subject or state to another; unconnected; disjointed.
 * 2)  Broken off.
 * 3) Extremely steep or craggy as if broken up; precipitous.
 * 4)  Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate.
 * 1)  Broken off.
 * 2) Extremely steep or craggy as if broken up; precipitous.
 * 3)  Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate.
 * 1)  Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate.
 * 1)  Suddenly terminating, as if cut off; truncate.

Synonyms

 * ; see also Thesaurus:sudden
 * ; see also Thesaurus:sudden

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:, , ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Ido: ,
 * Italian:
 * Latin: abruptus
 * Macedonian: стр́мен
 * Maori: mote
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: brå, bratt, steil
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish: ,

 * Arabic: مُبَاغِت, مُفَاجِئ
 * Belarusian: рапто́ўны
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Danish:, uformodet
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * German: ,
 * Greek:, ,
 * Irish: tobann
 * Italian:, ,
 * Latin: abruptus
 * Macedonian: нена́деен, на́гол
 * Maltese: f'daqqa, ta' malajr
 * Maori: ohotata, whawhati tata
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: brå,, uventet
 * Polish: nagłe
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:, ,
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Telugu:
 * Ukrainian: рапто́вий

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: töksähtävä,
 * French:
 * German: einsiblig, ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Ido:
 * Irish: gearrbhéalach
 * Macedonian: о́стар, ре́зок
 * Maltese: ta' mod goff
 * Maori: whakatumatuma
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: brå,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Welsh:

 * Catalan:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Ido: ,
 * Italian:, , ,
 * Latin: abruptus
 * Maori: whawhati tata
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: brå,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Spanish: ,

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Spanish:

 * Interlingua:, ,
 * Romanian:, ,
 * Tamil:
 * Ukrainian: ,

Verb

 * 1)  To tear off or asunder.
 * 2) To interrupt suddenly.
 * 1) To interrupt suddenly.

Translations

 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * Portuguese: abscindir

 * Finnish:
 * Portuguese: abscindir,

Noun

 * 1)  Something which is abrupt; an abyss.

Translations

 * Dutch:

Etymology
Borrowed from, itself borrowed from , from.

Adjective

 * 1)  sudden

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) Extremely steep, near vertical
 * 2) curt and abrupt
 * 3) Done or said forwardly and without caution to avoid shocking

Etymology
18th century, from.

Adjective

 * 1) sudden, unforeseen
 * 2) unconnected, having sudden transitions,  jerking
 * 1) unconnected, having sudden transitions,  jerking
 * 1) unconnected, having sudden transitions,  jerking

Etymology
.

Etymology
,.

Adjective

 * 1) extremely steep, near vertical
 * 1) extremely steep, near vertical

Adjective

 * , sudden

Adverb

 * 1) suddenly

title: abrupt


text:
abruption

Etymology
. From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  A sudden termination or interruption.
 * 2) A sudden breaking off; a violent separation of bodies.

Related terms

 * abruptive
 * abruptive

title: abruption


text:
abruptly

Adverb

 * 1) In an abrupt manner; without giving notice, or without the usual forms; suddenly; precipitously.

Translations

 * Belarusian: ра́птам
 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician: abruptamente
 * German:, , ,
 * Greek: αποτόμα,
 * Occitan: abruptament
 * Polish:, , , improwizując
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Spanish:

 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German: ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Italian:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:

 * Interlingua: ,

title: abruptly


text:
abruptness

Noun

 * 1) The state of being abrupt or broken
 * 2) Suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence.

Synonyms

 * , ; see also Thesaurus:suddenness

Translations

 * Bulgarian: стръмност
 * Dutch: abruptheid, ,
 * Esperanto: abrupteco

 * Bulgarian:, , безцеремонност
 * Dutch: kortgebondenheid, bruuskheid

title: abruptness


text:
abscess

Etymology
From, from , from +. See.

Noun

 * 1)  A cavity caused by tissue destruction, usually because of infection, filled with pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue.

Translations

 * Albanian: abces
 * Arabic: دُمَّل, خُرَاج, خُرَّاج
 * Armenian: ,
 * Bashkir: шеш, шешек
 * Belarusian: гнайні́к, ве́рад, нары́ў, абсцэ́с
 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Catalan: abscés
 * Cherokee: ᏚᏍᏗ
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:, hnisavý vřed
 * Dutch:, , ettergezwel
 * Esperanto:
 * Faroese:
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, Eiterbeule
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: δοθιήν
 * Haitian Creole: apse
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Interlingua: abscesso
 * Irish: easpa
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Kazakh: іріңдік
 * Korean: 농양(膿瘍)
 * Latin: vomica
 * Macedonian: чир, а́псцес
 * Malay: bisul,
 * Malayalam:
 * Maltese: pustuletta
 * Maori: tāpoa, whēwhē, maiao, tuma
 * Norman: abcès
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, byll, verkebyll
 * Ottoman Turkish: چبان, خراج
 * Persian: ,
 * Plautdietsch: Schwäa
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: neasgaid
 * Serbo-Croatian: ,
 * Spanish:, gums
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: naknak, pigsa,, abseso
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: гнійни́к, гноя́к, гноя́нка, нари́в,
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: crawniad
 * Yiddish: געשוויר

Verb

 * 1)  To form a pus-filled cavity, typically from an infection.

Translations

 * Dutch: een abces vormen
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Hungarian:, , , tályogosodik, eltályogosodik,
 * Ido: abceseskar
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: abscedere
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish: absceder

Etymology
From, perfect passive participle of , from both , from , from , from + and from , from , from either , or from , from  and.

Noun

 * 1)  an

title: abscess


text:
abscession

Etymology

 * from . See abscess.

Noun

 * 1)  A separating; a removal; a going away.
 * 2) * 1971, Farmer's Digest, volume 35, issue 1, page 86:
 * Machine harvest is comparable in cost now to hand harvest and could be better if a suitable abscession material is found.
 * 1)  An abscess.
 * Machine harvest is comparable in cost now to hand harvest and could be better if a suitable abscession material is found.
 * 1)  An abscess.

title: abscession


text:
abscind

Etymology
From, present active infinitive of , from +.

Verb

 * 1)  To cut off.
 * 2) * January 26 1751,, The Rambler No. 90
 * Two syllables... abscinded from the rest.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Dutch:, ,

title: abscind


text:
abscision

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) A cutting away.

Usage notes

 * Sometimes confused with.

title: abscision


text:
absciss

Etymology 1
From, feminine of , perfect passive participle of.

Etymology 2
.

Verb

 * 1)  To cut off by abscission.
 * 2)  To separate (as a leaf from a twig) by abscission.

Translations

 * Portuguese: abscindir

 * Portuguese: abscindir

title: absciss


text:
abscissa

Etymology
By ellipsis from [], feminine of , perfect passive participle of. See abscind.

Noun

 * 1)  The first of the two terms by which a point is referred to, in a system of fixed rectilinear coordinate (Cartesian coordinate) axes.
 * 2)  The horizontal line representing an axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, on which the abscissa (sense above) is shown.
 * 1)  The horizontal line representing an axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, on which the abscissa (sense above) is shown.
 * 1)  The horizontal line representing an axis of a Cartesian coordinate system, on which the abscissa (sense above) is shown.

Usage notes
Originally, it referred to the portion of a line between a fixed point on that line and the intersection of that line with an ordinate.

Translations

 * Armenian: աբսցիս
 * Berber:
 * Kabyle: tanegzumt
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: abscissa
 * Cebuano: handaganós
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 橫坐標
 * Mandarin: 横坐标
 * Czech: abscisa
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: აბსცისა
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Interlingua: abscissa
 * Irish: aibsíse
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 横座標
 * Malay: absisa
 * Northern Sami: abskisˈsa
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:, abscysa
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: higawat
 * Turkish:
 * Vietnamese:

 * Bulgarian:, абсци́сна ос
 * German: Rechtsachse
 * Japanese:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: abscisseakse

Etymology 1
From, perfect passive participle of.

Noun

 * 1)   first of two coordinates

title: abscissa


text:
User talk:The Anome/Webster's Dictionary (1913)

It is too early to do this since we are still working out the basics of layout and style. Also, the English language has changed a great deal since 1913. --mav

Okay. I have stopped the bot that was posting the articles. However, you might want to see how you'd like to format something like abate, as a real-world example of word with a set of sub-definitions.

I can make both my code and the processed bot output available, if that helps.

-- The Anome

Thanks for stopping the bot. You should keep the bot code to yourself and a few trusted other people. The last thing we need is for everybody to have a bot. But since the entries are here, this does give us something to play around with. --mav

Excellent. I'm off to bed. The Anome

 * Also, once we're set up for it, could you configure the bot to use a login? We can then hide the bot entries from Recentchanges. --Brion

 * Okay, I've done that, and the bot is now registered as "Websterbot". Four articles were posted as a side-effect of testing: I stopped the bot after that. -- The Anome 08:18 Dec 16, 2002 (UTC)

 * Okay, Websterbot is a registered bot. To show its edits, click the magic URL. But, don't add too much till the format is sufficiently hacked out. --Brion 08:27 Dec 16, 2002 (UTC)

Anyone has an idea of how many words there are in the 1913 Webster dictionary ? -- youssef 20:14 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)


text:
User:Taw~enwiktionary

Taw Now I'm gonna have some fun here. ;) I'm gonna import some data from Polish-Japanese dictionary from Polish Wikipedia, mainly to check CJK support.

Should I consider wiktionary a test site or a "production" one ? I think that no good dictionary can be made using that way (one article per entry with this software) and that philosophy (of many-to-English instead of many-to-many). Taw 00:33 Dec 16, 2002 (UTC)

From http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owniczek_japo%C5%84ski :

 * 1) Bolesny - 痛い (いたい itai)
 * 2) Brudny - 汚い (きたない kitanai)
 * 3) Ciemny - 暗い (くらい kurai)
 * 4) Cieżki - 重い (おもい omoi)
 * 5) Długi - 長い (ながい nagai)
 * 6) Duży - 大きい (おおきい ookii)
 * 7) Drogi - 高い (たかい takai), znaczy też wysoki
 * 8) Fajny - 楽しい (たのしい tanoshii)
 * 9) Jasny - 明るい (あかるい akarui)
 * 10) Ładny - きれい kirei
 * 11) Łatwy - 易しい (やさしい yasashii)

Now some kanjis:
 * 1) 犬
 * 2) 馬
 * 3) 国
 * 4) 数
 * 5) 西

Some traditional vs. simplified fun:
 * 車 车

We'll have to change software to use something other than underline for links. We can't use underline as it makes some CJK characters look different. (see the two above). It would probably also help a lot on CJK Wikipedias. Taw 01:41 Dec 16, 2002 (UTC)

Today I'm gonna flood Wiktionary with examples of Polish declension. ^^ Taw 14:42 May 22, 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Taw~enwiktionary


text:
痛い

Etymology
From,   from. Might originally be an interjection; compare.

Adjective

 * 1) painful
 * 2)   cringy; embarrassing
 * 3)  wonderful, pleasant
 * 1)   cringy; embarrassing
 * 2)  wonderful, pleasant
 * 1)  wonderful, pleasant
 * 1)  wonderful, pleasant
 * 1)  wonderful, pleasant

Usage notes
The desiderative suffix is ultimately derived from this word. The sense of “wonderful” may have influenced this development.

The shift in meaning towards only meaning “painful” is similar to the changes of the word or of, , and , and contrary to.

Derived terms

 * : ridiculous, absurd
 * : severe (situation)
 * : itai-itai disease (lit. ouch-ouch-disease)
 * : a vehicle decorated with images of fictional anime, manga, or game characters
 * : a bicycle decorated with images of fictional anime, manga, or game characters
 * : a train car decorated with images of fictional anime, manga, or game characters
 * : a motorcycle decorated with images of fictional anime, manga, or game characters
 * : a room decorated with images of fictional anime, manga, or game characters

title: 痛い


text: 暗い

title: 暗い


text:
重い

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) heavy
 * 2)  sluggish; slow
 * 3) * 2019,
 * 4)  congested; having poor performance
 * 5)  large
 * 1)  congested; having poor performance
 * 2)  large
 * 1)  large
 * 1)  large

title: 重い


text:
易しい

Etymology
Cognate with.

Adjective

 * 1) easy
 * 2) plain, simple
 * 1) plain, simple
 * 1) plain, simple
 * 1) plain, simple

title: 易しい


text:
大きい

Etymology
→ →  →  →

Appears in the, 1337 to 1573.

From older adjective, derived as the attributive form ōki (ancient opoki) of cognate adjective ōshi (ancient oposi; attributive opoki appearing already in the  of 759 , meaning both “large” or “many”, spelled as or , modern 🇨🇬 ), in turn derived from  adjective opo (“indistinct; of uncertain size, shape, or amount”; read as ō in modern 🇨🇬, spelled as  or ).

Adjective

 * 1) big
 * 2) broad, immense
 * 3) important; crucial

Usage notes
and are essentially the same word. However, while ōkii can be used both attributively and to end a sentence, ōkina can only be used attributively, and must be followed by a noun or noun phrase.
 * Correct grammar:
 * Incorrect grammar:
 * Incorrect grammar:

can only be used attributively; a noun always follows it.

Synonyms

 * : huge
 * : giant, gigantic

title: 大きい


text:
長い

Etymology
From. First attested in the  of 712. From.

Possibly cognate with, and , in reference to extending.

Adjective

 * 1) long
 * 2)   long, lengthy
 * 1)   long, lengthy
 * 1)   long, lengthy
 * 1)   long, lengthy

Derived terms

 * : patient
 * : patient
 * : having a long body, long-bodied
 * : having a long body, long-bodied
 * : for a long time
 * : patient
 * : having a long body, long-bodied
 * : having a long body, long-bodied
 * : for a long time
 * : for a long time

title: 長い


text:
高い

Etymology
From, from.

Adjective

 * 1) high, tall
 * 2) superior
 * 3)  expensive

Derived terms

 * : infamous, notorious
 * : valuable
 * : calculating, mercenary, closefisted
 * : high-pitched, shrill
 * : calculating
 * : noble, sublime
 * : slightly elevated
 * : high in the sky
 * : calculating, miserly
 * : haughty
 * : famous, celebrated, well-known
 * : proud; lordly
 * : burning curiosity

title: 高い


text:
汚い

Adjective

 * 1) dirty
 * 2) untidy
 * 3) mean, unfair
 * 4) illegible
 * 1) mean, unfair
 * 2) illegible
 * 1) illegible

title: 汚い


text:
明るい

Etymology
Appears to be a compound of 🇰🇲. This adjectival suffix forms a classical.

First attested in 1689.

Adjective

 * 1) bright, light, luminous
 * 2) merry, cheerful
 * 1) merry, cheerful
 * 1) merry, cheerful

title: 明るい


text:
楽しい

Etymology
→ * →

From. First attested in the  of 712. No Ryukyuan cognates exist; as as result, further derivation. Theories include:
 * A compound of +
 * This is problematic, as nosu has first been attested starting from the early 900s, with no A/B distinction (see for details).
 * From
 * No reading of exists.
 * A borrowing from an unknown language
 * No words resemble *tanV meaning "fun" or "to enjoy".

Adjective

 * 1) pleasant, delightful, fun, enjoyable

title: 楽しい


text:
犬

Alternative forms

 * (when used as a left Chinese radical)

Although the alternative form clearly shows only three strokes, it is still counted as four strokes when using a Chinese dictionary. Compare 氵 from, 扌 from , and 忄 from , all of which are 3-stroke forms from 4-stroke characters.

Derived characters

 * Appendix:Chinese radical/犬

Glyph origin
– the side view of a dog.

Etymology
From ; cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

This common Sino-Tibetan word has been replaced by in most topolects except Eastern Min, such as Fuzhou kēng. In other topolects, this word is mainly found in compounds and not used alone.

Definitions

 * 1)  dog

Descendants

 * Bai: *qʰuaŋ²

Kanji

 * 1) a dog
 * 2) the dog radical

Compounds

 * : one dog
 * : old dog
 * : pig and dog; fool; my child
 * : the barking of a dog, or the sound thereof
 * : mongrel dog
 * : mongrel dog
 * : hyena
 * : old dog
 * : pig and dog; fool; my child
 * : the barking of a dog, or the sound thereof
 * : mongrel dog
 * : mongrel dog
 * : hyena
 * : old dog
 * : pig and dog; fool; my child
 * : the barking of a dog, or the sound thereof
 * : mongrel dog
 * : mongrel dog
 * : hyena
 * : pig and dog; fool; my child
 * : the barking of a dog, or the sound thereof
 * : mongrel dog
 * : mongrel dog
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena
 * : hyena

Etymology

From, from. Derivation uncertain. Various theories exist, including derivation from ancient verb, from the way a dog will guard the house while the master is away; from a compound of + ; from ancient Japanese , itself of uncertain derivation; or as a borrowing from some other unknown language.

Noun

 * 1) dog, canine
 * 2) servant; one who is loyal (like a dog)
 * 3) spy
 * 1) spy
 * 1) spy

Etymology
From.

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dog

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dog ; domestic dog

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dog

title: 犬


text:
馬

Derived characters

 * Appendix:Chinese radical/馬

Glyph origin
– a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye. The legs eventually evolved into four dots (, unrelated to ).

Contrast with, which saw a very different development, and (as in ), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of 馬  but the head of.

Etymology
“Horse” – from. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses of.

For the insect prefix sense, see. It has converged with the sense of “big”.

The surname is popularly known to be prevalent among Hui Muslims, where it is likely derived from, although the surname 馬 itself predates Islam.

Definitions

 * 1) horse
 * 2)  horse-shaped
 * 3)  knight; horse (sometimes only on the black side)
 * 4)  knight
 * 5)  horse race
 * 6) big prefix for nouns
 * 7)  to bully
 * 8)  to keep a straight face
 * 9)  subordinate
 * 1)  to bully
 * 2)  to keep a straight face
 * 3)  subordinate

Descendants
Others:

Kanji

 * 1) horse

Etymology 1

From. First attested in the  of 720.

The initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word. However, Pellard simply reconstructs and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.

The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare, , , , and and descendants such as  or. More at.

Noun

 * 1) a horse
 * 2)  a promoted bishop
 * 3) a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials

Etymology 2
Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

Noun

 * 1)  a horse
 * 2) * c. 935 Tosa Nikki
 * "ja"
 * "ja"

- ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす.

 * 1) * c. 935 Tosa Nikki
 * "ja"

- けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし.

Etymology 3
Possibly from preform *Nma, ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1)  a horse

Etymology 4
Possibly from preform *MCma, ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1)  a horse

Etymology 5
From. The, so a later borrowing. Compare 🇨🇬 where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal to voiced plosive.

Affix

 * 1) horse

Etymology
First attested in the Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ (琉球館譯語), 1469-1470, as.

In turn, from, from.

Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a horse

title: 馬


text:
User talk:Taw~enwiktionary

Hm. This is the English language dictionary, no? At the very least we should be using Latin characters for page titles. --mav

 * The vague vibes I'm getting are that this is the everything->English portion of the dictionary, so Taw's brief English translations of Japanese words are very much on topic (though they need to be expanded further). Limiting ourselves to Latin characters for titling entries of words in languages that use other writing systems would be bizarre and substandard, and I would not recommend it. Want a romanized index? Make redirects. --Brion

 * But how is this useful to the English speaker who, if anything, will only be at all familiar with the Romanized versions? --mav

 * How is a printed dictionary useful to someone who can't read? ;) Pronunciation and standard romanizations can and should appear in the entries, naturally, along with all the other information. --Brion

 * The first thing they will teach you in any Japanese course worth your time is hiragana. And in case of Japanese there is no such thing as standard romaniziaton. There are two major "standards" (Kunrei and Hepburn), with lot of versions (ou vs. &omacron; vs. ô, spelling of borrowed words and many other issues) and most people mix two of them at will anyway. Taw

 * OK I see now. Since this is a dictionary we should be a lot more pedantic about usage. We also don't have to worry as much about catching spontaneous links. Just don't get any silly ideas about having non-Latin based titles in Wikipedia. --mav

 * Polish Wikipedia contains much more dictionary data than Wiktionary and no non-Latin characters are used in titles, so you don't have to worry too much Taw

Really ? As far as I can see the articles (Pies and all that stuff) this is many-to-English dictionary. There's no point in starting English-to-English dictionary as we have some already (Webster, GCIDE, foldoc and tons of others etc.).

And welcome to CJK world. ASCII is what you will find here not. Taw 01:27 Dec 16, 2002 (UTC)

Just for information, I can read the UTF-8 encoded CJK characters fine here, in both article titles and bodies. (using mozilla 1.0.1 on Gentoo Linux 1.4rc1). -- The Anome

Taw, I see something like this in the RC using Lynx on Linux console : Can something be done about it because I can't follow links to ; articles (they're not there). Kpjas Mon, 16 Dec 2002 10:42:39 +0100
 * (diff) (hist) . . N Traditional Chinese; 02:37 . . Taw
 * (diff) (hist) . . N ; 02:34 . . Taw
 * (diff) (hist) . . N ; 02:34 . . Taw
 * (diff) (hist) . . User:Taw; 02:31 . . Taw
 * (diff) (hist) . . M Connotation; 02:30 . . 217.81.19.59 (de)

 * This seems to be a Lynx bug -- it won't let you select a link which consists only of characters not in is currently configured charset. Go into options and monkey around with the character set options... I can get it displaying and following the links (in a gnome-terminal window) by setting charset and display to Unicode/UTF-8. Getting this to display correctly on the console may be trickier, but it will allow you to select and follow the links. --Brion

Hi Taw, and welcome to Wiktionary. I'm interested in your additions in Polish (as I am in any other language). One remark though: why do you precede your entries with "Polish word" and "Polish language"? Up to now no contributor has done that. If there has been any discussion on the issue I haven't found it. If not, don't you think it should be discussed first before "flooding" Wiktionary (your words...) with page titles in that format? Best regards. D.D. 16:03 May 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Indeed there was a discussion about namespaces. I would also favor clear namespaces. In fact the absence of namespaces refrains me from adding entries in foreign languages. Unfortunally the namespace-idea didn't went through so far. (cf. Beer parlour maybe we should continue there) - Henryk911 07:59 May 23, 2003 (UTC)

Information about one language should be clearly separated from information about others. Some kind of prefixing (or postfixing) is necessary for that. Taw 17:01 May 22, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Taw, I was thinking along the same lines as DD, but I let him take the honors to make the remark. Please have a look at articles like nicht, boom, at, on, etc to see how we take care of the words that have the same spelling in different languages. Cheers, Polyglot 17:26 May 22, 2003 (UTC)

Just because they are spelled the same doesn't mean they should go to single article. On Wikipedias they would get disambiguated. Taw 18:11 May 22, 2003 (UTC)

This is a dictionary, it's interesting to know which words have the same spelling across languages. It would also be interesting to be able to quickly find the 'faux amis', the words sounding the same across languages. I guess you can do how you please, until somebody with more influence than us gives his opinion. I only hope you won't start to disambiguate our entries. Polyglot 18:38 May 22, 2003 (UTC)

Some more remarks: My point is: explain your idea, discuss it, and I'm sure we can get something useful out of it. D.D. 19:30 May 22, 2003 (UTC)
 * Taw, I'm not saying you are necessarily wrong, or that your ideas about Wiktionary cannot serve as a basis to make it better. All I'm saying is that it would have been better to discuss them first. Please consider the fact that some contributors might feel you come "barging in" on your first day "flooding" Wiktionary with your title format.
 * 1) As Polyglot pointed out, this is not Wikipedia. Wikipedia has certain conventions (such as disambiguating) or even "unwritten laws" which fit very nicely with the Wikipedia concept. Wiktionary is much younger, and it's obvious that such conventions haven't yet been established here (although there are some preferences here and there). But it has become clear to the regular contributors that Wiktionary demands another vision. You cannot simply imitate the Wikipedia way of doing things in Wiktionary.

Discussing first ? Have been tried many times, it doesn't work ;-)

My idea is that I want to add examples to Polish language course in a way that doesn't collide with the rest of Wiktionary. If they also serve as articles about various Polish words, it's fine, but that's not their main purpose. If people reading the course would suddenly end in article about word "foo" in some languages other than Polish that would be bad.

Polyglot: If you want to find words that are spelled the same way in different languages you can use search engine (title search) or something. Taw 11:46 May 23, 2003 (UTC)

I understand your concern. You wrote a great introduction to the Polish language and if you refer people to an example word, you don't want them to be confused with words of the same spelling in other languages. I believe that most people interested in learning Polish as a foreign language, can be trusted to be intelligent enough to browse on through an article to find where the definition of the Polish word starts. What I am worried about, is duplication of information. That's why we should try to find a consensus about this. You are going to refer to your articles and somebody else will probably start entries for the terms you have already described in the way the rest of the Wiktionary is set up. One of both entries is going to be less elaborate compared to the other, so people will find less information than they could have. Which is a pity. Polyglot 12:31 May 23, 2003 (UTC)

As nobody else is writing about Polish language now, it's not very likely that such conflicts would happen. ;) Anyway, it doesn't have to be decided now - we have bots after all, we can fix it later. Taw 15:02 May 23, 2003 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with Polyglot and Dhum Dhum. There is no benefit to having the tag "Polish word" in the title of an article.  The concern about having the word confused with an identical one from another language is unfounded.  Polish spellings strike me as quite distinct from anything else; the fact that they often appear quite unpronounceable to the foreigner is an asset in this context.  Having a series of Wiktionary:Polish index ... articles would bring the treatment into line with the approach that has developed with other languages.  (I admit that I have had some reservations about that system, but as long as I don't have anything better to offer I would like to promote some consistency in its usage.)  Another benefit of keeping individual word titles simple relates to interlanguage linking.  Some of our contributors have been keen to show a list of translations for English words.  The items on such lists have been presented in a "Language: word" format.  Having a special treatment "Polish: Polish word" would not likely be remembered by some contributors.

 * The idea of having some bot fix things up later leaves me very uncomfortable.

 * The content of the specific Polish word articles seems like an excellent presentation, and a similar approach should be recommended to people writing about other languages. Eclecticology 16:41 May 23, 2003 (UTC)

Articles are generated by a script from short descriptions, mainly to reduce number of mistakes that happen when writing by hand.

Why are you against bots ? We have done that - postponing decision and mass-fixing by bot later - a couple of times on Polish Wikipedia. Taw 17:24 May 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with the scripts, and clearly agree with the way you are using them when the structural aspects of a group of articles are all going to be the same anyway.

 * The matter of bots for making changes has come up on the English Wikipedia. With (among other things) British and American usages being so different the concern has always been that using bots could force changes where no changes are intended.  As an extreme case consider a situation where a vandal has replaced the name "George Bush" with the word "cunt" wherever he could find it.  Using a bot to reverse this damage could even cause correct uses of "cunt" to be changed.  It might not be approrpriate to refer to a part of the female anatomy called a George Bush -- no matter how hairy it is. Eclecticology 18:18 May 23, 2003 (UTC)

-- Hello, Taw. I just want to inform you that I started to put a complete list of radicals in English wikipedia. See http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_character). We may want to coordinate about Chinese characters stuff between here and wikipedia. Best wishes, -- TakuyaMurata 20:52 May 27, 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Taw. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Taw~enwiktionary that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:07, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Taw~enwiktionary


text:
国

Glyph origin
. Also compare, an unorthodox variant of  that contains  instead of.

Etymology 1
From. Appears in the ' of 712, the ' completed in 720, and the  completed some time after 759. Perhaps related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) a land, a large place
 * 2) a country in general, a region
 * 3) a country as in a nation, a state
 * 4) the office of emperor, the crown; affairs of state
 * 5) a province of ancient Japan
 * 6) the national government in ancient Japan; the national capital in ancient Japan
 * 7) one's birthplace, where one is from, one's home
 * 1) the national government in ancient Japan; the national capital in ancient Japan
 * 2) one's birthplace, where one is from, one's home

Descendants

 * → Northern Ryukyuan:
 * → Southern Ryukyuan:
 * → Southern Ryukyuan:
 * → Southern Ryukyuan:
 * → Southern Ryukyuan:
 * → Southern Ryukyuan:
 * → Southern Ryukyuan:
 * → Southern Ryukyuan:

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) a land, a large place
 * 2) a country in general, a region
 * 3) a country as in a nation, a state

Usage notes
Most often found in compounds.

title: 国


text:
数

Glyph origin
Unorthodox variant of, attested since Ming dynasty. .

Noun

 * 1) number; amount

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1)  number

Prefix

 * 1) several

title: 数


text:
西

Glyph origin
– a bag or basket, borrowed for phonetic value. Compare. Traditionally explained as a pictogram of a bird settling into its nest, which by analogy with the setting of the sun means “west”. This etymology has been disputed, but stands by it.

Etymology 1
The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a -initial in Old Chinese, e.g. in. However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as, one of the reasons being appears to be the phonetic in , the archaic graphic variant of. The new reconstruction, in, also accounts for how  can be the phonetic in. For more information, see, and.

In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster, the possibilities of the etymology of 西, aside from being cognate with (B-S OC ), include:

 * Related to 🇨🇬.
 * Related to 🇨🇬, which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above.
 * Related to the root (OC  for intransitive form,  for transitive form in ).
 * Related to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.
 * An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root "go down", as in 🇨🇬 < 🇨🇬, with Proto-Austroasiatic > Proto-Sinitic . Therefore, this etymon literally means "the place where one goes down to > Mon "ghat" > OC "nest, west". The base form is  via Austroasiatic.

Definitions

 * 1) west; western

Descendants
Others:

Definitions

 * 1) spin
 * 2) to spin; to cause to spin
 * 3) carrying spin
 * 4) to deviate from a path due to some force
 * 5) to hit
 * 1) to hit
 * 1) to hit
 * 1) to hit
 * 1) to hit
 * 1) to hit

Kanji

 * 1) west
 * 2) Europe, European
 * 3) kanji used to transliterate foreign languages
 * : Spain, Spanish
 * 1) autumn

Etymology 1
Originally a compound of.

First cited in the  of 712, with the phonetic spelling.

Noun

 * 1)  west
 * 2) the West
 * 3)  the west wind, wind blowing from the west
 * 4)  in kabuki:
 * 5)  the left side of the stage in the Edo-style
 * 6)  the right side of the stage in Kyoto and Osaka styles
 * 7)   lower-ranked wrestlers listed on the left side of a banzuke
 * 8)  the West;  the capitalist states of the West
 * 1)   lower-ranked wrestlers listed on the left side of a banzuke
 * 2)  the West;  the capitalist states of the West
 * 1)  the West;  the capitalist states of the West

Proper noun

 * : the western paradise of Amitabha Buddha
 * : a Buddhist temple in
 * 1)  a red-light district in
 * 2) a place name, especially the name of various wards in major cities throughout Japan
 * 1) a place name, especially the name of various wards in major cities throughout Japan

Etymology 2
Possibly a corruption of.

Noun

 * 1)  west wind (mahjong tile)
 * 2)  a  with a triplet or quad of west wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2
 * 1)  a  with a triplet or quad of west wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) the West

Han character

 * 1) west
 * 2) West the Western world

title: 西


text:
車

Derived characters

 * Appendix:Chinese radical/車
 * 俥, 唓, 𡌄, 𡝀, 𡷖, 𢚷, 捙, 𣵐, 陣, 連, 𣒞, 𤉖, 𤥭, 𪨑, 硨, 𦀺, 蛼, 𫌼, 𬦲, 𩳛, 𬵒
 * 軋, 𠜥, 𠜒, 𨊴, 軙, 𨛩, 斬, 𤭔, 𩒷, 軍, 𰃚, 莗, 𭶼, 𫁿, 𫅨, 𠣞, 𣫂, 厙, 庫, 㾝, 𪋀, 閳, 𪢫

Glyph origin
– originally a carriage seen from above. In the oracle bone script, there were large wheels on both sides and a sun shade on the top. Later, when Chinese characters were written vertically, the wheels on both sides were simply drawn in strokes and the loading area was marked with a. Therefore, it is important to understand that the current character, is a vertical depiction of a carriage.

Note that and  are not derived from.

Etymology
Perhaps a loan from an language because the horse and chariot were introduced into China around 1200 BC from Inner Asia; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. An older variant survives in Mandarin. Alternatively, the word is a derivation by k-prefix from ; compare the semantic parallel in 🇨🇬 (<to support; to carry; to lift).

Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate. A similar phonological doublet is and. Pronunciation 2 is traditionally regarded as the older pronunciation.

The sense of lewd content is derived from.

Definitions

 * 1)  land vehicle;  car
 * 2) wheeled device, appliance, instrument or apparatus
 * 3) machine; rig; engine; motor; locomotive; tractor; truck; lorry
 * 4)  driving ; driving skills
 * 5) to lathe
 * 6) to lift water using a
 * 7)  to transport using a vehicle
 * 8) to tailor or sew using a sewing machine
 * 9)  to hit violently
 * 10)  to turn (one's body, etc.)
 * 11)  to rotate; to turn
 * 12)  pornography; lewd content
 * 1)  driving ; driving skills
 * 2) to lathe
 * 3) to lift water using a
 * 4)  to transport using a vehicle
 * 5) to tailor or sew using a sewing machine
 * 6)  to hit violently
 * 7)  to turn (one's body, etc.)
 * 8)  to rotate; to turn
 * 9)  pornography; lewd content
 * 1)  to turn (one's body, etc.)
 * 2)  to rotate; to turn
 * 3)  pornography; lewd content

Usage notes

 * is a collective term for all types of vehicles with wheel(s). Additional morphemes are added in front to specify the type of the vehicle. For example:

Definitions

 * 1)  chariot; rook
 * 2)  rook

Descendants
Others:

Kanji

 * 1) vehicle

Etymology 1
From.

Affix

 * 1) vehicle
 * 2) train car
 * 1) train car

Etymology 2
From. Appears in the  completed some time after 759, with the ideographic spelling 車.

Assuming an initial meaning of, may be a compound of.

Noun

 * 1) a car, an automobile, a carriage, a cart
 * 2) a wheel, a caster
 * 3) something wheel-shaped
 * 4) a style of
 * 5) short for various terms:
 * 6)  (kuruma ebi): a prawn
 * 7)  (kuruma-gakari): “wheel formation”, a battle tactic where units attack in staged waves in order to prevent the opponent from resting
 * 8)  (kata-guruma): riding on one's shoulders, piggyback
 * 9)  (te-guruma): a handcart, a wheelbarrow
 * 10)  (kuruma za): sitting in a circle
 * 11)  during the, in the red-light district in , a prostitute whose services cost four  and three  (possibly in reference to the cost of a carriage ride)

Etymology 1
From.

Usage notes
This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "car."

Etymology 2
From.

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) car
 * 2) wheel

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) car
 * 2) wheel

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) car
 * 2) wheel

Han character

 * 1) a car
 * 2) (xiangqi) any piece labeled with 車; the chariot/rook.

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) car
 * 2) wheel

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) car
 * 2) wheel

title: 車


text:
车

Related characters

 * 伡, 𪠳, 砗, 厍, 库
 * 阵, 军, 连

Glyph origin
From of 車; compare 東 → 东.

title: 车


text:
Traditional Chinese

Proper noun

 * 1) Chinese written using the traditional form of Chinese characters, as opposed to Simplified Chinese (introduced by the PRC as script reform).

Translations

 * Arabic: حُرُوف صِينِيَّة تَقْلِيدِيَّة
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, 正體中文
 * Danish:
 * Dutch: traditionele Chinees
 * Esperanto: tradicia ĉina skribo
 * Finnish: perinteinen kiina
 * French:
 * Galician: chinés tradicional
 * German: traditionelles Chinesisch
 * Greek: τα παραδοσιακά κινέζικα
 * Hebrew: סינית מסורתית
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Ido:
 * Irish: Sínis thraidisiúnta
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 繁体字中国語
 * Latin: lingua sinica traditionalis
 * Malay: Aksara Cina Tradisional
 * Marathi: पारंपारिक चिनी
 * Mongolian: уламжлалт хятад хэл
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: tradisjonell kinesisk
 * Nynorsk: tradisjonell kinesisk
 * Persian: چینی سنتی
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: традицио́нный кита́йский
 * Spanish: chino tradicional
 * Turkish: Geleneksel Çince
 * Ukrainian:

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ; ,  ,
 * Danish:
 * Esperanto: tradicia ĉina skribo, tradiciaj ĉinaj signoj
 * Finnish: perinteiset kiinalaiset kirjoitusmerkit
 * French:
 * Galician: caracteres tradicionais
 * German: Langzeichen
 * Irish: carachtair traidisiúnta
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean: 번체자(繁體字), 정체자(正體字)
 * Portuguese: caracteres tradicionais
 * Russian: фаньти́цзы, традицио́нный иеро́глиф
 * Vietnamese: phồn thể tự (繁體字), Chữ Hán phồn thể, Chữ Hán chính thể

title: Traditional Chinese


text:
Simplified Chinese

Proper noun

 * 1) Chinese written using the forms of Chinese characters introduced by the PRC as script reform. The characters are simplified (with a reduced number of strokes, etc.) compared to their pre-reform shapes.

Translations

 * Arabic: حُرُوف صِينِيَّة مُبَسَّطَة
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: yksinkertaistettu kiina
 * French:
 * Galician: chinés simplificado
 * German: vereinfachtes Chinesisch
 * Greek: τα απλουστευμένα κινέζικα
 * Hebrew: סינית מפושטת
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: Sínis shimplithe
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 簡体字中国語
 * Latin: lingua sinica simplificata
 * Malay:
 * Marathi: सरलीकृत चिनी
 * Mongolian: хялбаржуулсан хятад хэл
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: forenklet kinesisk, forenkla kinesisk
 * Nynorsk: forenkla kinesisk
 * Persian: چینی ساده‌شده
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: упрощённый кита́йский
 * Spanish: chino simplificado
 * Swedish: förenklad kinesiska
 * Turkish: Basitleştirilmiş Çince
 * Vietnamese: Chữ Hán giản thể

 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 簡體字, 簡化字
 * Hokkien:, 簡化字
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Finnish: yksinkertaistetut kiinalaiset kirjoitusmerkit
 * French:, caractère chinois simplifié, sinogramme simplifié
 * Galician: caracteres simplificados
 * German: Kurzzeichen
 * Irish: carachtar simplithe
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean: 간체자(簡體字), 간화자(簡化字), 간결체 한자
 * Russian: упрощённый иеро́глиф, цзяньти́цзы
 * Vietnamese: giản thể tự (簡體字), trung văn giản thể, giản hóa từ (簡化字)

title: Simplified Chinese