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Wiktionary:Criteria for inclusion

As an international dictionary, Wiktionary is intended to include “all words in all languages”, subject to the following criteria.

General rule
A term should be included if it's likely that someone would it and want to know what it means. This in turn leads to the somewhat more formal guideline of including a term if it is attested and, when that is met, if it is a single word or it is idiomatic.

Terms
A term need not be limited to a single word in the usual sense. Any of these are also acceptable:
 * Compounds and multiple-word terms such as.
 * Idioms such as and.
 * Proverbs.
 * Abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms such as.
 * Prefixes and suffixes such as and.
 * Characters used in ideographic or phonetic writing such as or.

Attestation
“Attested” means verified through
 * 1) clearly widespread use, or
 * 2) use in durably archived media, conveying meaning, in at least three independent instances spanning at least a year (different requirements apply for certain languages).

Durably archived
Where possible, it is better to cite sources that are likely to remain easily accessible over time, so that someone referring to Wiktionary years from now is likely to be able to find the original source. The use of such sources to show that a term meets the minimum attestation requirements will be expected if the entry is challenged at requests for verification. We do not quote other Wikimedia sites (such as Wikipedia), but we may use quotations found on them (such as quotations from books available on Wikisource).
 * Print media such as books and magazines are a durably archived source of attestation, particularly if their contents are indexed online. When citing a quotation from a book, please include the ISBN if possible.
 * Usenet messages posted on or before 21 February 2024 are durably archived by Google.
 * Other online-only sources may also contribute towards attestation requirements if editors come to a consensus through a discussion lasting at least two weeks. When citing an online-only source, please include an archive URL to a Web archiving service such as the Internet Archive.
 * Other recorded media such as audio and video are also acceptable, provided they are of verifiable origin and are durably archived.

Conveying meaning
This filters out appearance in raw word lists, commentary on the form of a word, such as “The word ‘foo’ has three letters,” lone definitions, and made-up examples of how a word might be used. For example, an appearance in someone’s online dictionary is suggestive, but it does not show the word actually used to convey meaning. On the other hand, a sentence like “They raised the jib (a small sail forward of the mainsail) in order to get the most out of the light wind,” appearing in an account of a sailboat race, would be fine. It happens to contain a definition, but the word is also used for its meaning.

Number of citations
For languages well documented on the Internet, three citations in which a term is used is the minimum number for inclusion in Wiktionary. For terms in extinct languages, one use in a contemporaneous source is the minimum, or one mention is adequate subject to the below requirements. For all other spoken languages that are living, only one use or mention is adequate, subject to the following requirements:

 * the community of editors for that language should maintain a list of materials deemed appropriate as the only sources for entries based on a single mention,
 * each entry should have its source(s) listed on the entry or citation page, and
 * a box explaining that a low number of citations were used should be included on the entry page (such as by using the template).

Independent
This serves to prevent double-counting of usages that are not truly distinct. Roughly speaking, we generally consider two uses of a term to be "independent" if they are in different sentences by different people, and to be non-independent if:

 * one is a verbatim or near-verbatim quotation of the other; or
 * both are verbatim or near-verbatim quotations or translations of a single original source; or
 * both are by the same author.

If two or more usages are not independent of each other, then only one of them can be used for purposes of attestation.

Spanning at least a year
This is meant to filter out words that may appear and see brief use, but then never be used again. The one-year threshold is somewhat arbitrary, but appears to work well in practice.

To allow Wiktionary to cover new coinages and emerging vocabulary, "hot words" (words for which all identified durably archived sources have been published within the last two years) are exempt from the "spanning at least a year" criterion. For example, a word which first appeared in a book published on 1 July is not subject to the "spanning at least a year" criterion before 1 July, but this "hot word" must still satisfy all other criteria for inclusion and may be challenged under those criteria at any time.

Derogatory terms
If a term is derogatory to an individual, group of persons, or geographical location, it must meet the usual attestation requirements within: Otherwise, it may be speedily deleted after that period.
 * two weeks of the term being created, or if this period has passed,
 * two weeks of the term being nominated for deletion or verification.

A term is considered derogatory if it is apparently intended to:
 * denigrate a named individual in any way; or
 * denigrate an unnamed person, group of persons, or geographical location on the basis of ancestry, ethnicity, gender or sex, religion, or sexual orientation, or with the use of a demeaning or obscene term.

The speedy deletion of a term is without prejudice to its re-creation if the attestation requirements can be satisfied as described above.

Idiomaticity
An expression is idiomatic if its full meaning cannot be easily derived from the meaning of its separate components. Non-idiomatic expressions are called sum-of-parts (SOP).

For example, this is a door is not idiomatic, but and  are.

This criterion is sometimes referred to as the fried egg test, as a fried egg generally means an egg (and generally a chicken egg or similar) fried in a particular way. It generally doesn't denote a scrambled egg, which may nonetheless be cooked by frying.

See Idioms that survived RFD for other examples. However, many idioms are clearly idiomatic, for example. These tests are invoked only in discussion of unclear cases.

Phrasebook entries are very common expressions that are considered useful to non-native speakers. Although these are included as entries in the dictionary (in the main namespace), they are not usually considered in these terms. For instance, is clearly a summation of its parts.

Unidiomatic terms made up of multiple words are included if they are significantly more common than single-word spellings that meet criteria for inclusion; for example, meets criteria for inclusion, so its more common form  is also included.

An attested integer word (such as or ) or a decimal numeral (sequence of 0, ..., 9 digits) that is ≥ 0 and ≤ 100 should be kept even if it is not idiomatic. In sequences of digits such as 125, the digits are considered to be separate components for the purpose of idiomaticity, and therefore, the sequences are often not idiomatic.

In rare cases, a phrase that is arguably unidiomatic may be included by the consensus of the community, based on the determination of editors that inclusion of the term is likely to be useful to readers.

Idiomaticity rules apply to hyphenated compounds in the same way as to spaced phrases. For example, wine-lover, green-haired, harsh-sounding and ex-teacher are all excluded as they mean no more than the sum of their parts, while green-fingered and good-looking are included as idiomatic. The definition of a hyphenated compound merely as an attributive form of the corresponding spaced phrase is not eligible for inclusion. For example a definition of periodic-table as "attributive form of periodic table" is ineligible.

Descendant hubs
Attested terms that would otherwise fail the criteria of inclusion may still be included if they contain at least two inclusion-worthy descendants.

Translation hubs
A translation hub (translation target) is a common English multi-word term or collocation that is useful for hosting translations. Some attested translation hubs should be included despite being non-idiomatic and some excluded, but there is no agreement on precise, all-encompassing rules for deciding which are which. Therefore, the following criteria for inclusion of attested non-idiomatic translation hubs are tentative:
 * The attested English term has to be common; rare terms don't qualify.
 * A translation does not qualify to support the English term if it is:
 * a closed compound that is a word-for-word translation of the English term: German does not qualify to support the English "car key"; or
 * a multi-word phrase that is a word-for-word translation of the English term; or
 * a diminutive: Spanish does not qualify to support the English "small rocking chair"; or
 * an augmentative: Portuguese does not qualify to support the English "good friend"; or
 * a comparative or a superlative; or
 * a phrase in a language that does not use spaces to separate words.
 * At the very least, two qualifying translations must support the English term. Editor judgment can require a higher number, on a case-by-case basis.
 * The existence of a rare single-word English synonym of the considered English term does not disqualify the considered English term: the existence of, which is rare, does not disqualify.

Numbers, numerals, and ordinals
Numbers, numerals, and ordinals over 100 that are not single words or are sequences of digits should not be included in the dictionary, unless the number, numeral, or ordinal in question has a separate idiomatic sense that meets the CFI.

Spellings
All attested spellings except for some misspellings (see below for more) should be included on Wiktionary. There is no simple hard and fast rule, particularly in English, for determining which category (correct spellings, misspellings, variant spellings) a specific spelling belongs to. Published dictionaries, grammars, style guides, and statistics can be useful guides in this regard but they are not necessarily binding.

Misspellings
Only common misspellings should be included. For example, with one r is a common misspelling of. This also applies to intentional misspellings.

Typos are words whose spelling comes about by an accident of typing or type-setting, without the intention of the writer. Typos should not be included, not even if they are relatively frequent. When a misspelling only differs from a correct spelling by one character, especially if the alternate characters are adjacent on the keyboard layout that the writer has likely used, this is a good indication that the misspelling may be a typo. Typos can often also be recognized as such by the fact that the term also occurs in the correct spelling in the same work. Conversely, when an author consistently uses a misspelled form, it is a sign that the misspelling is not merely a typo.

Variant spellings
Regional or historical variations are not misspellings. For example, in English, there are well-known, such as (US) versus  (UK). Both should be included. And, now archaic, was once the most common way to spell. A spelling considered incorrect in one region may not occur at all in another, and may even dominate in yet another.

Combining characters
Combining characters (like the ́|combining acute accent) should exist as main-namespace redirects to their non-combining forms (like the ´|plain acute accent) if the latter exist.

Inflections
The entries for such inflected forms as, , , and should indicate what form they are, and link to the main entry for the word (, , , or , respectively, for the preceding examples). Except with multi-word idioms, they should not merely redirect.

At entries for inflected forms with idiomatic senses, such as and, predictable meanings should be distinguished from idiomatic ones.

Repetitions
Attested repetitive words formed by repeating letters or syllables in other attested words for emphasis, and having no other meaning in any language shall be treated as follows:
 * 1) Each attested repetitive form that has no more than three repetitions shall have an entry.
 * 2) Each attested repetitive form that has more than three repetitions shall be hard-redirected to the entry having three repetitions. The three-repetition entry shall have a usage note indicating that additional instances of the letter or syllable may be added for the purely literary effect of indicating emphasis.

An example of repeated letters is the repeated "e" in "pleeease" and "pleeeeeease" compared to "please".

An example of repeated syllables is the repeated "ha" in "hahahahaha" compared to "hahaha".

As for repetition counting: "hahaha" is considered to have three repetitions, while "haha" has two repetitions.

To hard-redirect is to use "#REDIRECT", which immediately takes the reader to the target page.

The above treatment may be overriden by consensus, for example where a variation having four repetitions is more common, or where an additional repetition would cause the word to shift to a different pronunciation or intonation.

Idiomatic phrases
Many phrases take several forms. It is not necessary to include every conceivable variant. When present, minor variants should simply redirect to the main entry. For the main entry, prefer the most generic form, based on the following principles:

Pronouns
Prefer the generic personal pronoun one (one's) when an action is usually reflexive, and someone (someone's) when an action is usually not reflexive. Thus, (preferable to feel his oats),. Use of other personal pronouns, especially in the singular, should be avoided except where they are essential to the meaning.

Articles
Omit an initial article unless it makes a difference in the meaning. For example, our entry is named instead of. However, exists as a separate entry from.

Verbs
Use the infinitive form of the verb (but without “to”) for the principal verb of a verbal phrase. Thus for the saying It’s raining cats and dogs, or It was raining cats and dogs, or I think it’s going to rain cats and dogs any minute now, or It’s rained cats and dogs for the last week solid the entry should be (and is) under. The other variants are derived by the usual rules of grammar (including the use of it with weather terms and other impersonal verbs).

Proverbs
A proverb entry's title begins with a lowercase letter, whether it is a full sentence or not. The first word may still be capitalized on its own:

Natural languages
All natural languages are acceptable. However, it is important to note that the question of whether a proposed language is considered a living language or a dialect of or alternate name for another language is inherently subjective in some cases, and either designation may have political overtones.

Sign languages
Terms in signed languages are acceptable as entries, and should be entered as described in the policy document About sign languages.

Constructed languages
Constructed languages have not developed naturally, but are the product of conscious effort in the fulfillment of some purpose.

All constructed languages are excluded from the main namespace except for Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Volapük.

Some individual terms from constructed languages have been adopted into other languages. These should be treated as terms in the adoptive language, and the origin noted in the etymology, regardless of whether the constructed language as a whole is included.

Other constructed languages should not be included as entries or translations in the main namespace, but may have lexicons in the Appendix namespace at the community's discretion. One use in a durably archived source is the minimum attestation required for an individual entry in an appendix-only constructed language.

Reconstructed languages
Terms in reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European do not meet the criteria for inclusion. They may be entered in the Reconstruction namespace, and are referred to from etymology sections.

Fictional universes
Terms originating in fictional universes which have three citations in separate works, but which do not have three citations which are independent of reference to that universe may be included only in appendices of words from that universe, and not in the main dictionary space. With respect to names of persons or places from fictional universes, they shall not be included unless they are used out of context in an attributive sense.

For purposes of defining a single work, a series of books, films, or television episodes by the same author, documenting the exploits of a common set of characters in a fictional universe (e.g. the Harry Potter books, Tolkien's Middle-earth books, the Star Wars films), shall be considered a single work in multiple parts.

 * The vote "pl-2010-10/Disallowing certain appendices" is relevant to this section, without specifying text to be amended in this document, so please see it for details.

Wiktionary is not an encyclopedia
Care should be taken so that entries do not become encyclopedic in nature; if this happens, such content should be moved to Wikipedia, but the dictionary entry itself should be kept.

Wiktionary articles are about words, not about people or places. Articles about the specific places and people belong in Wikipedia.

Sarcastic usage
The straightforward sarcastic use of irony, understatement and hyperbole does not usually qualify for inclusion. This means, for example, that should not be defined as “(ironic) small”, “(understatement) gigantic” or “(hyperbole) moderately large”. Common rhetorical use can be explained in a usage note, a context tag (such as (usually sarcastic)) or as part of the literal definition. Terms which are seldom or never used literally (e.g. ) are not covered by this rule, and can be included on their own merits.

Language-specific issues
Individual languages may have additional restrictions on inclusion. These will be mentioned on that language's About page. For instance, English entry guidelines notes that the community has voted to not allow most modern English possessives.

Chemical formulae
All chemical formulae are Translingual. To be included, chemical formulae must be attested in publications that (1) are not written for a scientific or technical audience; (2) don't make clear that they're formulae by e.g. explicitly discussing chemical formulae or by listing their component parts; and (3) do not otherwise explain the meaning of the formula. So, a textbook saying "AsH₃ is made up of an As and three H atoms" wouldn't support AsH₃, but a murder mystery saying "the air in his scuba tank had been replaced with CO2" could support.

Names
Names fall into several categories, including company names, the names of products, given names, family names, and the full names of specific people, places, and things. Wiktionary classifies all as proper nouns, but applies caveats to each.

Generic terms are common rather than proper nouns. For example: is used as a synonym for any sort of rifle, and  as a synonym for any sort of vacuum cleaner. (Both are also attested family name words, and are included on that basis as well, of course.) is used as generic term for a type of sandwich. One good rule of thumb as to whether a name has become a generic word is whether the word can be used without capitalization (as indeed was in the previous sentence).

Brand names
A brand name for a product or service should be included if it has entered the lexicon. Apart from genericized trademarks, this is measured objectively by the brand name’s use in at least three independent durably archived citations spanning a period of at least three years. The sources of these citations:

 * 1) must be independent of any parties with economic interest in the brand, including the manufacturer, distributors, retailers, marketers, and advertisers, their parent companies, subsidiaries, and affiliates, at time of authorship; and
 * 2) must not identify any such parties.

If the term has legal protection as a trademark, the original source must not indicate such. The sources also must not be written:
 * 1) by any person or group associated with the type of product or service;
 * 2) about any person or group specifically associated with the product or service; or
 * 3) about the type of product or service in general.

The text preceding and surrounding the citation must not identify the product or service to which the brand name applies, whether by stating explicitly or implicitly some feature or use of the product or service from which its type and purpose may be surmised, or some inherent quality that is necessary for an understanding of the author’s intent.

Given and family names
Given names (such as, , and ) and family names (such as , , , , and ) are words, and subject to the same criteria for inclusion as any other words. Wiktionary has main articles giving etymologies, alternative spellings, meanings, and translations for given names and family names, and has two appendices for indexing those articles: Appendix:Names, Appendix:Surnames/A.

For most given names and family names, it is relatively easy to demonstrate that the word fulfills the criteria, as for most given names and family names the name words are in widespread use in both spoken communication and literature. However, being a name per se does not automatically qualify a word for inclusion. A new name, that has not been attested, is still a protologism. A name that occurs only in the works of fiction of a single author, a television series or a video game, or within a closed context such as the works of several authors writing about a single fictional universe, is not used independently and should not be included.

Hypocoristics, diminutives, and abbreviations of names (such as, , , , and ) are held to the same standards as names.

Genealogical content
Wiktionary is not a genealogy database. Wiktionary articles on family names, for example, are not intended to be about the people who share the family name. They are about the name as a word. For example: Whilst will tell the reader that the word originated in Switzerland (as well as give its pronunciations and alternative spellings), it is not intended to include information about the ancestries of people who have the family name Yoder.

Names of specific entities
This section regulates the inclusion and exclusion of names of specific entities, that is, names of individual people, names of geographic features, names of celestial objects, names of mythological creatures, names and titles of various works, etc. Examples include, , , , , , and.

A name of a specific entity must not be included if it does not meet the attestation requirement. Among those that do meet that requirement, many should be excluded while some should be included, but there is no agreement on precise, all-encompassing rules for deciding which are which. However, policies exist for names of certain kinds of entities. In particular:

Place names are subject to the “Place names” section of this page.
 * No individual person should be listed as a sense in any entry whose page title includes both a given name or diminutive and a family name or patronymic. For instance, Walter Elias Disney, the film producer and voice of Mickey Mouse, is not allowed a definition line at Walt Disney.
 * Names of specific companies are subject to the “Company names” section of this page.
 * Names of fictional people and places are subject to the “Fictional universes” section of this page.

Such definitions as are included should be succinct rather than encyclopedic.

Company names
Being a company name does not guarantee inclusion. To be included, the use of the company name other than its use as a trademark (i.e., a use as a common word or family name) has to be attested.

Place names
The following place names shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements:

 * Land masses: continents, islands, archipelagos, etc.
 * Bodies of water: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, etc.
 * Geological landforms and regions: mountains, hills, deserts, tectonic plates, etc.
 * Biomes that constitute geographical regions: forests, coral reefs, etc.
 * Cultural and geographical regions and dividing lines
 * Countries and their administrative divisions: states, provinces, counties, etc.
 * Human settlements: cities, towns, villages, etc.
 * Districts and neighborhoods of cities and towns

All place names not listed above shall be included if they have three citations of figurative use that fulfill attestation requirements. Most manmade structures, including buildings, airports, ports, bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, individual roads and streets, as well as gardens, parks, and beaches may only be attested through figurative use. Figurative use refers to figurative language (e.g., simile, metaphor, metonymy) that makes reference to one or more of the place's characteristics. In the case of simile and metaphor, the definition should note the place's relevant characteristics.

The figurative use requirement for place names not listed above does not apply to limited documentation languages. All place names in these languages shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements.

Celestial objects
The following names of celestial objects shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements:

 * Constellations and asterisms
 * Proper names of stars, galaxies, quasars, nebulae, and black holes
 * Proper names of planets, minor planets, and moons (excluding associated numbers)
 * Clouds, belts, clusters, voids, and other named regions of space
 * Meteor showers

All systematic names of celestial objects, as well as celestial objects not listed above (including comets and manmade objects in space) shall be included if they have three citations of figurative use that fulfill attestation requirements, in the same manner as place names above. Geographic features on celestial objects are covered by the policy on place names.

The figurative use requirement for celestial objects not listed above does not apply to limited documentation languages. All names of celestial objects in these languages shall be included if they fulfill attestation requirements.

Attestation vs. the slippery slope
There is occasionally concern that adding an entry for a particular term will lead to entries for a large number of similar terms. This is not a problem, as each term is considered on its own based on its usage, not on the usage of terms similar in form.

title: Wiktionary:Criteria for inclusion


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Wiktionary:Quotations

Quotations, also called citations, are records of a term's use that serve two purposes: they provide evidence that a term or sense exists (as required by our attestation criteria), and they provide examples of how it is used as part of a language (what it has, etc.).

Quotations may be placed in entries or in the  namespace. In general, a few good and illustrative quotations should go directly in the entry, while other quotations (if there are very many) can go in the  namespace to avoid cluttering the entry. For example, a few quotations of are available in that entry, and more are available at Citations:parrot.

Choosing quotations
Ideally, quotations should:

 * 1) Illustrate a term’s meaning by surrounding context, but without being too long — quotations where that term is the “star” of the sentence serve the reader better than lengthy passages which have the term incidentally buried in them;
 * 2) Extend the time range that we have quotations for, or fill long time gaps;
 * 3) Show the variety of contexts that a term is used in; and
 * 4) Show the variety of genres, regions, and registers that a term is used in.

In practice, it’s usually a lot of effort to meet all these goals at once.

All quotations should be from works written in the language of the term in question, followed by an English translation when appropriate. If a term is known to have been coined in a specific work in another language, that information should go in the etymology section rather than the quotations section.

In general, editors should add quotations that count toward the attestation requirement for inclusion, such as ones from dateable printed sources. Printed works which have been digitized and hosted on sites like Google Books, indexes of periodicals, and Wikisource are particularly valuable. is also a valuable source of quotations. In general, the earliest quotation that can be reliably dated should be included whether or not it counts toward attestation requirements.

For more information on good sources for quotations, see Quotations/Resources.

Using quotation templates
Wiktionary has a number of general purpose quotation templates which can be used to create citations from various forms of media, such as books, videos, and journals. How to use, one of the most common of these templates, is explained below. In general, a guide to how to use a quotation template, or any other template, can be found in the documentation that appears on the template's page. For example, the page for is located at Template:quote-book. A index of quotations templates can be found below.

Manually formatting quotations
Though templatized quotations are preferred, quotations can be manually formatted using code like that below: #*: First quotation of  word . #*:: Translation [if applicable] #*:  Words  of second quotation. #: etc. Important notes include:
 * 1) First definition.
 * 2) *  Year , Author,  Source title  , Publisher, pages #–#:
 * 1) *  Year , Author (indicate as translator or editor if not original author),  Source title  , Publisher (and date of later edition), page #:
 * 1) Second definition.
 * 1) When quoting a short poem, article or other short work, double quotation marks are used to enclose titles  instead of italicization by two apostrophes.
 * 2) Typefaces should be as indicated. The year is always in bold, the title of the work in italics or, for shorter works, quotation marks.
 * 3) The illustration shows the marks that will ensure proper indentation.
 * 4) No blank lines are included within these entries. Blank lines in a numbered list will restart the numbering.
 * 5) In the quotation itself, the word being illustrated should be in bold.
 * 6) If applicable, provide a link to Wikipedia (format:   or Elizabeth Smart (Canadian author)) for the author and a link to Wikisource (format:  ) for the work. Make sure the links point to the relevant pages on the other projects.
 * 7) The year should be that of the earliest edition known to use the word. Where feasible, the page number should be taken from the first edition, but if a later edition is used (e.g. paperback version, or digitised by Google Books), then the publication date should be added in parentheses after the publisher’s name. In these cases, publication details should reflect the work actually cited: do not give the name, location etc. of the publisher of the first edition if you are not citing it directly.
 * 8) Printing location, publisher, and publication year should be given, but not other details like street addresses or connecting prose such as "printed for".
 * 9) The date of the cited edition should be specified (if different from the date of writing/first publication), but not further descriptive details such as that it is a "newly enlarged and corrected edition" etc.
 * 10) If the quotation can be read online, the page number can be linked to the online source. Links within the entry can always be provided with ISBN numbers.
 * 11) Generally, the quoted text itself should not contain links but they may be useful when quotes contain uncommon words or when the quoted text was originally linked. A 2010 discussion Links in the body of quoted text on the subject did not reach any conclusion about this.

Quotation gadgets
A gadget called Quiet Quentin allows users to search for quotations, allows users to select quotations of interest, and then automatically formats the information about the quotations using Wiktionary's templates.

Another pair of gadgets allow users to generate properly formatted quotations straight from the search pages of Google Books and. You can learn more about how these gadgets work and how to manually install them at this 2022 Grease Pit discussion.

Placing quotations
Quotations should always be ordered from earliest to the most recent.

Between definitions
The following is what the basic layout for quotations between definitions renders as:

 * 1) First definition.
 * 2) * Year, Author, Source title, Publisher, pages #–#:
 * First quotation of word.
 * Translation [if applicable]
 * 1) * Year, Author (indicate as translator or editor if not original author), Source title, Publisher (and date of later edition), page #:
 * Words of second quotation.
 * 1) Second definition.
 * etc.

An example, taken from :

 * 1)  A large knife.
 * 2) * 1883, Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island, page 139:
 * With that I made my mind up, took out my gully, opened it with my teeth, and cut one strand after another

Quotations from Usenet should be formatted as in the entry rainburn:

 * 1)  A notional burn on the skin caused by excess exposure to heavy rain.
 * 2) * 1991 June 13, “Mark Grundy” (username), “Plot Seeds/Story: Undead of Purditory”, in rec.games.frp, Usenet:
 * It started with neck and upper body sores that looked a bit like rainburn - but usually they had only two or three of them.

Linking to citations pages
Main entries can use or  under a given sense, or under a level four “Quotations” header, to link to citations pages.

Citations pages
Each citations page should begin with the template, which will create a clear link back to the main entry. The first parameter of this template is the language code, for example, for English. If a citations page is to contain citations from multiple languages, each language section should begin with its own template.

When citations are grouped by part of speech and definition on a citations page, each definition should begin with a gloss formatted as a level three header. Such a gloss should be short while providing enough information to indicate to readers which sense a citation is for. The gloss heading can also optionally be followed by a usage, followed by the citations. An example of this can be found at Citations:parrot.

Naming citations pages
Inflected forms and alternative spellings can be cited as such, especially if their existence is in doubt, but it may be useful to gather their citations on the page for the lemma, also known as the “dictionary form”. To this end, template can take multiple parameters to list all of the words which are being cited on a given citations page (see e.g. Citations:moose-misse), and other citation pages (e.g. Citations:moose-miss) can contain hard or soft redirects to that primary page.

Quotations headers
Longer lists of quotations may find a more appropriate place in a separate section, as they would hamper readability for people only interested in the definitions. Also, some quotations may use terms in ambiguous ways, such that it is not practical to sort them under a single definition-line.

The appropriate section title is “Quotations”, a level four heading. Please place the section under the relevant part of speech. Avoid commingling quotations for different parts of speech.

The format is largely the same: ====Quotations==== etc.
 * '''Year''', Author, ''Work title'', Publisher, page #:
 * First quotation of '''word'''.
 * Translation [if applicable]
 * '''Year''', Author, ''Work title'', Publisher (publication date for later edition), page #:
 * '''Words''' of second quotation.

Index to quotation templates
The following is a table of generic quotation:

Various templates are used to facilitate adding quotations from oft-cited authors. See /Templates for a list of these. If you cannot find what you need there, you may be able to find it in Category:English quotation templates.

There are also author-specific quotation templates, which begin with the prefix RQ:. This allows editors to avoid typing the same information hundreds of times and has the bonus that we can easily find, for example, all quotations from Romeo and Juliet. An incomplete list with details can be found at Quotations/Templates. A complete list can be found [ here].

Dates
The date corresponds with original authorship, the time that the citation was put into the exact words quoted. Usually this will be given as the first year of publication. For a work published posthumously, the date is ante the year of the author's death. Preferably the work is a first edition, but otherwise the date of the edition should be placed in the edition section. In contrast, for quotations of translated works, where the translator is noted before the author, the year of translation is stated first. This is true even for borrowed or transliterated terms.

Abbreviations
Abbreviations should be avoided unless their usage is almost universal. Common abbreviations in quotations include c. (c.) for approximate dates, a. (a.) for known latest possible dates, p. (p.) for known earliest possible dates, et al. to avoid lists of coauthors, and abbreviations for locations such as unitalicized p. for page or l. for line number.

Debated authorship
If there is mainstream debate about who wrote a work, indicate this by listing all possible authors, or by listing the most likely author(s) and placing (uncertain) after their name(s). (As an example, there is mainstream debate about who wrote the Funeral Elegy; the debate over who wrote Romeo and Juliet is not mainstream and Shakespeare’s works can be attributed to him without qualification.)

Spelling and typography
Generally, the original spelling of the word or phrase should be kept in the citation. In practice, however, this doesn't always happen.

Spelling
Reproducing the spelling is important as some variations in spelling can drastically affect the meaning; for example, breath and breathe are different words. Because Wiktionary has separate entries for different spellings of the same word (such as hajduk and hayduck), it is vital that the spelling of the word being defined is reproduced.

Diacritics
The presence or absence of diacritics, and which diacritic(s) are used is important to copy accurately. The presence or absence of a diacritic ranges from a matter of stylistic choice which doesn’t affect the meaning at all, through shades of meaning, to being completely different words. For example:

 * English and, are identical in meaning and connotations.
 * In British English a is usually a higher-class establishment than a.
 * In English the noun is a different word from the verb.

Where a diacritic cannot be represented by Unicode characters, the nearest representation that can be shown should be used. If there is a standard convention for the language and/or character in question then this should be followed.

Ligatures and archaic letters
When rendering modern English texts with ligatures and archaic letters, as a rule of thumb reproduce the following if they appear in the source text:

For other characters, reproduce them only if you think they affect the meaning. Otherwise, substitute appropriate modern characters.

For other languages, the importance of reproducing ligatures and other characters not used in modern English or the modern character set of that language varies. If you are uncertain, ask others their opinion in the Tea Room or on the talk page of the “About” page for that language (e.g. Wiktionary talk:About Greek).

You may find a citation at, for instance, think that was spelt thinke in the original work. There is currently no widespread consensus about what is preferred on Wiktionary, but according to a vote in September 2020, words spelled with a wynn (ƿ or Ƿ) in Old English are excluded as entries, even if they were originally spelled that way (quotations may still include the wynn). A similar case is with the long s (ſ), although no formal vote has been carried out as of January 2023.

Punctuation and spacing
Generally it is important to reproduce the punctuation of the source accurately, as this can greatly impact the meaning. (Compare “Eats shoots and leaves” with “Eats, shoots, and leaves”.)

The number and width of spaces between words or sentences does not normally alter the meaning at all, and so we typically use only a single ASCII space when reproducing spaces on Wiktionary.

Some older works include a (narrow) space before punctuation marks such as colons and semicolons or between dots of an ellipsis. There is no policy on whether to include these or not, and so it is the individual editor’s choice. If a space is included, it should be a standard width non-breaking space, as in the example below: For some reason, old books sometimes have a space before a semicolon&nbsp;; like this

Line breaks
The importance of line breaks to the meaning of the text is dependent on the type of work. Where it is important to reproduce them, an HTML line break can be used by writing, or the “¶” or “/” characters can be used.

 * The tracks averse a lying notice gave, And led the searcher backward from the cave.
 * The tracks averse a lying notice gave, And led the searcher backward from the cave.

 * 1671, John Milton, Paradise Regained:
 * / Should kings and nations from thy mouth consult, / Thy counsel would be as the oracle / Urim and Thummim, those oraculous gems / On Aaron’s breast, or tongue of Seers old / —

 * 1995, Joe Simpson, This Game of Ghosts, The Mountaineers Books, ISBN 0898864607:
 * As Mark came out of the bathroom, I remembered my underpants. ¶ ‘Hey Mark, have you got my shreddies?’

Prose
The line breaks in the body text of a work of prose are almost always inconsequential to the meaning of the words. This is because they would occur in different places if the work were printed on different sized paper, in a different text size or in a different typeface. For this reason it is not usually important to render line breaks.

Where explicit line breaks are used in prose, for example to distinguish different speakers in a conversation, they should be reproduced.

Poetry
In a poem, the line breaks are often an important part of the work. For example the verse structure, rhyming, and/or syllable patterns are often dependent on the line breaks. Normally therefore it is appropriate to reproduce all the line breaks in a poetic work. However where a long work has very long verses (for example epic poems) it will often be important just to denote the breaks of verses (although it would be unusual to require more than part of one verse of such a work for citation purposes). Which of these applies to the work is a judgement call for individual editors.

Headlines and titles
In all works, the headlines and sub-headlines of works are often chosen with a view to them fitting in the space available, and choosing where to break a line can have an impact on the importance placed upon certain words. It is a judgement call for the individual editor whether this was the case for the (sub-)headline in question, but where it was then it should be reproduced.

Hyphenation
Where a work uses hyphenation for words split across lines, these should normally only be reproduced where the line breaks are explicit (for example some words are purposefully split for rhymes or poetic meter).

The only exception to this is where the word being defined is hyphenated in this manner. In this case it should not be reproduced, but it should be noted in a HTML comment that the word was split across lines in the original. Where the word has alternate hyphenated and non-hyphenated spellings, where possible it is almost always best to cite from works where the word is not hyphenated for a line-break.

Stylized text
If a word or phrase appears boldfaced in the original text, then do not replicate the styling since boldface is used to highlight only the headword. Leave an HTML comment indicating the original styling, even if only the headword is boldfaced in the original. See also, which can be used instead to highlight a boldfaced term in the original.

If emphasis is needed, also note any substituted styling, for instance:

If a word or phrase appears italicized in the original text, then replicate that styling. If the entire quotation must be italicized, leave a comment indicated that this is the correct intent. Other stylized text may be replicated or noted as best as possible.

Typography
Generally you should reproduce most typography as it is in the source, although this is less important than for the spelling and punctuation.

As a rule of thumb, the style of quotation marks and apostrophes (straight " or curly “) used in the original should always be used on Wiktionary, as should hyphens and dashes (-- vs —), and any other typography that has an impact on the meaning of the words.

Where it is not possible or not easy to reproduce the typography using standard Unicode characters or simple HTML formatting, do not attempt to do so using other methods. If it is important to the meaning, then you should note in a comment how it is formatted in the original.

Adding translations to quotations
You can help Wiktionary by adding English translations to quotations in languages other than English.

To do so, edit the page, and identify where the quotation is located in the page's wikitext source. It may be set out like this:
 * 1) * 1845-58, Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos. Dritter Band - Kapitel 12
 * Die größte Anhäufung von Nebelflecken des ganzen Firmaments findet sich in der nördlichen Hemisphäre.

In this situation, add a line below the foreign-language text beginning with  as in the following example: #*: Die größte Anhäufung von Nebelflecken des ganzen Firmaments findet sich in der nördlichen Hemisphäre. #*:: The largest accumulation''' of nebulae in the entire sky is found in the northern hemisphere. '''
 * 1) * 1845-58, Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos. Dritter Band - Kapitel 12

Alternatively, the quotation may employ a quote template, like quote-book, quote-journal or an  template:

Here, add a parameter  before the closing  : #*

Copyright
Citation sentences should not be added to Wiktionary in a way that violates the copyright of the work from which they were taken. Generally, citation sentences taken from works under copyright protection will represent a very small portion of the work from which they are taken. It is likely that any individual citation sentence will either be a de minimis portion of the work (so small that copyright does not even apply to it), or will constitute a clear fair use of that portion of the work. It is still possible for citation sentences to infringe the copyright in a work if the citation sentence is very long and the work is very short (for example, an essay of a few pages), or if multiple citation sentences are taken from the same work.

Works that are already in the public domain are not subject to copyright protection, and can be used as sources for an unlimited number of citation sentences. Such works include:
 * 1) All works published in the United States before 1927.
 * 2) All documents produced by the U.S. government, including reports produced by federal agencies and opinions rendered by federal courts. (Works by state and local governments are usually not in the public domain.)
 * 3) All works created by a UK public body with Crown Status and commercially published before 1967.
 * 4) Any work that any private author has deliberately released into the public domain.

If there is any question as to whether the use of a citation sentence from a work under copyright will constitute a fair use of that work, then it is advisable to look for a citation sentence from a public domain source as an alternative.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wiktionary:Quotations


text:
lexicography

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  The art or craft of compiling, writing, and editing dictionaries.
 * 2)  The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.
 * 3)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.
 * 2)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.
 * 2)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  The scholarly discipline of analysing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries.
 * 2)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.
 * 1)  A dictionary, a lexicon, a wordbook.

Translations

 * Armenian:
 * Asturian: lexicografía
 * Azerbaijani: lüğətçilik
 * Belarusian: лексікагра́фія
 * Bulgarian: лексикогра́фия
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 詞典學
 * Mandarin:, , 詞典編輯
 * Czech:, slovníkářství
 * Danish: leksikografi
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: leksikografio
 * Estonian: leksikograafia
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek: ,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic: orðabókargerð, orðabókagerð
 * Ido:
 * Interlingua: lexicographia
 * Irish: foclóireacht
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 辞書編集, 辞書学
 * Kazakh: лексикография, сөздікжасам
 * Khmer:
 * Korean:
 * Kyrgyz: лексикография
 * Latin: lexica condere
 * Latvian: leksikogrāfija
 * Lithuanian: leksikografija
 * Macedonian: лексикогра́фија, речни́карство
 * Malay: perkamusan,
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian: فرهنگ‌نویسی
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi: ਕੋਸ਼ਕਾਰੀ
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: faclaireachd
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: лексикогра̀фија
 * Roman:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: leksikografia
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: leksikograpiya
 * Tamil:
 * Turkish:, ,
 * Ukrainian: лексикогра́фія, словника́рство
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese: (詞典學)
 * Welsh: geiriadureg, geiriaduraeth

 * Bulgarian: лексикогра́фия
 * Icelandic: orðabókafræði, orðabókarfræði
 * Macedonian: лексикогра́фија
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: лексикогра̀фија
 * Roman:
 * Swedish:

title: lexicography


text:
antonym

Etymology
From (1840s and 1850s), which was modeled on earlier  and influenced by the etymons of ; credit for popularization of the French loanword's naturalization into English is given principally to Charles John Smith and his 1867 book ''Synonyms and Antonyms: Or, Kindred Words and Their Opposites. Collected and Contrasted.''.

Noun

 * 1)  A word which has the opposite meaning of another word.
 * 2) A word that describes one end of a scale, while its opposite describes the other end, such as large versus small; a.
 * 1) A word that describes one end of a scale, while its opposite describes the other end, such as large versus small; a.
 * 1) A word that describes one end of a scale, while its opposite describes the other end, such as large versus small; a.
 * 1) A word that describes one end of a scale, while its opposite describes the other end, such as large versus small; a.
 * 1) A word that describes one end of a scale, while its opposite describes the other end, such as large versus small; a.

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic:, نَقِيض
 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: анто́нім
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Esperanto: antonimo, mal-vorto
 * Estonian: antonüüm
 * Faroese: andheiti
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, , , Gegenbegriff
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: विपर्याय, विपरीतार्थी शब्द,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic:, andrætt orð
 * Indonesian: lawan kata,
 * Interlingua: antonymo
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:, 反意語,
 * Khmer: ន័យផ្ទុយ
 * Korean:, ,
 * Latin: antonymum
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: антоним
 * Malayalam:
 * Maori: kupu tauaro, kupu taitua, taitua
 * Marathi: विरुद्धार्थी शब्द
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: frith-fhacal
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: антоним
 * Roman:, nasuprotnica, odveznica
 * Sicilian: ,
 * Slovak: antonymum
 * Slovene: ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: kasalungat
 * Tamil:
 * Telugu:
 * Thai: คำตรงกันข้าม
 * Turkish: karşıtanlamlı, antonim
 * Ukrainian:
 * Vietnamese: từ trái nghĩa (詞賴義)
 * Welsh:

Adjective

 * 1) antonymous

Etymology
From, from +.

Etymology
From, from +.

Adjective

 * 1) antonymous

title: antonym


text:
connotation

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from + ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  A meaning of a word or phrase that is suggested or implied, as opposed to a denotation, or literal meaning. A characteristic of words or phrases, or of the contexts that words and phrases are used in.
 * 2)  The attribute or aggregate of attributes connoted by a term, contrasted with.
 * 1)  The attribute or aggregate of attributes connoted by a term, contrasted with.
 * 1)  The attribute or aggregate of attributes connoted by a term, contrasted with.

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian: հարանշանակություն, լրացուցիչ իմաստ
 * Asturian: connotación
 * Bulgarian:, допълнително значение
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Czech: konotace
 * Danish:, medbetydning, bibetydning
 * Dutch:, , , ,
 * Esperanto: kromsignifo
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:, , ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: fochiall
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: коннотация
 * Khmer:
 * Korean:
 * Malay: konotasi
 * Maltese: konnotazzjoni
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: konnotasjon
 * Occitan: connotacion
 * Polish: konotacja,
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, , созначе́ние
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Thai:
 * Turkish: tâlî mânâ, yan anlam
 * Ukrainian:
 * Vietnamese:

Etymology
, from, from +. .

title: connotation


text:
denotation

Etymology
From, from + , from  + ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) The act of denoting, or something (such as a symbol) that denotes
 * 2)  The primary, surface, literal, or explicit meaning of a signifier such as a word, phrase, or symbol; that which a word denotes, as contrasted with its connotation; the aggregate or set of objects of which a word may be predicated.
 * The denotations of the two expressions "the morning star" and "the evening star" are the same (i.e. both expressions denote the planet Venus), but their connotations are different.
 * 1)  The intension and extension of a word
 * 2)  Something signified or referred to; a particular meaning of a symbol
 * 3)  Any mathematical object which describes the meanings of expressions from the languages, formalized in the theory of denotational semantics
 * 4)  A first level of analysis: what the audience can visually see on a page. Denotation often refers to something literal, and avoids being a metaphor.
 * 1)  A first level of analysis: what the audience can visually see on a page. Denotation often refers to something literal, and avoids being a metaphor.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: означаване
 * Catalan: denotació
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: ;
 * Hungarian:
 * Ingrian: merkitsömiin
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * Bulgarian: главно значение
 * Catalan: denotació
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: perusmerkitys,
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch:, ,
 * Finnish:
 * Hungarian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

title: denotation


text:
synonym

Etymology
From, from , from , neuter singular form of , from +. .

Noun

 * 1)  A word or term whose meaning is the same as that of another.
 * 2)  A word or phrase with a meaning that is the same as, or very similar to, another word or phrase.
 * 3)   Any of the formal names for a taxon, including the valid name (i.e. the senior synonym).
 * 4)  Any name for a taxon, usually a validly published, formally accepted one, but often also an unpublished name.
 * 5)  An alternative (often shorter) name defined for an object in a database.
 * 1)   Any of the formal names for a taxon, including the valid name (i.e. the senior synonym).
 * 2)  Any name for a taxon, usually a validly published, formally accepted one, but often also an unpublished name.
 * 3)  An alternative (often shorter) name defined for an object in a database.
 * 1)  Any name for a taxon, usually a validly published, formally accepted one, but often also an unpublished name.
 * 2)  An alternative (often shorter) name defined for an object in a database.
 * 1)  An alternative (often shorter) name defined for an object in a database.

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic:
 * Aramaic:
 * Classical Syriac: ܢܦܝܩ ܫܡܐ
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian:
 * Azerbaijani: sinonim
 * Belarusian:
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, evenwoord
 * Esperanto: sinonimo
 * Estonian: sünonüüm
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, Synonymum, Gleichwort, bedeutungsgleiches Wort
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: συνώνυμον
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:, पर्यायवाची, समानार्थी शब्द
 * Hungarian:, rokon értelmű szó
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: comhchiallach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Kazakh: синоним
 * Khmer: ,
 * Korean: 같은말 same (oral), similar (oral),  same (written),  similar (written)
 * Lao: ໄວພົດ
 * Latin:
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: синони́м
 * Malay:, , muradif
 * Malayalam:
 * Maori: kupu taurite
 * Marathi: समानार्थी शब्द
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, liketyding
 * Nynorsk: ,
 * Persian: هم‌معنی,
 * Polish:, bliskoznacznik
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: истозначница, сино̀нӣм
 * Roman: ,
 * Sicilian:
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene: ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: ,
 * Swedish:, liktyding
 * Tagalog: singkahulugan, kasing-kahulugan
 * Telugu:
 * Thai: ,
 * Tibetan:
 * Turkish:, ,
 * Ukrainian:
 * Uyghur: مەنىداش سۆز
 * Vietnamese:
 * Volapük: leigasinifavöd
 * Walloon:, Piron-parey
 * Welsh:, gair cyfystyr

 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * Galician:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:, vetenskaplig synonym, namnsynonym

 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * Galician:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:, vetenskaplig synonym, namnsynonym

 * Indonesian: ,
 * Interlingua:
 * Malayalam:
 * Turkish:

Adjective

 * 1) synonymous

Adjective

 * 1) synonymous

Etymology
From, and.

Adjective

 * 1) synonymous

Etymology
From, and.

Adjective

 * 1) synonymous

Adjective

 * 1) synonymous

title: synonym


text:
dialect

Etymology
From, from , , from , from , from +.

Noun

 * 1)  A lect (often a  or  language) as part of a group or family of languages, especially if they are viewed as a single language, or if contrasted with a standardized idiom that is considered the 'true' form of the language (for example, Bavarian as contrasted with Standard German).
 * 2)  A variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular area, community, or social group, differing from other varieties of the same language in relatively minor ways as regards grammar, phonology, and lexicon.
 * 3)  Language that is perceived as substandard or wrong.
 * 4)  A language existing only in an oral or non-standardized form, especially a language spoken in a developing country or an isolated region.
 * 5)  A variant of a non-standardized programming language.
 * 6)  A variant form of the vocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.
 * 1)  Language that is perceived as substandard or wrong.
 * 2)  A language existing only in an oral or non-standardized form, especially a language spoken in a developing country or an isolated region.
 * 3)  A variant of a non-standardized programming language.
 * 4)  A variant form of the vocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.
 * 1)  A language existing only in an oral or non-standardized form, especially a language spoken in a developing country or an isolated region.
 * 2)  A variant of a non-standardized programming language.
 * 3)  A variant form of the vocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.
 * 1)  A variant of a non-standardized programming language.
 * 2)  A variant form of the vocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.
 * 1)  A variant form of the vocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.
 * 1)  A variant form of the vocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.

Usage notes

 * In some linguistic traditions, the term "dialect" is restricted to nonstandard lects. In scholarly English usage, it refers to both standardized and vernacular forms of language.
 * The difference between a language and a dialect is not always clear, and often has more to do with political boundaries than with linguistic differences. It is generally considered that people who speak different dialects of the same language can understand each other, while people who speak different languages cannot, however, in some cases, people who speak different dialects of the same language are mutually unintelligible. Compare species in the biological sense.

Translations

 * Acehnese: lugat
 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Amharic:
 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: لهجة
 * South Levantine Arabic: لهجة
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese: উপভাষা
 * Asturian: dialeutu, dialectu
 * Azerbaijani:, ,
 * Bashkir: диалект
 * Belarusian: дыяле́кт, гаво́рка
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Burmese:, ဒေသန္တရစကား
 * Carpathian Rusyn: діале́кт
 * Catalan:
 * Cebuano: pinulongan, sinultihan
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 方言, 地方話, 話, 土話
 * Dungan: фон-ян
 * Eastern Min: 方言
 * Hakka: 方言
 * Hokkien:, 土話
 * Mandarin:, 地方話, ,
 * Wu: 方言
 * Crimean Tatar: şive
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish: dialekt
 * Dutch:, mondaard,
 * Esperanto: dialekto
 * Estonian:
 * Faroese: málføri
 * Finnish:, aluemurre
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: დიალექტი, კილო, კილოკავი, ენაკავი
 * German: ,
 * Alemannic German: Mundart, Dialäkt
 * Luxembourgish: Mondaart
 * Rhine Franconian: Dialegde
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: διάλεκτος
 * Gujarati: બોલી
 * Hebrew:, ,
 * Hindi: ,
 * Hungarian:, , ,
 * Icelandic:
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Irish:
 * Istriot: gialìto
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Kalmyk: айлһ
 * Kannada:
 * Kazakh: диалект
 * Khmer:, គ្រាមភាសា
 * Komi-Zyrian: сёрнисикас, диалект
 * Korean: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: زار
 * Northern Kurdish:, , ,
 * Kyrgyz: ,
 * Lao: ພາສາທ້ອງຖິ່ນ
 * Latin: dialectos, dialectus
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian: tarmė, dialektas
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: Mundort, Mundaart, Mundart; Dialekt, Diälekt
 * Macedonian: дијале́кт, на́речје,
 * Malay:, dialek
 * Malayalam:
 * Maltese: djalett
 * Maori: reo-ā-iwi, tūreo
 * Marathi: बोली, पोटभाषा
 * Mari:
 * Eastern Mari: наречий
 * Mirandese: dialeto
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: ,
 * Nepali: बोली, भाषिका
 * Norman: dgialecte
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:, målføre,
 * Nynorsk: dialekt, målføre, mål
 * Occitan:
 * Odia: ଉପଭାଷା
 * Oromo: loqoda
 * Ottoman Turkish: لهجه
 * Pashto: ګړدود, لهجه
 * Persian:
 * Classical Persian: ,
 * Dari: ,
 * Iranian Persian: ,
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Punjabi:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:, ,
 * Sanskrit:
 * Santali: ᱵᱳᱞᱤ
 * Scots: byleid
 * Scottish Gaelic: dualchainnt
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: на́речје, на́рјечје, дија̀лект, дија̀лекат
 * Roman:, , , dijàlekat
 * Silesian: djalekt
 * Sinhalese: උපභාෂාව
 * Slovak: nárečie,
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swabian: Dialäggd
 * Swahili: lahaja
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog: wikain, diyalekto
 * Tajik: лаҳҷа, шева, гӯиш
 * Tamil: பேச்சுவழக்கு
 * Tatar:
 * Telugu: ,
 * Thai:
 * Tibetan: ཡུལ་སྐད
 * Tigrinya: ላህጃ
 * Turkish:, , ,
 * Turkmen: dialekt, şiwe
 * Udmurt: диалект, наречие
 * Ukrainian:, нарі́ччя, го́вір
 * Urdu: بولی, لَہْجَہ
 * Uyghur: دىئالېكت, شېۋە, لەھجە
 * Uzbek:, ,
 * Vietnamese: (土語),  (方語),
 * Volapük:
 * Welsh:
 * White Hmong: hom lus
 * Yiddish: דיאַלעקט

Etymology
From, from , , from , from , from +.

Noun

 * 1)   language variety

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  language socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it

title: dialect


text:
hyponym

Etymology
= ; from +  ("appellation"), a Doric specific dialectal form of.

Noun

 * 1)  A more specific ; a subordinate grouping word or phrase; a term designating a subclass of another more general class described by the given word.

Translations

 * Armenian: տեսականիշ
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 下義詞, 下位詞
 * Czech:
 * Danish: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: hiponimo
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: ჰიპონიმი
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:, alárendelt fogalom/szó/név/kifejezés
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: hîponîm
 * Malay: hiponim
 * Occitan: iponim (Gascon)
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian: hiponim
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: хипо̀нӣм
 * Roman:
 * Slovene: podpomenka
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: alt kavram
 * Vietnamese: từ hạ vị
 * Walloon:

Adjective

 * 1) hyponymous

title: hyponym


text:
semantics

Etymology
From, displacing earlier. From.

Noun

 * 1)  A branch of linguistics studying the meaning of words.
 * 2) The study of the relationship between words and their meanings.
 * 3) The individual meanings of words, as opposed to the overall meaning of a passage.
 * 4)  The meaning of computer language constructs, in contrast to their form or syntax.
 * 5)  Pettiness or triviality.
 * 1)  The meaning of computer language constructs, in contrast to their form or syntax.
 * 2)  Pettiness or triviality.
 * 1)  The meaning of computer language constructs, in contrast to their form or syntax.
 * 2)  Pettiness or triviality.
 * 1)  Pettiness or triviality.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: semantiek
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: عِلْم اَلْمَعَانِي
 * Armenian:
 * Asturian: semántica
 * Belarusian: сема́нтыка
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:, betekenisleer
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Georgian: სემანტიკა
 * German: ,
 * Hebrew: תורת המשמעים,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian:
 * Japanese:
 * Khmer: និឃណ្ដសាស្ត្រ
 * Korean:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Latvian:
 * Mongolian: утгазүй
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian: علم معانی, معنی‌شناسی
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: сема̀нтика
 * Roman:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: semantiki
 * Swedish:, betydelselära
 * Tagalog: semantika, paladiwaan
 * Turkish:
 * Vietnamese: (語義學)
 * Walloon: ,

 * Danish:, betydningslære
 * Finnish: ,
 * Hebrew: תורת המשמעים,
 * Khmer: និឃណ្ដសាស្ត្រ
 * Norwegian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: сема̀нтика
 * Roman:
 * Swahili: semantiki
 * Vietnamese: (語義學)
 * Walloon:

 * Danish:
 * Finnish:, , merkityssisältö
 * Hebrew: ,
 * Norwegian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: сема̀нтика
 * Roman:
 * Turkish:
 * Vietnamese: ngữ nghĩa (語義)
 * Walloon:, sinifiance

 * Dutch:
 * Interlingua:
 * Italian:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Persian:
 * Swedish:

title: semantics


text:
false friend

Etymology
, from the longer phrase, first used by Maxime Kœssler and Jules Derocquigny in 1928 in their book Les Faux Amis ou les trahisons du vocabulaire anglais (False Friends, or the Pitfalls of the English Vocabulary).

Noun

 * 1)  A word in a language that bears a deceptive resemblance to a word in another language but in fact has a different meaning.

Translations

 * Arabic: شِبْه نَظِير
 * Catalan: fals amic
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 偽友, 假友, 假等義, 假朋友, 同形异义词
 * Danish: falsk ven
 * Dutch: valse vriend
 * Esperanto: falsa amiko
 * Finnish:, väärä ystävä,
 * French:
 * Galician: falso amigo
 * German:, Übersetzungsfalle
 * Greek:
 * Hindi: झूठा दोस्त, झूठे दोस्त
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Icelandic: falsvinir, svikatengsl
 * Indonesian: teman palsu
 * Interlingua: false amico
 * Irish: cara bréige
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: 偽りの友
 * Korean: 거짓 친구
 * Latin: falsus amicus
 * Latvian: viltusdraugs
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: falsk ven, falsk venn
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian: prieten fals
 * Russian:
 * Slovene: lažni prijatelj
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

title: false friend


text:
noun

Etymology
From, from , from. The grammatical sense in Latin was a semantic loan from. .

Noun

 * 1)  A word that functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as person, animal, place, word, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality, or idea; one of the basic parts of speech in many languages, including English.
 * 2)  Either a word that can be used to refer to a person, animal, place, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality or idea, or a word that modifies or describes a previous word or its referent; a substantive or adjective, sometimes also including other parts of speech such as numeral or pronoun.
 * 3)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.
 * 1)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.
 * 1)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.
 * 1)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.
 * 1)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.
 * 1)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.
 * 1)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.
 * 1)  An object within a user interface to which a certain action or transformation (i.e., verb) is applied.

Usage notes

 * (narrow sense) In English (and in many other languages), a noun can serve as the subject or object of a verb. For example, the English words and  are nouns. See Wikipedia’s article “Parts of speech”.

Synonyms

 * (sensu stricto) noun substantive, substantive noun, substantive, naming word
 * (sensu stricto) noun substantive, substantive noun, substantive, naming word

Hyponyms

 * See Thesaurus:noun

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Amharic: ስም
 * Arabic: اِسْم الذَّات,
 * Egyptian Arabic: اسم
 * Aragonese:
 * Aramaic:
 * Hebrew: שמא
 * Syriac: ܫܡܐ
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese: বিশেষ্য পদ, বিশেষ্য
 * Asturian:
 * Aymara:
 * Azerbaijani: ,
 * Bashkir: исем
 * Basque:, izen
 * Bavarian:
 * Belarusian:
 * Bengali:
 * Bikol Central: pangngaran
 * Bishnupriya Manipuri:
 * Breton:
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Burmese:
 * Buryat: юумэнэй нэрэ
 * Carpathian Rusyn: назывник
 * Catalan:
 * Cebuano: pungan
 * Chamorro:
 * Chechen: цӏердош
 * Cherokee: ᏚᏙᎥᎢ
 * Chichewa:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 名詞
 * Hakka: 名詞
 * Hokkien:
 * Mandarin:
 * Chuvash: япала ячӗ
 * Cornish: hanow
 * Corsican:
 * Crimean Tatar: ad, isim
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish: ,
 * Dhivehi:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Dzongkha:
 * Erzya: лемвал
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian:
 * Ewe: nuŋkɔ
 * Extremaduran:
 * Faroese:
 * Finnish: ,
 * Franco-Provençal:
 * French:, ,
 * Friulian:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, , Hauptnennwort, , Selbstwort, , Substantivum
 * Alemannic: Substantiv
 * Low German:
 * Greek:
 * Greenlandic: taggit
 * Gujarati: સંજ્ઞા
 * Hausa:
 * Hawaiian: haʻiinoa
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: (abbrev. “no.”)
 * Ido:
 * Igbo:
 * Indonesian:, , ,
 * Interlingua:
 * Irish:
 * Italian:, nome sostantivo
 * Japanese:
 * Javanese: ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦲꦫꦤ꧀
 * Kannada:
 * Kapampangan: palagyu, panglagyu
 * Kashmiri: ,
 * Kashubian:
 * Kazakh: зат есім
 * Khmer:
 * Korean:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Lao:, ນາມ
 * Latin: nomen positivum, nomen substantivum, substantivum nomen, substantivum
 * Latvian:, substantīvs
 * Limburgish:, , , ,
 * Lingala:
 * Lithuanian:
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Macedonian: именка
 * Malay:, kata bilang
 * Malayalam:
 * Maltese:
 * Maori: kupuingoa
 * Marathi: नाम
 * Middle English: noun substantyf
 * Mirandese:
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: нэр үг,
 * Navajo: yízhí
 * Nepali:
 * Newar:
 * Northern Sami: substantiiva
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: ,
 * Nynorsk: ,
 * Occitan:
 * Odia:
 * Okinawan:
 * Ossetian: номдар
 * Pashto: ,
 * Persian:
 * Dari:
 * Iranian Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi:
 * Gurmukhi: ਨਾਂਵ
 * Shahmukhi: شَے, نان٘وَ
 * Quechua: sutirimana
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Rwanda-Rundi:
 * Scots: noun
 * Scottish Gaelic: ainmear
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: и̏меница
 * Roman:
 * Shor: небелик
 * Sicilian:
 * Sindhi:
 * Sinhalese: නාම පදය, නාමය
 * Slovak:, substantívum
 * Slovene:
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: substantiw, wěcownik
 * Upper Sorbian: substantiw, wěcownik
 * Southern Altai: адалгыш
 * Spanish:, nombre substantivo, , ,
 * Sundanese: kecap barang
 * Swahili: ,
 * Swazi:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tagalog:
 * Tajik:
 * Tamil:
 * Tatar:
 * Telugu:
 * Thai: ,
 * Tibetan: མིང་ཚིག
 * Tigrinya: ስም
 * Tok Pisin: nem bilong samting
 * Turkish: ,
 * Turkmen:
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: ,
 * Uyghur:, نام,
 * Uzbek: ,
 * Venetian:
 * Vietnamese: (名詞)
 * Volapük:
 * Walloon:, kimon no,
 * Welsh:
 * West Frisian:, haadnamme
 * Wolof:
 * Xhosa:
 * Yiddish:
 * Yoruba: ọ̀rọ̀-orúkọ
 * Zazaki:
 * Zulu:

 * Afrikaans:
 * Bikol Central: pangngaran
 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: სახელი
 * German:, ,
 * Middle High German: nam
 * Old High German: namo
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὄνομα
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Ido:
 * Irish:
 * Old Irish: ainmm
 * Italian:
 * Kapampangan: panglagyu, palagyu
 * Kashmiri:
 * Latin:
 * Middle English: noun
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Old English: nama
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Sanskrit: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh:

Verb

 * 1)  To convert a word to a noun.

Determiner

 * 1) third person singular possessive; his, hers, its (used with a special class of objects including living things)
 * 2) son of, daughter of

Etymology
From, from , a semantic loan from. .

Noun

 * 1)   part of speech; a category of words including substantives or nouns in the strict sense and adjectives
 * 2) An appellation.

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1)  no

title: noun


text:
hour

Etymology
From, , , from , from , from , from , from. Akin to 🇨🇬. .

Partly displaced native 🇨🇬, whence.

Noun

 * 1) A unit of time of one twenty-fourth of a day (sixty minutes).
 * 2) A season, moment, or time.
 * 3)  The time.
 * 4)  Used after a two-digit hour and a two-digit minute to indicate time.
 * 5)  The amount of labor provided by a worker in terms of time.
 * 6)  The set times of prayer, the canonical hours, the offices or services prescribed for these, or a book containing them.
 * 7)  A distance that can be traveled in one hour.
 * 1)  The time.
 * 2)  Used after a two-digit hour and a two-digit minute to indicate time.
 * 3)  The amount of labor provided by a worker in terms of time.
 * 4)  The set times of prayer, the canonical hours, the offices or services prescribed for these, or a book containing them.
 * 5)  A distance that can be traveled in one hour.
 * 1)  The amount of labor provided by a worker in terms of time.
 * 2)  The set times of prayer, the canonical hours, the offices or services prescribed for these, or a book containing them.
 * 3)  A distance that can be traveled in one hour.
 * 1)  The set times of prayer, the canonical hours, the offices or services prescribed for these, or a book containing them.
 * 2)  A distance that can be traveled in one hour.

Symbols

 * h

Abbreviations

 * Singular: hr
 * Plural: hrs

Translations

 * Abaza: сахӏат
 * Abkhaz: асааҭ
 * Adyghe: сыхьат
 * Afrikaans:
 * Akan: dɔnhwerew
 * Akkadian: simanu
 * Albanian:
 * Aleut: chasix̂
 * Amharic: ሰአት, ሰዓት
 * Arabic:
 * Egyptian Arabic: ساعة
 * Gulf Arabic: سَاعَة
 * Moroccan Arabic: ساعة
 * Aragonese:
 * Aramaic:
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܲܥܬܵܐ, ܣܵܥܲܬ
 * Hebrew: שעתא
 * Syriac: ܫܥܬܐ
 * Argobba: ሰዐ
 * Armenian:
 * Aromanian: oárã
 * Assamese: ঘন্টা
 * Asturian:
 * Avar: сагӏат
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Bashkir: сәғәт
 * Basque: ordu,
 * Belarusian: гадзі́на
 * Bengali:
 * Breton:, ,
 * Bulgarian:
 * Burmese:
 * Buryat: час, саг
 * Carpathian Rusyn: годи́на
 * Catalan:
 * Chechen: сахьт
 * Cherokee: ᏑᏟᎶᏛ
 * Chichewa: ola
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese:, 鐘
 * Dungan: саат, сахаты, сышын
 * Eastern Min: 點鐘, 小時
 * Hakka: 點鐘
 * Hokkien:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Wu: 鐘頭
 * Chuvash: сехет
 * Corsican:
 * Crimean Tatar: saat
 * Czech:
 * Dalmatian: aura
 * Danish:
 * Dhivehi: ގަޑި
 * Dutch: ,
 * Elfdalian: taime
 * Esperanto:
 * Estonian:
 * Ewe: gaƒoƒo
 * Faroese: tími
 * Fijian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Old French: eure
 * Friulian: ore
 * Galician:
 * Ge'ez: ሰዐት
 * Georgian: საათი
 * German:
 * Alemannic German: Schtund
 * Gothic: 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: ὥρα
 * Greenlandic: akunneq
 * Gujarati: ઘંટા, કલાક
 * Hausa: sa'a, awa
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:, ,
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingush: сахьат
 * Interlingua:
 * Irish:
 * Old Irish: úar
 * Istriot: ura
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Javanese:
 * Kannada: ,
 * Kashubian: gòdzëna
 * Kazakh:
 * Khmer:
 * Korean: ,
 * Kumyk: сагьат
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Ladin: ora, ëura
 * Lao:
 * Latin:
 * Latvian: stunda
 * Lezgi: сят
 * Lithuanian:
 * Luxembourgish:
 * Macedonian:, саат
 * Malagasy:
 * Malay:
 * Malayalam:
 * Maltese: siegħa
 * Manx: oor
 * Maori: hāora
 * Marathi:
 * Mehri: سات
 * Mirandese: hora
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic:
 * Mongolian: ᠴᠠᠭ
 * Navajo: ahééʼílkid, óola
 * Nepali:
 * Ngazidja Comorian: saya
 * Norman: heuthe
 * Northern Sami: tiibmu
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: time
 * Occitan:
 * Odia:
 * Ojibwe: diba'igan
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Cyrillic: година, часъ
 * Old East Slavic: часъ, година
 * Oromo: saatii
 * Ossetian: сахат
 * Ottoman Turkish: ساعت
 * Papiamentu: ora
 * Pashto:
 * Persian: ,
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi: ਘੰਟਾ
 * Rajasthani:
 * Romani:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Romansch: ura, oura
 * Russian:
 * Sanskrit:
 * Scots: oor
 * Scottish Gaelic: uair
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: са̑т, ча̏с
 * Roman: ,
 * Sicilian:
 * Sidamo: saate
 * Sinhalese:
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Somali:
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: góźina, štunda
 * Upper Sorbian: hodźina
 * Southern Altai: саат
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog:
 * Tajik:
 * Tamil: ,
 * Taos: ùroʼóna
 * Tatar:
 * Telugu:
 * Tetum: tuku
 * Thai:
 * Tibetan: ཆུ་ཚོད
 * Tigrinya: ሰዓት
 * Tok Pisin: aua
 * Tumbuka: ola
 * Turkish:, sögen
 * Turkmen: sagat
 * Tuvan: шак
 * Udi: сагьад
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: گَھنْٹا, گَھنْٹَہ, ساعَت
 * Uyghur:
 * Uzbek:
 * Venetian: óra
 * Vietnamese: ,
 * Volapük:
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh:
 * West Frisian:
 * Yagnobi: соат
 * Yakut: чаас
 * Yiddish:, שטונדע
 * Yup'ik: cass'aq
 * Zhuang: cungdaeuz

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܫܲܥܬܵܐ, ܥܕܵܢܵܐ
 * Asturian:
 * Bengali:
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Galician:
 * German: ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Irish:
 * Old Irish: úar
 * Latin: ,
 * Macedonian: часот
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Romansch: ura, oura
 * Russian:, ,
 * Scots: oor
 * Scottish Gaelic: uair
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: cas, štunda
 * Spanish:
 * Tok Pisin: aua

 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 點, 點鐘,  時
 * Dungan: саат, сахаты, сышын
 * Eastern Min: 點鐘, 時
 * Hakka: 點鐘
 * Hokkien:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Wu: 點, 時,  點鐘
 * French:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:

title: hour


text:
alphabetical

Etymology
From. .

Adjective

 * 1) Pertaining to, furnished with, or expressed by letters of the alphabet.
 * 2) According to the sequence of the letters of the alphabet.
 * 3)  literal
 * 1) According to the sequence of the letters of the alphabet.
 * 2)  literal
 * 1)  literal

Translations

 * Arabic: أَلِفْبَائِيّ, أَبْجَدِيّ
 * Bulgarian: а́збучен
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: alfabeta,
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Interlingua: alphabetic
 * Irish: aibítreach, aibítre
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: アルファベットの
 * Korean:
 * Latin: abecedarius
 * Macedonian: а́збучен
 * Polish:, , alfabetowy
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: aibidileach
 * Slovak:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: ,
 * Ukrainian: ,
 * Volapük:
 * West Frisian:

 * Arabic: أَلِفْبَائِيّ, أَبْجَدِيّ
 * Bulgarian: а́збучен
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: laŭalfabeta, alfabeta
 * Finnish: ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:, ábécérendi
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: aibítreach, aibítre
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: アルファベット順の
 * Korean:
 * Latin: abecedarius
 * Macedonian: а́збучен
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: alfabetisk
 * Polish:, , alfabetowy
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: aibidileach
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Roman:, alfàbētskī
 * Slovak:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Turkish: alfabetik sırayla, alfabetik olarak
 * West Frisian:
 * Yiddish: אַלפֿאַבעטיש

title: alphabetical


text:
freedom of speech

Etymology
The concept and the term are ancient; Athens’ democratic ideology of free speech is thought to have emerged in the 5th or 6th century  The first occurrence of the phrase freedom of speech recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1567, and it also appears in the English Bill of Rights, among other works: see the quotations.

Noun

 * 1) The right of citizens to speak, or otherwise communicate, without fear of harm or prosecution.
 * 2) * 1720 February 4, John Trenchard; Thomas Gordon, “Of Freedom of Speech, that the Same is Inseparable from Publick Liberty” [letter no. 15], in Collection of Cato's Political Letters in the London Journal [...], London: Printed for J. Roberts, 42689852 ; republished in A[bel] Boyer, editor, The Political State of Great Britain, volume XXI, London: Printed for the author, February 1721,  181370424, page 147:
 * All Miniſters, therefore, who were Oppreſſors, or intended to be Oppreſſors, have been loud in their Complaints againſt Freedom of Speech, and the Licence of the Preſs; and always reſtrained, or endeavored to reſtrain both, in conſequence of this, they have browbeaten Writers, and puniſhed them violently, and againſt Law, and burnt their Works; by all which, they ſhewed how much Truth alarmed them, and how much they were at Enmity with Truth.
 * 1) * 1940 April 22, Associate Justice, , 310 U.S. 88, page 95:
 * The freedom of speech and of the press which are secured by the First Amendment against abridgment by the United States are among the fundamental personal rights and liberties which are secured to all persons by the Fourteenth Amendment against abridgment by a state. The safeguarding of these rights to the ends that men may speak as they think on matters vital to them and that falsehoods may be exposed through the processes of education and discussion is essential to free government. Those who won our independence had confidence in the power of free and fearless reasoning and communication of ideas to discover and spread political and economic truth. Abridgment of freedom of speech and of the press, however, impairs those opportunities for public education that are essential to effective exercise of the power of correcting error through the processes of popular government.
 * 1) * 1969 February 24, Associate Justice (Supreme Court of the United States), , 393 U.S. 503, page 506:
 * First Amendment rights, applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment, are available to teachers and students. It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.
 * 1) * 1994,, “Pamphleteering in the Electronic Era: Hacking out a Digitized Proclamation of Rights”, in , volume 116, Washington, D.C.: U.S. News & World Report, Inc., ISSN 0041-5537, 424029014 , page 55; quoted in David L. Green, editor, i-Quote: Brilliance and Banter from the Internet Age, Guildford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-150-3 , page 113:
 * Cyberspace may give freedom of speech more muscle than the First Amendment does. It may already have become literally impossible for a government to shut people up.
 * First Amendment rights, applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment, are available to teachers and students. It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.
 * 1) * 1994,, “Pamphleteering in the Electronic Era: Hacking out a Digitized Proclamation of Rights”, in , volume 116, Washington, D.C.: U.S. News & World Report, Inc., ISSN 0041-5537, 424029014 , page 55; quoted in David L. Green, editor, i-Quote: Brilliance and Banter from the Internet Age, Guildford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59921-150-3 , page 113:
 * Cyberspace may give freedom of speech more muscle than the First Amendment does. It may already have become literally impossible for a government to shut people up.

title: freedom of speech


text:
minute

Etymology 1
From, , , from , from. .

Noun

 * 1) A unit of time which is one sixtieth of an hour (sixty seconds).
 * 2)  A short but unspecified time period.
 * 3) A unit of angle equal to one-sixtieth of a degree.
 * 4)  A (usually formal) written record of a meeting or a part of a meeting.
 * 5) A unit of purchase on a telephone or other similar network, especially a cell phone network, roughly equivalent in gross form to sixty seconds' use of the network.
 * 6) A point in time; a moment.
 * 7) A nautical or a geographic mile.
 * 8) An old coin, a half farthing.
 * 9)  A very small part of anything, or anything very small; a jot; a whit.
 * 10)  A fixed part of a module.
 * 11)  A while or a long unspecified period of time
 * Oh, I ain't heard that song in a minute!
 * 1) A point in time; a moment.
 * 2) A nautical or a geographic mile.
 * 3) An old coin, a half farthing.
 * 4)  A very small part of anything, or anything very small; a jot; a whit.
 * 5)  A fixed part of a module.
 * 6)  A while or a long unspecified period of time
 * Oh, I ain't heard that song in a minute!
 * 1)  A fixed part of a module.
 * 2)  A while or a long unspecified period of time
 * Oh, I ain't heard that song in a minute!

Descendants

Borrowings

Translations

 * Breton: ,
 * Ido:
 * Interlingua:
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: ,
 * Romanian:

Verb

 * 1)  Of an event, to write in a memo or the minutes of a meeting.
 * 2) To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of.
 * 1) To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of.
 * 1) To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of.
 * 1) To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of.
 * 1) To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of.
 * 1) To set down a short sketch or note of; to jot down; to make a minute or a brief summary of.

Translations

 * Norman:

Etymology 2
Borrowed from, perfect passive participle of.

Adjective

 * 1) Very small.
 * 2) Very careful and exact, giving small details.
 * 1) Very careful and exact, giving small details.
 * 1) Very careful and exact, giving small details.
 * 1) Very careful and exact, giving small details.

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) Lasting for a very short period; ,

Etymology
, borrowed from. Compare, an inherited doublet.

Noun

 * 1) minute (etymology 1, time unit, all same senses)

Interjection

 * 1) wait a sec!

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  one sixtieth of an hour

title: minute


text:
barter

Etymology
Late, from.

Noun

 * 1) An exchange of goods or services without the use of money.
 * 2) The goods or services used in such an exchange.
 * 1) The goods or services used in such an exchange.
 * 1) The goods or services used in such an exchange.

Derived terms

 * silent barter

Translations

 * Arabic:
 * Armenian:, ապրանքների փոխանակություն
 * Bulgarian:, ба́ртер
 * Catalan: bescanvi
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 以物易物,, 以物換物, 實物交易
 * Danish: byttehandel, tuskhandel
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Galician: troco
 * German: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian: ,
 * Irish: malairt
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ,
 * Kaurna: wakuinya
 * Malay: barter
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: byttehandel
 * Nynorsk: bytehandel
 * Persian:
 * Plautdietsch: Schacha
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:, , менова́я торго́вля
 * Serbo-Croatian: трампа,
 * Slovene: blagovna menjava
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: tuwayan
 * Turkish:
 * Yiddish: אויסבײַט

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Portuguese:

Verb

 * 1)  To exchange goods or services without involving money.

Translations

 * Arabic: قايض
 * Armenian: ապրանքներ փոխանակել
 * Bau Bidayuh: sami'
 * Bulgarian:, правя бартер
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 以物易物,, 以物換物, 實物交易
 * Dutch:, ruilebuiten
 * Esperanto:
 * Finnish: tehdä vaihtokauppa,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Khmer:
 * Korean:
 * Maori: tauhokohoko
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: проводи́ть ба́ртерные сде́лки
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Slovene: menjati, trgovati
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: idka byteshandel

Etymology
From, from late , from.

Noun

 * 1) barter
 * 2) an exchange of goods or services without the use of money
 * 3) the goods or services used in such an exchange

Verb

 * 1)  to barter

Etymology
, from, from.

Verb

 * 1) bite

title: barter


text:
Talk:minute

Minute does also mean a written summary of a meeting in English ?

Youssefsan

Yes. Now dealt with. Also a vb to write the summary. user:sjc

 * Thanks -- Youssefsan

This page has a pronunciation key above the noun heading, and parallel to it. Shouldn't there be a separate pronunciation key for the noun and for the adjective separately, under (ie, subordinate to) the noun and adjective headings? Hogghogg 15:26, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Please add new comments below existing ones.

 * Okay, will do. Hogghogg 21:31, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

The pronunciation heading is subordinate to the etymology heading only. Having the pronunciations grouped together gives our readers a chance to see/hear all the pronunciations at once (as it is likely they will not notice that there are different pronunciation sections, if they were to be subordinate to the definition-level header.)  -- [ Connel MacKenzie] 15:37, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, as long as that's policy. Hogghogg 21:31, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

brief note
a brief note or memorandum Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:34, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Missing verb sense: to time in minutes?
Obsolete, and possibly a nonce usage:

 * 1835, Isaac Hurlstone, The Fatal Interview; Or, the Danger of Unbridled Passion, Etc (page 175)
 * Mrs. Corder and three young ladies were seated; and Mr. Corder was before the fire, minuting some eggs boiling.

Equinox ◑ 07:08, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

Hyphenation
min•ute vs mi•nute --Backinstadiums (talk) 15:26, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

minute = a long time
I added a quote from the NetFlix series ‘Start Up’ where this is used by a character called ‘Ron’ but if anyone would like to see more examples just watch the series, where he says it throughout, or watch ‘Power’ on NetFlix where ‘Kanan’, played by 50 Cent, repeatedly says ‘minute’ with this meaning. It is also discussed in Green’s Dictionary of Slang Overlordnat1 (talk) 11:14, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Also made it’s way into MLE - it appears 1 min into S1E1 of the new BBC series ‘Champion’. --Overlordnat1 (talk) 12:36, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:minute


text:
User:Merphant/sandbox

It would be great if this worked:

Is this not acceptable? Zardoz 01:59 May 15, 2003 (UTC)

Attorney Search Engine Optimization | Attorney Website Marketing

 * This reflects some namespace inconsistency between Wiktionary and Wikipedia. Wiktionary has its own Image: namespace., alas, yields the flute.jpg in the Wiktionary namespace, not the Wikipedia one. It's the same image, which is kind of confusing.

 * One solution is to just paste an actual URL from Wikipedia, thus:

 * http://www.wikipedia.org/upload/1/1a/Japan_coa.png

 * But that is really suboptimal, since the URL could change.
 * Merphant 03:49 May 15, 2003 (UTC)

custom embroidered patches custom buttons

title: User:Merphant/sandbox


text:
Appendix:Lojban/klama

Root

 * 1)  to come, go, travel;  comes/goes to destination  from origin  via route  using means/vehicle  [also travels, journeys, moves, leaves to ... from ...;  is a traveller; ( as a set includes points at least sufficient to constrain the route relevantly)]
 * 2)  goer, traveller, journeyer, comer

Usage notes

 * does not distinguish between coming and going.
 * When translating to English, choose between the two ("coming" or "going") based on the position of the destination relative to the speaker's position.
 * If the destination is away from the speaker, choose a form of "go"
 * If the destination is near the speaker, choose a form of "come"

title: Appendix:Lojban/klama


text:
User talk:Ellmist~enwiktionary

See http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ellmist

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ellmist. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ellmist~enwiktionary that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:44, 17 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 07:04, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ellmist~enwiktionary