text:
User:CoryCohen

Me
My name is Cory Cohen. I'm 34, and live in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Professionally, I'm a computer security geek. I read a lot. I'm a wiki novice, having added my first word on Sep 4th 2004.

Medieval History
My primary interest that brings me to the Wiktionary is medieval history. Especially where it touches on:

 * economics
 * technology
 * agriculture
 * warfare (equipment mostly)
 * construction
 * physical objects in general

In the course of learning about these topics, I frequently encounter words that I am unable to find in a dictionary. When I do find a definition, it is often too vague to be of much value to me. I've done the best I could up until now by making personal notes, but now I'm hoping to use the Wiktionary so that other people can benefit and contribute.

Roleplaying
My interest in history comes from my background in role-playing. Back in the early 80's I was a big fan of Dungeons and Dragons. I haven't really played in years, but since then I've been on a quest for the perfect computer facilitated role-playing game. It'll almost certainly be a MMORPG.

The closest thing I've found so far is Star Wars Galaxies. It's a long way from perfect, but it's not too bad either. You can find me there as: Ockla Aberoci, Constellation, Naboo, Chilastra Galaxy.

Public Domain Works
I'm very concerned about the negative consequences of a lot of our existing intellectual property and copyright laws. Rather than rant about it here, I'll just say that I think current protections are more than adequate, and than a lot of material currently in the public domain is in danger of being lost if people don't assert their rights more aggresively. Towards this end, I tend to spend a lot of weekends scanning in 100 year old history books. Like many of my dictionary notes, not enough of this work has reached other people.

Language
I'm not really interested in language specifically, but I seem to be unable to avoid it. I've dabbled in:
 * pronunciation, which I'm not very good at.
 * typesetting, primarily TeX, where I fare better.
 * latin and french, as needed, limited to looking things up in a dictionary.
 * spanish in high school, which I've completely forgotten.
 * Unicode and international character sets.

I own well over a dozen dictionaries, including several unabridged versions, some older ones, and lots of english to foreign language dictionaries.

Wiktionary
This section is about all things Wiktionary. I hope to store some templates here, my opinions on some Wiktionary topics, references to useful resources, etc. My personal mission for the Wiktionary is to provide quotations for obscure, archaic, and obsolete words.

Archaic Words
I realize that adding unused words is probably not as useful as writing definitions for the more common words. However, there are many widely available resources that perform admirably when checking the spelling, comprehending the general meaning of a word, or translating to another language.

I'm trying to be very sensitive to not allowing my archaic words to overshadow their more mundane brethren. That's why you'll probably see me copying common definitions from the 1913 Webster's or some other public domain source. I want to provide something that will provide the right impression of the word, while allowing me to move forward on providing quotations for more obscure senses.

Quotations
Why quotations? My experience with the OED has shown me that especially for rare words that you've never seen in print before, the quotations provide more value than the definition itself. They often communicate context, usage, definition, era, and form all at once. Quotations provide a resource where a curious reader can go to get a larger context, and in many cases, find more occurences of the word in question. They can communicate ambiguities that are subtle, and extremely difficult to boil down to concise definition.

The example that first comes to my mind is the word "hundred", which I've not yet had the courage to tackle. Over the centuries, it has variously held the numeric values of 108, 120, and 100. Obviously, in the present day it fairly consistently means the latter. A properly selected set of quotations can let you see the evolution of the word as well as it's definition.

As a result, I'm strongly in favor of providing quotations for every spelling, of every sense, of every word at least once or twice per century. I realize that the Wiki technology may not be optimal for recording this level of detail, but it has the obvious advantage of being a strong collaborative tool, which particularly at this point in the Wiktionary, is very important (in my opinion).

Quotations provide another benefit that I believe is critically important -- evidence. The collaborative nature of a Wiki can be it's greatest strength and simultaneously it's greatest weakness. While trying to explain my recent enthusiasm for the Wiktionary to a colleague, he summed up it up nicely by saying:

 * Why would I want to use a definition by some yahoo on the Internet, when there's definitions by a professional who actually knows how to define words?

I'm not an etymologist, a linguist, a phoneticist, a translator, or even a decent historian. What I do know is what I've read and understood, and in most cases (at least when the knowledge is fresh), I can point to a specific source or quotation where I first gained that knowledge. By including quotations, I've significantly reduced the chance that I've made some tremendous faux pas, in conveying my knowledge of the word to other readers.

Categories
My thoughts on this topic are not yet complete, but I suspect that one of the most powerful capabilities of the Wiktionary is it's ability to organize the words into arbitrary categories in ways that printed media would never have permitted. In particular, I've noticied that the 1913 Webster's likes to categorize words into groups like:

 * biology
 * carpentry
 * medicine
 * metallurgy
 * mythology
 * theology
 * zoology

I've not seen a lot of discussion about topical categories like this so far. Perhaps I'm not looking in the right places. If anyone creates such a list, please let me know. I'll contribute. I also don't know enough Wiki yet to understand how I'd indicate that words (senses?) are in a particular category. Do I have to maintain the bi-directional linkages by hand? If so, that's unfortunate.

Labels
I've also seen very little documentation on labels in the Wiktionary Template. The primary types of labels in Webster's is: Obviously, my primary interest is in "labels of time". What is obsolete? Archaic? Rare? Do the labels go before or after the definition? Are the italicized? Are they in parentheses? Perhaps we should adopt the same definitions that Webster has in order to promote consistency. Or can we improve on the original idea? Personally, I'd like to have indexes or filters that would allow me to browse archaic words by era.
 * place
 * time
 * style

As new as I am to the Wiki community, I haven't a clue how to proceed on this issue.

1913 Webster
Where is it? Has the Wiktionary community made a decision to forego using this resource, as a result of quality concerns? Is the absence a technological problem? I am currently operating under the assumption that as a public domain work containing mostly factual data, citing [1913 Webster's] over and over again would not be productive. :-)

Given my limited experience, I think I support adding all the words from this source to the Wiktionary as stubs for future expansion. I readily admit that it has some serious deficiencies. In particular, I've found at least one quotation that I was unable to find myself, and I will not be copying quotations from there without first hand knowledge.

Etymology, Pronunciation, & Translation
I consider myself so inept in these arenas, that I'm going to do everyone a big favor, and just not go there. I've read a fair bit about the first two subjects, and still find that whenever I try to do my own independent work, I'm usually wrong. I'm happy to try if someone wants to review my work.

It's roughly the same situation for translation. I'm fluent in exactly one language -- English. All the others are just pitiful, so I'll do my best to avoid translations. I ask everyone's forgiveness for one small exception to this rule, which is that I'm going to try to create entries for some Latin words. Every latin dictionary resource I've found is so useless for historical purposes, that I figure something is better than nothing. Please be patient with me, I'm trying to learn various forms and conjugations. Any recommendations in this area, would be greatly appreciated.

Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is a great resource. If it were in the public domain, I'd be working on it instead of the Wiktionary. If you're a serious wiktionarian, I strongly recommend checking it out. Individual subscriptions are $29.95 a month, or $295.00 per year for people in north or south america. Ouch! So here's what they don't tell you. Your local college or library probably has a site wide subscription. In my case, I'm able to get a virtual network connection from my home that has an internet address in the university's range (my employer), and access the OED that way for free, from home. If you can you should too!

Resources
Things I've read or own that might be of interest to other Wiktionarians:

 * Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
 * Lots of information about the IPA, most of it out of my league.
 * Phonetic Symbol Guide
 * Phoenetic symbols in general. I found it to be a little more accesible.
 * The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary
 * An entertaining story about one of the primary contributors to the OED, who just happened to be completely insane.

Templates
I'll put some template stuff here after dinner. :-)

title: User:CoryCohen


text:
User talk:Siripiscuipi

The Siripiscuipi (from latin siripiscuatem) is a native animal from Chile, related to the Turururu. It is also a native specimen of the Congo-Asiatic rain forest but it's rarely seen there.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Siripiscuipi


text:
trepidation

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * 1) anxiety over the uncertain future or possible ill-occurrence
 * 2) An involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually caused by terror or fear.
 * 3)  A libration of the starry sphere in the Ptolemaic system; a motion ascribed to the firmament, to account for certain small changes in the position of the ecliptic and of the stars.
 * 1) An involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually caused by terror or fear.
 * 2)  A libration of the starry sphere in the Ptolemaic system; a motion ascribed to the firmament, to account for certain small changes in the position of the ecliptic and of the stars.
 * 1) An involuntary trembling, sometimes an effect of paralysis, but usually caused by terror or fear.
 * 2)  A libration of the starry sphere in the Ptolemaic system; a motion ascribed to the firmament, to account for certain small changes in the position of the ecliptic and of the stars.
 * 1)  A libration of the starry sphere in the Ptolemaic system; a motion ascribed to the firmament, to account for certain small changes in the position of the ecliptic and of the stars.
 * 1)  A libration of the starry sphere in the Ptolemaic system; a motion ascribed to the firmament, to account for certain small changes in the position of the ecliptic and of the stars.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 驚恐, 驚惶, 不安
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:, ,
 * German:, , Bangen
 * Italian:, , , , , ,
 * Latin: trepidatio
 * Plautdietsch: Angst
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:, , , , , tremura, ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian: неспокој
 * Spanish:, , , , , , azoramiento,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Turkish: ,

 * Bulgarian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: vapina
 * French:
 * German: Zittern, Erbeben

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: trepidaatio
 * French:
 * German: Trepidation

title: trepidation


text:
despot

Etymology
From, from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) A ruler with absolute power; a tyrant.

Translations

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: طَاغٍ, الطَاغِي , مُسْتَبِدّ, , طَاغِيَة
 * Armenian: ,
 * Belarusian: дэ́спат
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish: despot
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: despoto
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: დესპოტი
 * German:, Despotin
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Irish: forlámhaí
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Khmer:
 * Korean:
 * Lao: ທໍລະລາດ, ທໍຣະຣາດ
 * Latin: tyrannus
 * Latvian: despots
 * Lithuanian: despotas
 * Macedonian: деспот
 * Mongolian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: despot
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: despota
 * Slovene: despot
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tajik: мустабид
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:, , , , ,
 * Ukrainian: де́спот
 * Vietnamese: ,

Etymology
From.

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

title: despot


text:
harbinger

Etymology
Originally, a person that is sent in advance to arrange lodgings. From, , from (🇨🇬), from , from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. More at,.

Noun

 * 1) A person or thing that foreshadows or foretells the coming of someone or something.
 * 2)  One who provides lodgings; especially, the officer of the English royal household who formerly preceded the court when travelling, to provide and prepare lodgings.
 * 3) * 1644,, "Truth Maintained" (a sermon)
 * outward decency is the Harbinger to provide the lodging for inward holinesse
 * 1)  One who provides lodgings; especially, the officer of the English royal household who formerly preceded the court when travelling, to provide and prepare lodgings.
 * 2) * 1644,, "Truth Maintained" (a sermon)
 * outward decency is the Harbinger to provide the lodging for inward holinesse
 * 1)  One who provides lodgings; especially, the officer of the English royal household who formerly preceded the court when travelling, to provide and prepare lodgings.
 * 2) * 1644,, "Truth Maintained" (a sermon)
 * outward decency is the Harbinger to provide the lodging for inward holinesse

Translations

 * Afrikaans: voorbode
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan: anunciador, herald
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: zvěstovatel
 * Danish: varsel, forvarsel
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: omeno
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German:,  ,
 * Greek: ,
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Icelandic:, , undanfari
 * Irish: réamhtheachtaire
 * Italian:, ,  , , , , premonitore, premonitrice
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: ,
 * Latin: praenuntius
 * Norwegian: forsmak
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:, , navesnik, nagovest,
 * Spanish:, anunciante,
 * Swedish:, förlöpare
 * Welsh: cennad, rhagredegydd

Verb

 * 1)  To announce or precede; to be a harbinger of.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Czech: zvěstovat, věstit
 * Dutch:
 * French: ,
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Italian:, , ,
 * Norwegian: innvarsle
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,

title: harbinger


text:
bushel

Etymology
From, from , from , a grain measure based on , from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), from ,.

Noun

 * 1)  A dry measure, containing four pecks, eight gallons, or thirty-two quarts; equivalent in volume to approximately 0.0364 cubic meters (imperial bushel) or 0.0352 cubic meters (U.S. bushel).
 * 2) A vessel of the capacity of a bushel, used in measuring; a bushel measure.
 * 3) A quantity that fills a bushel measure.
 * 4)  A large indefinite quantity.
 * 5)  The iron lining in the nave of a wheel.
 * 1)  A large indefinite quantity.
 * 2)  The iron lining in the nave of a wheel.
 * 1)  The iron lining in the nave of a wheel.

Translations

 * Albanian: ,
 * Armenian:
 * Catalan:
 * Cherokee: ᏑᏟᎶᏛ
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: bušl
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: busheli
 * French:
 * Galician: fanega, celamín, ferrado
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: buiséal
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: ブッシェル
 * Latin: medimnum, medimnus
 * Macedonian: бу́шел, ши́ник
 * Maori: puhera
 * Middle English: busshel
 * Norman: bouessé, bouissé , buisset
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: ,
 * Swedish:
 * Telugu:
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh: bwsiel

 * Albanian:
 * Armenian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: buisstuk,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian:
 * Japanese: ブッシェル
 * Macedonian: бу́шел, ши́ник
 * Maltese: siegħ
 * Middle English: busshel
 * Russian:
 * Turkish:
 * Walloon: ,

Verb

 * 1)  To mend or repair clothes.
 * 2) To pack grain, hops, etc. into bushel measures.

Noun

 * a

Noun

 * a

Etymology
.

title: bushel


text:
rundlet

Noun

 * 1) A small barrel of no certain dimensions, which may contain from 3 to 20 gallons.
 * 2) A measure for liquids, as for wine, usually 18.5 gallons.

title: rundlet


text:
tun

Etymology 1
From, , from , from , , from , probably of origin.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Compare also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. It is uncertain whether the Germanic or the Celtic forms are the original.

Noun

 * 1) A large cask; an oblong vessel bulging in the middle, like a pipe or puncheon, and girt with hoops; a wine cask. (See a diagram comparing cask sizes.)
 * 2)  A fermenting vat.
 * 3)  A traditional unit of liquid measure equal to 252 wine gallons or 2 pipes.
 * : a unit of mass equal to 2240 pounds, 20 hundredweights of 112 pounds avoirdupois each.
 * : any extremely or excessively large amount.
 * : a person who drinks excessively.
 * 1) Any shell belonging to  and allied genera.
 * 2) The cryptobiotic state of a tardigrade, when its metabolism is temporarily suspended.
 * : a person who drinks excessively.
 * 1) Any shell belonging to  and allied genera.
 * 2) The cryptobiotic state of a tardigrade, when its metabolism is temporarily suspended.

Translations

 * Czech: ,
 * Galician: tonel
 * Latin: tunna
 * Polish: baryła,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:

Verb

 * 1)  To put into tuns, or casks.

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1) A part of the ancient Maya Long Count Calendar system which corresponds to 18 winal cycles or 360 days.

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to thunder

Adverb

 * 1) again

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, , 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) thunderclap, thunder

Etymology 1
A contraction of, from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) tuna
 * 2) tuna fish

Etymology 2
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  An enclosed piece of ground.

Etymology 3
See.

Adjective

 * 1)  only

Usage notes

 * Other varieties of Fula use .

Adverb

 * 1)  only

Usage notes

 * Other varieties of Fula use .

Etymology
From, from , from , from , derived from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) To do (to perform or execute an action).
 * 2)  To do something (positive or negative) to someone.
 * 3)  To make a difference; to be different.
 * 4)  To fake; to feign; to pretend.
 * 5)  To put, to place, to add.
 * 6)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To do something (positive or negative) to someone.
 * 2)  To make a difference; to be different.
 * 3)  To fake; to feign; to pretend.
 * 4)  To put, to place, to add.
 * 5)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To fake; to feign; to pretend.
 * 2)  To put, to place, to add.
 * 3)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To fake; to feign; to pretend.
 * 2)  To put, to place, to add.
 * 3)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To put, to place, to add.
 * 2)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To work, to function.
 * 1)  To work, to function.

Usage notes

 * The verb tun in the sense of “to perform” is not used in combination with nouns. This function is covered by the verb : ich mache Sport, wir machen ein Spiel, er macht die Wäsche (“I do sport, we do a game, he does the laundry”). The same is true with pronouns that represent such nouns: Wer macht die Wäsche? – Ich mache sie. (“Who does the laundry? – I do it.”) It is usually ungrammatical to use tun in sentences like these.
 * Tun is only used with pronouns that represent actions as a whole: Was tust du? (“What are you doing?”) Ich tue viel für die Umwelt. (“I do a lot for the environment.”) Er tut alles, was sie sagt. (“He does everything she says.”)

 * The use of do-support is a feature of several dialects and minority languages in Germany. In the standard language, it is most established along the Rhine. It is somewhat more acceptable when used for emphasis (as in the example with zuhören above), but is otherwise often regarded as illiterate (as in the example with aufräumen). This latter usage is generally associated with lower socio-economic status.

Conjugation

 * The 1st person singular present indicative may also be (ich) tu.

Preposition

 * 1) since, ever since

Etymology 1
From, from Pre-Hlai (Norquest, 2015).

Noun

 * 1) speech; words; language
 * 2) folk song
 * 3) dispute; controversy

Etymology 2
From, from Pre-Hlai (Norquest, 2015).

Verb

 * 1) To reap.

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) you (singular)

Etymology
Inherited from.

Noun

 * 1) desire

Etymology
From.

Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Pronoun

 * 1) thou, you

Verb

 * 1) To catch.

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) thunder

Noun

 * 1)  tuft

Etymology
From. Akin to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) courtyard, front yard (the area in front of, around or between houses, particularly on a farm)
 * 2) farmstead (a collection of buildings and the area between them on a farm)
 * 1) farmstead (a collection of buildings and the area between them on a farm)

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) an enclosed piece of ground, an enclosure or garden
 * 2) the enclosed ground belonging to an individual dwelling
 * 3) the group of houses on an area of enclosed land, a homestead
 * 4) a village or town

Pronoun

 * 1)  your (second-person singular possessive pronoun)

Synonyms

 * (second-person plural form)

Etymology
(the original meaning being "thunderclap", as with the Romance cognates). See also the doublet, borrowed through French.

Noun

 * 1) cannon
 * 2)  thunderclap

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sound
 * 2) thunder

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  courtyard (an area surrounded by buildings)

Noun

 * 1)  fence

Etymology
From, compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) To descend.

Noun

 * 1) night

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Usage notes
Despite being a single syllable word ending in un, the vowel in this borrowed word is short due as in the donor language. This stands in contrast to native words and earlier borrowings which are spelt the same vowel-consonant combination but contain long vowels, such as, , and.

Noun

 * 1) tin
 * 2) tin, tin can
 * 1) tin, tin can

Noun

 * 1) tooth

title: tun


text:
butt

Etymology 1
From, , from , and  (attested in diminutive 🇨🇬 > 🇨🇬), from , from , from , later thematic variant of , perhaps from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Influenced by 🇨🇬,, ultimately from the same source. Compare also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, from the same root. Related to,.

Noun

 * 1)  The larger or thicker end of something; the blunt end, in distinction from the sharp or narrow end
 * 2)  The buttocks or anus.
 * 3)  The whole buttocks and pelvic region that includes one's private parts.
 * 4)  Body; self.
 * 5)  The thickest and stoutest part of tanned oxhides, used for soles of boots, harness, trunks.
 * 6)  The waste end of anything.
 * 7)   A used cigarette.
 * 8) A piece of land left unplowed at the end of a field.
 * 9) * c. 1850-1860, Alexander Mansfield Burrill, A New Law Dictionary and Glossary
 * The hay was growing upon headlands and butts in cornfields.
 * 1)  Hassock.
 * 2)  A crust end-piece of a loaf of bread.
 * 3)  An end of something, often distinguished in some way from the other end.
 * 4) The end of a firearm opposite to that from which a bullet is fired.
 * 5)  The plastic or rubber cap used to cover the open end of a lacrosse stick's shaft in order to reduce injury.
 * 6) The portion of a half-coupling fastened to the end of a hose.
 * 7) The end of a connecting rod or other like piece, to which the boxing is attached by the strap, cotter, and gib.
 * 8)  A joint where the ends of two objects come squarely together without scarfing or chamfering.
 * 9)  A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc., so named because it is attached to the inside edge of the door and butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge.
 * 10)  The joint where two planks in a strake meet.
 * 11) The blunt back part of an axehead or large blade. Also called the poll.
 * 12)  A limit; a bound; a goal; the extreme bound; the end.
 * 13) A mark to be shot at; a target.
 * 14)   A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed.
 * 15) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1)  A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc., so named because it is attached to the inside edge of the door and butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge.
 * 2)  The joint where two planks in a strake meet.
 * 3) The blunt back part of an axehead or large blade. Also called the poll.
 * 4)  A limit; a bound; a goal; the extreme bound; the end.
 * 5) A mark to be shot at; a target.
 * 6)   A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed.
 * 7) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1) A mark to be shot at; a target.
 * 2)   A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed.
 * 3) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1)   A person at whom ridicule, jest, or contempt is directed.
 * 2) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.
 * 1) The hut or shelter of the person who attends to the targets in rifle practice.

Usage notes

 * The word butt for "buttocks" is considered less vulgar than "arse or ass", but still not as polite as saying bottom or rear end.

Translations

 * Bulgarian:
 * Czech:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Irish: buta
 * Macedonian: кундак
 * Maori: pōike, reke
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: kolbe
 * Nynorsk: kolbe
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:, patul puștii
 * Russian:, то́лстый коне́ц
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ку̀ндак
 * Roman:
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: kulata, manggo

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian: byth,
 * Apache:
 * Western Apache: bikʼai, bikʼai dahncha
 * Arabic: مُؤَخَّرَة
 * Egyptian Arabic: طيز
 * Hijazi Arabic: قعر, طيز
 * Armenian:, ,
 * Azerbaijani:, sağrı
 * Bashkir: күт
 * Belarusian: за́дніца, се́дніца, се́даўка, по́па, ду́па
 * Bulgarian:, гъз , ду́пе
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 籮噼, 噼噼, 屎忽, 屎窟 , 囉柚, 籮柚
 * Hokkien:
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Czech:, ,
 * Danish: bagdel, rumpe,
 * Dutch:, , ,
 * Egyptian: ,
 * Esperanto:, postaĵo
 * Estonian: tagumik, istmik, taguots, tagument, ,
 * Faroese: reyv, rumpa, rassur
 * Finnish:, , , , , , ,
 * French: ,
 * Galician:, , , traseiro
 * Georgian: ტრაკი, დუნდულა, უკანალი
 * German:, , ,
 * Greek:, ,
 * Ancient: ὄρρος
 * Greenlandic: nullut, eqqoq
 * Hebrew:, , ,
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Icelandic: ,
 * Ido:
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: perä, peppo, santukka, pers
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:
 * Kabuverdianu: kadera
 * Korean:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: قن
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Lao:
 * Latin: clūnis,
 * Limburgish:
 * Macedonian: газ, задник
 * Malay:
 * Maori: kumu
 * Mongolian: ,
 * Norwegian:, ,
 * Occitan: ,
 * Okinawan: 尻
 * Persian:, ,
 * Pichinglis: bàta
 * Polish:, ,
 * Portuguese:, , , ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:, , , ,  ,  ,
 * Sami:
 * Inari: pottâ
 * Northern: čurti, bahta
 * Skolt: põtt
 * Southern: ravve, råvve
 * Scottish Gaelic: pèire
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ду̏пе, гу̀зица, гу́за, за̏дњица
 * Roman:, , ,
 * Slovak: zadok,, prdel
 * Slovene:, zadnjica
 * Spanish:, culamen, , , , ,
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:, , , ,
 * Tagalog: pwet,, upos , puwit
 * Telugu: పిరుదుల
 * Thai: ,
 * Tibetan: རྐུབ
 * Turkish: ,
 * Turkmen: otyrýer
 * Ukrainian: сідни́ця, зад,, ду́па ,
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese:
 * Wiradjuri: bubul
 * Wolof: meego
 * Yiddish: תּחת, אחור, אחוריים

 * Finnish: ,

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Polish:

 * Afrikaans: stompie
 * Arabic: عَقْب سِيجَارَة
 * Armenian:, ,
 * Belarusian: недаку́рак
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Burmese: ก้นบุหรี่
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chinese:
 * Hakka: 菸屎胐
 * Hokkien:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech: nedopalek,, ,
 * Danish: skod
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: sigaretikoni, suitsukoni
 * Finnish:, ,
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, , , Zigarettenkippe
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: stubbur, sígarettustubbur
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: bun, bun toitín
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Khmer: កន្ទុយបារី
 * Korean: 꽁초, 담배꽁초
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish: ,
 * Lao:
 * Latvian: izsmēķis
 * Lithuanian:
 * Macedonian: отпушок, пикавец
 * Malay: puntung rokok
 * Manx: bun
 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian Bokmål:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:, guimba,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: bun
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: опушак
 * Roman:
 * Sicilian:
 * Slovak: ohorok
 * Slovene: ogorek
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: kónjack
 * Upper Sorbian: kónčk
 * Spanish:, ,  ,  chenca,  ,  ,  ,  ,
 * Swedish: ,
 * Tamil:
 * Thai:
 * Tibetan:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: недо́палок
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: stwmp, bonyn, stwmpyn

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish:
 * Hungarian:

 * Catalan: culata
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian: (of a rifle),  (of a pistol)
 * Spanish:

 * Finnish:

 * Finnish: ,
 * Spanish:, ,

 * Finnish: ,
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish:

 * Finnish: naurunaihe
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Irish: ula mhagaidh, dóigh magaidh, eala mhagaidh
 * Maori: omeke
 * Tagalog: tampulan

 * Finnish: monttu

Verb

 * 1) To join at the butt, end, or outward extremity; to terminate; to be bounded; to abut.

Etymology 2
From, from , , from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬. More at.

Verb

 * 1)  To strike bluntly, particularly with the head.
 * 2)  To strike bluntly with the head.
 * 3)  To cut in line (in front of someone).
 * 1)  To cut in line (in front of someone).
 * 1)  To cut in line (in front of someone).

Translations

 * Bashkir: һөҙөү
 * Bulgarian: блъскам с глава
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish:
 * Gallo: bouéner
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: κυρίσσω
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Italian:
 * Khmer:
 * Latgalian: badeit
 * Latvian: badīt
 * Maori: tuki, tukituki
 * Mongolian:
 * Norman: bouter
 * Romanian: lovi cu capul,, punge
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Telugu: ,
 * Thai:
 * Welsh:

 * Bashkir: һөҙөшөү
 * Hungarian: öklelődzik,
 * Welsh:, * Welsh: pendolcio

Noun

 * 1) A push, thrust, or sudden blow, given by the head; a head butt.
 * 2) A thrust in fencing.
 * 1) A thrust in fencing.
 * 1) A thrust in fencing.
 * 1) A thrust in fencing.

Translations

 * Finnish:, puskaisu
 * German:
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Irish: tump
 * Italian: cornata
 * Romanian: lovitură cu capul,
 * Spanish: topetazo,
 * Telugu: కుమ్ముడు, క్రుమ్ముడు

 * Finnish:

Etymology 3
From, , , , from , and  and other etymologies on this page, all from.

Noun

 * 1)  An English measure of capacity for liquids, containing 126 wine gallons which is one-half tun; equivalent to the pipe.
 * 2)  A wooden cask for storing wine, usually containing 126 gallons.
 * 1)  A wooden cask for storing wine, usually containing 126 gallons.

Related terms
🇨🇴

Translations

 * Irish: buta
 * Portuguese:

 * Catalan:
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: buta
 * Portuguese:
 * Scottish Gaelic: baraille, togsaid

Etymology 4
From, , , possibly derived from , meaning "blunt-headed fish." Compare 🇨🇬 and the second element of 🇨🇬.

Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  Any of various flatfish such as sole, plaice or turbot

Translations

 * Finnish:
 * German:

Noun

 * 1)  A heavy two-wheeled cart.
 * 2)  A three-wheeled cart resembling a wheelbarrow.

Etymology 6
Originally apparently a less-desired cut, named either due to its often being packed in for storage and shipping, or from the use of butt to refer to "the larger or thicker end of something, in distinction from the sharp or narrow end" or "the waste end".

Noun

 * 1) The shoulder of an animal, especially the portion above the picnic, as a cut of meat.

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) blunt
 * 2)  obtuse

Etymology 1
From.

Adjective

 * 1) blunt
 * 2)  obtuse

title: butt


text:
hogshead

Etymology

From Late, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , from , + , equivalent to. The connection between the cask and the head of a hog is, but may refer to the shape of the cask. The word has often been borrowed into other languages as “-head”.

Noun

 * 1)  An English measure of capacity for liquids, containing 63 wine gallons, or about $52 1/2$ imperial gallons; a half pipe.
 * 2) A large barrel or cask of indefinite contents, especially one containing from 100 to 140 gallons.
 * 1) A large barrel or cask of indefinite contents, especially one containing from 100 to 140 gallons.
 * 1) A large barrel or cask of indefinite contents, especially one containing from 100 to 140 gallons.
 * 1) A large barrel or cask of indefinite contents, especially one containing from 100 to 140 gallons.
 * 1) A large barrel or cask of indefinite contents, especially one containing from 100 to 140 gallons.
 * 1) A large barrel or cask of indefinite contents, especially one containing from 100 to 140 gallons.

Derived terms

 * couch a hogshead

Translations

 * Danish: oksehoved
 * Dutch:, oxhoofd
 * Estonian:
 * Galician: bocoi
 * German: Oxhoft
 * Ido:
 * Middle English: hoggeshed
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: oksehode
 * Nynorsk: oksehovud
 * Polish: okseft
 * Portuguese: meia pipa, hogshead
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: togsaid, tocasaid
 * Swedish: oxhuvud
 * Vietnamese: Bơrin

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Danish: oksehoved
 * Dutch:, oxhoofd
 * Galician: bocoi
 * German: Oxhoft
 * Middle English: hoggeshed
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: oksehode
 * Nynorsk: oksehovud
 * Polish: okseft
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: togsaid, tocasaid
 * Spanish: bocoy
 * Swedish: oxhuvud

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  an English measure of liquids

title: hogshead


text:
Ladin

Etymology
From, itself from. .

Proper noun

 * 1) A Rhaeto-Romance language (or dialect continuum), spoken primarily in the Italian portion of Tyrol and the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy.

Translations

 * Armenian: լադիներեն
 * Bulgarian: ладински
 * French:
 * German:, ladinische Sprache
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: Laidinis
 * Italian:
 * Ladin: Ladin, ladin
 * Latin: lingua Ladina, ladina, dolomiana
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: ладинский
 * Scots: Ladin
 * Turkish:

Noun

 * 1) A person speaking Ladin as a mother tongue.

Adjective

 * : Lada's

title: Ladin


text:
tierce

Etymology
From, from.

Pronunciation

 * (card)
 * (card)
 * (card)
 * (card)

Noun

 * 1)  A third.
 * : the third canonical hour or its service.
 * 1)  A measure of capacity equal to a third of a pipe, or a cask or other vessel holding such a quantity; a cask larger than a barrel, and smaller than a hogshead or a puncheon, in which wine or salt provisions, rice, etc., are packed for shipment.
 * 2)  The third tone of the scale. See mediant.
 * 3)  A sequence of three playing cards of the same suit. Tierce of ace, king and queen is called tierce-major.
 * 4)  The third defensive position, with the sword hand held at waist height, and the tip of the sword at head height.
 * 5)  An ordinary that covers the left or right third of the field of a shield or flag.
 * 6)  One sixtieth of a second, i.e., the third in a series of fractional parts in a sexagesimal number system. (Also known as a third.)
 * 1)  The third defensive position, with the sword hand held at waist height, and the tip of the sword at head height.
 * 2)  An ordinary that covers the left or right third of the field of a shield or flag.
 * 3)  One sixtieth of a second, i.e., the third in a series of fractional parts in a sexagesimal number system. (Also known as a third.)
 * 1)  One sixtieth of a second, i.e., the third in a series of fractional parts in a sexagesimal number system. (Also known as a third.)

Translations

 * Catalan:

Etymology
,, from.

Noun

 * 1)  third
 * 2) terce

Usage notes

 * Unlike Modern French, it is attested with masculine nouns as well as feminine ones.

title: tierce


text:
Talk:会う

I'm making this a redirect page for the article 会う(あう). We'll save a lot of time and effort if we keep the actual contents for each Japanese entry on one page only: namely, the one whose title is the word in its customary written form followed by its reading in parentheses. --Yajuu 22:23, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:会う


text:
barrel

Etymology
From, from , , , of uncertain origin. An attempt to link baril to 🇨🇬 (compare 🇨🇬) via assumed 🇨🇬 meets the phonological requirement, but fails to connect the word semantically. The alternate connection to, or , from , , from , is more plausible as it connects not only the form of the word but also the sense; equivalent to. Compare also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. More at bear.

Noun

 * 1)   A round  vessel, such as a cask, of greater length than breadth, and bulging in the middle, made of staves bound with hoops, and having flat ends (heads). Sometimes applied to a similar cylindrical container made of metal, usually called a drum.
 * 2)  Such a cask of a certain size, holding one-eighth of what a  holds. (See a diagram comparing cask sizes.)
 * 3) The quantity which constitutes a full barrel: the volume or weight this represents varies by local law and custom.
 * 4) A solid drum, or a hollow cylinder or case
 * 5) A metallic tube, as of a gun, from which a projectile is discharged.
 * 6)  A ceiling-mounted tube from which lights are suspended.
 * 7)  A tube.
 * 8)  The hollow basal part of a feather.
 * 9)   The part of a clarinet which connects the mouthpiece and upper joint, and looks rather like a barrel (1).
 * 10)  A wave that breaks with a hollow compartment.
 * 11)  A waste receptacle.
 * 12)  The ribs and belly of a horse or pony.
 * 13)  A jar.
 * 14)  Any of the dark-staining regions in the somatosensory cortex of rodents, etc., where somatosensory inputs from the contralateral side of the body come in from the thalamus.
 * 15)  A statistic derived from launch angle and exit velocity of a ball hit in play.
 * 1)  A tube.
 * 2)  The hollow basal part of a feather.
 * 3)   The part of a clarinet which connects the mouthpiece and upper joint, and looks rather like a barrel (1).
 * 4)  A wave that breaks with a hollow compartment.
 * 5)  A waste receptacle.
 * 6)  The ribs and belly of a horse or pony.
 * 7)  A jar.
 * 8)  Any of the dark-staining regions in the somatosensory cortex of rodents, etc., where somatosensory inputs from the contralateral side of the body come in from the thalamus.
 * 9)  A statistic derived from launch angle and exit velocity of a ball hit in play.
 * 1)  A jar.
 * 2)  Any of the dark-staining regions in the somatosensory cortex of rodents, etc., where somatosensory inputs from the contralateral side of the body come in from the thalamus.
 * 3)  A statistic derived from launch angle and exit velocity of a ball hit in play.
 * 1)  A statistic derived from launch angle and exit velocity of a ball hit in play.

Meronyms

 * (e.g., )
 * (e.g., )
 * (e.g., )

Translations

 * Afrikaans:
 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: بِرْمِيل
 * Egyptian Arabic: برميل
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Belarusian: бо́чка
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:, ,
 * Burmese: ,
 * Catalan:, , barril,
 * Cherokee: ᏒᏙᏂ
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 桶
 * Mandarin:
 * Cornish: balyer
 * Czech: ,
 * Danish:, fad
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto: barelo
 * Estonian: vaat
 * Faroese: tunna
 * Finnish:
 * French: ,
 * Middle French: tonnel
 * Old French: tonel
 * Georgian:
 * German:, ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: πίθος
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: bocka, puin, pytty
 * Irish: bairille
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese:
 * Kannada:
 * Kazakh: бөшке
 * Khmer: ,
 * Korean:
 * Kyrgyz:
 * Lao: ຖັງ, ກະຖັງ, ກະໂຫລ່ງ
 * Latgalian: buca
 * Latin: cupa, dolium
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian: statìnė
 * Luxembourgish: Faass
 * Macedonian: буре
 * Malay:
 * Maltese: bittija
 * Manx: stoandey
 * Maori: kāho
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: боошиг,
 * Norman: bathi
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: ,
 * Nynorsk: tunne, tønne,
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Cyrillic: бъчька
 * Old English: tunne
 * Ottoman Turkish: شرابخانه
 * Persian:
 * Polabian: klådă
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: baraille
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ба̏чва, бу̏ре
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish: ,
 * Sudovian: kanove
 * Swahili:
 * Swedish:, ,
 * Tajik: бочка
 * Thai:
 * Tibetan: ཟོམ, ཆུ་ཟོམ
 * Turkish:
 * Turkmen: çelek
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: پیپا
 * Uyghur: چېلەك, تۇڭ
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese: thùng rượu, thùng tonneau, thùng tròn
 * Walloon:
 * Welsh: casgen
 * Yiddish: פֿאַס

 * Armenian:
 * Belarusian: ба́рэль
 * Bulgarian: ба́рел
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 桶
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Georgian: ბარელი
 * German:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hindi: बैरल
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Indonesian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: 배럴
 * Lao: ບາເລນ
 * Latvian: barels
 * Macedonian: барел
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian: ба́рель

 * Finnish: ;
 * German:, Hohlzylinder, , , Gewindehülse, , , , , , Pinole
 * Hungarian: ,
 * Macedonian: барабан
 * Russian:

 * Albanian:
 * Arabic: مَاسُورَة, سَبَطَانَة
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani: lülə
 * Belarusian: ствол, ду́ла, ру́ля, цэ́ўка
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: ,
 * Czech:
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:, paftubo
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Georgian:
 * German:, Gewehrrohr,
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Icelandic: ,
 * Irish: bairille
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: оқпан
 * Khmer:
 * Korean: 총열, 총신(銃身)
 * Kyrgyz: ствол
 * Latvian:
 * Lithuanian: vamzdis
 * Macedonian: цевка
 * Manx: feddan
 * Maori: arahāmoa
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: ,
 * Nynorsk: laup, løp, pipe
 * Persian:
 * Plautdietsch: Scheetrua
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Punjabi: ਨਾਲ਼ੀ
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: це̑в, ције̑в
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene:
 * Spanish:
 * Swahili: kasiba
 * Swedish:
 * Tajik:
 * Tatar: ,
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Tày: búa
 * Ukrainian: ствол,, , ру́ля, лю́фа
 * Uzbek:
 * Vietnamese:
 * Welsh: baril

 * Finnish:
 * German: Federspule,

 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:, ,
 * Icelandic: baula
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:

 * Finnish:
 * German:

 * Finnish:, roskapönttö
 * German:, Abfalltonne, , , ,
 * Hungarian:, , ,

 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:

Verb

 * 1)  To put or to pack in a barrel or barrels.
 * 2)  To move quickly or in an uncontrolled manner.
 * He came barrelling around the corner and I almost hit him.
 * 1)  To assume the shape of a barrel; specifically, of the image on a computer display, television, etc., to exhibit barrel distortion, where the sides bulge outwards.
 * 1)  To assume the shape of a barrel; specifically, of the image on a computer display, television, etc., to exhibit barrel distortion, where the sides bulge outwards.
 * 1)  To assume the shape of a barrel; specifically, of the image on a computer display, television, etc., to exhibit barrel distortion, where the sides bulge outwards.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Hungarian: hordóz, hordóba tölt
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * German:, , , , , , ,
 * Hungarian:, , , ,
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:

Etymology
.

title: barrel


text:
Talk:合う

For the reason I made this a redirect page, please see Talk:会う. If you object to this redirection policy, please let me know! --Yajuu 22:32, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:合う


text:
puncheon

Etymology
From, from , et al., and ,  et al., from , from. . Related to 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) A figured stamp, die, or punch, used by goldsmiths, cutlers, etc.
 * 2) A short, upright piece of timber in framing; a short post; an intermediate stud.
 * 3) A piece of roughly dressed timber with one face finished flat (by either  or ).
 * 4) A split log or heavy slab of timber with the face smoothed, used especially for flooring but also for  walls, piers, or plank roads.
 * 5) A walkway or short, low footbridge over wet ground constructed with such timbers, made by laying one or more planks or dressed timbers over sills set directly on the ground; also called duck boards, bog boards, or bog bridge.
 * 6) A short low bridge of similar construction. Also called puncheon bridge.
 * 7) A type of  used to hold liquids, having a capacity varying from 72 to 120 gallons; a tercian.
 * 1) A type of  used to hold liquids, having a capacity varying from 72 to 120 gallons; a tercian.

title: puncheon


text: tercian

title: tercian


text:
kilderkin

Etymology
Late, from , a variant of , itself a diminutive of. See.

Noun

 * 1) A small barrel.
 * 2) An old English liquid measure, usually being half a barrel; containing 18 English beer gallons, or 83.178 L.
 * 3) * 1882: 23 Hen. VIII, cap. 4... The barrel of beer is to hold 36 gallons, the kilderkin 18 gallons the firkin 9. But the barrel, kilderkin, and firkin of ale are to contain 32, 16, and 8 gallons. — James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Volume 4, p. 205.

title: kilderkin


text:
firkin

Etymology
From, diminutive of , from ; equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  A varying measure of capacity, usually being a quarter of a barrel; specifically, a measure equal to nine imperial gallons.
 * 2)  A small wooden vessel or cask of indeterminate size, used for butter, lard, etc.
 * 3) A measurement for the mass of butter, equalling 56 pounds.
 * 1)  A small wooden vessel or cask of indeterminate size, used for butter, lard, etc.
 * 2) A measurement for the mass of butter, equalling 56 pounds.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: каче
 * Finnish:
 * Hebrew:, חֲבִיֹנֶת

title: firkin


text:
falt

Noun

 * 1) An old English measure of wheat in London containing 9 bushels.

Etymology
From, related to the verb , whence also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) fold

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hair, specifically that on the head.

title: falt


text:
User:Velociped

Pronunciation

 * IPA: / vɛ' losɪpɛd /

Hyphenation

 * ve·lo·ci·ped

Proper noun
Velociped

 * A truncated adaptation of the proto-bicycle term velocipede. It was adopted as an IRC nick over a decade ago and references the fact that I favor the bicycle as my primary form of daily transportation. Most IRC networks limit the nick name length to nine characters; thus velociped was born.

How and why I came to be here
Having heard vague references to the Wikimedia projects for over a year in 2004, it was not until reading a newspaper article on the efforts of contributors from my region of the county, North Central Texas, that I became interested in contributing. After visiting the site a few times and having a look around, I decided that participation would compliment my other net related projects quite nicely.

Though I originally became a member of the sister site, Wikipedia, I find myself contributing more to the Wiktionary. However, I find both to be fascinating and extremely worthy endeavors and look forward to many years of my own contributions.

Language and history are two of my favorite subjects and giving back to the internet community with my knowledge of these topics is a great way to assist others.

personalForge

title: User:Velociped


text:
pronuncia

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) pronunciation
 * 2) accent
 * 3) speech, delivery
 * 4) judgment
 * 1) judgment

title: pronuncia


text:
くに

Etymology 2
From, with an epenthetic vowel -i added, in turn from.

Attested in the .

Noun

 * 1)  the native Japanese reading

title: くに


text:
windle

Etymology 1
Perhaps from.

Noun

 * 1)  The redwing.

Etymology 2
From, , from , from , from , equivalent to. Related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  A basket.
 * 2) An old English measure of corn, half a bushel.

Etymology 3
From, shortened from.

Noun

 * 1) Any dried-out grass leaf or stalk in a field
 * 2) Also any of several species of grasses that leave such leaves or stalks, such as ,
 * 3) Bent grass ( spp.).
 * 1) Also any of several species of grasses that leave such leaves or stalks, such as ,
 * 2) Bent grass ( spp.).
 * 1) Also any of several species of grasses that leave such leaves or stalks, such as ,
 * 2) Bent grass ( spp.).
 * 1) Bent grass ( spp.).

Etymology 4
From, from or. Related to 🇨🇬,,.

Noun

 * 1) A windlass
 * 2) A reel for winding something into a bundle, such as winding string or yarn into skeins or straw into bundles.
 * 1) A reel for winding something into a bundle, such as winding string or yarn into skeins or straw into bundles.
 * 1) A reel for winding something into a bundle, such as winding string or yarn into skeins or straw into bundles.
 * 1) A reel for winding something into a bundle, such as winding string or yarn into skeins or straw into bundles.

Verb

 * 1)  To bind straw into bundles.
 * 2)  To wind yarn.
 * 3)  To whirl around in the air;  to drift.

title: windle


text:
wey

Etymology
From, , , , from , from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  An old English measure of weight containing 224 pounds; equivalent to 2 hundredweight.
 * 2) * c. 1376, William Langland, The Vision of Piers Plowman, Version B, Passus 5, Line 91:
 * Than though I hadde this wouke ywonne a weye of Essex cheese.

Etymology
From

Verb

 * 1)   to sleep

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) way

Conjunction

 * 1) that

Pronoun

 * 1) who

Etymology
Variant of, representing the relaxed pronunciation of the sounds.

Noun

 * 1)  chump, punk, dumbass, idiot, jerk
 * 2)  dude, guy, buddy

Usage notes

 * Due to the popularization of memes using Mexican slang all over Latin America through social networks, the word is heavily used on the internet by non-Mexicans and sometimes employed in spoken language.

title: wey


text:
pondus

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  An old English measure of weight, usually of wool, perhaps equal to 3 cloves.

Related terms

 * pondus Judaeus

Etymology
From, from , from. Related to,.

Noun

 * 1) weight
 * 2) weight of a pound
 * 3) heaviness, weight of a body
 * 4) load, burden
 * 5) quantity, number, multitude
 * 6) consequence, importance
 * 7)  firmness, constancy
 * 1)  firmness, constancy
 * 1)  firmness, constancy

Noun

 * 1) gravity, authority, weightfulness

title: pondus


text:
tabuleiro de xadrez

Noun

 * 1) chessboard

title: tabuleiro de xadrez


text:
chaldron

Etymology 1
A collateral form of.

Noun

 * 1)  An old English dry measure, containing four quarters. At London, 36 bushels heaped up, or its equivalent weight, and more than twice as much at Newcastle. Now used exclusively for coal and coke.
 * 2) * ????, De Colange.
 * In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs.
 * 1) * ????, De Colange.
 * In the United States the chaldron is ordinarily 2,940 lbs, but at New York it is 2,500 lbs.

title: chaldron


text:
apposite

Etymology
From, past participle of , from +.

Adjective

 * 1) Strikingly appropriate or relevant; well suited to the circumstance or in relation to something.
 * 2) * c. 1833–1856, Andrew Carrick, John Addington Symonds (editors), Medical Topography of Bristol, in Transactions of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association/Volume 2/3,
 * Medical Topography would be the most apposite title, since it comprehends the principal objects of investigation; [...].
 * 1) Positioned at rest in respect to another, be it side-to-side, front-to-front, back-to-back, or even three-dimensionally: in apposition.
 * 2) Related, homologous.
 * 1) Positioned at rest in respect to another, be it side-to-side, front-to-front, back-to-back, or even three-dimensionally: in apposition.
 * 2) Related, homologous.
 * 1) Positioned at rest in respect to another, be it side-to-side, front-to-front, back-to-back, or even three-dimensionally: in apposition.
 * 2) Related, homologous.
 * 1) Positioned at rest in respect to another, be it side-to-side, front-to-front, back-to-back, or even three-dimensionally: in apposition.
 * 2) Related, homologous.
 * 1) Positioned at rest in respect to another, be it side-to-side, front-to-front, back-to-back, or even three-dimensionally: in apposition.
 * 2) Related, homologous.
 * 1) Related, homologous.

Translations

 * Catalan: ,
 * Dutch: ,
 * Esperanto:, taŭga, konvena
 * Finnish:
 * German: ,
 * Hindi: ,
 * Hungarian:, ,
 * Manx: traaoil
 * Persian:
 * Polish: ,
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:, , , ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: iomchaidh
 * Spanish:, ,

 * Finnish:, vierekkäinen
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:

 * Finnish:
 * Spanish:

 * Bulgarian:, ,

Noun

 * 1)  That which is apposite; something suitable.

title: apposite


text:
User talk:CoryCohen

Hi, Cory Thank you, I began to copy the entries to he.wiktionary. Do you know any place we can get alphabetical lists of Hebrew words according to first letter ? shlomo

I love what your doing adding obscure early English words. Makes me want to get some old texts and do it myself. I wouldn't worry about being new to wiki, people will correct things or clean it up, but you're doing fine :)

"I'm going to start contributing as best as I can and hope that someone who really knows what they are doing will contact me"

I'm not an expert, I just come here occasionally. Just base pages on Template. --Rob 00:06, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks! I appreciate it. I feel like I'm getting the hang of it a little better now. There's nothing more frustrating to me than to not be able to find a word in a dictionary! I've got 5 or 6 large unabridged dictionaries, some of which are fairly old, and I still routinely encounter words that aren't in them. :-( The only place that gets even close is the Oxford English Dictionary Online, and it's as commerical as it can get. :-(  Hopefully the wiktionary will be better someday.

Thanks again. I feel better knowing that at least someone else has looked at my stuff... --CoryCohen 00:24, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

First, I'm glad to see someone rounding up obscure definitions. I'm currently on the opposite tack, trying to make sure that Wiktionary does have an entry for common words like dog. I'm also interested in the way senses of a word relate. Often two apparently unrelated senses are in fact related to a third, which is often a simple physical meaning, but which sometimes has become obscure with time.

That said, I would like to make some suggestions:

 * Mark obscure usages as rare, dated or archaic, or as belonging to a particular profession (e.g., the blacksmithing sense of heat), or with some other indication that these are not everyday senses.
 * I'm not sure if there is an established policy for the use of these markers, but I would say
 * rare if a modern writer might be expected to produce the word from time to time, perhaps for effect, but not often. E.g., decimate in its original sense (though I marked this particular case as "no longer common" -- oh well.)
 * dated if it's still in living memory, but no longer widely used and has a more current equivalent. Perhaps icebox for refrigerator (though that's not marked other than as US -- hey, wiktionary is a work in progress).
 * archaic if it's no longer even in living memory outside sources like the KJB and Shakespeare. E.g., spake (That one's actually marked as archaic!)
 * Please be very careful of bringing in definitions from other sources verbatim. Some of the definitions you have entered can be found verbatim on Dictionary.com, and unless I'm greatly mistaken, that's off limits.
 * Even if a source has fallen into public domain (e.g., Webster's 1913), it's still not a good idea to copy the definition. Usage may have changed (and dated become archaic), and even if the usage of the word hasn't, the older definition may not be as clear as it could be to modern ears.
 * Similarly, you should find your own citations. If your only source for a word is the quotation given in someone else's dictionary, how do you know that you've captured usage correctly?  As you've said, many of these words are not even in most dictionaries.  This is an issue for all words, but it's particularly acute for rare words and senses, as they're harder to scare up by googling or searching BNC (the British National Corpus).  Even then, it's still possible.  I had little trouble finding a website specializing in incense that gave a definition for thus, which I then checked against dictionary.com   Again, there's nothing wrong with using existing dictionaries as a cross-check.  They just shouldn't be primary sources if you can at all help it.

Anyway, keep up the good work, but do be careful with the copyrights. -dmh 04:00, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the feedback dmh! Yeah, I figure there are lots of dictionaries with the more common words, and eventually they'll all get populated in the wiktionary as well, thanks to folks like yourself. I'm interested in the more obscure words mostly because of my interest in history. Some of the words I've encountered can only be found in the OED, or not at all. :-(

As for copyrights, Webster's, and dictionary.com, I believe that 100% of the text I've added is either:
 * 1) Rarely -- text written by me, usually without a specific source.
 * 2) First hand quotations from texts that have been appropriately cited.
 * 3) Verbatim (or almost verbatim) reuse of the public domain 1913 Webster's.

I suspect that the last bullet is the primary issue. I'm very concerned about not exaggerating the importance of my defintions (as you have rightly suggested, with your comments on labeling). For example, for most folks a "seam" is not 24 wey of glass.

The problem for me is that I'm not really interested in trying to write defintions for common words, yet if they're not there already, I can't append my more obscure definition. As you probably know, the more common words aren't necessarily the easiest to write definitions for. It seems to me like the best solution is to reuse the Webster's 1913 definition to give the page a "stub" for development by other contributors. Particularly considering some problems I see with the way translations for various senses are handled, renumbering of the senses seems to be a bad thing.

As for citing Webster's, I honestly don't feel much of a need to since it's been so heavily used for public domain dictionaries. What I'm really curious about is why there isn't more of the 1913 Webster's in the Wiktionary. I've seen several public discussions about adding the entire thing is some automated way (which I would support), but nothing actually seems to have been done. I understand that there might be some reservation about the quality, but if that were the primary roadblock, I'd expect to have at least seen a little more discussion about it. In particular, I looked for -- and was unable to find -- an official way to cite the 1913 Webster's. Perhaps I should just start something in the beer room on this topic, but I've got other topics that are more important to me...

As for "finding my own citations", I'm honestly a bit confused by your comments. Every quotation I've entered is a "first hand" quotation, from a book I own (either in print or electronically). None of them are from dictionaries, although I am trying hard to select quotes that serve the double purpose of acting as a definition. I personally feel that the quotations are the single most important part of a good dictionary. Spending some time in the OED will certainly reinforce this belief. I'd like to see one or two quotations for each spelling of each sense of each word in each century. This is especially important in a  collaborative project such as this, because I essentially have no way to gauge the reliability of the other contributors. Good quotations provide evidence by saying "I didn't make this definition up, reliable sources X, Y, and Z did." Many of the sources that I'm citing are among the most widely cited texts in the field of medieval history.

I agree completely with your comments about labelling. Webster's uses "obsolete" a lot, and I've marked some of my words as such (but not enough, and not consistently). Some of the ones I've written myself lead with phrases like "an old English measure". Unfortunately, I've been unable to find any guidance on the Wiktionary:Template page regarding this issue, and feel pretty strongly that what's really needed is some standardized definitions there. I'd also love to see a sizeable list of categories like blacksmithing, biology, carpentry, mining, etc. that I can place words in. the abbreviations in Websters are too cryptic and provide no valuable cross-referencing capability. On top of that, I'm honestly not qualified to make this determination for most of the words I'm encountering. In the end, I think the best solutions are:
 * Having someone who knows what they're talking about mark it with a well defined keyword such as those you've suggested.
 * Until then, using the contextual clues provided by good quotations. If the best quotation we can come up with for a word is from Piers Plowman or A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, that's a clue. :-)

I've actually dodged putting the really rare words in so far (mostly so I can wait to see if anyone involved freaks). They're largely mixtures of middle english and latin, but they're words I've seen in more than one location, and I'm pretty certain they were in common use from say 1100-1500. Spelling variations becomes a very complicated issue at this point as well. Unfortunately, in a lot of cases, all I can do is make an educated guess about their meaning. But I suspect that 99% of the world is the same boat, and I'm hoping that the wiktionary can become a place for us to discuss and share some of these educated guesses.

Thanks again for your comments. Perhaps we should start a beer room discussion on labels and categories?

--CoryCohen 20:02, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Cory. No need to write to my talk page (but no harm either).  I tend to watch the Recent Changes page pretty closely, and I was going to check your page for replies anyway.

 * First, I realized after writing that "find your own quotations" might have come off a bit harsh. If so, I apologize.  Clearly you're on top of the issue.  My personal take on the matter is that Wiktionary isn't the OED, nor should it try to be.  I tend to make up the quotes in my entries out of whole cloth (after duly checking other sources to make sure I've got the sense right) in order to illustrate usage.  As a reader, I prefer a short made-up quote to a longer one with a full citation.

 * The problem with real live quotes is that they usually weren't designed to illustrate a particular word. That's a huge reason why it took so long to assemble the OED.  The editors had to go through all those slips to tease out the meaning.  I'll often run through the BNC and google to make sure I haven't missed senses, but few of the hits I get would make good illustrative quotes.

 * As to Webster 1913, I am very much against automatically bringing it in. If you want Webster 1913 definitions, they're already available.  Meanings shift.  There is no easy way to tell that an entry constructed from Webster 1913 has been checked for currency or edited for ease of reading.  I suppose it would be OK to have stub entries that link to Webster, as in "we haven't constructed a modern entry for this, but in the mean time you might try these from Webster 1913 (link here)".  That might also make it easier for people filling out the stubs.  While we're at it, maybe add BNC and whatever other public corpora there are.

 * One of the nice things about wiki is you can, if needed, do a half-assed job and expect other people to fix it up. To take a specific example, it would have been perfectly fine to put in just the interesting obscure meanings of roll, and note it as a stub (and just to be safe put in a  .  I'll probably go in and edit those definitions a bit to boil them down.

 * So have fun, just do the stuff you like, how you like. Others will take it from there and convergence will be amazingly fast.  It take surprisingly little time to feel at home in a wiki. -dmh 04:20, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, roll looks pretty good, and the quote for the obscure sense is quite illustrative. -dmh 04:22, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the followup as well. It sounds like we're finding some common ground on a number of issues. I'm also interested talking about some areas where we seem to disagree. (Other view points are usually a good thing). Have you read my much longer rant on my User page yet? I've been quite "chatty" this evening. It covers some topics that might interest you as well. No offense taken, by the way.

I wouldn't really suggest that the Wiktionary try to be the OED, but an everything to everyone kind of attitude does seem to be fairly central to the philosophy. In particular, I think the all languages decision is brilliant, because it eliminates all of the problems associated with aribtrary boundaries between the languages. As we all know words morph, and languages borrow liberally from one another. I see the era issue as just another dimension of this all encompassing attitude. The Webster 1913 definitions aren't any less correct because the they've changed over time. In fact, if they've changed enough for you to notice or care, I want both. One of my fundamental problems with practically all modern dicitionaries is that they're designed almost exclusively with the modern reader in mind. I'm looking the word up in the dictionary because it's passed out of common usage. In my experience, the OED is the only dictionary that I've seen which got this aspect right.

I agree about the time and energy taken to compile the OED and the quotations in particular. It's time consuming work. Hopefully a collaborative effort can produce something before the century is over. :-) But there's no doubt that the Wiktionary will advance faster than the OED once it has X million Internet users who adopt an attitude like:

 * Wow. This word wasn't in the Wiktionary.  I should add the quotation for the sentence I just saw, and let someone else say what it means. (Or it's translation or quote equivalent.)

In this way, I think there's a "critical mass" beyond which the Wiktionary will "pick up speed" so to speak. The wikipedia sure seems to have reached this point. That's one of the reasons I'm generally in support of adding the 1913 Webster's. It'll get something in there to generate that attitude. More dedicated people can and will refine the definitions for the common words either way.

Having said that, I'm open to your suggestion to "stub" the definitions more literally. If as a group we could agree on some language that would identify incomplete entries:

 * This word has additional well known meanings that have not been recorded in the Wikipedia. Any meanings that are present, while believed to be accurate, are not meant to be complete. Click here to improve this definition.

or something like that, would certainly meet my personal goals for the wiktionary work I'm interested in. How would you feel about a tag or marker (invisible?) that would allow you to distinguish 1913 Webster's definitions for later refinement? I'd be happier with this sort of solution for the reasons mentioned earlier.

Thanks for the <nowiki></nowiki> tip. I'm still learning wiki. It's a bit of a strange beast.

The final topic you raised (at least in my mind) was quotation selection. I've got no real strong opinions on quotation selection so far, and very little experience. So far, I've found that I like very descriptive (almost definition like) quotes when I can find them. But, I tend to define a lot of archaic nouns where the words have very specific meanings to begin with. I suspect that some words (adjectives, emotions, philosphies, etc?) will be much better suited to quotations where the word is actually used in it's normal context. If you, or anyone else, is interested in discussing the merits of selecting certain types of quotes, I'm very interested in having that discussion.

A very similar dilemma arises when selecting sources. I'm using well respected sources for the most part so far, but they generally don't represent the most "contemporary" thinking. In some cases, I'm happy to solve the problem by narrowing the time between quotations to 50 years or thereabout. I'd like to see 1900, 1950, and 2000. Which I think would be excessive by OED standards, but then again they were paying for the ink, and the bits are basically free. :-) -- CoryCohen 06:35, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thinking it over, I think it's not only harmless to add in historical quotes, a la OED, it's actually a really good idea. On the other hand, I would like to keep the flavor of existing entries, with generally short and modern illustrative quotes with the definitions.  How about having a section for "Historical Quotations"?  This would properly belong with the Etymology, but then I'd want to move the Etymology after the main definitions -- I don't want to skip past centuries worth of interesting background just to find out what a word actually means.  The real solution is to make Wiktionary look more like a database and provide customisable views, but that's a different kettle of fish.

 * Of course, if a historical quote also reads well as an illustration, I don't see any reason not to put it next to its definition, citation and all. -dmh 14:45, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the questions. I'll try to deal with a number of them

Public Domain Works
 * I'm very concerned about the negative consequences of a lot of our existing intellectual property and copyright laws. Rather than rant about it here, I'll just say that I think current protections are more than adequate, and than a lot of material currently in the public domain is in danger of being lost if people don't assert their rights more aggresively.

I very much agree that we could go much further, though copyright issues are not a big problem in Wiktionary. I find them far more important at Wikisource where we can perhaps use some of those history books. Many opinions that I have encountered here are guided by copyright paranoia. The unfounded fear of breaking the law tends to wreak havoc with common sense. I believe that there are many places where copyright infringement is a perfectly acceptable way of doing things, but such an act must come in the wake of a fully reasoned understanding of what one is doing.

Language
 * I own well over a dozen dictionaries, including several unabridged versions, some older ones, and lots of english to foreign language dictionaries.

These are essentials when working with words, and one can never have too many. A lot of interesting and useful material is found through Google, but it must be supplemented with material from other sources.

Archaic Words
 * I realize that adding unused words is probably not as useful as writing definitions for the more common words. I'm trying to be very sensitive to not allowing my archaic words to overshadow their more mundane brethren.

There's no need to dwell on the purely utilitarian. If you are familiar with the game "Balderdash" you know that it has some very interesting words, though if entering these I like to have some verification from other sources.

Quotations
 * ''...quotations provide more value than the definition itself. They often communicate context, usage, definition, era, and form all at once.  Quotations provide a resource where a curious reader can go to get a larger context, and in many cases, find more occurences of the word in question.  They can communicate ambiguities that are subtle, and extremely difficult to boil down to concise definition....  A properly selected set of quotations can let you see the evolution of the word as well as it's definition. ... Quotations provide another benefit that I believe is critically important -- evidence.

Another point with which I strongly agree. If you can find a good properly identified quote, it is far superior to some of the lame forced sentences that people have made up themselves; many of these should probably be completely replaced.

 * ...he summed up it up nicely by saying: Why would I want to use a definition by some yahoo on the Internet, when there's definitions by a professional who actually knows how to define words?

That says more about him than about dictionaries. The way that modern society depends on professionals is truly frightening. It's a symptom of failing to think or do for oneself. ... but that's another story. :-)

Categories To use a category is a simple matter of putting in an article. There has been some discussion at Wiktionary talk:Categories but nothing conclusive. The categories in the 1913 Webster reflect that a term's usage tends to be limited to a particular plac or field of study. I've tended to be very conservative about the use of categories. If defined too finely the categories can become useless.

Labels
 * What is obsolete? Archaic? Rare? Do the labels go before or after the definition? Are the italicized? Are they in parentheses? Perhaps we should adopt the same definitions that Webster has in order to promote  consistency.  Or can we improve on the original idea?  Personally, I'd like to have indexes or filters that would allow me to browse archaic words by era.

I think that these labels are mostly subjective. I tend to put them in parentheses and italics at the beginning of a definition. Your idea for indexes and filters should work if the quotations are properly dated. Many of the words that were current in 1913 are now obsolete.

1913 Webster
 * Where is it? Has the Wiktionary community made a decision to forego using this resource, as a result of quality concerns?  I think I support adding all the words from this source to the Wiktionary as stubs for future expansion.  I readily admit that it has some serious deficiencies.  In particular, I've found at least one quotation that I was unable to find myself, and I will not be copying quotations from there without first hand knowledge.

If any characteristic is to be blamed for not importing all the 1913 Webster material it is boredom and attention span. I fully support the importation of this material including almost all the quotations. They should not just be stubs. Each one needs a lot of work to conform to Wiktionary's own standards. (If our Webster material looked like all the others it would not be special.) Some of the words should be upgraded immediately (eg. plant and animal names should be linked to their modern names where applicable.  Quotations should be identified better than the cryptic manner used by Webster.  If you can't track it down yourself don't worry, add it anyway and someone else may have better luck.

Etymology, Pronunciation, & Translation
 * I consider myself so inept in these arenas, that I'm going to do everyone a big favor, and just not go there.
 * It's roughly the same situation for translation. I'm going to try to create entries for some Latin words. Every latin dictionary resource I've found is so useless for historical purposes, that I figure something is better than nothing.

Stick to your own level of comfort. The Webster etymological material is mostly useful, though their abbreviations should be expanded. I avoid pronunciation issues except where something special needs to be noted. I generally have little to do with the translations, but we do have other members who have a passion for long lists of translations of a given word. For them the primary purpose of the project is as an aid to translation.

Oxford English Dictionary I agree that it's a great resource, but until we've absorbed the free material I'm not ready to cough up the money they want.

Resources I'm sure we have many more insane people among our contributors. :-) Eclecticology 09:04, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary
 * An entertaining story about one of the primary contributors to the OED, who just happened to be completely insane.

Hi Cory,

Having read some of the long discussions on this page, I just wanted to say hi and welcome to Wiktionary. It is good to see another user on Wiktionary who is as enthusiastic about it as you seem to be! — Paul G 14:57, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Common words hard to define
Hi Cory, I read all of the above information, I agree that common words can be very difficult to define. example: the is very difficult to define without using "the" in the definition. I'm watching this page, as you seem to have interesting discussions herePedant 00:52, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Glad you're here!
It's delightful to see someone so passionate about Wiktionary! We do need to clarify the issues you talk about on your User page. I do suggest you mention them, maybe a week or so apart, on the Beer parlor until something gets done... Thanks again for working on the project. JesseW 10:40, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can: Thanks and I hope you sign up!  Cbrown1023   talk   15:58, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com
 * Sign our list of interested participants

Image:Scan 01.png and Image:Scan 02.png
Please explain where you got these images. They will be reported at Requests for deletion/Others soon.--Jusjih 17:40, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:CoryCohen


text:
hundredweight

Etymology
16th century, from.

Noun

 * 1) A measure of weight containing a hundred pounds, variously understood as
 * 2)  A unit of measurement containing 100 avoirdupois pounds (about 45.4 kg).
 * 3)  A unit of measurement containing 112 avoirdupois pounds (eight stone or about 50.8 kg).
 * , a unit of measurement containing various amounts depending on the objects weighed.
 * 1)  Various units of ancient measurement systems consisting of 100 units usually translated as "pounds".
 * 1)  Various units of ancient measurement systems consisting of 100 units usually translated as "pounds".

Usage notes
The long hundredweight has fallen out of general use since the metrication of Britain and the Commonwealth; the short hundredweight is still in common use in the United States for the sale of livestock, some forms of grain and oilseeds, paper, concrete additives, and some other commodities.

Translations

 * Arabic: قِنْطَار
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian: центнер
 * Catalan:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Middle French: quintal
 * Old French: quintal
 * Georgian: ცენტნერი
 * German:
 * Hindi: क्विंटल, ,
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish:
 * Norman: chent
 * Ottoman Turkish: قنطار
 * Persian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Spanish:
 * Turkish:
 * Vilamovian: cȧnkner

title: hundredweight


text:
crannock

Etymology
Possibly Welsh.

Noun

 * 1) An old Irish measure of corn equivalent to the quarter. The crannock of oats appears to contain two quarters, as sometimes occurs with its English equivalent.

title: crannock


text:
trugg

Noun

 * 1) An old English measure of corn, perhaps equal to $1/12$ of a quarter.

title: trugg


text:
coomb

Etymology 1
From, (> Scots , ), from , from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Alternatively, perhaps from, from.

Noun

 * 1) An old English measure of corn (e.g., wheat), equal to half a quarter or 4 bushels.

Etymology 2
From, from (compare 🇨🇬), from.

title: coomb


text:
mett

Noun

 * 1)  An old English measure of volume, perhaps equal to two bushels.

Etymology 1
From.

Adjective

 * 1) satisfied, full, full up

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) satisfied, full, full up

title: mett


text:
mitta

Etymology
Perhaps from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  An old English measure of volume, perhaps equal to two bushels.

Noun

 * 1)  Wednesday

Etymology
From, borrowed from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) measure prescribed quantity or extent
 * 2) measure limit that cannot be exceeded
 * 3) measure receptacle or vessel of standard size
 * 4) measure standard against which something can be judged
 * 5) measure any of various standard units of capacity
 * 6) measure size ascertained by measuring
 * 7) measure something to take measurements
 * 1) measure standard against which something can be judged
 * 2) measure any of various standard units of capacity
 * 3) measure size ascertained by measuring
 * 4) measure something to take measurements
 * 1) measure size ascertained by measuring
 * 2) measure something to take measurements
 * 1) measure something to take measurements
 * 1) measure something to take measurements

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) measure

Etymology
From, from , from +. Compare.

Noun

 * 1) Wednesday

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) friend
 * 2)  friendship

title: mitta


text:
Talk:明るい

No No No! This is wrong. We do not used redirects this way on Wiktionary! This is the normal spelling of the word so this is where the article should be! — Hippietrail 02:09, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It can't work that way with Japanese words. Think about 目下(もっか) and 目下(めした), for example. The are two completely separate words that just happen to be written with the same kanji. There is no point whatsoever in putting them on the same page. We have to have a disambiguation page at 目下, and separate pages entitled 目下(もっか) and 目下(めした). Similarly, the main entry for 明るい must be entitled 明るい(あかるい) and both あかるい and 明るい must point to it. --Yajuu 14:17, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * It already works this way with English words and every other language. It can work with Japanese too. Think about "bow" /b@U/ and "bow" /baU/. There is no point whatsoever in putting them on different pages. Think of a print dictionary. A bunch of words which are close in alphabetical order are all within view on a single page. When two or more words have identical spelling they are clearly visible on the same page. A naive user of a Japanese/English bilingual dictionary may well have no idea that 目下 has two readings. Having them both on the same page is a good thing. Just as we have sometimes words from 5 or 6 different languages which happen to have identical spellings all on one page. This is the way to do it which fits in with all our other languages:

Part-of-speech
目下 (もっか, mokka)

 * 1) definition

Synonyms

 * foo

Derived terms

 * bar

Part-of-speech
目下 (めした, meshita)

 * 1) definition

Antonyms

 * baz

title: Talk:明るい


text:
đũa

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a chopstick single eating utensil
 * 2)  a wand
 * 1)  a wand

title: đũa


text:
τέρας

Etymology
From. See also 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) sign, marvel, wonder
 * 2) divine sign, omen, portent
 * 3) monster

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) monster

title: τέρας


text:
mandar

Etymology
From, present active indicative of.

Verb

 * 1) to order
 * 2) to send
 * 3) to rule, govern, be in charge
 * 4) to offer (money)
 * 5) to transfer

Noun

 * 1) apron

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to call

Etymology
From, from , present active indicative of.

Verb

 * 1) to order, command
 * 2) to govern, rule; to be in power
 * 3)  to bequeath
 * 4) to send
 * 5) to throw
 * 6) to hit
 * 1) to send
 * 2) to throw
 * 3) to hit
 * 1) to throw
 * 2) to hit
 * 1) to hit

Noun

 * : mess, disorder

Etymology
From, from , present active indicative of.

Verb

 * 1) to send

Etymology
From, present active indicative of. Gallo-Romance cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to send
 * 2) to order; to command

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1)  to order, command
 * 2)  to order, to boss around
 * 3)  to send
 * 4)  to throw
 * 5)  to be in power; to be the boss
 * 1)  to throw
 * 2)  to be in power; to be the boss
 * 1)  to throw
 * 2)  to be in power; to be the boss
 * 1)  to be in power; to be the boss

Etymology
, from, present active indicative of.

Verb

 * 1)  to send
 * 2)  to order
 * 3)  to lead, be in charge, command
 * 4)  to enjoin
 * 5)  to lead
 * 1)  to lead, be in charge, command
 * 2)  to enjoin
 * 3)  to lead
 * 1)  to lead

Etymology
From, present active indicative of.

Verb

 * 1)  to send

title: mandar


text:
measure

Etymology
From, from , from , from , past participle of. Displaced native and.

Noun

 * 1) A prescribed quantity or extent.
 * 2)  Moderation, temperance.
 * 3) A limit that cannot be exceeded; a bound. (Now chiefly in set phrases.)
 * 4) An (unspecified) portion or quantity.
 * 5) The act or result of measuring.
 * 6)  A receptacle or vessel of a standard size, capacity etc. as used to deal out specific quantities of some substance.
 * 7) A standard against which something can be judged; a criterion.
 * 8) Any of various standard units of capacity.
 * 9) A unit of measurement.
 * 10) The size of someone or something, as ascertained by measuring. (Now chiefly in .)
 * 11)  The act or process of measuring.
 * 12) A ruler, measuring stick, or graduated tape used to take measurements.
 * 13)  A bed or stratum.
 * 14)  A number which is contained in a given number a number of times without a remainder; a divisor or factor.
 * the greatest common measure of two or more numbers
 * 1)  A function which obeys a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize and rigorize the notions of  length, volume, and probability. Formally, a non-negative, countably additive set function on a sigma-algebra; see.
 * 2) Metrical rhythm.
 * 3)  A melody.
 * 4)  A dance.
 * 5)  The manner of ordering and combining the quantities, or long and short syllables; meter; rhythm; hence, a metrical foot.
 * a poem in iambic measure
 * 1)  A musical designation consisting of all notes and or rests delineated by two vertical bars; an equal and regular division of the whole of a composition; a bar.
 * 2) A course of action.
 * 3)  Actions designed to achieve some purpose; plans.
 * 4) A piece of legislation.
 * 1)  A number which is contained in a given number a number of times without a remainder; a divisor or factor.
 * the greatest common measure of two or more numbers
 * 1)  A function which obeys a particular set of formal conditions, created to generalize and rigorize the notions of  length, volume, and probability. Formally, a non-negative, countably additive set function on a sigma-algebra; see.
 * 2) Metrical rhythm.
 * 3)  A melody.
 * 4)  A dance.
 * 5)  The manner of ordering and combining the quantities, or long and short syllables; meter; rhythm; hence, a metrical foot.
 * a poem in iambic measure
 * 1)  A musical designation consisting of all notes and or rests delineated by two vertical bars; an equal and regular division of the whole of a composition; a bar.
 * 2) A course of action.
 * 3)  Actions designed to achieve some purpose; plans.
 * 4) A piece of legislation.
 * 1) A course of action.
 * 2)  Actions designed to achieve some purpose; plans.
 * 3) A piece of legislation.
 * 1) A piece of legislation.

Translations

 * Belarusian: ме́ра
 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish: ,
 * Russian:
 * Tocharian B: yarm
 * Ukrainian:

 * Finnish:, , yläraja,

 * Bulgarian:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: jossain määrin ,
 * German: ,
 * Icelandic:
 * Irish: miosúr
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Turkish:

 * Azerbaijani: ölçülmə
 * Bashkir: үлсәү
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:, ; mittaustulos
 * German:
 * Italian: ,
 * Japanese: ,
 * Korean:, 계량(計量)
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: پێواندن
 * Latvian: mērīšana
 * Malagasy:
 * Old English: ġemet
 * Persian: ,
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Tocharian B: yarm
 * Ukrainian:

 * Bulgarian:
 * Finnish:

 * Azerbaijani: ,
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:, ,
 * German: ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Ido:
 * Maori: ine
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Spanish:

 * Finnish: ,

 * Abkhaz: ашəара
 * Arabic: قِيَاس
 * Hijazi Arabic: قِيَاس
 * Moroccan Arabic: عبار
 * Aromanian: misurã
 * Assamese: জোখ
 * Asturian: midida
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Crimean Tatar: ölçü
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Erzya: онкс
 * Estonian: mõõde
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Friulian: misure
 * Galician:
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: μέτρον
 * Gujarati: માપ, પ્રમાણ
 * Hebrew: ,
 * Icelandic:
 * Irish: tomhas
 * Italian:
 * Ladin: mesura
 * Latgalian: mārs
 * Latin: mēnsūra
 * Latvian: mērs
 * Maori: mēhua
 * Norman: m'suthe
 * Norwegian:
 * Occitan: ,
 * Old English: mǣþ, ġemet
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Quechua: tupu
 * Romanian:
 * Romansch: mesira, masira, maseira, masüra, imsüra
 * Russian: ,
 * Sardinian: medida, mesura, misura
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ме̏ра, мје̏ра
 * Roman: ,
 * Sicilian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: měra
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Venetian: mexura
 * Walloon:
 * Yiddish: מאָס

 * Dutch:, , ,
 * Finnish: ; ,  ,  ,
 * Hebrew:
 * Irish: miosúr
 * Italian: ,
 * Maori: rūri
 * Old English: ġemet
 * Persian: خطکش
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian: ,
 * Scottish Gaelic: tomhas
 * Spanish:

 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Italian:, funzione di misura
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Swedish:

 * Finnish:

 * Arabic: فَاصِلَة
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Belarusian: такт
 * Bulgarian:
 * Catalan:
 * Czech:
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto: mezuro
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:
 * Icelandic: taktur
 * Irish: barra
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian: ,
 * Russian:
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Ukrainian: такт

 * Arabic: إِجْرَاء
 * Azerbaijani: ,
 * Bashkir: сара
 * Belarusian: ме́ра, мерапрые́мства
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Czech:
 * Danish: foranstaltning
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: meede
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian:
 * Icelandic: ráðstöfun, aðgerð
 * Irish: beartas, seift
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean:
 * Latvian: pasākums
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål: tiltak
 * Nynorsk: tiltak
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: ,
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: ме̏ра, мје̏ра
 * Roman: ,
 * Slovak: opatrenie
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish: ,
 * Ukrainian:

 * Finnish: lainsäädäntötoimenpide

 * Esperanto:
 * Dutch:
 * Romanian:
 * Swedish:

Verb

 * 1) To ascertain the quantity of a unit of material via calculated comparison with respect to a standard.
 * 2)  To be of (a certain size), to have (a certain measurement)
 * 3) To estimate the unit size of something.
 * 4) To judge, value, or appraise.
 * 5) To obtain or set apart; to mark in even increments.
 * 6)  To traverse, cross, pass along; to travel over.
 * 7) To adjust by a rule or standard.
 * 8)  To allot or distribute by measure; to set off or apart by measure; often with.
 * 9)  To regulate or control (one's actions, speech, etc.), as if one were carefully measuring their length or quantity.
 * 1) To obtain or set apart; to mark in even increments.
 * 2)  To traverse, cross, pass along; to travel over.
 * 3) To adjust by a rule or standard.
 * 4)  To allot or distribute by measure; to set off or apart by measure; often with.
 * 5)  To regulate or control (one's actions, speech, etc.), as if one were carefully measuring their length or quantity.
 * 1) To adjust by a rule or standard.
 * 2)  To allot or distribute by measure; to set off or apart by measure; often with.
 * 3)  To regulate or control (one's actions, speech, etc.), as if one were carefully measuring their length or quantity.
 * 1)  To regulate or control (one's actions, speech, etc.), as if one were carefully measuring their length or quantity.
 * 1)  To regulate or control (one's actions, speech, etc.), as if one were carefully measuring their length or quantity.
 * 1)  To regulate or control (one's actions, speech, etc.), as if one were carefully measuring their length or quantity.

Translations

 * Aklanon: sukat
 * Arabic: قَاسَ
 * Egyptian Arabic: قاس
 * Hijazi Arabic: قاس
 * Moroccan Arabic: قيس, عبر
 * Aramaic: משח
 * Armenian:
 * Aromanian: misur
 * Assamese: জোখা
 * Asturian: midir
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Balinese: ukur
 * Belarusian: ме́раць, паме́раць
 * Bulgarian: ,
 * Burmese:
 * Catalan: ,
 * Chechen: дуста
 * Cherokee: ᎠᏟᎶᎠ
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 測量, 量度, 量, 度
 * Mandarin:, ,
 * Crimean Tatar: ölşemek
 * Czech: ,
 * Dutch:
 * Esperanto:, nombri
 * Farefare: makɛ
 * Finnish: ,
 * French:
 * Friulian: misurâ
 * Galician:
 * Georgian: გაზომვა
 * German:
 * Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: μετρέω
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:, mértéket vesz
 * Iban: ukur
 * Icelandic:
 * Indonesian:
 * Ingrian: mitata, mitellä
 * Ingush: диста
 * Irish: tomhais
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:, ,
 * Khmer:
 * Kituba: pima, teza
 * Kongo: kupima
 * Korean:, 치수를 재다
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: پێواندن
 * Northern Kurdish: pȋvan
 * Lao:, ແທກ
 * Latin:
 * Latvian: mērīt
 * Lingala: pima
 * Lithuanian: matuoti
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: meten
 * Macedonian: мери, измери
 * Malay: ,
 * Malayalam:
 * Maori: ine, tātai, mēhua, whātau, rūri
 * Mongolian:
 * Ngaju: ukur
 * Norman: m'suther
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk:, mæle
 * Occitan: ,
 * Old English: metan
 * Old Javanese: ukur
 * Ottoman Turkish: اولچمك
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Quechua: tupuy
 * Romanian:
 * Romansch: mesirar, masirar, misirar, masürar, imsürer
 * Russian:, , , ,
 * Sanskrit:, ऊर्दते
 * Sardinian: medire, mediri, metire
 * Scottish Gaelic: tomhais
 * Serbo-Croatian: ,
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: měriś
 * Spanish:
 * Swedish:
 * Talysh: pame
 * Tat: peymundən
 * Tetum: sukat
 * Thai:
 * Turkish:
 * Ukrainian:
 * Vietnamese: ,
 * Walloon:

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish: ,
 * Italian:
 * Kurdish:
 * Central Kurdish: پێواندن
 * Ottoman Turkish: اولچمك
 * Swedish:

 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * German:
 * Swedish:

 * Spanish:

title: measure


text:
enviar

Etymology
, which is derived from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to send
 * 2)  to swallow
 * 1)  to swallow

Etymology
From (13th century, ), from, which is derived from.

Verb

 * 1) to send
 * 2) to swallow
 * 3) to gulp
 * 1) to gulp
 * 1) to gulp
 * 1) to gulp

Etymology
From, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to send

Etymology
, which is derived from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to send

title: enviar


text:
tonto

Etymology 1
From, of uncertain etymology. Originally in US use but now chiefly British. Cf. earlier, with which it is sometimes confused.

Noun

 * : someone who is foolish or stupid.

Adjective

 * 1) * 1982 Feb. 26, New York Times, A10:
 * He told the businessmen that the law that required the certification by the President was ‘tonto’.
 * 1) * 1985 Jan. 31, Listener, p. 34:
 * His two heroes are both ex-FO types and both terminally tonto about cricket.
 * 1) * 2021 Feb. 23,, comment at Horse Guards:
 * Whether you're based in Cyprus or you know we do longer tours in Kenya or Oman or are busy just making it to the brigade at the moment up in Estonia, you know it's going to be a busy army and unfortunately we've got a busy adversary now in Putin. Gone full tonto, I think, as I'd say, and you know that's going to be quite... We've got 1,000 people on standby.
 * 1) * 2021 Feb. 23,, comment at Horse Guards:
 * Whether you're based in Cyprus or you know we do longer tours in Kenya or Oman or are busy just making it to the brigade at the moment up in Estonia, you know it's going to be a busy army and unfortunately we've got a busy adversary now in Putin. Gone full tonto, I think, as I'd say, and you know that's going to be quite... We've got 1,000 people on standby.
 * Whether you're based in Cyprus or you know we do longer tours in Kenya or Oman or are busy just making it to the brigade at the moment up in Estonia, you know it's going to be a busy army and unfortunately we've got a busy adversary now in Putin. Gone full tonto, I think, as I'd say, and you know that's going to be quite... We've got 1,000 people on standby.

Usage notes
Because of the Native American sense of popularized by its use as the name of the sidekick of the, even as a Spanish loanword this term can be understood as a racial slur in English, due to the translation from Spanish to stupid or slow witted. However the word is also found in the Apache language and here translates into “wild one”

Noun

 * 1) a traditional Ugandan fermented beverage made from bananas

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 or.

Adjective

 * 1) foolish, stupid
 * 2) silly
 * 1) silly

Noun

 * 1) a fool

Etymology
Of unclear origin. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 or, and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) stupid, silly, dumb, foolish

Noun

 * 1) a fool, a stupid person
 * 2) goof

Etymology
Of unclear origin. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 or, and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) dizzy
 * 2) stupid
 * 3) silly, foolish
 * 1) silly, foolish

Noun

 * 1) a fool, a stupid person

Etymology
. has been proposed, but there are phonological difficulties, namely unexpected loss of initial /a/ and lack of diphthongization; cf. the expected outcome. Tonto may have an expressive or onomatopoeic origin. Another hypothesis is that it derives from, a 'vulgar' past participle for. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬,.

Adjective

 * 1) stupid
 * 2) silly, foolish
 * 1) silly, foolish

Noun

 * 1) a fool, a stupid person

Usage notes

 * Although in some contexts, , , , , , , , and  may be synonyms, in most contexts they have a different degree of intensity, with zonzo having the mildest connotation, increasing in intensity in that rough order, to estúpido and pendejo, which have the most offensive meaning.

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  stupid; foolish; silly

Noun

 * 1)  fool; idiot; simpleton; dunce

title: tonto


text:
abogado

Etymology
, from, from. .

Noun

 * 1) Counsel; advisor; councilor; barrister.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) lawyer; attorney

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) lawyer; attorney

Verb

 * 1) to practice law
 * 2) to study law

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) lawyer

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) lawyer

Etymology
. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) lawyer, solicitor, counsel

Usage notes

 * Abogado can cover some of the functions of all of these professions. Due to the different laws in different countries, there is no exact one for one relationship.

Etymology
, from, of.

Noun

 * 1) lawyer; attorney

title: abogado